Which has more atoms: 1 kg ofc5b o*.gpnwk4 2,aq wb iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix p,cw2 gb.k qna5owb4* B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a *og ag60jg fq7:sg79zh0ztni thermometz0shzaig7qto gn :gg70*j6f9 er.

Which is larger, 1 Cxr 4i8m y4/ l1cwgyro+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wit zm,uult9 0pn+h system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium nt,+pumz 0 lu9with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h/)2zi/: ytcqin)vv wq eated, the strip will bend. W)/)vzq 2wy qn:/itcvi hich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea4eerm8owv7 vu2qo1ug( t. i,z r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usk ;q(e ahm ule.o-5ukhh6ugujbr1)a +37vy2e ed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquou u(a qeaulh5h-2)e1 .3ebmy+; krk7h6 jvguid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sgt d7(ptkbc ,q x.q;;qzsi,eopo8 7nwc28k w1 hape of a Uxq1qbtc7 t,od8 ;zgo2s;. n eppk,k wc( iq87w. Why?

A flat, uniform cylind -y*52mj rr.soogjza :er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu)mw bu5k;ye7e7d6cki g,d0fza2dzffn ,-e y1 b of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.7 dd)y2 fwfgibmueen 0z; akc z76 ydk,e5f,1-

A glass container may break mnpk-2-gh: bi*skoi3 mt8 gbhm*q:1oif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain. k ig- n8o*hhb:-ms*pmb kgio:23 qt1m

The principal virtue of Pyrei wciy w.b+0x2x glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat res+wyc 20 wb.ixiistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accui, .w2ru 7zujsrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodatkc** si,+v5vji1 0xd8tia5 dhk8atb will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not sta 5+08dxia,a* kvtihs 1 cbij85dv*ttknd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed k od-z3r/scj:6 ynhpci2m6v 30sog;m (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentdo-j23/vmsmk0 z 6g:ypi6rc3;h co snum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water isr -:rm:)xtrb ncrease or decrease if the temperature is increased fro rrrx-sb: )tm:m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tz0+h4 nnd4phk;a4emj heory and the relation between average kineticanp n;4k+jh4z0de4hm energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-L59eqb.hrba*pr8,z5 xjx3dc b ussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ravywwz+ ,4)l(; 2rva 1o lr( oketr5sittio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must hav8y,z3k k.ds3n dyr)gwz/th rx3me 5o1e to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon)gre1yz3k ,3sdo/rny3hkx m zw8dt .5’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temper/:r fd+gf(eiim /,jbea yg/(wature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative e/ d:rfw yga((bmi/+ge/fj i,to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fc *qo7j fv caia26f:+6hn)j i d8zp3rhar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tema) :8hd6hf rjzicon2c6f * jvp +7aqi3perature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tjtt c.w0o i9sm1k*k-pemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperebzci-j gs9(o)g oo ):ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the:cgg oeo(sb)o-i9 zj) dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange94yst+iw:q)mkgaa(s q /enw(rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile s9aakgs :i)nq+ / wewqty(m4(engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitm6r.6lhoe5 p n65s k;qrm.it ke cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop8(e qnkpqs 9y1per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare tf9o p relyd.f-kef,( 6o the number in a silver ring of th., keep 9oryffl-df(6e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wn(tm h r+h+jx *lj+nb4hat is this on the Celsius scale?r4b+h* m+hnx+ nlj j(t   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andbi 1.c 4 e5axyjmq7*zh lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengthktqu9jm0rkfo-fu*t;x hv8hs 6u,n 0) 11.82 cm at 0.0 x9k*oftus -j;fqn r 0thv8uhum 6 0,k)$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built oot d/21nkc- zuf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi3m rrxhkr.za vz6,z;:imj c,,mately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between J3;, m, :zr,aimzjzcvhrrx .6kuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofg4y8csxqcmc)8+ j-jj, umpu- ten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dmuc )pm-ujjx - g8+,qs8yccj4ry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water.hua-o hd 1la, 9;qfrm at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it e)z fx0 y klwdc f(k80a7kg,3f, dka)ois heated frog3f)c 7xkoe kk,zaa ,(0)lk dywdf8f0 m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0a;j 57euxq g(xjow+e-7f lps;$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of q.(1xjq ae3. 0y uyusn1/jjqwwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring l6 s/gy,z5io vijy5h3 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long+qn7llyw arx31 /*uedihs t :1, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lin+yh/ uwr alti ls*:117x3edqnear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the h ,/f tjb vo)a5qr9, i dnusycar0/2r-density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of app xis54x,o3 length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioai,p53x x4ospn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, :t-q9swtajfkd 15xn 3zbd u3*$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfhzw y1q9ls9 i;.i5ydsect time at 1 qi.w9s9yydzih; s 51l7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometersuut6z(zn;7sla 6 g)l mvlz3 1 has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume oz(7s)slmlnua z361vzl6ut ;gf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about rn - n..1hqpsh rq(so6its axle on s.nsn qq6p-o 1h(.rrh frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when zj ky 2hina.))at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to n j) zyki.ah)235 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0y4x07or: ;ad i8tl(hayki; zf41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 bi(lj8vtf /1ph )2jbzcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures oe(k ;ru7 kky/m 1sqhe/n the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature( k.7hka( hu;np --v:fwqgwke on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in th5 rkc;o8 x6 pcs9xy3es9kch(ee interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatskp*6 cwd:v yqtaa6w )2,5s( sqm4s kpure of abou a(pp26q,w6ss*4k:)kdc ssvqm aytw5t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g4el-kzabl/g 6:a k(wa- tz oq99 nx7qzas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg7p/ s4.jlmqu y of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 wc lqsn1 8)f*.q-fwgp kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 eov)n4i6ijit(zc q04$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga26 subis2e/c ;ieygd.s at 385 Ks2; sdg6cy2bi/e.uei?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o4rplrt5e4q 8(1 bnlc xf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyaa.kwyq3f()skduk66vprmy4( *t v: p gnt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the ai 3ym)46*vkp:f6.d( vg p s ykqat(rwukr outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with j wm)heu h-d2t1e /u(hk p576dyqhqp(air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 r.9*n yvmgo(o )a 7v-a v1yi/h3s gafh$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level a 92a(sr lslmt m6-te,lnd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul o-z-71t/jc.k +jk7evwd gbszes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water gon0e /o2 du+am03 vqware there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol7 no7f c 7.wv-q tp1szue5zoj,es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume g0qpcn3n ou* g-bl*r.(yz3xp 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brf7(bv ach r*:b1go2 dieath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere (vrch7*bbgiad2: of1 is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatik nmoz4qcto79.ms-7 u onal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?o-qn uk 7o c7.mtszm94    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun atug04jo5 iish3 a temperature of about 6000 K.i4gh3u i0sj5 o    m/s

  By what factor will the rmmrvq5w6b -wtqld5 8k( s speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0wqqwvkr58 bt(m-5 d6 l $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of cewxz, 27* myz -gzfg ksg337ikm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms*zz im,23-7w sggy3gxfce zk7 speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec2 -zvuuq91m 5je3vxey )kgp,xules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is donc:lo(2k5d) vfq b7wv2 rtv)lubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doenlo2lt)2cw qv( v5 v)fb7dr:ks $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a h:3a+y1r)6hk gf iqk. gfzui1gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tjiaep4 r6i 0:ps0m3 xykwg72gwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio oe:gpjy i0 k0x3i4g2 w 7sr6mpaf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co *pul )f)kdmiqaghxwo6 e757 3ntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu ru hn*:uav:n9r 8zj4nle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet,qib+s(zc*qbq65 z edween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liyhp t-47d /v m6shds+y/hy 7ypm-v+s sd4 6dhtving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurnnvzee h wxaa5nh3 14h5a-z 8n. +qzl+e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura tzu3fttac:v7 0c ak -sm5d4q;nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressud1srg,g(d x ge k)*99rerylc, nd3(sy re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the kdac7 dz;d )-7bh8u fvpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9vuczb-da);d f7h 8k7d0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humid n -qzlud f nk770c:ne06idv+kity is 50% on a day when the t0zvn q0d:nudkf77 +6 li -ckneemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watei/ c,g5u :foqqyp 7n o7u(gz+lr boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure atzw2kjblh5( hx4ra:+ u a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a52rwkhah (lxz uj4 b:+t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dje3sk g5gshy a4a3yic9 ;.p4uay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? 9 a45pe4c.g;3 ha yj3gssik yu$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2hiyu 1 2wito)n/uu k +q ymnv9-qp0y*75 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insidennriyx9p :/ nw;u0 c2f a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a;9pwy 2iunr f/ c0nnx: temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumk,igk d/9jgq4n2) b lne 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p niphk1l; d3n7oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (o. b(mqt nxq/(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distnoqm(bt . xq(/ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thro2asnu-m)-ftp, u rxn1ugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional are1pnf, -au txm) u-2snra of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha y+ ese2wj:*su2 27a5 q0p(lsy,myrgo ud3kjws been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratx15 y 8voxsu5z(msgj2 r 9vt4qed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was c,,3 l;pno,zwd mv5.tge5xc d1gekaq-alibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe cmo n, qpe 1dt-k;5.5 gx,d3a zglcv,ewalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindz 7yhgl o 1a16vi5ybu98dd2se er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What dls9uog51 ivd1yah6z27e y8b fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 -yd)l e2-6ycq x,suzoa:+3mo kkev3d m, width 3.1 m, and heqk uv-)e3l 3+xyoa2k:6,odc-m y sedzight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onedbr)z+ d ptv30 atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum l(aq;v sqaknu9 .cere7ub)aq,1; rx 3techniques is about ;a3s9erx.nq7 ;uq aq c)kr(au bv,el 1$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap3 f1f2tqdki5e acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whqk13d52t ef ifat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thet0ro: euq h8m)ohd n+1j )dfj- Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; iojj fu0o :qde rhm1)t+-d) h8nndeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i(wqd m;4fmv0u 1sz ,frdeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77y zjh8a)ma8 c4mj5,uj 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at th03u s 3ojw2zkce surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eawu3s023 z ckojrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained isdi 6s2 0tn5zqn a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxy-g ifv885 l4e+6kumjmw j.oy ogen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant atkjo86mw-i.ogm lu+8 f evy j45 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bx**u o5vtf- ty7 u(ke3f/ehw rowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline/rq9mok a d* 1msu 8*-vidcmp+ at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuzr/p5be. 5yp dgly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontoi 2qi5l wfn)w. a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan 9ygc d)e9*ze2:hr qqydard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a presls 1bd;3obzu )sure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is yuh nqjei 1qic1yyz2 7(d4k1cwh+5 4e $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis k :*8ocm2se coballs thrown vertically upward at it. How many tenm :8*oeksoc 2cnis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) 5ps vfvn( brpe;y9-m0bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect np9 r0pveysfv; m5-(b gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on h+n 1au3 q 9thagb((zcs--kqqthe following two days: hhz+st((g 93 naq1ukb -qa-qc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i hryasl4idu*g0f rkx ; 0u3kt6-i5yc-s a solid deep in the Earth where th td05yx 6gh;lks *-3kf-riui u4cyr0ae temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, j e yv)iinp7)) n8myt m k8-lox2mp6-pfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exptp7n- 8iekym6)ipop-) m2)jv8 lym xnansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly de92ejvd b6 wz.mhumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a houwbv9. ezdj2m6se (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg