Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? o akn d9w5p v)/ :xjpq;3,8z;kbeftqfSee the periodic table or Appendix Bw,8p/t;afqp nzko; e5jbvq3) kf9d: x.

Name several properties of materials thae 1q44yoe 3n- 97) nlbrpricnat could be exploited to make a thermomet nqr-r7al94c)n 4p iebo13en yer.

Which is larger, 1 C05aj co +)v-q yf6ttl19jgic63u rhlv $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B iglyg86v)zhh q 3q; q6ms not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you 6qmlh3q 6gv);z8y hqgsay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted5djlg1 2( ilj s8ff9wm to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. fslwl8 (2 95i g1djmfjWhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient gm+ ;sd vqewt))yje (tdr7 *e(q ln2c.of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used 0q x/ wu;o 8j(u*nc8xv w ip1/ t+vc5zfksjot0to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric swizntk q0u;0 (wctx*+i / usxpf/v8oo 15c8w jvjtch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in ocnrojs v d;o-3b*9l*the shape of a Uvn*o3 o ;d jcrbl*o9s-. Why?

A flat, uniform cylin6runbj:bb;p2; jvmk 0der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsq6:9 z )cuy0jt8ff kwqt placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ris69t )q qf:kzuj8ywfc0 es. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly kx5o)v v;.v(wl8 s ketthan )vowt5xkvsek;8vl(. adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatfdq3 ,0qe7 dj1isuxwcd(5j-t+s ,t dj its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary5 -di etcf,d1 qdqxsus0(d7j3 ,+ jwjt glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc5 k+ ajh:wd;ct6**sucstv y6q4nu g t1k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom ko3dp wgs9*e9, ofon9and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happed9 9oeo* fw 9spokg,3nned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te lr 4;ps/b:eutciyo ww*545n v3d h8ivmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the moment :beyi5wou;d nt4h p83clvs 4r/5 iv*wum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submeewkjemhslnb.j3-2r +c-c / s)rged in water increase or decrease if the temp/s+l ne c-3bcswerj m jk)-.2herature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic 2e;q3q3y /offaw bm;426 6llh hqz:o jj re9twtheory and the relation between average kinetic enerff :l q;3we 32 l4hbrj6q;9mqoja6te2 w/hyozgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law t*;gca .xdxa.9u ;iyqfollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,xym 3x3wy oi8r 2qij); the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ande4 h; au2dvtk4 (3rmu object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is aboutekdd3 r( muu;24tha4v one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t6 da*ukqy)m ;jemperature. What can you infer abqy k6md *;uja)out the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humiddrw4 i1l,j zt;x;nb,:b dk,n1m q d5lj day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sljiw,bjz,,1xn ql;d1 k;nd4m5tb d :rame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roomad x,mm,jn3 ltqng v5 urb-* y2h-*d9l temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same b *4vmglsiu p6j af9j4;ut the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid*jvu4p;ifls g4ma96j air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilen9xzv 1d0p)fh 91h 0d pznx)fvengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wi u*29s/k cfoztnter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ino0ara+)apkk lruc;7 1 a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram-/kap ap4bxnn)aj m 97 gold ring compare to the number in a silver rma)n 947j-k/ana pbxping of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken ts60ia. vr5 r(qc9yxk ho be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?x.qiv9 rah c5s0(yr6k   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat4q j2gidr, j:lures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.m pdt:r yj9zk)15a nvd-dnb3/82 cm at 0.k 5nzdrp- /3 y)vnjbdt a9:d1m0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs8cl* eq6gd 8ko 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built9x.qn o8yzx1svj xb5 / of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate hovxqn 5xyxz 8/9sb1oj.w much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uixwiz:7z6atnp 0j. 6nsed and the rivet is cooled ( a.07i6nz6 xwpt:injzusually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at rz4y fblg)4j 0omj40a 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itss96j0 *zhi uax change in volume if it is hei0uj 9*hz6x asated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o xd(;q**vxt6pzo h o8lf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55l:wgj0y0tgj +/3/vn.a xoeg f.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be 186 f9zb/.azzjkbw 0g2 esq pwplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it calkq b2a6kwapdx +34fv+uo sq4+at s./n expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient o/4d+sf4x k6q. vpaa 2tslo+qw+a3 kb uf volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density v1 2g7vd 8toxp$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineas*:2+q9zosm fju6t h ur expansssjumf92*+ u6 :t oqzhion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso;(bs :lj :d g)hn3xk:ilall )gtropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather2uao 1 +nek52eo90- vbshpjyz clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 avz52 1knhe+jyuo0sb-2po9e7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in/ nu( 3v(nckl n;ra7kc dyi(u)side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 nu; uancc(7 (i n)dv 3yrl(/kk$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatidp-dw240 0ealh nmp5vng about its axle on frictionless bearinglep50 wvp-4nd20dahms with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much s v iyritw42r*) u:y2 pqv1d.iftress is required to r*wiviqf2)d . u12i pt ryv:4ykeep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel rn ,qg(u9 +tqu49a*-ycayhbs I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2 +eh8hi-b8d tb0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturezh np9(mp la8-s on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturev6mteqo86+c 3jfsi e+a,lv q7 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth an4z u sus0gt:(ah:1tavd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospherw x,f ::er3thgic pressure and a temperature of ag3:xtfeh r:,w bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at 5w/bptq *yq,7yoq tl:STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen.: 42sg bunb53yzrn ep ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contailloc( + mdy1/yns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1pr fl.a,7hml9o,xs/,/y z jqi0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containoiw6 9 kbiwm. ;)phdm4l1tv w5er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385wo 4 k w).ld6b1vpmi t9;5iwhm K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kuoc;6(z rdx*g: g ac/ug of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achie nxkh41.6 ryerves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less 1r y.ex46 rknhdense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with azy1)ay48werzgf/ ok 3ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0m h:mfo .vp8/d0vm;q ppm (vw6 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escar wz11(4l 6afgha6rfapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec1 ltuvk2gloe s-g6 fve4if+2)ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moles1 b +u5c5yhtgod d 63ld6ojp*cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m vyonti f7mwf -,i;:8foles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5rrga2an w*2( b.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that vc /kgqi+bg7zl )( :hz/*ls/r ; ybcghwere also in gs*(7 rch v;b/+/zcgylbzi:g/ h)q l kthe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxvt 5m4c4psg 8ojyt*cx 9jf r)2ygen molecule at STPj ctc mf4sto*g5498xrpjv y) 2?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Su6v l.wux+w q8fn at a temperature of abof 6v8l.uw+qwx ut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleod5qn/;d aql/ cules increase if the temperature is increased fromdqdn/5; olaq/ 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitlo2h*ey 9rxeej 2, mil92ar t5s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcul ,h9i *r292lxtj2 eramy e5eolate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gjiesqm5p ;zksh uf.-xj/7 u60 as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is se+:*sem+ cw tuv 9nb+ ,w-eaudoubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doc e+-bs t+* wsue+:vuwnam,9ees $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe5c0) 2 hoefdxjkn4sy 2ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofx scd8szvl93 ,at+l(cz5fus ,/5qnuk two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms scs n,zzs kxd9/5aut(fv8c s+ 35,luqlpeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe2hn9*p xjw 9rw7hgapk3 99e ayd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy7x qi0iald0fj f .tq7(gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mo3t/b*pj82ql ge jr b+q,gkx :ylecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of0 q(fx ri ckem) b4dvw;2m3za1 an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c mza(0);1dvif4 emq r 3kbwx2cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cx-iu8); (+ ismplhn pv4ztr.can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of jz8v tx,ko k f-,;9apreox); xuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha ea)s+fgpoqy4 -)p9cm t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prnxw0je+zhvvj 1:-1 izessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) n0wvj:+evzhi j 1z x1-90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximae*u+o 07:(d7fioxd3xomrfs lsu(d . ntely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatuxf:d3 .ld o*0uoduex f ismn(sr7o+(7re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at i -2nmpqz(( dxa place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,8bcw. v /*5zuhgr5rsv tvv(.x estimate the tempwt/x*r.vh c5uzv5sg8 vb(.vrerature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatur p3x+jdu :udjmfye8+lud 4a(+e on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4d+df l:u3+ je(xj ymp8a4u+ du0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of*d,xrxg of l9asz u+ so/np+.2dyd 37v water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if tmq:x y2gu6e w6vpp: /4ux)z juhe water is boiling a )zumw2px/q 66pug 4jeuy:xv:t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo0uxmm8+u,.nc *h t lpwem0*xnlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5; d 56ekxm0sl*,no t3kqdv6)g jr rxd5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) v:tsb( f32husvrf l0 8to diffuse a distancfl0h(:8fs 3u b vstvr2e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the iy n-p 2isztrj0(ivp31fhe q4;nterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of3ie0 h;sf-t(yij2 qr1 zpnpv4 $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape 1t62vsio7u kbmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure *sau / (3nd7b;sxnqgo1se 8hor-:qchhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much er9 yej6;z,0v ha weewz4ad ig,1ror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80g 1y i e je4h9,wa,edvwz;az60$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balln4hc1mmmd8m 8 oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original g81mm hmm8n4cd as remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, 7 bn 07u/qpw)cr 4bwin wq61yz(pnbt) and height 24zy7 wqqb(wncn0 /uw rib 6)p1 n)p7tb.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per k f7;wuj:dsya2( 3ghe$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using 65cx k)dz knvd((ebl:the best available vacuum techniques is abo zkdlbcev(x()56nk :d ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills m5omf .k1 g/f96+;p uv urjpdqsqo7s0his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lun1s7 ofu+pv.r9qo5u ; 6mkspm/df 0qgjgs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthc -mo*0t m)siw’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentrtwc*i)ms om 0-y.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gu mu71g3l6rw o54glw vas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77xnga3lbt9/0 s ia 41dt0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estim hm k0i8y:qc5tate the total number of air molecu :8h ik0y5tmcqles in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed llt o686nd 9uj :n)cnmof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20005bq ks a0ceqahr8x+* + psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, * bk 0h+rqqs8+5aace xmeasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b+r8o: y 4 z1a;mdyyjbuowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at ph/96ndecz +p 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s b + 9d3h3rijxlltrs/ /equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j7zmtv :99pp /wvh/ye lar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the t3z-jc .zvq e74v( a j;ak-s(t(aqspb18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ov6brkw9afit 1t.w.) qf 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth l7 y ww*uwtlx*6e/6tc wp-j7a is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended ag *t *i.qnoltm-p (boj2ainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastq o t b(ptinm.o2*j*l-ically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble -c2dy2f ku+w1fs zcb5of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the a2czfckufd 21s5+ yb-wir behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the aiz7k p,z.3poyi q-na q1r on the following two days: qny7p.k3 zz, - poiaq1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference 41+eu;xtyi ,y zjim2; w3dpwdin the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid de1wdptu y;iyi m+2x,w4ze3 ;djep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pre;vq *qjr avm1w79l2hf76kwe pssure, the coefficient of volume expansion is ev2l9hqafwvk7mq 1rp; *we7 j6qual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly d a;wf::p2w1ml 2qmqpu ehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2: 1f ul:ppwmq2m qa2;w0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg