Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t 7ssztq6- f4qzl+kds-able or Appenddsfzzt lq-4qs67- s+kix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermome 6 ufl x7,/vs /:kkankvm.7x76x x.vpiqn jd;ltl q.i x7jvx n7:d sk.k//66 v7x,xu;alkmfnpv er.

Which is larger, 1 C.u,h oodfg-dn9sr44 x $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermalkdjngo 0.i4,s equilibrium with system C, what can you sagd n0 ks4oj,i.y about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h1rr*8h8 m yizf 9yzwa/eated, the strip will bend. Which metal will bfyz/y8z9 r18 a*hmwri e on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffi 6uwt+xb( ;dumcient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple t 4 q .,2wuyh(oc*,opj 7hnuwrxhermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differenno* ( cjr ,q2xhwwu.y,po u74ht metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapng- cq+ykzb e5l47u 5ve of a U. Wh755l-+vy4enub z k gcqy?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofbc fssf76v f+0 lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot)a3jdm2z.sjx /i fc93evy.rcnst(y) tub of water, t 39d nsy zajmcy .3icer2.ftj)/s)x(vhe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapid3 cp6o.wsab3 dly than adjapdao 6.swb 33ccent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of ll9 a9uc74heuPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 1 u9l9a74hlceu3–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuy s-q;fdz-tf* rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top o52q v7v e.js p0bg7k6+pbyx sto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has .sby0+jsog k5 762 ppvqxebv7 happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dow;har)o-.w fej7q2y lc0jn p4bv+ c;sln a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,r walol sc).yfqnv jc+ 74e;-bp0h j2; it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergerb41xae,si- (ex2lh r 60 ebg+jo1ljnd in water increase or decreasx+oj24hr1b0n1 b eex6r sa(l,- eij lge if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the,gishk:rwqc:*k hv/x n/7jz1 relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temrz :7n, :h/ijkk c s1/hgq*vxwperature.

Explain in words how Gay-gbb t05xf0uzamf : j*1m bx,i9Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmebp)8 m 6/h/qyyffu;zosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedu -ra bi-p*ut- an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abourutu--i a -*pbt one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can or0czm:pc bdq9q4- us ime)r8mk4:o9 you infer about the molecular properties of one relati- qpmrkdc0 4 :9uobo8qm)e:m 49ciszrve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day atmdq9s e i(j+/z the same temperatuzej+qd(/ ism9re.

Is it possible to boil water at ro*tvr c9 *zam0g02c0k .jyy.pk(rpsrjom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humk 6 )l3 7a0ophrsjgqo-idity is differentr6-7s)j30k aohpl go q. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatex2wk py2rm ),ao2g *gun/kjv:d automobile enginejx:*g 2 n o2mvg k2,rku)wy/ap.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wa0vppg7 * yu;f ry+vtl ajk56kv)4;bx inter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.yrbpp twl3aw /+,,pa+4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number 24 qzcafxdpfwdj+oyk *b)120.t3 gjf of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thek.+2 yt z0*f qj1 3fbo4)wdfag pjxc2d same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68hd56t9ji /zbj°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?/zj69jb h5i td   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedx412 - :r yn9ajghkovy are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass op gdc3vot pj1( aj160thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0co vpdt1p16j 03jo (ga $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon am if .32+on:wmb )slj.: o*lkqrtan0g (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iroi-6qwjyay. gd w8:xetf( 9:pon approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperjd-i6 9p :8xgy .(oyqwwaetf:ature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holn*big y5+ zal)e are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm ing*)z5byn+ i la diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ah9dv8 a)*/g:wh- r yerx ( gh)zyek+skzhnx -9t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan;chtp4oy* vbj;o; ,d wge in volume if it is heated from 30 ;cbwo4;* ,;dhvp oy jt$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim withkt sghs-u;w1 y/.v ph, 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watemhl9cr3 mm6e :7xy0 hgr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Afo/q kjbw(7- l. sbuw3mz(- pmt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vef4 txpbmpp*v ) b20ae.ssel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansp02axpbb*t .pe v)m 4fion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i sv t/ 3ii6/rp(h0b/cpin3vxwn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient hhp4, ja gn:h uf0-rom fo-m14im k20kof linear expansio4ff012jr mh-miugp-0h mn 4 : oah,kkon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicu2e2e7 t5df mzms -j;4s+u izc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatk sg8az/ p*w7bher clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1p z7/wks*8gba 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomnc5q hooz:7:egb ;,zneter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumenb,ooe:h q c :7nz5gz; of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyli aa 4vztcjd75t1bjeb-7p0p;l ndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frdzl e 5t7tc ;jbpb104ap-v7jaictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desrq- qvnh2b;vpy9- gz/ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to vhz;n-- qbvr y/qg29p35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalm vb zfrf1*)t1 area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 209vgxs*hs v e(8$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvb5e37lo ft* coin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahreaxqz0 q2hnaj5a c 6z5yg 4jr:/l-rxu(nheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter6r/t6kf1;h ky vw urh4uw8 8tfior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engr.voq1o9jcs 2fkr7- au93pkkb tu, 1z ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of otk9j .kr7,3-u pu 9rc1fos b1vzkqa2about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the id ;r9e g-xhhrgn* xqt8(eal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n131f/ fmb+;abx 3 zk ju+ca.jwmxn2rclg-sd7itrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen auv lv8nnm.q057f 4kf($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasv b)14ri7l4ni/1m -zznp dz pb is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonfljuz9tdj0q +8p9apt ) vvw0e9e:hx/ gas at 3lfe t9 z:e v9+ hx08atq9d/jwj0 v)pup85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kd;t zvg56r/w qg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achi(ilk5z9 y 80borxg4; 7xu xbwyeves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of r5 o xgl w(xb7;ykix0yb9zu48a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit 7kz0; knf28 l-o;u5) daeyanfrhm .plh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0rsz4 w1 9gcqejn/ cx6( $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a c5 abb:q 0-iz4 d9mzyidhild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of ,umngqzc . .1s5 nams8molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?q1q/g( r u1sbn    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m4b6sm ttor0t8 jlrs959p 3bh yoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 .;5ex i1icnax.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thatcpvscdle9 jrn (p1i)h2*a,:z z,hot3 were)t2:3 hrviela9n cd 1ohcs(z,z,*p jp also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy y8 sh- *ntlvl+x2lndz6y1h+gof an oxygen molecule at STPhhvx+n6glt*n 2-l+ly 1d8szy ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of he1 5as t4j,y0ibahdn:z lium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatur1bin ta0y,4j5sh a:z de of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incr g9 v))asqi/ircnu+ji 60onu9ease if the temperature is increni6)9qi /rv0 j csg9un aio+u)ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of n 8kig2+(prok j-4.sr/iei9rzz z s*okm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,8 i/zrz9eki*o 4o-2p.r(kris n+ jgz s 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules z 2) 0xzo(yvpt+ 3wac5iivgp -in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while it9+pbh wes7wl4ctg .: js volume is held constant, by what factor does :e+.j9t p wwg cs4h7bl$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules iyh .r9:yle fqurd;b+ )h3o;d hn a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of le*00viq/fmp qm:o y+f .xqr/their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their moleculam/ 0q+v0oi:xeqp qfmr/y.*l fr masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitri:*j jhi4*bz47hw mbhogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule arxjdr*+ j .k+zt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit9 iwx/v fsp*(eeg;bmvi; 2wy)rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mol 9*.n9v+hj1fxxljax kecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3j n lhj9a*k1f x.9xx+v7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P jj5+a 5o e)k*xkzjb(k = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urant1.q9v xb oty8vw8 d)9+sajhyium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesx75; (nvizio v can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wh909 -b .ormjj4 kasjbven the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)bk o.jj0 rm9s b-4vja9 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point 3ayge xa0p6m1 (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isy 6 0p3amxg1ae 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placgx0*3v sjv0 br6r*u 4kcp vnb7e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particula5t dwlrfxx, 05r place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whixdrx 5w50l, ftch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressurennc v;iloe uipn3* 5l1e4k8( y of water is 530 Pa and k i8 e5( inn 1*ynep4coll;v3uthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatur3+j;w oc6-eyspr gy,)gip1 dze is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if.r qo60dz10ow r+ls pf the water is boiling at a tem.0rdqzs lrf+6 1p o0owperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a i-ekc 4uvn (y9sy(nx:room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew 1 j2lh wkt:k1rpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4d52 msduyw 9s)z*uc7n) to diffuse a distance of su 2s dwnd97)u*zmyc515 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubu8me,k;r1.a rvw /tdzes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2.dra w;8z1/r u,mvk et mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mequrjf-i.j, l. asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cgch l :w pa9n7749qxb/+ obvdgalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mqnid)ed:a w:5w rl2 4jn2 bg5iuch error wib dj:iqn5e5nirwl4 gd2)2aw :ll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After manyov *3zr1 f5rnb-w89wdl y s00sbs29 guvxgql( balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decre0r s1vwrn-f l qs5slby3z*ug99g28 0v dwxb (oased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengs*rjk: i*vsbc ldq, )+th 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22*)d, i q+jsbkv*crl:s$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou1c(246de uftry orp e:t one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ab3k ak)oa3w w4pow 3o) 3wkpaa4kut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the h/l jkthk73y a+ew+-f surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickl+hjyekah 7tf+/- 3wkly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo*/+xinrbz*jc sc8 1o kn enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bri/*k *xcobn8+zsi r1cj ght blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frotux qw3*e9m1 um 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume d. l1t)nrk. fjof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressumh0l.n3(a 7p:jz l degre at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in .eg7an:jdp hlm 3z0l (the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containcnt5 fu62bh qwsdm+0 6ed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 200-lko g.ds:j6iv 35szq e ifoz60 g29rz0 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow r.k3:62e-f 0dzgzvisg9s 5q6ozl orij ate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats inu5/ye ph:fb a( a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin .up,x4bj ycjdx904 )4oiycvse at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea e iifm63z 3rt7o*e6q ,xzevh:rth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a.cl:v5u zpqfvt:*p z+ t 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado zzck/ax;r e+6,j5qfeus p: )ypted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a preq15pi: xsx8h fssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromy 0; 4nze3izau 9 epla/h6aow2 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by cvng /-g+ :lwy.lwu4b tennis balls thrown vertically uwycbl u vgln +.:/w4g-pward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm- u63)ghder3ksdiameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m inr6dsue3h3g )k a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following 4p-a +dw 00qqrzs ca+x/thfu . tv7t/stwo days: wq+vx4.0s +t07qtua -pzcdha t sf/r/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the 1yqhd.6dz-l*a d8bed density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tem* zqblde d d-d6a1h8.yperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,g z9pqg3)xe9x th9)9xzxq ge gp3e coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumig.udl,m ub0 -y)2o rthdify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the c m u0)ulb-2rhod .gty,ellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg