Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or isht4*d7 4yhd1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A4y hih4d s7t*dppendix B.

Name several properties of mav0o,at01a k+ut d 1qmoterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.ok1u1do0va t,0ma tq +

Which is larger, 1 Ch;3i1 .pt1uytg igq- h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermagi zzd 7m9qf07my6v8ol equilibrium with system C, what can you say about o mqy70m 697f8idvz zgthe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stq 1vtlpww3*v 7rip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of thq7p w*w1l3tvv e curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of v4( mx9)rxpnw linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therm-rxfio.*lt5w ostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The elec-5w*i .rfotxltric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are ytsx(pvtu(.kr (n+s fh ns541mtk6c* fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why xkh(tct4( st+n p5u6fsyv1* k(mrns .?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurttb1jmwg+ ,-ups 3qm0y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer/ ,a7h4wph :qqk0 l9z2yhovno is first placed in a hot tub of water, the ,k2l/z vo09no:7aq pq hy4hhwmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one p:e eeh43 fsoz.art of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjo :ezh4.3esefacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass isxfd7z *,k)m wnx7m:nft5 9tq u that its coefficient of linear expansion is much s, n)tm7wxzdm:*nk x qtff 597umaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ach7 8oen2 ;y6 ph:vrkegcurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wiw(fw e6x0- /mlh sq/rwll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?0-hxr 6/wwmel sfq /(w

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushyo;msvkx1/gv8 q-b cmpi-m-/ing down a piston), its temperature increases. m/o8xk m-q-v-s/gybc pmv i1 ;When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on ao rlhm(/qzjv, * 3n wp4lo4*pwn aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is i4 ovlzlmn*w *hq(p o3pr/w 4j,ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fre), v*p k.umbollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.)ukb* vr ep.,m

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetj2l tu7-n15q c9lpcpuxgv:wajgr0 -/ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 2 9q1pdl d6oz+nir-zc of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sper+-(u f7sbc;q ga-hud ed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller ma-f+7hb q-r ;sgud( cuass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room ttst9 zzlk1 3.-lxtyk,z/bfjs,7: is v emperature. What can you infer ,ks3 z-ttlsv79i:xkb sjy.f , tz1zl /about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daysc9tbx :f bpf(rkh 6uj840d-x:tbu6i( u +xjy is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperak uj0 6 xfu tbfr6+x- xtj:ys:d8uib9(b (hp4cture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (29;- ed21 1ao-;zukdkba gefma0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is th c;ur) o tfgixr2zy4;8e same but the humidity is differ;x8t4 cyf;ur zg2o ri)ent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of 4n,- eop8o.f qobq6g*zik: j pan overheated automobile engine.-io 6:.pqjnz4 q,gp f eobok8*

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–283,d8i o( usfnmld; *dw)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra3gdz (vc 32ecpx1p s-bm copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in -+ r6mb+z if5m kfms :p-spe-wa silver ring of the5fm-6kfs +ism be- :-zmpp wr+ same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi obqju)*zm9st7d3m* uus scale?zu)b* dt3q9 7*mjoums   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and;xb4 v1 b)cyi 1pep8jz lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol co 9x d hrtwzw:;0wghn04lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 94gw0:r t0zxwnhdhw ;$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builuab i*fh.8mu e83 h)let of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron)lqm jv4-wgvbv1 g /o; approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature o/o1l;wg bv v-4vjq)mgf 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetsxl8rqf pok: )m/5c0az that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to b0o)/cmfq8lpx az5 kr:e placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at0ivymp)ogm0hh -,d7 m 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7d-dw:.h d r1id5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro 1-d iwhr:ddd.m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3mz:w6 ze )8jcm50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watvf /o mzoa1nlpz-:97uer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of +c:tgocapq23 iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a le k g/rj3(bj5law*9 khong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to thejhbr*3( j wak5 gke/l9 coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanl64wwrt: zl. w1 pe,quge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangulat;x /-qpll;t er plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansit/-t;l ;e xqplon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoz1jt :mh,;i ;8qgph8h2 xro*ry d3wj,8tlz iktropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass a cer9sau a01pn)bcdg5; 8n hy+nd keeps perfect time at 17 )n;pu9b1a c58hn0cs edr ay+g$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 u19wxc20d tny mm. The bulb has 1xy ud2w90tcna volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindh 1ihmpm ,w0(iiew*v3rical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloh0m (imive3 wiph1w,* city $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiren7t 0pg)w2,:m,n;pcobzf l- dawvk,wd length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the t,ov -: wln f0 kwmg,bcwnp;t)a7d, zp2emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of5u2kb3vjb qj1 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cssh5 by*y4db n+7ndz 0m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperadl,dv3yw rys a1*9 qh5tures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thf jz96 -0rbd )shlttt9v q6s7ce Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of theg *9 wjn b2+ g.jxyj(gtp3ofbycuwpp b7*781f Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engin1fraz 0syl hf:6.by;v x;nrv4e, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboy l:snr rzb;y6; v0vf1xf.ha4ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gxw sdqnylf: l3z .5lb27;bq)l as law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of tcym4d /u.0nbnitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 6n4b,w8nl rhnn:f-n-yl 4 hgbkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.w-e:* nn9 ,fz,nvbofb 0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arg1 i 8q, 3p6eqdfrxd7ghon gas at 385 ph gi8qq3rxfdd,1 7e6 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgm0 e1s5gfpgs5 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanten 3we7 vq rj ..w.yizo-3,dlj lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume owe irjo-v .7d.,lz3ejyqw n .3f a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1hw+ bbg;9 pm z.v2hs1b5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen (h*pamsec 0oa6d*qmg n61 t(cat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andr,jyrsfe 5f w-bm3z(v 74os0m 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /floe(ov8u9+7 h z0nc s $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mol: 3ch,brdjz4q erkd6pa*ou9-kj d*b7ecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oe a cmwl,-l2i,f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum z7shv)2exo,ke 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you isa3x66 tdp4z p*l-hmi nhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant s4zlp-p 66 ai* mt3hdxdensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinwzm xdg:m/ x-v6wv49bf* h we:etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPevx mxwf wz-h 6b/: 9d:wv*4gm?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near a) -hz:frvs(bi/gdy1/ gs:mlkj fj0 8the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abo8 k/)hy:1ra-0msvs i/jflgj:(zg dbfut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase fu;rhe 38q5yx4- jploif the temperature is increasxp8 -q yr;3he5 uojf4led from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, d) nl sg chx*ki(9kqv9nq,1g;6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a vlgn)(q; kq 1,*nc9gk9ihdsx nd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a -6t ktwvg:, 8pp) j 3/etrcrowgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wrtov2j)jx68-e 1hakxf )f4.hs5i hkohile its volume is held constant, by what factor dx2 1)64-h8 xh .erioojks5 kvjaff )thoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speeadj9:jia: ktvc(u( 2 kd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of+,b g h0k.e, :p)atv8zt8umeqe enjp - two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is e8):e g8 j-ebt0kmph+,enu t,pvezqa.qual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecub;zsw14g9+m2 ,ll8tpcc g xqhles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of aiy0ugl1q*-m p n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance:*x p hh*psnr2 between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of; hn18ug( rszl f)otp* an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lif1)g8nh(rt zs*op ul;ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can iqe6/ix.t o*p,cj*h ybe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uc 50r-2hxbpsrmbt3m9k*ve 2 aranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas-yd,0 zcblg aw6qn/f.es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressuqxiv k x+b-d; c1p..**6tjz6pbufsh rre is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) x +bjp6.;- t*6r1.xfuvzcibsd p qhk* 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50tvv1r0l4q1wd* km:xt % on a day when the tel1tvr* v :x4mq10 tdkwmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressureptsx(l1 h k/jjdhm:,4 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular ihesas7s/o(4 place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wh7/h4sseo( a siich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partiallb:jp7k s * e3djby+-q pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity il ebs-kdjb3 qy: 7+pj*s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when jr3hd boc29t1 :b:tyn the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boildv,7us4tkqbyv ih4- 0ingbt ih40u4v s7-q dyk,v at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volun2zz4;fa +yspme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewwm7 sybqd1 0v+ point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecul4+ p)f.a a7iequ fpezm s:a:7re (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist :eiap pamsf+)f 4ae7u z.:rq7ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through t;oq.xset 0js 28026qp6izm gvmgxx -v iny tubes called tracheae. An average tracht-x ig pve qxzsqj gm2;m8v o0062x6.sea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2h6k jcjp*ny .;p*t7z w0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2k-/v5t(noag3+3. wofzxa9sj.yi m ay0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratejxxptq/f557zxt,lo,i r di/ /d at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling fo /zp ,jtoxltx,xf5ii/7/qrd5 r 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder qb+/fiy *wl / /tgqzb9is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure/bgfz bqtiy/9w+* l/ q has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in x87 czoaap*2 (yk 8cz5q ikov.o+j kg1a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ik7zjo*1 8cv a8.2qix5(az+y cpok ko gs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density oau ji4orbbq,)t*g0 ,1,o xdaff matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tev28 naudc(w8r chniques is about2 (vd88n ruwac $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ok:.hmr tz4) a3 m3jszkf 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is tamkm3zs )4 r .h3jt:kzhis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moonvv- u :rq01v xvr88r)fgi4j au enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose o)ax0ufrv4vurr 8 jv-1qvig 8:f a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gad yt) erm, wgyz5xe/qt5gp(4+s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume mxgq-7sec s95 my,th/ of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric,2m )cmitpl3 e pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s amel, t)cm32 iptmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained id 0 4a qnqnswj9m80wo;n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressurefr(61g qxd r h*vwhav;;d )rlht1v198hx6 xpl = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant v v wl1 *1lv1txphhx;6r9r8xh6f(ad h grq);dat 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at l/; umwclwu 1*43v8b;xnq pusq r4m4o0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at oy3/vk 14ajfaq7svo0b; aby-0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator a wa+n4ds4md -it 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2 ec; ,onl6;*z8ouc/fc8xwzh h0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopjd zi)q:qpbi) q,in2s+60fpvted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyu+z 6e3.cesy , v7kr4tszecn. charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromr, 7 gqxoze60d the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertibdcdk7r t1fzmv tllq/ 2( 1gsh14e6wo+6c-vaca ec(2davlsqg1 tm7/l+ 6rz1 6ftc ok-1hvbw4dlly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-k8 hv 0*pp7y 0(oaobbjdiameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large io bp k j*po0ha7v(b08ys the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurb8 .fj cd1yg)di;;9: axy nzbue in the air on the following two days: d:b9)u1inf b dzycjg;x ;. 8ay
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iroh6;+-jebmm6gw. i8wo r;c r og ndb.:bn at STP, and when it is a so6ime6h+:nd cm-gb ogoj.w8;; .w rbrblid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal ganyrr9 6cky/yw wgw-j7 ;fs4 9gs law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expaf rg 4yrcsygn7k- ;/yjww9w 69nsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pcf5 a6.*apul ofi- ju7eople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2fufocuia. *7- pj6 a5l0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg