Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Seewwg++gqn s :k2:va (7wia2gvi the periodic table o vi:wv72g(qngw2w+ka :aigs+r Appendix B.

Name several properto f9 o*s6vq(fe+re(fmies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet fs(oof6mre f *9v(+eqer.

Which is larger, 1 Cx/n+ks*+zmwm9)t ncu4 4hj jw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium*m r,bah0ru6fjtgc/ ; with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the ru;h0,g6a/j rbtcmf *temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists o5kwy5icd 1d) yf aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hi y1ydcwi55dk )nt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear llux :inqb1qsx g)y6 35jk(mi0jq /;aexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thknsxp2;uyz )x0/wm c+ l)5 cb z*z6vnmermostat used to control a furnace (ocyxlbp+ cuzn m6w kx)2zm v05 n)/;*szr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sh6 sc5pdmjsd:pej,, 0t ape of a U. Why0 j pssjm ,pc,:d5e6td?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats i ( h9:a4pb;u52 lk p)re1pdiftpertr.n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gla-dl y0gg k*u5pss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. *lu -yp0ggkd 5Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated0cn 8a qna6wuwzpa9s r+ s16cx*6i7 ap or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expw*6s7swiaxnun8p96+cq1z a06a arc plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex g7vx:* f w5nl6gzlblk -lass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thafwxv7:6l -*bzl 5knlgn that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac)iyrvdrr 8n9kcv4n+2 m no:q +curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottomb ah.jsk,08v 2xzy jun6gj e99 and top to bulge so badly the can willyk6 g9e ajxhzu.920v j ,jn8sb not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, btrqio2f;l 7.n t) y+g rbvc95by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using th9) bln7tr+tiyb vc;gf . 25rqoe kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in watet . 1wu -d6ecr+2vbbrqr increase or decre16qv bc2t-wr u. r+bdease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tl be7l-qf84mildxvzg pgm02 48th7k.kw3 7xz heory and the relation betweenlhg847vf7lg8m432zw bi tqm p . dz0kklex 7-x average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s la)l 4ycy3*gk tow follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,xnlc3 e8k8(g e the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sps yxu0z w:t(fjp1 e:9need an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smalljwyf:s e:t u0p9zx 1n(er mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklep3at4 0wvj ji2ke(*eq jlx-0 y than water at room temperature. What can you infejqv e 3l*ji-xk04p0et2( e awjr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dryn ix1pu gg*e46w8bj,x day at the same temperaturguxip xgj*e41n 6 8bw,e.

Is it possible to boil water atnqscuer*.*q,jjm/ z7b;a- l z room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperg x.0r l+vpursz :*/ (xdydgs9ature is the same but the humidity is differenupxg./ rd:zds v +y*r9 gxs(0lt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous udid4a/);or 9i) yrig2lv uv( to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enr v); vidr(2aydiolgu) /u94 igine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lita.llh0u)id cb6b5 z 6vbmmp+6tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennyir en89.vsm5 b?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare 7mvlwys8+- pj to the number in a silver ring mv-j pw 8l+sy7of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.g0 14k ;kked cuq1ud(m What is this on the Celsius scale?ekd0m4 u;g1d(k u1ckq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded areuyfrrwux31 ta.1( h*w.qrgr * 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass xk;rth 6 5zy.vthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.tz. h;vyx 65kr0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2* jn 2k3 9d u8p;i-ztkia1mxyt0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buil :xl4r2ri4fx 4tlef(miduz ;* t of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muc2rilzm4t uelx*x4f:4;r fid ( h its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than ty(+c v)sm*rl mhe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) be +sc(*vm )rylmfore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 2d-sx ..c atly;0hk ngat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b h k0 5aps(nj8vo1 dmmgx3ic42e its change in volume if it n1 0xdvm gc4ji8a(o53mhk ps2 is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 m/u okt.h(lr1 eL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of b .53obpe6o0fnut nk* water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madekqf r. qp5kskf 17qk:4 of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedlv5qk)r4 19nqq8t8c b c9lhib in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coebtc q81qhkil9q5 4 rlb n89v)cfficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i8k.y2a mot3 kan the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of (wyjtv3 qkvf://2zi3ryc, gg linear expansir/gfj t3v,qz ywcg:v3i k(y2 /on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropivihzflt(s -2c3 va1 19 dqy8cjc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brasoijq 77f q6t5- 9raolrs and keeps perfect time at 1r7-6i7 o9 qrj5oqftl a7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter b6 ic1 x:)e3m1nb rnaowv9bp* of 0.140 mm. The bulb :n)na 31pexw *6bbi cr1v9 mobhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is +hd u8xao;l g.rotating about its axle on frictionless beaa.8+go ; lxhdurings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much st3 z e45h2hf9is 9fcrje1pgj8kress is required to keep it at this length if the t hs2 khf41ejg 9jze 8i59pfrc3emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cm 4 macsd)*w2.nml y6vpl0xotsk8 8m4ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12yg/odvq* r3 2q-d6 x5io cgya)2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on theh rplg4ps d*mj dd4977 Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tewqflk:ld:5kyh )i3.wlb31*o oo n zj0mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4z ds2x wriea4i3f.brz/8q* k 1000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmouj n79g7wkusk2w*6 n lspheric pressure and a temperature of about 206ww7 g7 9*2skn ujnklu$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygbbb8mz3l o36 xen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog hrx68vrciu+)l:m s.wen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 h.5 -5 mopfoz-dpa-eokg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu 0/i3mq/h: vypera(xcm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 5o mc e8qzevd nw42fk1 86t+iyw -wvz.3mt1z.neq82 5e-8wvw64 k+dz v fw ioyc85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kp:w df el7uz*b:/jnf xh7a18lg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon acjik mcu 1phbt,a;)0-jhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air jj ;ib 1phu)k0a- m,tcoutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 3 lk6w usb3i.y$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atkppfc/f 0 l9o :yw()ic 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20kw/(( 7xh bzfa.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecx 77opa ctz+gxco59 3rules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molmgi. j-sbyc 73 .t0oacp9cn5 uecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) tpvh(,:b wij; moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1pu f24hh d 4mh7n;t2lm suhomk(:0f,b$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatv ocphw at/,:b(4szd) h you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere icz/,:opvbs a)( dt4hws about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecu:)rw,pd70k mrpdes nd f;;z -jle at ST-f,s;z k7;pedn d j0w) :mpdrrP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfg+m3 hk 2 *q:s kgk5)u(+uf wg1reyquyace of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. +2uh3sy )5fg: gkkg(mw*rue kuy q+1q    m/s

  By what factor will the r wi1 a.t/np6tppwu* (-ztt ;itms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased twtu/ztw61n ;i(*t a t-ppip .from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitvy8k 3q+x5t ead 9);c2yjpcxrs of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andytke;3c2xp 9a) c8xjqyv+ r d5 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec0;egq(n1 qstp 5k;w6tf jw6oeules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled i/uhc1 lct9:b90 mjmgbzn5 0swhile its volume is held constant, by what factor dumb/l0 n: h10tmi zcbj5g9 cs9oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bt*3v rndhhoy2zi1vy+wio75s* ) kv1ty $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tey3k db59 ;j y-x/q 9qrjx7pfnfmperature, the ratio of their rms speed39qfnkbx-r xjpjy 5;q f7/y d9s is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms spee22 wo)w:gu yejd of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu)fcu0 pq-0k lwbre(g 3le at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweep zv1lefm ;3(wn nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 he7433zen* n (ywfs rc-q l:uiz)yfs- u in a living ceszws-n( h):3-*4l3nizfcu7rqy f yeell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasbxz/k 0k6fx rjz)0:d cw9 d/m +ox:yji0yap,u can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,/ yn1;zp oa/bl $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, inxx a-uf)g5y+h s1z6 ji what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm axjsq46youtz,q2 -x7 t(ahl i4c8;et vnd the temperature is (a)qat ,vz44xhu7x ettcl(o6q i82s-;yj 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whehe a6o y4eau,a0y-, qa6u3p xwn the temperature is63- x4,hwaup0 a6uq ya,eeo ay 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure b*krt(z)xs5 ll2 bb4l7, xfdiat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is os51 fx bmpj,31sje a.0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a fe1 s.jsmxp,j1b ao53t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day ki9y+p g,-u5szje ) zowhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anj 5g9+-oz)suk iy, pezd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial x.r b:,5 a g3erl4pyzx m(hot.pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if /6ho z*.qharh.pdx6g the water is boiling at a temperature o 6.had/ xh.pg6qh*zorf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in an d s4c3g.(p1 jug7rfpuu8+n/zlrg t 6 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin(8 -, pvxg7-e:l u+jeoj w+jjht+ vhlkt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4bw q-pywcg +22) to diffuse a dista bg- cw2+2ypwqnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inupto .u:b0qs4a4 )ugyterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. Anu:4gs0 bpa uu.y4q)t o average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be c+h m7sv3qry)en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape xri8(rahr) r8 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room,/ z kbgf6f2:dm1 qyh6f:w bxm temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, af1mxz6y ,dk :6b/mbgffh w2q:t 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initz ;c31a:k ds kh)ql9v 4zmv/ekjj/jx/ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to )vd j3ze/kjckq/j 9x/1s;lzhkavm:4 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mol5tf fo j zpnd+i/.e/u*ecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume tdpzf. +5/ uefij/no* the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter in jn1 mr6j *fi:ktp(,es about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesg.mmohf6 /8odcm6u0 5hjje/ofh 2 tz) is abouthzm/j52/6 .hhd eu mt0f6og jcm8foo) $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fullgvxl5y0:pmx xo:,md + capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose :+mmo:vx ,gd yp x05xlto the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enb7jugc0lx e3yi rtk8 qa9:2 t:ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of th2:qig y0eb98 ctlj7u 3txakr :e vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas iska)0 at hw-xmhb.yembxb; 4s20gj1z8 increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of b s6 rwjzfmupq(yicw/)(0. v/ss au86770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value .ui,z(+hy5bw wvzidh )a;mo5 of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the ;ah 5 .ud5,imb z(i+ohwz)wyv Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedcj 8moe..v3qh oaan4 5 of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used n(6ovn g3 bo76at;awu in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/a g( w67vo6bnu;noat3 min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurrmt6o)6 che6e y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a3li rpujl)- 6,uoy 1gm( ,qis f7dg9jat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator avzbmf: eajrm +3as 8952s xkn3t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jceblwnu8 0t:d u3lk. 0ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad;/pj0ogb y+nv opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure oyo.vo kp0j) +.gjtnz 3f 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the ywqlm(/: znt ;Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid isa* gb 0 /vhk0rtl ki*mecew+93s0); ou u(ngvm suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg a;mm 0w0h+ou u)lge0b e3 */nc*9tgkvi rs(k vand are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubby esrf g-87s93cqn,eu2iqb va9mm57mle of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfeimf7my8a g 9cnsq5q2b-ev9ru7,e 3 msct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the6dtcu ,691vq3qn;, kyh uaysu1f p 8ca air on the following two days: fn; 1ad ,9hucyyaspu6 8tu63v1k c,qq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irocvo8gr,1;jujl* n kf)n at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart8kc*;l)1,orjv u n jfgh where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g3h/3odma7+1q x tq.z8rg rb:k l5kp lqas at constant pressure, the coefficik dq7.plgtbmk 1h z3a+8ror/5 x qq3l:ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly :9rjy5x yc )zpkv6)zr hg7u* rdehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milde:zr) cxr*hp zgyr9ky u56vj)7 w. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg