The process shown on th00m 4bjb3 ioik **-w h uapu7ck*v9efre T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there i r3la 44*0k4wqmind3mtcy g5fs no change in

  When the first law of thvtx-k 1;ql8 cnermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volud0xs07an) ryf 9bto2ume with no change in its temperature. Thr)f9tu720sdnx b 0yao is process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30m / f +.dz0*y1byrkdyv L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energymr.d01ybk+*v fz dy y/ is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to onhu .emhy92j 0(sdmh,e e-half its original volume during an isothermal h(h,e dm 0u2meh js.y9process. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L tok /t9 6xgc8 zn8q7qmxl 30 L. During this process, 6 7lxcx t 6k8gqqz9/8nm J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressedc hob c:yoc48* in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surr*c:b o8hyco4coundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermod1yqbq(j llv:sk j1o/35ora9 io7 q)yzynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an pweja joq)d86*l:bi ul.2d2mei;:v i adiabatow2l6ml:i ee aqd ):*2; 8iui.jv dbpjic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gjp z8i foj1 .)srmm8a.as identical in all respects except that one contains zraoi p8f1 ).jmjm8 s.$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in c0u2ml9i4 ,qkw,g:jvzcv e a,all respects except that one containsec,v0l, 4k zw2ucmgq,:va9 ji $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is 1) wn o-g8)g vc),atqab;bdwzan

  In an isobaric process, t,lp as9w,k /lahere is no change in

  When the first law of ther(z4b /z1(1bbd,oiux 2lyrfui modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pres o,kyxe9 g0m2csure as heat is added to it. This proce,0 y2gxmo9c ekss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at consnjkgz*of9r4 g,i0 z+r4go wz 1tant pressure j iz+z4 ogrg1okg0w9fr*zn,4. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV y+r5(vcf o:np3a o.a idiagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no changewtnnozqwjz*-*-( oe) in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, qndovtpl .fh67f/r0x1 nzb ;3$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid co1m2 sm0-oxjrg gj*59pni r,xpntainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process5r 1 *jr nsp2i,xg-om9 jm0pgx is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas 48 ;s0c(gp64n:isjglcp ih5zq8emhlat constant volume. As a result, the internal energyj4c5ph es;q0i (l6ngi: p4zml8s 8cgh of the gas

State the first law /fx1xpiux5c .z .q 7mfof thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reserrvzirkp6 k .*t 3moa2ruw(3f0 voir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoire6*g4ld1h b;tnrn nbb t4 ph7m;7f s/w to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Cl*tv hus t70xb5ausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much a- 4ew.3puiken* :*3lh r bexwwork is done by an engine oapb3er e n3hw-weiu :lk**4 x.perating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ra u4 6w vma5ld*1zfyv b088nabstio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the pj+gq+jbp z .:heat sink must :b.q+jz+ pjgp be

  A Carnot cycle consists t;,vt5 k8e/h v4 n99; fj tzdoifcqu;pof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of trtcviqu* 3bk e+f40 4whermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is def uj*fonygt p1y;q-c. 1ined as the ratio ofp-on*;gtqy. y uj1f1c

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as tp :,7irim6 wcthe ratio of

  When water freezes, the* pxs p4-vk.26rcn.qezr -x mn entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any 1-fst nfmv a putw1. io)dq-l7deht7(8ti67fprocess that may occur within ah77p ui 1v qoetdl7w ffd1tim a)-n( -ts6tf8.n isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of the(cxo5bhzaw)v : 5 fq/1tgv6 3llgh* dyrmodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to ,fay,2czgi,9l pz b k8conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is n6 v-j7o)uw7sm;d wcb removed from an ideal gas. What is the chamdnvj6uoc-7sw;b 7)wnge in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat/oz 5x khyiyv r, :obk l6-t*f,ciix(6 is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the process?i xf5oh ,-it o*v6 lz,yk:i(r6cxykb/

  The work done on an ideal gas sy(tepb:bw 0:-nb z4 ybestem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in inter:y : -(zwpn0 be4btbebnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabaticanw51p.u osxa1/8kgx ylly. What is the change in internal energy oxga.ps 1w n/1u 5xk8oyf the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J 2,dplvs 79pim :hnfoqhxof g)z.* ;z8 of work. What is the change in internal ener97q fiz.vp hf l)hd:pg;oxo, nm 8sz*2gy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. z,)n/i+hsl6k+1v +jvb 33xtkri jai aWhat i3 r/1+6vk li+t njvbjz3x+s)aik ah ,is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, thevq)s 76qj7v pyxf+nz* internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange?spvnz 7xfy 6 +qq*jv7)

  A certain amount of a monatomd,y,t vsj25 tcic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cocs,,5jtdy 2tvoled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K ar22 vbvz3y7ax/eyhj1n* rh 3p t constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas aryr7/vv2e3 pxay1 hnz3 2r j*bhe in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of watev:g fo /afr9m:r at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What isg)su*dt j)1 l (9wvzma the efficienclszg1ua 9t dwj)*)v(m y?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heal n0yn6i4 klz.38brd 2hrj hq7t per cycle. How much work does 4jd .nlhbhrz2k l 7yqn6 r30i8it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receihp mo3lh3: 2zj44j vuh.zy;ghves 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat d;p:hjgjhz h. o2lv33 44hymu zoes it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal oow fxihjhpi2z:k s.- z /tux) 1s)d7::ynb*qjf heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the effi1qth2w uxj))sizy*-:sokf p/ i.zdjn7:b :xhciency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 4y79wvz8y0xcur ,ie, k xl)zd42 kcal. Calculate thee40l zuk,wy7i9d8vrz), yxcx work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fu5xus4 4)1mt0ja6 ykw-d tnn aollowing characteristics: combustion chamber temperat)ukw1ax0yt-nm n6s4 ud5a4 tjure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so fara u875upwj zm7 ,x0obq has the following characteristics: coxuz5u78o 7m,b jaq0wpmbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficijt305u+8oj9:j m sviy y ;miswent engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatum5tjj:y;3 98voiswysi +ujm 0re = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. xb+(zft 02i:e.xa vetThe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600jw9-4svu cib93d 9mji MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW+ y nzg 3tu/+0k2hnp vjgg,4ft of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operatesk2t0* j3t welv between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical effq embf/75e2lt iciency possible for an engine operating betweee l72mbft5e q/n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperatu7 ghg9s pq:mx-re of the cold reservoir qgsmxgh :p 79-if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating be74c1/: irhr8ssc a w5pv*ulrm tween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment ag.z0v -7ef crft the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. fr-ze 7 gc.v0fHow much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 cs 2efh8 9z9tzkJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle.8cftz9 hzs2 9e What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of he-mhv;/s -eeev at from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is require-vm/vhe se- ;ed in each cycle?

  What is the change in entro p a;t/8f5z,)j w0u0zab ph kzx7wtw2fpy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change irrv-*/) tvhz2k/( bi6vd u jein entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas a3c cfzx7(.4wzcpxsfjy d14; o t STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy ffcj7x1z .dpz c3;4 cyo4sxw(changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at oziwa xa*aij9966a w,vho /i7$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.