Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periocl(k ml f29f6nrf b0v(d,.0-kgpphxu8e /jt f dic table or .0 evh/,d ffn 9-p(pk(clxmgfkj06l 82rtubfAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploiten o1rtqrus0u;5 uh1j3u-q m: td to make a thermomet u3s0q -u:mu1quh n15otr;tjrer.

Which is larger, 1 C e.v4)-9q5nzv vuwbgqkozi g.y/u n( 1$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systeg+ cv *n+t 5c(4tx3vw1 lrdhmcm B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the+m x5vt+3 g c41nvt d*lhc(crw temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted f3 w1wer( nk6w0h;f fbto a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of thre310nf k f(;hf6 bwwwe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exps(cu +p7dr1f 1l8xj v4gqb+: uf3fitkansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosxmu qs.fo 5-xw: nbj4(tat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatur(xnj sq4 .o ux-:fwbm5es.

Long steam pipes that amiwkf (id4f d:bdf;z p3o3v84zouu);re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of z ovd4; ;ub3d( u3p):om8fii dwz4ffka U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at nr o:bti(kg1;0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer it +)c0)kpwz t7yell*szd1; xd) so3ck si)r4ps first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bitr 7 wtpzk;xk idsol)3d) e 1ptlczs4sc))+*y0 and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rvlu) 5smr jom+y7 mn5*fw z1w6apidly than adja5mw *w 7ljzuvoyn )sm6rfm+51 cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thah *oc)(bjv sy *u wa* ,ehlrm*0evh17vt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fo**(ehwhv0svao,rl7*evb)hjy 1u *cm r ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate .k ecv;p9iy y+xbxu*: at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulazoag2 y .mx21ge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ha12a2 axy.mog zppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a o1b(axmv5rw/z,sh (x piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. 5sox (,m 1 zx/hra(vwbExplain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum 3dwo np+-qci1b4 zu;t sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inq1zt;+w-bpno 4 i cu3dcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatioyd.a2ir5 gj:j 2vny9a n between average kinetic energy and the . 2gi: rdn9j2jay ayv5absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law f1m7)yy,5coutsh mn/ eollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmox137xpyg qvtf*8wwacqm:,l-lgg5w:z lx :2ssphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the miniwa p2 0b*zycv4ye:*zy ecs .j/mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due toyeccpv /ya:esz40*j2yb w z.* the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.i.d3bwkl 6xe7 67cpon What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativei3ownld6 x6 7bke.pc7 to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uo9yb/ 6u yxo:jb0ip0 v32wspjncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sa 3ob yx0j26pjy/vu9:bwi0 o psme temperature.

Is it possible to boil- ,e.yh lp dlaoe,g06r water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when th3mtcdt3+ t o,6f)zxxde air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is mo+3dt ) 6xzo,xftdmtc3re dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r5.0vfh-pzi.oo lo bfo cx.e28z/7dg kadiator cap of an overheated automobilezp.zh.do.2 efcxo 80kf5-v7 / blogio engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whit7kq9v jc +c;z;gyl q5; )mpfyle cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are theerhv 1zf4x5d 6re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compar;6sgz .g 3g;ptzzt*wde to the number in a silver ring g wztzg z3d6pg*s;.;t of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°xa0h uf 6eejx p4*22xlF. What is this on the Celsius scale?xux2*l eaehx2p046fj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te 4fu hw9.:fjiumperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,,pc d ino+)s29jns4upzene )mv 8o7(e the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.)oj o,49ipe(2+ cnepmun 7d n sze8)sv0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo7wo qo /3ssi,bng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built oflt4;2zd fxkk8 wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturxf z2l8d; k4kte of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lywlf(j62fvx uzk7u lm.dz i5 p.z3pfc,(ld 2+arger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in .pll,2+ucupk j7vl356(.yd xz 2f fdwz im z(fa hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ate68 pqr(gotx1 xsp . h,8qqtv* 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change innawp9o e;-3qrhg c)gc wx5:3( 5a sijd volume if it is heated fro c3gnd5e:sj pog(r9aw-ac35w x h;)iqm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 0 (f+ccl+wy 5 ko5bmg4x jrkq9100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50fqjof-i-m p t whz7s)1gfv .5: mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to tgho5 t9q c3*wbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it car d zw03+z3 q,stgen*rn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear3zwzr n*redts0g,3 q+ expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change iabm4u; yl-: vtn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient eg;jp6 al2yg; of linear expaepagyg ;6;2ljnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid;khhqknx +i w+(7d:m l hpks,uh3u(f/, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perf2;oy f gs-z-esk9,rbubh -w3eect time at 1ew gskb3e ;r- , sofy-9ub2-hz7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomv4uu;gn x;c*( 7x pqfmeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of n*c7 m(xuxfqupv;; 4g 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w i2thq1xc97*ebxm * zkheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity 2kx1 ez9 7mbt*qhc*ix$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desir-.:m, u w;eqx-byj yuwed length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if x--wb ;:yu euyj mq.w,the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiohjz(wlhpxyu+cn 9 r, ml8l)trz i::7 1nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a/ 7y 2; gpexpdtz+:)tsnq 58orc0rgoqt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinwv+5fl 6,6t;xmewk n l scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenh w bhb4nrb)c0)eit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ad9:cpggz c4( iwa4q,9v 6 tyvmre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressur5 z ooaafz:)dv-m kw59e and a temperature o o)vazda95f-mzw: 5kof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at ST x.7id9l+*rtc59 zqhd r9chymP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of niti9ykpy z:i 79irogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 i+yux lg- z 6+sd j2qqhr6,62sykn2lfkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1018ydoesc7 ug1.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.-tdtffh:54y* jktq*m0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3fj*-k*d4y5m qt:th ft85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg)n:h1:op ztsw of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the *lwp51r00 m ebnqvr(c air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ovbr5cl n1w0(0rmep q*f a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a4p5n.v/fmek w ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 l c5.5 f cdzslqr3n-q8$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’mzvj/4 j; /n6qx u6/uh 4pfados hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m/;gxj;l urrd dpb+j7fjg+ +5 tolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thefe*dpj1t. a ,vre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a): 4bv2 lpfoit*2fg+ sk moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume zcw-b nguz-*kh ix 9xq62+gpmqa- hnl/ bh13/5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules ep4neit2 yg56of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gali5 4n6e y2petigleo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran x zfe1d g;w93 tq:q9dsii6uv5slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?et 1gf dws5;zqvx:du96iiq3 9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at aqg.ni 63e ld -.*fat-is2kw tllv9dz/ temperature of about 6000 K. l gzl- i6edwd9is t.. 3-la*nf 2qv/kt   m/s

  By what factor will the rms ys6 xww;.6t/k z:mnglb;ay(ckp(l +lt sr0 j.speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increamn;lltrx. /j6kgw c. bpyk+ sz;l( :st 60(waysed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6zrfc nci ,x(* jwbi /7zw9+m;wbxy1. e, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculaten*wb.,;wmxf/j9r z zcc(1weib iyx +7 the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas ooha10o3((d j 4dvzsu:py c-t at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w)nf0dwgu9 p*)(e+ dfez ie3ut hat factor d*9t3f p )uz+ue in(ef we0)gddoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas at+cpzikn+0i 4 *2vnpis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper;2d t7i btmt,vature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of tht, itvdt ;b7m2e square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nk (cepv.b:3/j rkf wc7itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen:vxe71 jl.,a8jofok g molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanceuz+ :q oi,cn5oo*vs6wibz q0; between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acc.u 2,(u7uxw ,mk gbc* vnwzi,id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell ,(2 u kvwu*7uib, ,mx.cczwgnat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ppn2ea:ko/31:t bt iwcan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran z-9 bjb-*ldu.dow n)aium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurq,uxme o1dl- h)q9l1bk+da a8e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperat l4+rq nl0kr(lu48paoure is (a)lpu4+8rlro lk0 4(nqa 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if qr*ls3 3aeg f,the humidity is 50% on a day when the tl3 *agrfqe3 ,semperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wy o;pdk:7 ujn6ater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particul/2 e*a,gy/rntln lei7oc d ozd i1u6t )4(m*dcar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperd g4a/ncmy ce*o7(eno /,r)li t1td u*i lz2d6ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the par i pfl0p9 41dil00whkmtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40ilm0k l0hi04 fp1d9wp%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp8fqpipv b, ,sz szgs2 +.nf3d1erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a p23u)kr, :ts+j)f wvfn ve8 hydressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temp, edtfw j2 s38):k vnv)+yuhrferature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol s glz0iaslh/q7v;j5 *0jey(lume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of /.ze+sln5nydk/u.7l x(d n )epdg 5 h0/wddon5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse w2et yb-p1ce-yay, t2a distance of -by ,e yca1t 2ytewp-215 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubez/(f0p1y,s: h79,yh;wf9isd wadpb2 lcttom s called tracheae. An aver:s7o1phz d0s9ml t hpif9ty f(2;wb c,/wyd,aage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratt7znmb 13syes /tzb3 qyqv4rz+7/0k f3adl5yed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bq2k0rjoj)ftu4,g . hf1tc s e0een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper gv - wgjx+5dq20/rfczature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL fzg v+xwdrcg2-j/ 5q0of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinan5yqx; :ske5 der is initially 28 atm. After many balloo:ke5;qn ay5xsns have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mole 36f7o60r7om8 uka4hsy+ oq( isc mwrjcules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and he r7a ojmous 3wrm76(s kc fy68+0h4iqoight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt2mqx sm69+o uter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable heeq* c+7u-nvqta y:z*c r)h- using the best available vacuum techniques is abouttvqzhr7+eae c* :*un yq-) ch- $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh b7qe1/iayt4o(:z6whv ji ds, en 10 m below the surface, tob ,z w(q1/yaj7ve:i46siht od what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ear.9(b b650 cm/i+xqotgfflv8 ddbcz3u th’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becausdzbb0 gu(/lob+vcc6q8 if.dftx5 3m 9e of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incg4-myj8+ygm- -rylp b0 umy o/reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o vzg6qj*w3 ox:f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure atc )xe/pbfdihp q04+u: 8d*tmd the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.0chdd)f uebt4dp /p*8m xq+i:    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogvsrm (qajhf5 + w+im(0en molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi byrn2//vb 8klcs71fi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mib 7 2k/l1n/csryv 8bifn. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu1z t2 yenoy)s6, pggk:id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolip t*o1n pko-:ya3qy *kne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to 0v mns,k6fd2g fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly : wtxqarq4 3-honto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa2w tys r)cx.rg g3h8-hrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch f (-ns1g6wairarged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is7t 4 ufgjvnmxm4+.) *w qsib3d $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te6z7+mlcq+ /g p a)mixknnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown7a)lpkzx6i+m/ mc+qg at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptvt4 jvv jx*.w:bw +jv8h of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 *bvj wv4jwtv8 jx:+v.K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two daeurb+e,1y a-iys: er+baiu-y , 1e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it 4m(yi+( *bt; pamjs 03*qcayc.tv-1vg hrmpqis a solid mpy ct(j3q4; bs*h* mm0y.vpaq a(g 1+cir tv-deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cnro.t+ d7 y,w3d cnxw1onstant pressure, the coefficir,wdw+on71n x3dt cy. ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rh ,zf/7*ltttf ot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (keptzftt ,t7 f/lh* at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg