Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See themy0ff6wfu ; x o0qq;h9 periodic table or Appendixf09fuq fw;6oqx y0m;h B.

Name several properties of materials that could1blsixp f ;050c h+amj be exploited to make a thermometeh 0jplxfa im05;+c1sb r.

Which is larger, 1 Cl o dq5wk b h6vs7xj50y*8vd*x $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therv *,j4hb4)+nqe- y + jjejz9acop,nhqmal equilibrium with system C, what can yo eha,-j, jn vbez9hy jq+noq4*c)p+ j4u say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stf8bof3cen1ot4ru /1 a :ndxq;rip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Ta1nocx ff / bd3; 4tenaruq:o18ble 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineaz6m hptmesg;7 ;m*+awr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpgtnqkx fl.wxl(8*n/i .5ds *wle thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togi(q*gs5kxx/lnt. nfdww 8*. lether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fi 0e,8i;/ounws4omxo vives;9-p6bj f xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wo6 m,o; 90fnj p4wvee uov;ssb /8-iixhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fhg)jd o,+rik 3d (sz, (/bmqskloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass ther*f8tjbna k- 2omometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the merc 2*8anbj -fotkury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hea0g8c na):ehnd1y/bj su+0a t4bz ezl9ted or cooled more rapidly thanb:ec+/nh uyjn9sl)0dz atba 4e 8g 0z1 adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassope:ef-qk w3b5 rgd. ; is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). - bd:p.weg5rk3q;ofe Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2w8 i/ nqb1xvv2rn(w6s 0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause i54xhnm dpv7d* ts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wid 75*x4pvhmn dll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed 3.bv7xynl h)r0761t fxksi ix (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. Whhk6 )x7x vf7ylr.01 inx3tbis en a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in ig z1+1z9vbbi water increase or decrease if tbzv z+1 igi1b9he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andfohjd n3v5 8a. the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temp.a dh83nvo j5ferature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lui(z0 jp; h+byieq q.:pssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosdfxk96* (g09 gfisi wiphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tj:0j53r 9uxy 7txt zdrhe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicallyuxt:j9jt y 30 xzrd57r no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wate5bv *ylz5sj wg4cj)e got..7 vr at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one sog* g5.7c)w tbejj5vy.lv4z relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dxb-6j*8jx nmpa5f f7+hg+ ughay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same a h-xfjbpfgu8xjmg6nh+7 *+5 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp tpzjx 2+j:g) wqjra*xy. 3 lfs/.sw)dg 1)yvnerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same butz6 r.*9pxla le the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drllp*rxe z9 .a6y air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ,n3 oy8tn2n j,jbem, nhvmkr* (eim;7of an overheated automobile jtmo ,n,kvj 7( 3h 2,mmer*ny 8nneb;iengine.

Why does exhaled air apphuexlur:uf+)(8w lt j;-bc a4ear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are tdz jw02:vtd/ - gem/dxa*6kck here in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbd u8r5pso:x7xjtt o(pd r:c42er in a silver ring of the sat 2:d5(xo rj4tdxrc8p:u sp7ome mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofte7p.bac8n6z8xva ( g yojlm3x*n taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?n3m 8xlagb67cjx(avop8z y *.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturvpbr rl4. f)jnne: /n:es recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the 09a2) mh.hu,mb38mg5 6 b rmesx wwketalcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. g 9eamehrk6su)0b bxwt28. ,wm5h mm30 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1dkq ln-*ayyp7 qoz+0 x 0e)or62 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 vbd i9p6bwj1 *m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average 6*ji1bwv9pb d temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holepb,60e4pgy wscnw4 f0 are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed w 4,ycpfwbpn4e0 0sg6 in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4auqj;- -8n w7uuhk5fi $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changeq7c54cfgir7og:6n 4 ,skbw b v in volume if it is heated fr 7b4f6,c 5kw7cs ov br4:qniggom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 s: hfrb:mp yzvl.y*wi*y5 5pib+e,q* mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterm( w0jhi6ihe) at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed inbh;7- +xceku j a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cpn7zy8aq, n+af2 el0my8(yagan expand in essentially one direction only, show that t a,pm yzny8(8n 7efag 2yl0+qahe effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityv7wnb2yyngo +2 15r db $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular z: uy,akaxzj 7. q6rdss2-7wdplate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion k a2jdass.dqu-zw r:7xy ,z76 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol79mn3;up j8fsjn q n8cvi: ek;id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and ts ,lulm3j7 sti8tj1 :p4p rrtod f8(0keeps perfect time at 17 u(j8ms jr:i7p,l4130t8ot tl rf pdts$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an u2zkb;-h1 f .xt, qz fbtghc+0inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of ,- tk+0;tzq zhuxb2g.1 ffbch0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminu8otjui)bm.e u3be)xa1 (teahnq25g -wcag8.m cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v(ht)gq eb a cn 3i1a5)w8u.u-ebm g8j .oexta2elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strc* +5npjd0ed lofy3e0ess is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3loy+ fj003e*ecndp 5d5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of croic,85pekkiy, * pt ce,ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 w5ts)bqohftr o: l( 38cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following;bmh s0yoqbe.s ,v,a8 :zwl2g temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatg)/ d c fzs;)*guk*kwrure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interiohlhtm,5)1 s,4ra6yi g8awpewr of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combust. knsyy2v d-:mion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abo.yv2 -n:kyds mut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usi/12k sg 0cy objdfwc su9ad2y. n:lz(8ng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitoa qjf;w /iz.(rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogw ddcl8(hri/7en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 104aa30c :zr*twwg co0i.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.-y+pyov s6t)o1b29,cje3 abmww(zt l0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?(wovpt,z)o ta3wy-b96js+l 2ey 1 c bm   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 et2k5l9* d wclkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thhma udg3r9dl(p**fr 5e balloo h3r*ddrampu * f(g9l5n, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a f zwsn ybt q)871g1.hzcp0b9yir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen m hkv,o-ue4;hat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andluty)*pe;pv * 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moj bhzuds +6j 7wqm9z n/,3qfm/ii7py6 lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mox4dvcs p3uj; b2 7+dfalecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m ).e ipnk48wntoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 0lv2izu 0 il+1-lym 7cf/ mbch5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o(5 pedlasz -5*rzfbb9g(hft + f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gg*t5sr azbb dfe fz +9(5-ph(lalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mol+w v0nje9n2 4nh2i bkiecule at STP?92ii n bk+enhj04nv w2    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of4xht- ksc8na0rck r/ / the Sun at a temperature of about nxcr t/8/4s0a kh rck-6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sq*o bi4h mxx rp3iy;+ .8dns8speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasyx+rhnox4p8 s mi8 *sd;iq .b3ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follow /y hd34jmq3aeing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and dm4haq3 3j/ ey8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in alf*-(j q my1gju/m/bg gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a 8q)tr n8ua o*:1hugvagas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doeo :8)*8vhu qautgrn1as $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by 7e dlkum4ce ec0,u0-0y cp:vs$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatu ure+g zr.uj vi)q8s 73q-qmq;re, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecuq)8u.;q sq3g + imvrj-eu z7rqlar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr3t 1krpsa 6)l 2o3k * fih0xrqaco1w)eogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen m0lfts 6eroca 968/xnlolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitfv q9;r2*y6 fy+ fjjfvrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed v osfe4,hi95uof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living 9h5evi, 4ufs ocell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oluu48t -ggfvf.mog - 7f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran k-fumd/fj1b8 *t.+he p6gyg7*a jkgtium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre:6 6 t-7icborloiz:z ossure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasps7z s e uqp+6v.q33tse when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90+up qvs qp.ses 3z763t $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a da4egxoltd6x ; *orm6y n6ol 80ky when the temperatu6g8ln6er m4yd *o;xl o6oxt0kre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where a,)iws e ut,51pmdc2owater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mh n(pmof( y-r3ountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. m -(3fprnoyh ($\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressuhuezd/k65x t (re of water is 530 Pa and the r5/x(thzk e u6delative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature 1krno:cl/,bfis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a kq a001b vps klr(j)-dpressure cooker if the water is boilin d0spjakr 1v)qbk-0l( g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voy9a+ / r:ecapqlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofdzy3 otnrl4iwwky n 5.5-nrl 9.d8g5k 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinexx d )m/6kes(a molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distaesk )ma/6x(dxnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes noz pnq8xzaihbw41p-8;qc1 2called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secq pnh2-nwq zc;8oz1i8x 4a1pb tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated att a crg)6:x f3tly0 x6,hxo6ae,*bmrt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ztzi4+gdw9 8 shas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrate jr0d2bc-n,(ail hz p/d at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipecidh l/a-jnpz0,b( r2 calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initp 4p9qwrq9i 5yi9ho i3ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up,9qh5 9ori4i 9yp3ipwq the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3)9-xpk p+ vqj )-1 rhuehhva3n.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thx j-avn3+u 1)9r hhvepkq)hp-e temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a1 490u bzmcknjbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the.hx d(vm7o6y d best available vacuum techniques is abo7h 6vy(.xmod dut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fil5a,4 andbf ve5*frf c8ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to thd,e 455acav rfb8f fn*e surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s af)7vgu a(5 . ih;ujstwygqp, .tmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitroge;jw g.g()u t.,q5 apvfhyui7 sn) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromfw /lhi q9h4 mp.infhk826., sdn1rgq 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mszt ;/b ne5w mncwa139$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prer ps48medfy 0gswc - w4z/o+;rssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in tswcfg +p8/edwo40;-y r msrz4he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a pfsdm0a yj(l2 ;1rzr67.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presyxy-);rjdb:n3w s,d tl t zr2:sure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric )j ::l wt;r,rts d-b3zydxn2 ypressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atga ;9ck/30a25sd sgzh6hxlz5 3ovl, 9 rnjcsd 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0ug7 dep.a; oo:/nv2yp$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around 3h,2.q etjjk- izc:s*b nsu2 sthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jacly e-n) g4+lexw ud00r at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar5/fpup 2jj 72m-wn vpzd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure s8oks q s bhu./.1t9ubof 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thc 94sa-duk3i)mih4qk e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid isq5 i dmp -ea(j.2uf9m*ckw g3zm9b3tx suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown 9f.tq95p3mxeak*wzcm2 mbg d -i uj3( at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphlghx) )intxpsb(-ff/8 ,1wyw erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rea/x1)fl,b w)wt-gi (n sfxyph 8ches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap8gpyzmh4dca;-g l (.iow6 6xxor pressure in the air on the following two days: 6lo(6 -zm.gap4 gy wdxhc8x i;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dif1 xkzo7muaugw l . mka g9)(h:8,+z:svrz:mlu ference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperathk)7 u: 9msxr+mgzmk8l :z:, vw(zl1 uogau.aure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law vbyn5c*q .j1 hb; fdv3to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t1d fb;jb.qyc*hn3v v5he coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their i zx+)/bybe6r8 hug+3+k (sru-yxhkscellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ig ye8+i+ b/)6xs r(-+h3r uuybs zkxhkn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg