Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table nsweklm .u;qeu)h 13* or Appenk squum.w)e1n;l e 3h*dix B.

Name several properties of wa i- 0xlb)fbv 0(zkzl r0)yq j-)rn6zmaterials that could be exploited to make a thermomete-vx-0)6bq libz(l r)n w)krzy0zjaf0r.

Which is larger, 1 C 51;ezf /1br mcj7vzf w$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in th k;ci-: hd yt4m+ey*zfermal equih-z4 f+y;*ym ike:td clibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of t46;cpr)8 u 5 yb2cggg32idgwpn9s nc aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tabltc c 36uni8p;bw24n9)pgcsg5 yrg2dg e 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans ,fr/vipf4ns2 gsva). ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fur-gyujc4e l ; 6s+ifid(nace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow t(sd u4f6+ iiy;l jcge-o touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are finrskds*au 1367ie6r x xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a sr37i k d*16xears6n uU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa9 8vx,bo nth3zk hi0q--+rc ebts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hos;b 0pvd 4/tzl2dbim, t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bitm0pbs bl/tdid zv,4 2; and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole+-2m rdhy h/krd more rapidly than adjacen2r+m/k rdyh-h t parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyr jgd6,+yjmb cqd/,t: cex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gi, q6c j,dydb:jct+/ mgves rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurq kil 1*uqozhkz3 +n97ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willt v) pf* *d.swq6gt;la) xyq3l e6 udb9;.kjhl cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ.lp6)t jxytd*;*e6ugalh9ws3.l vbq q f;dk)ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, kcsew; v b0w1en+obd3ud2*s *by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the b b;0s3+ u21o*wvecdn d*ewks momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumiz3vgd ub kc837num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease7 cugz8kbv d33 if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lqk3a9 j1g t:b7.:bh7lqlg nuhaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energybghn7t9jhkq: 17l.l :b ag3 uq and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theo;xo/0 x8ytierc+g 72p c5 -h nio*iuvmk(ng2 pry.

As you go higher in the Eayq8kdtjtd0m) ef( k b91o a.dqbx2m7* rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mukp( usxdj3 6s;st have to leave the Earth and never ret6x p3;uk(dsjs urn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t+46 ;rpfzs r:6d no)ouub *e7ge2md teemperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relat6mbp4n e6z tusger) fe;:d o*r7o 2+udive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at t ieure,ul 22+xl/ yr4nhe sau4n,xue li/ 22yerlr +me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room qbkw2 4d 1 +jppkth7jf46szo8temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity i e00k1o1:7tm ing fqcvs different. Which is more dense, th0e :i m tc1vqo0f1g7nke dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overh96m u4k;es nlleated automobile elnuse k;6m94l ngine.

Why does exhaled air app- n3*wxk/kbee /bwe f)4cloi5)hb z 99w0unkdear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th ;a:j-) tkfkfyere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomu2 8d::oue*nvs cr,e rs in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silve8eo nd u*ercr :2u,s:vr ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oft.p5redyam h+ )m,(l mc3saxh6 en taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?5ym xhd+,h)pa(lcm e3 a6mr.s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reconz( 3hd:. mqvirded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alco/6ac; zbajgs 4hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 6s c abgj4a;/z$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of br h7-0q.wv(fj2fk ssslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. y;senllm6ml26 +wrh0p12o m q13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height ch1rlylhw ml s;nq+e6mo0 6 mp22anges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thasj 8tf x6q6lf2n the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is66xf2fqltj s 8 cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4eu+pp i*j dh7-dz 7a8c $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it lr,vk+g(- ivj9pk*x pw4c( m9jtc7pj is heatlj i -( x(c kprvc+*kmt7jjpp949gv,wed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100*zzpjb rg8-m( .0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5.p rl 5dn;rxuohq8 x585.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl 2dono0 n fhar1 u81e+0sikd;yaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentig+o)hqrso 6 a)-,nwidally one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofn ,qhag ))d osw6iro+- volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the def3qdi4- 8b:.df ccbyensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w 4 b18 x klli4fc-wlcc0has coefficient of linear expansiocl0l w81bkc4fclix- 4n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotwsg* h(va6 gt5ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kp pn gel bv8vr2gy3 duyi,4q;+/3 9oljeeps perfect time at 17rq2+83vupn j,glg3pi9e l4 ;by/vody $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dkfd b )-p5iuyk -gbfmn)o3u7+ iameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb huy3 d +)b i5mfknb-o7p)-gf kuas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindtmo,de d6z0 lk gcsmj5+(r-l* rical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with lso dz (jtr0e 5*mkc-dg+m6,l angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whenf1ed.jtr un)t/ 5oxe4 at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the ) 5fd/tu e.x1tr4jn oetemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sex08 :-gw s2s ipm9s-xl nhuca:ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cbsxz wvk(:(dyj 25m a 9k*isf5m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: mi8 r5o1;vxdb
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the 3 cykq q6uj 94tlam,;qFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the(u2xsi)xpje ( Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr*) (r.klbdkam t*tu xxf.6mc5essure and a temperature of axm* rc6k f.kl ut5(t*bmd .x)about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawj:yy .n x8sue(az1 v8t.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o .yt95ko: 3h4e kq4qx,qzfwvi f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit7 nrulxws9 e:wul y938rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helia 6hf-,pdxcs1pa; xl(um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contait 0bqt ofyi k(v.p7w+ z708flbner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kwytblv8fb07.(0 o+i7ktfp z q?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg8fhu / )iqr ize0ie-ed.kn+g1 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insm2a+dz(dp- f)9 nu p8 my1i6kloye -agide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloom d)ieo6uza 8d(-+nmy 1agp9 2k fy-lpn is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aizt.j c*3 4ot45dqz lhkb8/sbg r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 1pvlkha2onmh r94hc d4v.8u . $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s han3 sdvyp/nq1 x9ogft +,y0 ex1qd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberxlv19xvr+n7o ki 3 xk8 of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in w9r gd6oh0llj795n- 3qcsvat1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mtu)p+to ,, ezevb45 qpuj2+z 8hyfm 9eoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 s(uxk fohe;/6$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L 6nz 7qo3u /bv9hgiyg3wk,oe nq znd5z7i0+ ) tbreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abozi7que+tg qwd79nz5obk nv0 hgoz)n 3/i, y 63ut 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at j a0bphs,alt x- p+/z)qn0k (vSTP?n,l+avs(takzj )pphx- b00q /    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium aos pu2yj /+sr)43oz -fgzuq2s toms near the surface of the Sun at a temperat oq)f sr/uosjzuyp34z2- sg2+ ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature j3skjh2 w.se4hu,/ u3qoe x 0fis hessk xf,0 ouh23q 4w3ju./e jincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following*14re g rl)thku,n5 db speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calct* )kd,nehlurb4r 5g1ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas d bjlj91g)id;at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wh:sl4r qv jx6mp0 c;e1kat factor e rslvck pm0jx41q 6;:does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a 3oxz7pb fsn o-*i b7o6gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio j),v cgda/b0p/ ej,ugof their rms speeds is equal tj,vgdecgu p,a/) j/0 bo the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of5g a txrz1o:u6 nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygensxdo0 0u.5iwp molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be* b+wk cq5 cidbjz20x7no-g i/tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sperz bw 3+ -u.gu4ecqbg5ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cee3u-rg4q gb+5z. b uwcll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bt -f pbdu-r27tts-cn6e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of gkx3 aleejr70ijf7ihf q(j00*0:ecxuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases0t ung tmbybq-7-0-poqgrt ( : can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 eo o )uh(gbjb9d49dw+atm and the temperature is (a) 9dj( hbouwg9d+b49o e) 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the uvtwy hft8t0 t.:ya)ebw,p7. humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatur 78.fy thupt.0,b a)t:vywet we is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure : go3zdf-4kb2.3 hzu(rfbrfx ogyb,: at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pl 1p h8gq:dpm0-l +kzzhk.0kugace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bo:hz-qklhg1.dmk8u0p p +kgz0 ils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 bvp8yb9vih 4(r wh*l5 Pa and the relative huhh i y8b 4*pr5w9bvv(lmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp--sl.om+m+fj6rc l f,viq7 x uerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a p7 qej/0pa:;a) zdd u:y9 ehrhbressure cooker if the water is boiling ;j dzd) pr0h 9b7/:a:uaeqeh yat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum:nqwjwq cow5 ag)q y*ak5,zze24+pr2 e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point obpyqw ;3i/+j c,-y-fp nvs7p py* js5qf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gamj5.i2pwu63 v ul t8alycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disu wau8l3vj a 5.ipt6m2tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c.(bno;yomb5i 2sa8 4mt od5challed tracheaio8b5s; h2td ycman4bom5 .(oe. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapeyt cdab w k))/q,,j(lw.6ry ud measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra-n ubrx lax*-;ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wasq2(z -( m) ch7b0nl9gitcewjb calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a (tlcq ec2 w(-7z0b bh)9jgimn recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliu(z-8rtpm zkk:7bbgo+ m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons h kk8+otpgbzb:r(7 -zmave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculxo8dg) 73g tvyes in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and )d8 y 3otgxg7vheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per *uy5 + 0 arih29jn-z tx3fdkro$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuuje5bfmsz2rez t-;2 jju;+y v 6m techniques is about +zf2ee;r6s2-jj mvu j;bzy5t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fuuf* :dtzj. /. qz99y6j.u ohfxijml:fll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacex uq*.69f.yd.zj zlmi:/jff:u o jth9? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnii .m/jec+n*axlr, cnff l:.f4ng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporrffj/ . lf.nn,+:a ei4clm* xcize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frvcj0w/ o2*jsghw455u) kon brom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of j c pt, kc6z1i:2 zynkb-b7zj6770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure a, clf35n5 v5zudeabi4ax07pc2b0 u gq t the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number e x af,b5cvbq72 uuc553il d0zn04gpa of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed e+8*zg) ; btff *cbdvuof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (v ho7f) e9jfl *w:/itt13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How longf9lif*wove t t:7j /)h will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercu 3 vkl(4zqwjbc p(3c4cry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinegtbel2:j 7+k-n y 0 5 eqojtifi+*1bzt at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroun a;*ki iq5jya:d the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jab)dv;uj *xeql2lbs:(5qu7 kzb- 8erv r at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado hry),ncl72swpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargej4j(z.os 0gyza+ -v med, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromx0xw(5nm6 ew21o jj i qpcu.y8 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v3xsrfr -haq) -ertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuar rq)3-s-h fxming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphero41piyd5 fcr. ical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reachesy.r5i cpf 1do4 the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on t mortg4 kg43o2(ksi9rr. j7jyhe following two days: 7j yr4.2 j39tm goog(rk ri4sk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ph7 ( fbu .chds9;t)qy*vg w:xSTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is q9h*t7b.xc (u wgsp:vd yh)f;2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at co5+1f0z gk1mpfmjh9lp nstant pressure, the coefficient of volumefp g0jhm5f l1k+zm19p expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplejx,p7 sq1t 1hkhx hy2yfc:tsn6 / c61e constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellhpsx 1 fty:ne, jctk7q6chhx1 6/y12sar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg