Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum?raagf y5r(lk4wmjz:1 ,ny3a( See the periodic table or Appena 5(:1,mg3 fra laz(yykwjn4 rdix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to m) twvgbl a(n:o ;2f50 kz)mdtgake a thermometer.tkzgf)va5lt w ogm0b d(2 );:n

Which is larger, 1 C u*m7pguu3p+t b8p9 1x)o enmx $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equil ;fy5b -.4vv-rfngxi,pvcu*:c ,gcxhibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturn-,bxf 54 :frx g vvuc;c, .hyc*pig-ves of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ofmdeq8(.:ptr v iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which d.etv r8:(qpm metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef.r(m// w u 4qjdpiski,url:z7ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat 3vpw s.h 5gj/ xc6m6ukused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquids gvh6wp5m3.6 jcu /kx mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixc.;jl+z ia6x*5xjby x ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a.y*c6a+jzx xb ij xl;5 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats s1,golw ).chyin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in ayqds ++hj3u/ l nd*:yl hot tub of water, the mercury initiay/:l shld3+d* +qjuyn lly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is d ku s9as17vyev5;olvt; 17jfheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaid57ej v vokfsy;19v u s17tal;n.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its y6farc l;6/d5,q ugp/na :hlicoefficient of linear expansion is ldlc,5u6:6r/a/n qpfy;a g ih much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat,l :0v.kjxppj./js2yv,j, avw 0r qmt e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bot 1()0su3jw0tnxlaz nus4ysj- :k4v k wtom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hzj:w(nw-u t 1us40ny sk4jx)vkal0 3 sappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), vw0sak vq 71ksr,v *4oits temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tem,v*r7k1svqv ak0o4 wsperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forv;.p9ptb ca;kquw 5b e7svx /4ce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tes b.;tu 9a;4ecb/xwkp5q7 pvvmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frgeg 2fu0.)nf com kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and then).c 0e g2gfuf absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gayprl: be2(/.34vos rfs dbak 9q-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea/ gbeikwh5vl5287r lpz mx ,g,rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to* wnrixr /2 3qlahy7;j leavhyni wrrjx /q;a27l*3e the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water agjhd ar kx,476 j1 cnu(t2c.oit room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othegkxuc7(j42i 6cjtodr h an1,. r?

Explain why a hot humid day is far m*2 ;vzu d.bwtjore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatuztw.;j*ubvd 2re.

Is it possible to boil wdd14mc)e( m ydj+brj 9 h6ue3gater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper 4o7go+3 h sipvq/v5ujature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thv o4o+5s/ ih3p jugv7qe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator xbi x59fbdy2txs22a. cap of an overheated automobile engine25 9dxb.byf sx2ixa2t .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter4x4xyaeiug (+9k hzkkv;/* 4u)lqe rn (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thereu3*+v2 2c/f qcb nx uhd/fblp j1xy5j58vvc* f in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in ab )lfq0.j e79 muxjq(a silver u0ql7 mxj) b(ef9.ajq ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on th+/x o;2sz.;d natmbnft d,. ige Celsius scale?b i,sa.;ngn +t.t;dfd ox 2mz/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loweidd0tc-/(n qsst temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohyf.:hpe)k iccresq:lbm99 v:1r r, /.ms*h fnol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .clv.cfsr,r ih:q e*/9er1s n :fkm yb) :p9mh$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of s3*+:)dri v 0fzfp1ydhu cz; cllabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughu;gf) f vck;-kfgob6 s0jc95; 6kjjtkt iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimau6jjk k ;jskb50-t;cffvk6) of ;cgg 9te how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lare;50v u,em6r (dpjeepger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel riv 5;r ,p0eveeemjp(du6 et 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at )soou9p hpp7n9, rg/ g4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it s;lyy r4ak*,h+1tb :np wic2d is heated from 3y1* dblta k2:n+,ypr4;ch isw 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of )b sk+ pmpe;,pwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watew u :6u,hp3iwmr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in ,j0pk i zarf x(/35g.q ppv4jg tr5hy-a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand iq ghzsh 4pp be7 u6kb0:mf9)u:n essentially one directip6ep:hs9g hb7u m0bu:kz f)4qon only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dtp g5 azf95fi s2l n3gr+z,xs ti3f*n5ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of ql2d:wg 6h6rk length l and width w has coefficient of linear expank :qd6 hr26gwlsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr-9dewiil z ;2,dr b:zaos((khopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee-sq+t u0c-2 cxj n v;c8+not s(c(vmebps perfect time at 17 svsn j0+q;t(8 -moe nc-vctc+(2b cxu $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has ae90dx lp 6 +lblkin+8fn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of fx+plil8+k69ndel b 0 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindk0qhix50j dn, xy);ptrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frit 0k )jpd0yn5qxh;i,xctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the c)1;d5z w4 osfnlneg3desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to ;ndc 41eg5 zl3wons)f35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectp zx cn s(ch)fo68)f6sional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 7, zy ,fs 0+pvjt5m9kr (iclygat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatua6x*4z 9 mn. n )eb/:qx53atj. vnyk l0yhrxvmres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit s b)img73 o8mf ;zupzs79:bbymcale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ear kd g z82b,+t/6 tnuwmj*ab/; ;vixhikth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginkwxhac 3 (sxs+k cb560e, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a3c 0( wb5xcx+as6 khksbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the gvd:kk3n+keu7)- uql ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit:pq ,j4cimj+wrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont e .qwc6+yv 1ki- wm78zlq5pukains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.1z2l v p 9)jha(gsb:il0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas y :b0kwofg2m: at 385 k o:mg02w yfb:K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o6ow kwpmhcpy):(h4 w+f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thmb*qtza ;m;kznh ) :*.mj uf;1qtt5tf e air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is ;quk1 j*ttb5mmnf; mzf. :zt*haqt ;)1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a+jexff(.2 dw qt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ax 6mg*w+ tk /jq-/j:xcp zrq+kt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballo-hwqv mhyth o)+.4ud* on escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeho0l4d9omzx 0 2y0 quns / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there icmpjqgqz7x3 is3; ltauz7(3. n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofi x3)aol8phv,p) ; khu (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5y38 og kb8bum/:kexurv9cj(t5 9lh2 rqp/q8 k.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b2u/ *ykvw r0y+ dkn+ql9vk1sjreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosp *vjluyk1q+kw +rsyd n29k/v0here is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kin1 advtj3-zbta:ne ) l9etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPlj 9:ezb3dav1 at) nt-?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium f8 e,-nso.qrhatoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature e,o.nq f-sr h8of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaty9i nq n -/ 8sr:u:ui6mzcst4sure is incretuc s:4s: qznn6i 8u9 -ymis/rased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of jnjgson* d zq r3f/q10-n--wqkm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, 1*-o/-qrgjqn-sn0jnz3f w d qand 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas abb * ytr/t vq/r.l9qp/t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doublezk nubc 2m/n-8+/zkmg7:tij;ou 5 oxed while its volume is held constant, by what f;/z 7m2-un/bzni ou ek c:x+t 5jokg8mactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givenew)k*oy8jtdew6 awy +k, e1+i by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thdbg5*o *bjm* ae ratio of their rmbg*om5b* j da*s speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in (/ dxq k9dzf,1tp(a oqan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed o wq7. cq:kbyt;at.+ma;h)qhhf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenz 0,5; /rn0a-qp/fffo/ oy rfiq9czpc nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose -8ifs l79dm tjmolecular mass is 89 u in a lid j 79m-f8lstiving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written v 66:ec6u bft dusvo+;P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium3irdsi -1 )kfs+ gq)jo, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases caj jun :u p86pt:ve0cn0n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the jw c,lai-30/ n3 pn;eujac76sbcino(pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90c cei np/0-ouab 3j(cj7nn6,als; 3wi $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if ux u)6jh9avn/ the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25vu/ ahuj6)n 9x $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wheredy9o4;+-dduqk 0j/p ts z4xwe water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the +hwnr st* yx:0en8;lomountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a *n;ro0sxw: ly+he nt8t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pard x8ns ma,xny.ri/ :kcd7/ (k and the relative humidity dynx:(a kmkc/.dx7/n, is8rris 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurnxvh e+5uy o7 :ilk8.me of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooj dp 4iwk7j9y1g z4tr8ker if the water is boiling at j71rwkd8 4 gipy9 t4zja temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomp c;e1 kt c;+zg8w8c)dgpt(kr of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d8n w6ewhls3 w8ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mol: timelj,:sm(ecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of j:,mmsel( t:i15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface 7.8xe1 vq f rv)kzo3nlof insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average traczeof18 73xqn).v vrlkhea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has7u7bp.tvi 2ua/,p fg d been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee* c(6qin)ebswajby q ;/7bo +yn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room4vkeo(fybv1 *ooh 9l0 temperature. How much error will be made in a revo41ho9v yebk f0 *l(ocipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure inie39vg25rzj hr(w0o o a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in th3o9(wrh0o re viz 2g5je cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6. gfmzefx 3p:p a69aylb;m6dw* (ca0y25 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2ypa6lw93x fdpgcz*m baf(;y:m a 206e.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aagvb/( 6qi)dj6p, a 3jzy o9wjbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabley*r c-)ca ht;h using the best available vacuum techniques is abouc- hry* )ta;hct $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 107(zq artt.,yj t up6y.uqvg: : m below the surf:.ga6qtuvyjq y( ptu: t ,7.rzace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ent5/s9+dfur6dn /vd c9 2wssamters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of 69s9d ncr/5t/ usvdfws da2m+a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasd7.npwe av 7/)lwhu 1l is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofcu7 jec8rgam ) w+7ie. 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eart2 7faz cf;l ivg6(b/pzh, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere;v2lbp(7f z/aig fz6c .    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecb kib,ij47 0 f.p.d,moteln1dules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pre5bt ;gaxoj,v6fn r0qftb *e5*ssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder f *bv bj,;05q6a5gftrn t*xeolast if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc(t-kglgod t;b sq.1 ;vury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at jkl jc cas7c0(nte1 qzl4+ u2-0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart ozv38f6pzws,skk9t) n/ sp0nh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aty65+27 q*a4mmqqrs kvmd e*kz 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand)apj phw(pob9n 5m g89ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at(w6)ivs 9mvsqsj8 bf 4 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is tlg*ocm4 l (lo-) ko;z$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls t;8)ry nracm8 mhrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.068mnym 8;)rarc 0 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromodq1:+tqn;; mea oj7+pma/pr d/d qzuv-d,.m a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. ;pm zm.p, :e7-o+a/oq/nvtrqad mj; dqd 1+udHow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in th,e 0p y7q-vj9 /f9ddk4kkyilfe air on the following two days: 9v4k-ik7l /k py ydfe0q9,jfd
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dek n-g8(xbetqaa xmz;rg: 1)f6nsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatgxnr(txaqm;fa 1 ekbz:-86) gure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law t)fa f-b vge4.zlx/4je2nlv:qo show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of j-fablne .4)v4: vfez2 g xq/lvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preve ;4d*(u jwof4yltn,c,p4mox rnt rot and mildew. If t*f w(4looxu;44,n t ,dcyrmpjhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg