Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of 5d d:wftfqkp5(; k.s,jjk 0ztaluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix dzsktfq ( ,. 5p;0j: wtkjkdf5B.

Name several properties of materials that could be explo.2wy9 g93nrn5a w/jhuum q7ueited to make a thermometeaquw9u 2 j/h9guw3 5.emrny n7r.

Which is larger, 1 C ytu dnh+n9 w3 x)c-on-$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with gj: v+a iockp8711wvfa- 8dvu system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of 7a1v 1iofvdw8 -va: cugj8kp+ A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip sb8)bg/ nic*d5l6l 5 4cgoxkmof iron. When heated, the 45ind6*l)bcgl mgcsk ox58 /bstrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linepoav je 6vc12 vz-.7foar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sj6kl/jvep.d 2 imple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts jd e2jp6v/ lk.electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thw jt;ygqr61kn y6:pcijsvi3 pk*598me shape of a * q i6k gsmipt5ky93;jn8yw1c6vr jp :U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floaaa yhdxr.6d z68ow )5ets in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in apfen:(*)gv)yr .k nr h hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit a.)fg()nknvrr p*y: ehnd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlylq lg a,1)o2kp,h;ykc th)2gc l qap1l,kk,h yo;an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coe1q+no7 g -g/zgs(k wh-z g2l46rzaxpofficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fo-aw/no ro2 1( zgkgzqp47lz sg-g +hx6r ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc +s6y/ daz. uw8(q zwhjl+c o;opj5v)durate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause iiyrq /f4dt+. xts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stay4+rxfqti.d / nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempclrpu-)pwq .,erature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of mole.lp,)- wrc puqcules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged i: 7p8jjt;vxpvn water increase or decrease if the temperature is increa:xpj vv7j;t8psed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic the kfpl; 5fs d29-y5ynstory and the relation between average kinetic energydpsyf n;s2f- l5 ky59t and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theo5 oq.ulig: ,//oulyzh,eno a0 ry.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmog6fkjq fyrbmgy:zl0e6 -y7 +- sphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth re;wao1, fk0j nffers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain f ko;n a1fwj,0why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thsu,ctz0 rz *)aan water at room temperature. What can you infer aboutc z )0su,ar*tz the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabfy7+ tdc0xq4dzi .ca+v; 3yih le than a hot dry day at the same tempe7 q+c0iyxda +hzi.;y cvdt4f3rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe-,+dmli d; yne+vd8mk rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aii+, r :j:;la qxvh0r3eoffxt* +lfy7qr temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at efj f :x,*0qlry+ato v +;3lx:rfhi7q the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatbp . 6aopxo gzy-s3(yiy19 t-sor cap of an overheated automobile9p.ygo xt-is(b za 3yp 16-osy engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter3,r-h8k:mcf2 j cf9jc++ag syuv)zujs jt6 w- (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th 9,di6kzfagg hm3b0)uere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go5wb5)q0r ad v8pf+i lhld ring compare to the number in a silver0q5+lav )wr fd i5b8hp ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takt z(ipknd5km, y0zp)5en to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?i (pnk0td)kz5y, mp z5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recoro er;y97e noj5) krcdm;9z7lcded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leoptz5v./0aj-n v.jdd ngth 11.82 cm at 0..t0 v.j-ojz 5apvd n/d0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of/an,4y( )f(/qgcp 9sd ne.rqn 5fd noc slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr-. *yo )s.oimuz jqfpu; :i9ssought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Julyq.s-osumsy jf o9z.:i)i*u;p (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftes2,:t)m sy fhdaq11 frn used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm i: 1mr1tqf fdys2h),s an diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterb jvqef-rxl/1sselvw:-.e *, at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterpcgjmvpf7-d)) fz, e00xc2 te. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedfte cejf)pd, m7zpc -gx00)v2 from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLlqw.y0r t: ky9 of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m h.l m8erh7yg d,t(ci9k0yb6oL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 9wts+uzij 4p(8mdw (d20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a s53(/lkagcxufceubm/)i i/5 long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffic/lxei(/k55bf migcu3 ac)u/ sient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density q: hukp qfcami:w(y(5;a2iy: $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linw;2r0ir5/od.(0 ygg .fwpgt l pxjq(aear exp .iqrwgx.;pg2 ydr0a (5plwt0ofj(/g ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sa2l-h*l*1gbe7fmia sca x 90edam/e1olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pepf2bkp4)lp z1xlv z(s 44 3fbzrfect time at 1741 p44 zlbbkpfz3l(zp)x s2 vf $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bto t: jv 8d)wjp0x,g.sulb has a v.jtx)t8w dosjg: , v0polume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w+r0p qp mlfyr6j:, gj(heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fr qmg(0y,r6:fljj+ r ppictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress i+ r))gh/fhg c8pwp+ iis required to keep it at this length if the temperatrg+ipp gh i/w+hfc))8 ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areajvt 7/ fe0)ize67s gs0 rtfm(f 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1.fhof e-3eyfyw0i ob/p;j0( j 22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on kyrl1b.d25z6a 9u pmgthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera -g)vyp kau5)kture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ohwmidzm 89 ,x2q4(xt)kkq y0pf the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm(djx 4u56obzt ospheric pressure and a temperature 56bjud o(xtz 4of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge qk: c7*vfy hua*gkg0(n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 w.mf : 7kzsd;i7:iaqw kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5bii2(qdk l/, +qubtl) kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli. at*-fjf(kg jum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of a9v-3nld .lkuol yj42fz8 ymj) rgon gas at 385 Ky u-4k2d 9 jn.3floljl8)myzv?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k2(-wnkmmui f-g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its be *w+u*bl+ds0t uoh s+uoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bau o*++wbdlssu t 0*+helloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withbs6, 9sdd x7mj* h 2v7iskud)h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at qjre:albv5-3 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand pn+ yb 5fyzd)/at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeun ,4kt rt,mh5syr6*xs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho8)srrlh 0y;r,7 oddtow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles 7f6-jv.gasvi,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5/k/xnwdvty 01(h bn m2.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eacb vf1;zhzp8d+ ql*0xby3mg 7vh 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constanm lpfdh873x0+vbvz q1z b;*gyt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa oqq*wnk(( ffw)(b*fal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? q fwo nq )a(wkf((*f*b   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium(asr d )nzcilw9 foxb:-l(:4q atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of alca : x:bwsni rzq-(9l4d(of )bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the 61 8uugdfbw ;rtemperature isbfu 6wgr ;u81d increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,i8 xtmbbk4n 9. 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatbtkib xmn48 .9e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molfz:v (t4t2 9j ko8qe/tz3xxysecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its ypb(8 uk5cagt;u a36dvolume is held constant, by what factor pc a 8k g5u3tabu6y;(ddoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is0zxz zs god.,, given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the regmw, :8 ym2cratio of their rms speeds is equal t: 8wemcm2y rg,o the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i qx.0yccz :x0qdj ywpfex .2/-n an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmzdm oo8d7,z3 7gfi 1vns speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule5sr6w ,:8.s s ileykjgs at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speedc1x6y2vs,i76vnz p ad of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell vsc6xav1i6dp2y n, z7at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ov0ig ov5+rj 3w2f-,frhqw+ czf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniulsph c5fqle(/i**e ;r6o0esum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr(vkzc u;eh a,/g lqlm/*c+ nc.*zg,qeessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the s kjqg)rc2 3u1q9,zgt0 jho82ogmm8 dpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 908d, qt90ugrg8 jog) sh1 jc22 ozmmq3k $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat 287gwc-21 h ryxgswxsmm0o) gely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat 1s2wogg2y7wm x8s0r -mx)gchure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure d 6d kf42x;ot1tufah5sv7 5;d tkt5vsat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimateft-f hl2lq12g8 gpti c3d s9+gcdri(0 3f+ 18dhg2 p-i2f g(grsdltt9 qcl0 cithe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of waghpui03qm 210ad ps9p-6t +)ctoe rmnter is 530 Pa and the 10c0pg t)ma6tpd9qhnis uo + p-2m re3relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressunx50 auyxb me.vwc;j .tx0( diwc32 f:re of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookem63ug lr8 xc.u6qd 9;92oaii rc xjd.lr if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 8xd c 9iumicld6;g9 3x2.rraoqj.ul6$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6u i-7/( twk-ha/caci vldg e,280$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5.:7gighyty )v $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine si6 1wwgm96 gimolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ogwii wg m6619sf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inu)srbr hs* u- eq2kx-fu,f) /eterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and har/2 -h ),qkes erxsu-)b f*ufus cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been caj7m g 0qj8kxmwj:1c(zlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure./gleh.aakk.j jh y p1o) j+,g has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wafxg np.3wf95 37(lqb)cod-cfo cn0id s calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be madec3f )cobqwifdfc5np9d 03l-x 7ng.o ( in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliqcey(-n*m k;u9n v.wkroi:+c um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been b m9 ;rck(-+vuieko*cnyw. n: qlown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aqz+b k:.2mwr air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume +r b. m2zq:wkathe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densit+b 1 j kfh.j u/d+es/cci6t6:cy:iejuy of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bestx6s/ cvjhc6 )t available vacuum techniques is about )vjcc/6s x6ht$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his l. lox1g 5o;gpaungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lo a gx5lgo;p1.ungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mtwe5s9 gvk;o5cf2h dl( xuy4+ oon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, parkd t9;(u+5ygh ofvclex 45w2 st of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide+g 3k ;qo1zbiwal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 774-k3getlig 8 f0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of then2qah vus8xqy* mb:hj wl7 gb.51;5nz Earth, estimate the total number omnhlbqzgj.8hb1w552*v an7xsu : qy; f air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ah8m;oo2plbs)e/fn 1 8yc ns.contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us+hfk6,1 kyu, qc yrl6hed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pru h6f1h c6 yk+rq,ky,lessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a+g d+x,tlc1r a3**psideph n3t 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at*c*un8tfx ic+(so l8 d ld-6yh 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl ( /zr8m u7hgmbmhm:;vr g:q,iy around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glund -7cc(.0e+y+l2njd j nd aj6l or-iass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in +;aqift, czz,k(n fr4 ;fbp(jthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atxec ze0q9 1a*s 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 26zfewc4rbd-;xd ).x aw alq2the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bhoktua 9+l ae25; b9poalls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasticallto l u92k+p;a bo9a5hey, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherivz(4cnnk )l g1cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfnvg41)lcz(nk ace?    cm

  Calculate the total water nt3 s:vhrwc j9vs:e-srxxv253o (8 dr vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: nvws83xhc2s :t-v3(sjrrr:e5 d x 9o v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference + xp ixg8 piy1l1w+m1min the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where 1pmpiy1+x 8iw+1g lm xthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo5)hj x1 :sa3cd9unko tr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of ox 1t s9cd)huja:kn 53volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent ro dtdd:*pg yb8(t and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kep(d*gbtp y:8d dt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg