Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi y7k(mfvu97fi,+nnxr g( g5 jhc table or Apkfnxgg7num(v,( 7f y 5 9hj+irpendix B.

Name several properties of 6 5-4j6 a0vaxzdj+,i bkwlm(;itzemkmaterials that could be exploited to make a thermomettbkzajm+ w-6 lvze,m(04idj;kxa i56 er.

Which is larger, 1 C zg1yws7l kqy7ds3l*c ,0 r yw+$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal opsl (hm7e0,nequilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, s0(7nopml,h eand C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a qks xp +d 8rm b+.b049p-gskigstrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be opm qgbs d.+4 098bkrgi xs-pk+n the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear 5 nwgfo*xj s)elot ayf mgw-o++/+c*5 expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use2z u9*xmdf+7 ikvdwl 0opd31pd to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded pdpk9 0*vu m dod1zx2fiw3+7ltogether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have apc2b jinvt643 section in the shape of a U. Whyc 4t6nivp3 2bj?

A flat, uniform cylinder of r/7(bs(*afo :sqjj im lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gl*c3qt71cf uiysc j0k(ass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury f3t (cjkus*701i ycqc initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hea14 wix1tz 5ld*h-id*+jdon qz ted or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex1hxl4+ dw1dni oqdz**tj-z i5plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ozngrfk- 5r81g66 wrp ;wq: pudf linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Prfkrnrpw6qd 5zw : 18pgu 6g-;yrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atahx0 sq bpou (7w-tiqk+mw303kj;x -l 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause b0v 3 nn0)3skb-dfqglits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hf0 b-3q0gsd3n)lb knvas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by puce2s7k : xg:yvg6-c rgshing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theor-62gcv kr:: cg x7gsyey, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged ipi+w4:j1.nqk: g uvku n water increase or decrease if the temperature is inc4wv:gkqp j :u1n+.iku reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relationi (3p1wq ul2ga,ad 9sv betg9 a1laqp(wv2, i3ds uween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kzs xmq mng.7sn asi2+ w(-;3zhinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eam(zk )s*kqzc*rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minv0p43maodn28m*caxqde f efl)5i7 q) -ja 6stimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth wh4ctq o el6x vf-ej)i*qf03 57nd2pma8s )maa dat it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at yd(vblp x;nh8hh4x 3 4room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties8nhpl ;3x yh x4(4bvdh of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thn pgll9l::ur: an a hot dry day at the same temperaturrg :9lu:l:plne.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 : rmqi 1c)2cjlsjylnin:)f/6$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humi k3 dptj6x:w1ndity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid aid kp3wx:j16tnr at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open them 92v 8 ek(x;gjgmej-c radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginj jec-; kxe9(v8mm gg2e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clod r/6sdm j; d5az.+hpoud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thcn+z*s8/ 8xoseo*t*j) nayxyere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5n6itmm z/16 tp-gram gold ring compare to the number in a s6t1 tzmi/pm6nilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whats+5m)hd/ yq+zmmk o/h is this on the Celsius scale? zmmos/k +hqy5md)/h+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temsjes,fu kba*+ 42;+/hl iedspperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass ths )wlnbs1ao3 0ermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.ol1b3as) n 0ws0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu)tb x+ )xiu1n0f k8g 8gxhe,rtilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatz6*mdhu l8 3:6u p m33.v8 ytlxdxhatgely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempertptdyxuhu36z a8.h63 mlx 8d:v3m * lgature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used y/v5tws dk nb a*(sjr9+ko; f(and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel riv9 j/dn(*(fw kts5srokya;bv+ et 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water;3dhm xjz ,z9a at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if iqp*qng ll*w65.r/ qg:;t5wnmimbyw + t is heated .+gl5ltinqwmgp: nmqb5w; */q r*yw 6from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water jm)hf)-bwj8; lk5b p;wmcx u/5k1 zpn at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water w. o+p*ycmi6a at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in3u+zb i.x 5lh. hfz)se a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n8 shdb8b (ie pv+bm;; lhyv48tarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately4bhv 8i+8;s ld(t yb;vebhmp8 equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t84(kgx . eah-0onw qtbhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wi+we9gz0j tqhnk jq+13dth w has coefficient of linear expansioe+3zhwj0k+ t qg1nj9qn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol qf/(si2og5vr )s5m sjid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bj0be9r8: lz3pdfdsyh +( aw8owr;j/ krass and keeps perfect time at 17h9l; js/3ddzyf: ek +(awor8 8rp w0bj $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has a6 qkbs1n/,ertn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2551esqt r, /k6bn $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical b 4ms oj0e1ycc(r7(fvwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle o oe b7j1vc(m f(cr0s4yn frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mzxa: 3sq-*w dw -ymonh-4l ot,uch stress is required to keep it altoy o dn4h,3xw-a-ws -z :q*mt this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bszdx gp;iyx1*)9 bfvdt32 .w yeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122ocavb*4: a4 zrvjgl), cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperemma0 6qfn,-latures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiujh2q.iv4 : n*owx7iq/ljyg , t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interioh1-v 4f )eggnpr of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at wn p.d578cm.,s, gsll/w k 8 xpsglsn8atmospheric pressure and a temperature of dg/lns8.,8,5 7snplskwmxg lp c8s .w about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasd2rnide 6cyt21s f 1;jxie2w ne/v65 s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains j .l tuxrxp*fz, i9/6t21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5u)xlemt cvm37zk/ co f*,oe5 7 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gask9tv;e nc;f7 h is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ppb8ck7;:djjhs c 5p5j pdv;+ of argon gas at 385 8d b7d5sphvjpp ;;c:c5jj+pk K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k g6xcup.n1jas1g ,gj 6g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its b her5,-jvos.g8 n4w8 +gqa gqmuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sum 5w gov,gas+8r4 n8jq-eqh .gppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at,d-yv 8 cem/ldbjw6r 3 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a b4n9fmagy7)tc +d) cwt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0o/ f v rcp9y ws9+iz(to8s:fk) $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number odu; e1i;ur5wz1cd4xb f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wamo78iy,oagsr7j:*u 10 lov awter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m okpmlgee h+agr2/ )rx,/s3m 3oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1r* du .y,xdfval :)c0h$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wdq ppuqb6b6(0z(8ip were also(6biw6qp p8(bz0up dq in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule bd.9ry;j nwk;v (w9vq8j rr0p1u fc)fat STw;bc q p;.j 19d jv k0fw(r)fr8vy9rnuP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface (quqo2pjyql6: 2q(y v of the Sun at a temperatup(:jql qv2qo6yy(u q2re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa)5ka f4zcen1 wse if the temperature is increase a5nwk1zc e4)fd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsj5nkg3o ,mj i3, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 3oj3kjg, 5imn 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2 m8k1/-m0qgy jny*yoy0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itz;uegm ouc+ p(cri 8y(*y0;mqs volume is held constant, by what fmy+(;q8;uc0oru*( zi meypcg actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by o7dzg tg-c96z$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture o0(e*a i+ dhp /lxhrqv8f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square+dvx h*ipq0eh a8l/r( roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrr kam(w) 6zze(*l xb3vogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecueg025 bsz; (5b.sld (oidaec ple at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecux;dkr urwm/ v x(07bl1les at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino aci q pd,1l /bpojr.sq95md whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li mps 1o9 ,l/rq.bdjq5pving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of ddtv0e8-.phcjy,cz -vh k:c3v fe*g t (i22wu a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uramhms hornl ,7v:8s+/ fnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whswjy zu 6d9 x4(63fpkhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the templjmd(-ep0*2tabp *s k erature is (a) 9ds2pa 0*p jl* tb-mk(e0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% e+agcnhi+ /e:d0z- c8 0littmon a day when the temperature is 2:tcma+g e-80 /li+dchet z0in 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9nr:9qur.twkxx 0 -nmzpw6 6 b-0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.lh 2ajzec8tx v+fdbu4+, j0+ r72 atm, estimate the temperature at whiua4bx+8l0j,c +j 2vht fze +rdch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when tho0gj+usx ma/8 e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the0omu axj8gs /+ relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is )bsrxlz2f++ r91nn 9cz; zx nh25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate eplsc5odk)+o+l0q-i pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatuq+sc)5kp0id e ll-oo+re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o s .ckzoj57ss;f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewleep;b+ 43l fd point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table j;dxi, x+ 8)o0zrhr:kr vt;hp13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15hv, trxdrp i;xj ;+)zo:8hkr0 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thrwl2gvd- 6tr1sough tiny tubes called tracheagt vl2rds w61-e. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure haxzg 50x yivd*( 7l8lo,yqc;ns s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has .tnh 5+ xel-rk j6ruqx3 0;lecee* r1tbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at noy z8hoj sfldhp5 w, 87vf7)d0urmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup ar8o) 7,7y fzlhuv05jpdh sf8d we hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balwfj0:p /vk4gq loons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original g0pk4 gwf:j/vqas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 olkg/ 5ge4;vv m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem ggo;vv45lek /perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mp(0t w 3s40cp2vnxoi qatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques jj+j lgh/q+wq9n8k xt0(ls*l is aboutqjj+/ wqx8slgll hjn t9+k(0* $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to n(g telsi0a*+ full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ad* l0it +as(engvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ent+ fub/io qt6n: :dn1vzzzq7.yers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strikingi v.:+ u/6zzf ob7n nzdq1t:qy the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 17w(x*x)ony yw6o s+dros8s-uj ;ot7 s10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 3o*bcs yc .ik:of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at v id0e x(k+lbg371ty tthe surface of the Earth, estimate the td7t ygl1 v(eix+k0b3 total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mvhhie zwq;1+ 5olecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital 2-bt i. *vckoahas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lc. 2ko*-tb ivaast if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at3(gf nfk+4wy8 kw cd3y 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atsipdhk-9x d. -+u,w7qfz/r7vrxxe 0v 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea:mkp5 asux(, +,xvug arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tnwy.ka* tud+ /ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,hu8n /b etuc:8n t0la3 adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fr2f cf4:3xfgd ully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ir);3 2piq+lasrcadx7 s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspeso-o )uprt;g .nded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis ballso. t ors)gp-u; per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spheri me48tp 9pnsi.cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume 9 ps 8.te4inmpthe temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air oya*l jhk qt4jk x:pj6.q/a.5on the following two days: p/:o a4ahxk5jy j6 qlk..qtj*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when iogrx1g w4,a ,a6:g c b(vj6znpt is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isax r:(,gjp o6,w1 4nggavzb6c 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, s )(uhnjf::9x.lx keuwhc; x8 for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of sxhu. hfx:eu(kx :n9jlcw; 8) volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preqq93n9 zbb 5ghvent rot and mildew. If the cellaz q9q3ghbb95n r in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg