Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? lf;5xhxws6frc6 5j4z See the periodic table or App5 f c6fs56xh;jz4wxlrendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploiy0jiik o/*ctsf ,a/2l tj/kd+ted to make a thermometer./ik*k,jclft joi d /2+y0t/as

Which is larger, 1 Ca;s j9dsi0t9pw,s p3j $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy vzu0w (8l9i:-hpuxzp stem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wh8zp0(vup x:-9zwlu iith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a bgzr3frm 5: qvvhw* .-sv-/ev strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve?w * /b vs .3rg-5vz-feh:vmqrv [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef..rb8nji6d yyficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the:8pwo o :mfe;ermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic stm:p: oee w8f;orip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the enba0b tl+-jh 2eds often have a section in the shape of a U. Why b2h- bjtal+0e?

A flat, uniform cylinder ijxxta ;syv .yo cv,3 -*t)g2yof lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed izfb( oa(i9zt4q s3,oc n a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risiz(o 9faoqzs(,4 t3 bces. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morh(g)y0:*- ikhjc j26,de mdd txf 4 zjgdv2mt6e rapidly than adt hc4*mv6yged 26 jd)tj:2zh ixkfjm0dg-,(d jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glaw 9cvkn0fqxe)+tz jh-fji 38 2ss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table fwxzqke i-38)j2 t90c nvjh +f13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather c,g(ci -4ghs6(vp uvnplock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom c*uou6 wbfm/+and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What ha/6 w*muu ocb+fs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatnqb3 1yz+umlz6.i(4 yjw .kmkure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notw i6k.1 n3(mbzj.kylzyu4q +ming what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr 21 pviq:mhndp+ k,;wcease or decrease if the temperature is in h dqic,kvp;2n+p:m1wcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineti8btf 7 zc afct 2ig(e9.bv+.hqc theory and the relation bq.i ze c. 87bvft(h+tfa2cb g9etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic : 1vgnvuzw:te.cm -ydm5+f)v.se obo; 1p4xrtheory.

As you go higher in tz8(hv,b2dg nqhe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th0nb(nerk1 n7c* p rnj+e minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon rjn7 *c10enr+bnk(n pis about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at be,ek,n/i +icctoyck g4: )/y room temperature. What can you infer aboi+/gci4y eycb :)n, o,kte/ckut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th3snyj4(n4cjl e same tempe3 lsjnn4c (yj4rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 / tyc vovaa2(,. sj4hj$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the s 60xkc6(e zamhame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air(m6x0 zc6eakh at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous (y2f p(rn6 4x0*-rn0zte6v c mfhohdz to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.d(-xytfv0o 4pn *( rre0hnzz 6hfc2m6

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloudlnbf*g. 9s ozc6(q a9d in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pof4yuv5i-v+ t enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-*4ea+ ch1 +j)efjw*)i2t ,qosoiiauxgram gold ring compare to the number in a silver r fei*+ *2))+isje,aiwj4ah qct oo 1xuing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius s oigf:n i-y).jcale?fnj ig :-)yi.o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest3idd6blkak,: fwgk54su c *m, temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengqui 9l-:o;dttmug + zz8;c c,cth 11.82 cm at 0.0 zclidt 8tm-gu,9: z;+ uqc;oc$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builtwo5+z //bcb xh of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built a veczl.x ;g+7of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwx.e z7gcl+v ;aeen July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that g yu.- 0)kjv)dz cmcv;are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be pv0jyvm );g.czc)uk d-laced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at lve po8cu8arjr8dq) j)06o6 thl yu8- 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wh)60kjd xldfc(3b0jw aat will be its change in volume if it is heated frj j k6bd0fxl3dc0a()w om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat*ndjhma *n1 l4er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.9poxsgo-mm 23t;p u p550 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of y oog+ w)5i,:dubu(dr iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a g :n mwy)e ntd6e(h/4ylong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffn)6/g (ehw dem yn4ty:icient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan 5*n, nh2e6s: 2qh4yiqximhtage in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length8hu*)v ltgqvb-ep/+w l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionw v8-hgl*b/eqt )u v+p $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidodgl+ r u.zb( 1wyr,b7 8rt-ng, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made od npp w4a ;gymv:;:3 rti1lwa-f brass and keeps perfect time at 1rdl v:3 y: 1m-wa;aw pg4;tpni7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insid rqh 0sd 00y54iskh,ode diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumri0y o5k4,hdhq 0dss 0e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ab6c ks+a f:nyjn9 6v7xjout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity y+ :j 9jnkncvx7f6s6a$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired 85 mhnx12 x* opgvubi1length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3bu v5o1* x1x8gh i2mnp5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel )fprij011qvxvoul liao1. -2 I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atp/+mt7z7o*e pu 5tkdj 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures onl(wv,.y kng+k(w e4c e.a mfu1 the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem:gy 6 8ltwob40ej:b) vjo 9ttwperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior x yw n5qi9 jmz6gy9)a9,)xkwxof the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion-wlu/ e jm5ybct6 a2l8 engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20-6ljy258/ueb c wtlam$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofn 5qf.eyj6 z+.cct( ul1q5vt f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg oi* x-d crhrlh +t46d1xf nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of n+ p;fs-sscmo -itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas )bbo/sy;raq 0is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c41z1jv g;oz tpontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at pz 1j vot4z1;g385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgpcgxn r7h 5*s .h)zqlc g(7gb7 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the rnlw ;ntsn 6;4goxfi2/it ;/bballoot 4/in xs2bl; ;w/tnn ;i6rofgn, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aiy ,5fg xq6/ejjx88 zmmr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 14qq/ :wf+ alss8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and akutp1y )x/7 roge+6 pev. -fe20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofc:q viuh4)mm0i 7 vf8lwmze 0 n7fz/r7 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howi+gib 1bbq5nrhy/)v 5 many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) 0dtc b qbjdy j lx)1ys,l.;92z,ga ,fsmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum6y tn -ix(7;qu-dwesb,vuc3se 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that v 9z zt4hie jk9l(o78+3vgyzmwere also in the last breath Galileo took(zvj47zy93kl t oh8v +zemig9. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ofc d qp+:qmz3hmz t)*4ab4fd a6 an oxygen molecule at SThpf+:a q)mt6m*bzqz c3a4 d4d P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neara )g6e nl/*bwh,wb.g z the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6a h,z b/b)g*w.we gln6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed owjovcoqn; nt o5jsk8t5 yr1 * yt67 rfff1--y5f gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from cr8or 51q f5v1 -s t yf yky7wj5-nojfottn*;60 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, giv8 o5b85qlebuscxzzl jjj);;hh 9i9 6xz ,ubm)en in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8i9 z lz o)lxmc he bz5b,x;b9q) ju8ju;h56sj8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at y j mwl/7zh5 480i5l7 ses/bbzldh2um20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is do jr5+u- nu7pts-app ds-,ro (z*g m5wpubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doesgwdro -tspu s7*55-pp,zu +jnp ( -mar $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules it f3x)rpiokb kc*q+b:o, xr*h6 ;fic3n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio o+y +7gd,yucx3wx(t6inw 4rof f their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ofi, u 7dw+c+ wgyy( x3tx6r4nroots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed gz xtga-8r8t t /x6k*t rkv6j:of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec nqtaf7 w o;hn,0o3kb1ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance +bgs*6we7,+)v5 vp tgukjr.lw3ye iu between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mago *)u p.utis*ss is 89 u in a living cell .*)*iuoput sg at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oxe8t(ysq,d+ of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani7 7,o zsz7klt(u-ahdnum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressui nn c4j2cpr h:e6.j,nre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0hxkuq;*6-)z1 jdpb o m1 atm and the temperature is (a) 9d-oq6;uz1b)kp x hj m*0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxim vmq m)a)b3j;qqt hh3fb*c2; lately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the t hjaqvl; 3m)cb*f 3tm2)b;qqh emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pyk0ciu3wh a 2,3:nhoplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in tici88c0l* gm 9xa .o2glkfrz )he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate )ir .golim82az f*kc8lcg x90the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pnv0fin bou :m g:/4o(ha and the relative no4h uifv n:0:b(g/mo humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera,l tre22ypvu *ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if mvgmoy (nzks s/e7: 5 ejivmn-z;./- pthe water is boiling at a tempera7yiz vng.- (j:ekozms; //emvmn 5 p-sture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vmu3x6(.ckzji) eqahb 6lwecb2p ;7l2olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po8g)w+b63dbx i rt:pv;5aqhx kint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule wc1oq b yc,8o8(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofo8w8 ,cbq cyo1 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the ih6 t;tyit 5)8oza- kxwnterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average-k8ato z); i6t w5xtyh trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measufg/remm) gxp+u2in,itk 361cvml / l 9re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hanh 0k +14m32zfb xtbzos been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ro:mjv0b ,ny /eok1 *wlxom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watervke: 0b y,1mjxwo l*/n, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is init:dl 3iejvxg-uvcd dt5ut-x+18bc 8 r/ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder + 8u5dd-jd ru/gvi tcbc 8vt1l:x3x-e?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, an j0niu 8,kmxi+fw*r,yd height 2.5 m.,iifymu0krw 8j+ x *n, Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density o..vz.76vlhxh e(ixi u + l8jsa xs/v4zf matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesv m(b .6/ o)6qmukvzmy is abomboukz6/q.vmvy 6( )mut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills6y/sugu8an;cb d*-t y his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lc b; 68uts *ynya-gud/ungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returni aj(u)0p h9dknng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made o phdu09 ajn(k)f special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11 mi*jb9dl.v4vgib68d) 1 lwa1 iba; ow0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mleff*tcnp8 (2q 3c+s6m - yisg$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph h2,qg6 dsyrh4eric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a4dsr2qg6yh ,htmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in hoff)*qh:rfii8w 8,:bgc6 zya 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of rla+6 irm9eq k(81(yw lf(z8svrtx2 eoxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Holamze(yr (s8l+e f 9trq1w6(vk 8ixr2w long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me- t31buo+8l4et gff wurcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atbflw lx86cc /+y a*gy3 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea/ k6wxlv 8n3-r) hcezarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gte/p e/2+i8 u-7o ak6h w3jd 4esnshqylass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopteotjje+ en)jans.7/0wnsf+ - gd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressu) n* 3; ;:vyuhvcvtpvfre of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earh(g+/skb voy)(i kd2:-zk xqd th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown 7r.p.12lheht8tt-t: cojjxdp- (i lp vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assut.thle8c ot-h 27jlx-t r :id pp1pj.(ming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblenh 74g0s j o-kf9zx2mb of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the2bs7n-m4ko gxhf09 zj temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure nidvl5n+xh 8;))ysx+levxn , in the air on the following two days: nlxsv5nie; +)vn,yl+ x8)dxh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP6pxmi8psnq 7(msa :d 5, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2m5 ( :miqan8s7px psd6000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to7ghp251b.cur x5o x g79iic fa show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficien.ah7c7b9 5u f51xxo 2rcipgig t of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people c *rjbq ly 8owmbxb*259y jsd)w :a,w7gonstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the8w 72 jwjmqab 5*:r),y sbxld ygobw*9 cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg