Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum;bld8 a 7k dmqwh6e2l8inum? See the periodic table or App7adle8 62qlh8;wm k bdendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tocbkox(c oj c, ,5sed0. make a thermomet5o,( jcs ,e0b.ckxdco er.

Which is larger, 1 Cpg51ky zh5q0 yaq4u +zkos5n cnt0y(5 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibr)rmg1. -xee-amime5jhrl p, /ium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the .pj,a )/5 h-lm xmre1eie-grmtemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted xtb/c2zo+:orh d zjxn:c3/u8to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip wi3 ch:/to zdox8:n r2bjcz/ux+ll bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear e2 oe0nipg0bgauz(a : 3xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use w3j4jdstiqy0iv- q 8o(+k ni3d to control a furnace (or other heating or c jq 4iwqiid0njt-vko(s 38 3+yooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shap j0pf(0py ,rule of a U. Wj ,ry0pf(0p luhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in ms 2i zd7ekti) kvcj-j9:xy /t5ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first al 94bdg*wv7splaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury i97*sgd4 wvbal nitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is htf8xv m7 o*jt.; l(xuheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai7 fu xvto.m*8;jhl(xt n.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gp7hu3zuyd w4t1-se) lnn 4 5nulass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this give- 5pyt lzn41 hsd7u)u4w3u nnes rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2v;wsi 6(rxi3a0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can oew*z 5/vj1bg will not stand up. What has happej ev1zbw/ *o5gned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down.p8) qdqqhjqve2*8 ni a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happenvq2q) j*p8de qn8 hi.qs to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alr0iqv.*qaz n+ srs.r dzkf3+;uminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased froms qrs.;0ifkzra.vzq 3+ *dn r+ 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rev9*vo y1lqw d9 y;+wxc 4auh)xlation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tev9+yoxhy )d wx*avuc q;wl491mperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luss1xcisfwiu 4z kyxab 4sn 4*z 5v*26bi4ac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t.m w 9n7*a0vhtjt hru)he ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the e gks-1+dl*oc 4b:cz+is i;vzminimum speed an object must have to leave the Ead:gioz- 4c +ls;vzbck1 *eis+rth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c6k wzljb2 wqud bf.525an you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to2wb26zq j. u 5klw5fbd the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortaucv/ yxyp b)fw5+t*,e zs7 e:nble than a hot dry day at the s/)py*t5ys ve:ec,zw ubxn+ 7fame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu/wmh *:g/ vjrzre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air te.nhwyb; // ginbp9vc6lr ao12mperature is the same but the humidity is differentc2rgnhnlpa iy v6;/ b/w. bo91. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thx0j2e,9e i as2 rl1 kutyovm48e radiator cap of an overheated automobile enaoul8 2,e49 ie 1vmx2krs0tjy gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litbddvt imuzdb6g7ii-yc8(29a x y9 h4 (tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gqsapdv2p yo:36) +ga sram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atom7;fctg d,)zv+.t v nyns in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a sntt.;+yc,g nv) d 7fzvilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thjc ,jkx4cjy9i 9d y60 x,suj9he Celsius scale?49k 0xy cjch 9d9j6,iju,s yxj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures jzlv: *7* eccxrecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alco6 . lvvf6u1,ep3wpszl:cf zu8hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 8pw1s3fuullfcv6p ,z :ez6.v $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bua xh2;szosq 4n24z3 rpilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of bhk:r*mnc39vwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes bek* hbv9 c3r:nmtween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hov:3v 7u98t fnog.p c.h jt0khule are often used and the rivet is co73uto:8ju. 9fgpcv. h0 htvnkoled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at z3). )rhp4z --enzh johm o7qv4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm h:j1 -e (qgortin diameter. What will be its change in volume if it isje r(gqo 1th:- heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wij8ay y ppznz5w4:8n p7ts7bac.y6,xd th 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ouozk(:w+(n p8l9n,erpripxub9 aj 5* f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofda81 al3,h.ayywh ow6pd51n b iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can cz294; t 7gt2 q;qzkv) mfibbgexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effectiv;bq vkzfg bmgzt47;)2tc q i92e coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densufem3 v 5*0gziity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear vp0)w :)i: y2 aed6z/v v6pn8d xdcvghexpansidzi:ph/v)y vdae) 2gvwc p08dxnv:6 6on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid (cpz2oeys6r vw/r 1n-, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kt5m*re5e5 ka vfqhgauj1k.1 1 eeps perfect time at 17 uae 5gj1q15r*a mht.f1ve5kk $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inqjg : 5l;2q,j /pzlxapside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 jlxa:,2 5/p;p gqzljq5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abox8v nf yjxybc: 8 i3+cna)+,kr,+bmk 3ghr-tdut its a88+d,+bnx) ay v+fxibc3rk rntc:m gkh-,j y3xle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiredao nf5uec0/hi.2 r-d d length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the5/ado 0nfi hrd c.u2-e temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel Ihbqqla 1q8l r 4tax:)02oq dc2-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 0uj/1soq8be be m5g e;cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures ey pfz,xblh.m 55qx43p - vg)qon the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah4 +wgyi0jxs(1 2zmp as4u8w fhrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou66dhwm9qzp;oe xtp448wteo6-b nd q :t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos+cs s7f 9nvrt)t -*fblpheric pressure and a temperature of alcsf*+r)fbv97 t n-st bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofa* t1j1yv2zr c1 w.di:w (kecf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21lu+azukuw(3umz5si3 v rx62 *.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (o6qq( g)yliq74f u/la $N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is cps+ 2:mnq/0yx4ouhhf) xl,ygn6zs2 at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cwm zmwvyhi)vbv ).),) ontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at )v mvb i)vyh).,wwmz)385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o2 xou ac3.oer dl ile*(4-7 vdl)x2cmrf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves ixi8xtu,pkx;2 xz(a5 * akn8jcts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the akxpxc a8nz 2 8xti;jux,k *(a5ir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 .6x1h bauxuf6ivi in :a,y dt6dnk(4:$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 17s6w (ibmk -p+zzwe i98.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 -0 ct -gccfxawnw/:h, $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of wae4xje-h b ;9molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there a+249pfx7d- sdt-xy qhb(sv iin 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mi0 + vqc9jema2wgvg35oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1- pcjssc/o 0 ge(zd-*u$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale ,s+9x4*tfafmmh tc3 la+ i5ljthat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constanths5tm,cjf+fl m3ati la*9 x 4+ density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kmyawxj ( z-1dr/2)nxninetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST2 n wjayxd rn-1)/mxz(P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near tq ldabc58d )dvy() ue7he surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutdbdde8ly5u qa)) v (7c 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu 1ucigxpz5 jvho+7 k0nv7 90very94tfles increase if the temperature is increaehvyo7z9tvc xn71g9rjv 4 +0 50iufkpsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed *4e8s83yl kuyk6ax ggs, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculat y848ekg y6kxsa3u g*le the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 j2jt 46 ly00 w bq6 b9aruxbu(7hn6w0jsvzf,m$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled v0k p ) p 4ajfva2c3*u pspm9v(/gax2owhile its volume is held constant, by what factoapsv /2( x)p 23akppm9* j0gav4ucovfr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas ld;2 lkx cnu ))0g9rwwis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gas( d+tkksy)c z7es at the same temperature, the ratio of their z c) k(7t+ksydrms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained infpzm.l+17b os an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a2 jvd57yem/ izn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mg6etutsb( j ha)6, a/xolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a j5kqy j *ygx40liviy*k0 jj xqy45gng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can berorvp9muh. :1 written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of )ymnjn /t4fxa8p6hbm w-/op(uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prexbig eln4mzng 1wfq6 a90( 80bssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the p*zg-y4y 5im)v6hfew o ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 -ev4w*z y5ho g 6mf)iy$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% g:xlu2e9 ..yvxcu- qfon a day when the temperature g -.yvq:9.uelu2 cfxxis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure7 v s*) 3ivtwtlfb b9(brhnkiloh 6av+6m:(z8 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti3)3 iumy 5lgfh*x6mb smate the temperature at which wmg3 6uimlbx*3 h5syf) ater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of:i8b*, egodjp6. :x1s7f db azo pd9lu water is 530 Pa and the relative9o *u d:a8esbi,.ddx:zlog jb6p1f p 7 humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i+p/u;ogy; 5q0, mbtvf, et uzos 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water isuq6jn: o-;s oz boiling at a temperature of 12u;qn s:-6ozoj0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooq lajh8((c 4 h+7v kfga;9qzzgdkgs0 .m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew .sktn::iax:n mtlw :*point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mdg2r*4hdm4x r 5lljj :olecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist*md4l j4 rr2:jhxldg 5ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes f2ga9 ue o3jj0called tracheae.23jog9 eua0fj An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated axqpfi55da ( n mbzn*97;yvdg6t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calr crn6:)vzx7 y i,siy5ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at no(7j e- fpkbu;irmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wakej- ubi; p7f(ter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinec, o2cqr1 ay8der is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decr e1roqcc 82a,yeased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, ./g,rzg e5k mn:gf r.xand height 2.5 m. Assume the tempera r,/.fg:rekgn5gxm .zture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattef58w6q.reat zu:a dk)in;-dq( vzpj3 r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techg:y;n (rxc lz6xkh 5i1niques is abouz; yr1chi5(6lg kxx:nt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fu/:d3 if9 ap2* smy)yo0acbhz bll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would spa ch20bo*)zd:3yb/a 9y imfhis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retuu-lzqciw15/+ b xr3 osrning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40u1bwq 3/xc+liro5- zs,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of anz.z4s(ha6 lag ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770g 5*qpuukynaouu-6-x.o3s v8;j1+h jm0 mgy f m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surc;hu3d)5l 6vr sj/uvkface of the Earth, estimate the tot/6drv u;sk)uv 35hclj al number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7lr6cmw7nzne6 yi ,ppf/*(w p 8.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressuik5 ba79zda0 wwi/,kl re = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant atkiz0, a9iak5 w w7b/dl 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury ,qw).um y jnw4at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atc7aly+ ng,2 g/zl 8qh/ht1 g4jc7qhwm 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arog2mdiq+rj 3*y und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass js;xkjfj 9w ht-(m4cwqp.z a0 *ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in c yz.dguq (z,gcz97g 67 bmoc/the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cb r wze+3u/sk,harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ejx9v2o (ya g+qarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennisfwh l,379mcb-e i; dig balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 1im9gl7d -h3; ibc,w fe2m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametextavs2ht02a oqo pl-f-k4c : 5r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the btlpcavo2qs2ah5-t : 0- 4x okfubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pszra 9ee6i:1* x)ew:ly 5hhprressure in the air on the following two days: rzh 6: ey ew*)95r1e:xhlp asi
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of 25 u;vi6 z+j amoaoq:kiron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whzj+ :6o k mou5aqva2;iere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga)t2m8spfredld/ n5 d 2s at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansi2m)prnd2/e 8fd 5dt slon is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly 25lh* qd ka6,hln. bxrdehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. r qdl 6,2b5a.h*hnklxIf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg