Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic d, 3eqm.1fl5j*t pblsgn*zx32b c +d vtable or Appendvmljnbq l b*cd5 +1fp ,edgsx2. z3*3tix B.

Name several properties of materials thats xb)z9 yte1r( could be exploited to make a thermomett1z sey( 9rbx)er.

Which is larger, 1 C jkzu5yd jaji:2355 wz$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibj3ie ;buogm tb2 53c/nrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what cie53;bju b /gom 2cn3tan you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to c4v j9x*+(.gz 0jdjii aubt8f a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Whta.fj48+0z jigid(bvxc 9 *ujy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe )xv inq7pa6lim)d l3j6orz:.fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cok le,4u x6u/jux )e-g3pmv gvsg); o2dntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel contuu g,jxs kx2m -lve/ ev3d;4gu)o)g6p aining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftenwm t,/a t87ona50m lsa have a section in the shape of a U. Why5 0swan l7amm/t8t, ao?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats y0phds9wqoyexpuvd - g)m; q(-. 6,rjin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer isli9,8ppb aex0 4fc 1eh first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury infaxh8p,b0 li 1e4pe9citially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cool.4e hzber(4o aed more rapidly than adjach4ze4e.oa( rbent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expaeb:ue:q d .sn4mx2g*bnsion is much smaller than that2 sbe4xg :*qn: bmedu. for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock+ucpq m9k9;/p pk sg0e, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly t.a :n)f :(fczguqwe wq8.r8nec6 .mwphe can will not stand up. What has qcr6(ac uqwgefmw nw8n8z:e.f.p .:) happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (s (.5jq4c/c.poq pex :x+xvtzpay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kineticx:c.+v p o4pp/tex .qj (c5xqz theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water /d vk4( m7i5.dk vwnx9vfeu/m increase or decrease if the temperature in9.vk/ 5xkvwiv(fm4 7umd/e ds increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fts gx4tnw2l+7rom kinetic theory and the relation between average kines 7 g24ltxnwt+tic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineti8 ,pfkjb-j*fj 1yb(kk c theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratikt5p;kyaa6i 3 o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objecte sdw7:jpeh(9nuqg,*m33 xa e must have to leave the Earth ng3asm( qdhw x9, ee:pu*j3 e7and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rool.+vkfea2g(t9b c )ks m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativ )l+k(vsba9 cge k2t.fe to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more 2 0cm hz2t3l 4rjm1wttuncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe h32lw0jt24t 1trzcmm rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temv34-9at k fuchperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the ho :c8a ;.t5h)i himkcyumidity is different. Which is more den8;oa5ic ih:ht. km)cy se, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorfpsbdcidd ,91x5gko gc( -mr;k:p s6/ cap of an overheated automobile enpdp6s(-,x midokd 5 br 1sg9;kcg:/fcgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thq) o stjvqf-ht ax3:ny 7y-+j:e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penvah+df;1bf ljq2s eka( u ;v6:ny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to thedp+2,ic9 d0xz cm.uv u number in a silver ring ofvc0xdud,p m. +zu9 2ci the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thj mr93ovw+db 0is on the Celsius scale? r0+3omd9vjbw    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t+y*r:rjs oh+m emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometerm0s3f3wd r0mi, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.033sim 0 wdmr0f $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui.0o gn5jz3qk i:3 l5q,u,3ylj qgk ihilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buil r(e2vi,0d rug.ehej5yl;(zu t of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimatdel;02ei veg, .zhj(u( r5yr ue how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thalpiqlv64uetb 3 e.+6pt are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in dib 66 .t3viq+4lepepulameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water-jxxk23zc pab5m:ml / at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volu ,r6 wbu/ ;o*;;jxa tptpvrj:cme if it bjra* ;tcju; vx ;/wp:pro6,tis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tiew;5 (q5lwtm he brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 9hil8as ;b9do of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ry1 rjom8w(by q5p l15king made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel d0p:; lgtp;k pso it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient og d;:0kp;t pplf volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denb2+ y9r-qyp fysity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hh ;0s 7 bi-evu(g/up swo,9ippas coefficient of linear expansip;p uu-sv sg0i97 wohbpi/,(eon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropa9,bax u27h wio57c khic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ofj89 aca7xz q* scv76gh brass and keeps perfect time at 17 *qcaxg8cvs769 ahj 7z$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter5uqhi r4u-xb;p,(u m92orxwo v1)rb e of 0.140 mm. The bulb has hbm1qup-vrux9 ; x4o e)irb,u 2 orw(5a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 9k aqez) ru6y2m is rotating about its axle on frictionless)rz9e qu a6k2y bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchpiqtbyn b vg(u*97l:4 stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature inb vybqli(tn4p*u 97 :gcreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0uj0d5,q3 3e/je+bxrk ea2gmt 41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm aa0 bu0y32i15;fhw ceem4yf da t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures oc cygb.r2,(yln the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit gvqy2cvlqfcv7.w 5bau1nqwd9 )u .8;scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in tuisct:.-fn r6 he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a ty,zrtz*g+uagj2 fx ):emperature of af:)gzz tu*+j, gr2 yxabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ofb0 :bq- +mjlthr6 e;oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen jb16*qldl tz) ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containl.0je+a 0srzd s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at u(+pae so/3l0c6skxg v (j2nf10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas;qj 0yq,k6 dsao7dz3jjstl:7 b(kdabzo/o 03 at 3dy/s :l0j7 0 za376 d; ojkk tdoboqqzb,3(jas85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of b,5g6ule8ot3x5j kqj$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieve0 6qi;na3qy-od)u5 ppk/fdn 1 ;nacshs its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense thapq oq dafus5;h3 /i-pady1;nncn6 0k)n the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1xri5cpa6 8bnri9d h 0(5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen *lsv6yv*j )bz4z p gd-e)kg4tat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level an* nnutsrv) b55d 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molei+0 b5i8m evt1u huk,qcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many m 7x) ,h.)cezjhc lva rmlgn8 h0t6k(/xolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)*4)af* a .oi+k:qylg wb2bdxo moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5lh.x0itz mtv9.j2 +p z,c;kf t.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecul+qviob:8t3oa:b m11fj: c4a ukvrn1tes of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere4uf1t :bo+r :c3tka nqob v1i8j:1mva is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule as0z )ngxuy:s74fqb yn3fn7eui6c 0/xt STP? x76 yn)g y :4 fcb7x/uu nz0n0q3fsesi   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near th/ex /d,/xgjqq mds-3l e surface of the Sun at a temperature of //,deg 3qmls j/-dxqxabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of edi5* 9xc zt/go v2u7cgas molecules increase if the temperature is increased/tx2zc9ovi ed7*c5gu from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given inyb;:8 glq j+ co. o8ba2:shjhp1rm0as units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rm:lo0 o8h;a:ys apj.mb c21jr+b8shg qs speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol8,s)ex q p lr) i(2efmgu*nq(kecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, z m:-kviu ,6ra2/0qxy ; euifhby what fact2:ik0imvyq -zearfu6x u ;,/ hor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i0d2zsjr8 * apks given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thqi3wbxfr7 c)crn.xj6.o ,ht*5p 4 vsceir rms speeds is equal to the inverse rat67 i*f oc 5)xs.thxrc,j3p nq w4bc.rvio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen e w)8vth:3wuzt1g k* lr sbp,qik+s11molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox7wdba8 ml.: olygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a stedekvrard0*x8:+iwyvzju: ,v 60 3 t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u indorlz .*.whh4e7lf4 :7fnff n a living cof4 4z7f: hefrh * .f.nln7wldell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can rne* nsr*7lreoweow5u- xb 4xt.15u -be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,dt r(tnm aegbl8k(,1zffu2*5 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ca1.jdiu6, iuj l7iwe: l:q ur3o+o xjj*n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)rerj 2wlnccc5. 3o /tfzr d234n e2.f rjr45 wlcrtd/3zoc3c2 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dv ls q:)5*x6:hxiblu ray when the temperature is 25 6 r vixslxqh5*:u:)bl$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla7* lxg/s6o)l yxoea v.ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a par; (bmkqgw5)llcg/v1r ticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature /w5lg )bvclq k;1r(gmat which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressutgz/z /udye6 1odz, *nmu+ 3pire of water is 530 Pa and the z3,iep+ ou* /tn /zgud 6ymz1drelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature it3 kejqb13ot9s 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water n;;0jfkwf xtzh 1/ u2eis boiling at a tt;x1 hf0 ;/wk n2euzfjemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a.j1pobbfk:8(hux/: yek2jt x/:wxt v room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of d7)/7nr d -k+,cplx+ovbhh:w tws y6b5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a44zcw 5 p; bbrpi94xpuoy(+z s distance w or4+xp4y c5pz9p;is( bu4zbof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubnhe(ugm gl;b 8,ubn*m9os4/pes called tracheae. An average trachea is ;*og9mh/(p8 mubs , nube4gnlabout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hattmtxt7 v 1)-faymo6q n*9) cfs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measurrqy2oc51ziwv7nev*) a,+et u e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cal3 +h f(8bgp7dr cd.6(6oksekfup/wex ibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be m eufs8/dk(g(.3we 6fxkr + obpd 67phcade in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinj7qd fw,aal0i/ a4rj *6(z hrbeu81yk der is initially 28 atm. After many balloonab 1w(e4j6qh/*7rjad 8yz l0ki,fr aus have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of leh: ; :dspter8tngth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te8tp :hedt s;r:mperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den7k-g;tu :0ee/hl;g*z5mcdtp( v dmms sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availaan /i;ku)c.oc 9)oe dtq5xel)ble vacuum techniques is about e.i9)5 l)n/q kcatodceou;)x$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whe-1rar w(afz3a g+pubd*sq)-l n 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quic)+*dzl3-r( sp a-awq bru1agfkly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from tg-6v8 k.kpojp he Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does va6kgo8 pvp k-j.porize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is c( br-ol/t1t oincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770jxa yusa;du(0vrd1+0ngo6h 8 m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pre evpn7:j/d2;z33fe(ox laf zb ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air:epdzaeoz2;bj7 / vf (xn3lf3 molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogkk8brn+1bn)l7a-op-hc,gs u 080kp 9r axsog en molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a9(f8z: npj i, u2 2duzvwq9yeu4)h p61h fdapr hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyliy8 dn2 ()z9w,6dhu j:apv p4 fheu1zp fq2rui9nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me3o0a5(y ,j ucah. anrayg/ qb.rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolix4 r7nbvu)er*0 7nvngne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fitj7 r6an+ow *lp snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on- yz6evg ;ct.xto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado0kb +e ba*i3jqpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charg aa+0zdumg ;6fi1hj1aw uiy,;ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ex/n9bf7,3cd (ph mxpcarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lidv-e) k+ub uxpg7x4(v o is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertical-xkuve( o4b)x7p+guv ly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of abi0ugpdn xz )6dz(l:ohoc-.xey 01t5 ir from a depth of 14.0 m idb0)pto 6 z5 e.ohcudz :n xliyg(x10-n a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vaporulqppl. ar w-j/c./-s pressure in the air on the following two days: l/q.-jp/- acwplus . r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diff :5 bp+ .*opjwujbtel5v un/lrb6h:i-h1 sh)ierence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deb*jb b5t ph :1+)56:/enr hllps v.ouwuhj-iiep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to o0p.1kd 6 deqse+8cjv show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to e d1dp ejk+svqoc8 60.$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.