Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of shr37maf o+vf(fs5/ maluminum? See the periodic table or Appf +f fhm/vso(s7rma 53endix B.

Name several propertff,xu gytql+ knj9 ,g q,(bh:5ies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.yj qh,9t,kg(qlfg5u fx,b + n:

Which is larger, 1 C tz3 9tkc(o(f hs8s5os2hrx4d ${}^{\circ }$ or 1 F ${}^{\circ }$?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in p nwzd86)t*tfenkk j4v(*lh8thermal equilibrium with sk8 6) fv* kdjn8wtn (h*tlez4pystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str qyk dhp8zn+-rhc n*.mzz7 k/)ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Scz)7kq* n-rzzhh yk+. ndm/p8 ee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\mathrm{\Delta }$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\mathrm{\Delta }$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffij )ra:3s:wyz.b wamz 4cf tcwgv /3c8:cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?{)}^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of aupq+a)dj d xihrf8 .beax7 ;++ simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch bothudi7 .p+b8jdex+qax a+)f r;h contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the e xww+ goczlb9:1*z2 munds often have a section in the shape of a U. Whl1 u+mwzg w b:*o9zxc2y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at :lk 8a7c9xa8hktj n k*0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first 5uupagvv w+. v,n-ab2placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially d5-.vpa, u2a nwuvgv+bescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brev+o-q1c4-q n vre qo-uak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.nc4-eu+v-qqo - ro vq1

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exp8(xleagy+f( pj*oq p4ansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explai +qyjo4p p8(f*agel(x n why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocvz:d-wn:1 jb2 krk;t;est g m1k, accurate at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 ${}^{\circ }$ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and topvdfg8v 3p uq; )e b6bsbvs+4k9 to bulge so badly the can will notv+)8du4 gfbsb 693k;vbsvqpe stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresn;z,3l8uc:cjl h c-oc+sy +pfsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of m,8uch: pnl;++oc-f cz lycsj3olecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminut):cub.j( rl u08yr8q(izi k um sphere submerged in water increase or decrb) 0k l:z rt8ru(ucjqyiui8.(ease if the temperature is increased from 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 40 ${}^{\circ }$ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory w151cm sp1rbt and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temper 1rst1c15w bmpature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’shx s-m db)9a.k+ fc8fp law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r2jzttq /fz3cmer+ nwle 2u o *4*tg,j7atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for )8za / -7swdl bai0ylgscz:d 4the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fagl w-d : bzsaidz8 )y74lcs0/ifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you inv /5kkeg 1 yqkv9.gvt6fer about the molecular properties of onqk16ky/5gvgv k9.e t ve relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far m(izdodw shhg9v1;zpw-w2 ss,f7m t:t6-*a e qore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempertw(i 7q1gwmzd* hfeh62-otaz9 ;d -s :v,pss wature.

Is it possible to boil water k9 b/y8os ioe9at room temperature (20 ${}^{\circ }$ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i,zq6 yjvjzu)d18a m5geq xt:*ic21tyowj;2 as the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry azacqoy8j* 2qwaugme)v2ity6 1; j1d ztjx:5 ,ir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the q4(9pe )bqote radiator cap of an overheated automobile bpqe(49e q ot)engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1nvjtc sgdi+w g*q/( 5)3–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp.ng b9jj,mp):fmg3f xer penny?   $\times {10}^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r6fi3(fj5)mfnt1sxvb *q s 8 qg8fc4a iing compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass4qf s(f8 f g8t61vq xbfj)i53mcnis *a?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” i6q 0lf6ldzqi /evmi;f.i/p0u s often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?i0 d.6f e/uif qm ;0/lzvil6qp   ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    ${}^{\circ }$ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record w2j7y a,3jk fa.abc u,x9c;waed are 136 ${}^{\circ }$F in the Libyan desert and -129 ${}^{\circ }$F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    ${}^{\circ }$ C
low =    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  (a) 15 ${}^{\circ }$ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    ${}^{\circ }$ F
(b) 15 ${}^{\circ }$ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   ${}^{\circ }$ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom*s a5rvi,nds- eter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 -*sav 5 nsdi,r${}^{\circ }$ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  A concrete highway isze9oijxv f 9-4 built of slabs 12 m long (20 ${}^{\circ }$ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 ${}^{\circ }$ C to +50 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    m

  Super Inva${}^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$\times {10}^{-6}$(C?)${}^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $\times {10}^{-6}$ m    $\times {10}^{-4}$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1d7vg;bd o b4-j3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avbbd ;d74ogj-verage temperature of 2 ${}^{\circ }$ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tsf o lf3x9s*s90*a rcwhan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in t*0ls3w o9 af* 9sxcrsfhe hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  The density of water at 4 nj6xjlfo6z vs: ea0o o3b654 u${}^{\circ }$ C is $1\times {10}^{3}kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume i(dab a+x3;ke of it is heated f3eb ax o+;k(adrom 30 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 200 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    $\times {10}^{-2}c{m}^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tahrq/ w/n+d3y h62s9w fd ;mfmo the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0${}^{\circ }$ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 muw6a q.i8oe*j L of water at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 ${}^{\circ }$ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $\times {10}^{-5}$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl zw/l4lx mou1yze,:r )aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

If a fluid is contained in a long5affs-ylxvl* ((gy ( 3sw, pmv, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equaf3*(,mwxgfly(v - p(a sy5lsvl to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the q9*y ful7cri0n/ c)lk density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\mathrm{\Delta }$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\mathrm{\Delta }$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C to -40 ${}^{\circ }$ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of he4p1ud*gn -jv:g kg. j+hk.wlinear exgv.nu14w+pkh h*.jg -jkdeg:pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\mathrm{\Delta }$T is $\mathrm{\Delta }$A = 2$\alpha lw$$\mathrm{\Delta }$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic dym)iov t:*k:solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is m6mere gjo*7;aic6 s+lade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 c*lajms +76 eoe6 ir;g${}^{\circ }$ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside;ktc*7b omemky9g 94 y diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 4;bgyoyk*m99e7ck mt5 $c{m}^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 33.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrica1k--vv;fuu lb l wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angul kfv vu-1;-bular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 75.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at )cf- 67nvsef j15°C. How much stress is required to k v)f- s6f7cejneep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    $\times {10}^7$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0;bqj+:5li/ yxiq pl +g.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30${}^{\circ }$ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 ${}^{\circ }$ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm )wr cxm,kf3-zukl6 dw c2u .z.at 20${}^{\circ }$ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20${}^{\circ }$ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20${}^{\circ }$ C?    N

  What are the following tempera9g v0qqc zt)(gbwkk;da p );+bq37phptures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86${}^{\circ }$ C,    K
(b) 78${}^{\circ }$F,    K
(c) -100${}^{\circ }$C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459${}^{\circ }$F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperywdf xxk)s m7 b wzv y9jv)t:vdc+*;4:ature on the Fahrenheit scale?    ${}^{\circ }$ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of 9u diudbizhb24b1 1r;the Earth and Sun are about 4000${}^{\circ }$ C and $\times {10}^6$ ${}^{\circ }$ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $\times {10}^6$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change ${}^{\circ }$ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmoa . ca,svdqc+3xd +yf1spheric pressure and a temperature of aboutf1cd +v . +,y3qdacaxs 20${}^{\circ }$C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  Calculate the density-:ajfzg fe5au- w8ij+g, 00 e4h oaxwr of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 nkck) +q/myl ()bsb7 bkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $C{O}_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containspf/sb2 v5 oaz( 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $\times {10}^5$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gdlo+1 ib4ulm-as is at 10.0${}^{\circ }$C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas i 4wag13i:c egavzu,vi/el v29u *4leat 3 ae* ag 24v giive/:lvu9wcu34l,iz1e85 K?   $\times {10}^8$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of5 ,wyah9u4ban $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air in7yz5d+z 3 ap.txb 1ogg 1/cmleside the balloon, which makes it les g7 5m.xtey3a1 1pz/+ozb gldcs dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ac h8yw0c()5xeh 1v a2xm)jyk dir at 15 ${}^{\circ }$ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 ${}^{\circ }$ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen az(gy czq4: w.6oumiz3t 18.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esc.mm8i ayug4c;(fxenq 4t72 h3b8kmq*hq(es oapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculo- r3y6br)axv:uh na4 es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $\times {10}^{25}$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waf ej (9xre+fh-o hy3-(.imz apqk3 0uater are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $\times {10}^{25}$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (nesfrn)x lqmirzor* 8 (6vk;0 v83.gya) moles,    $\times {10}^{22}$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $\times {10}^{46}$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumd tgvyour*-6pbr9b/ 9e 5.1$\times {10}^{-2}{m}^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecule7fjwl0 c kg)3 owjv36zs of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assumwgow jczk 6v 73)fl3j0e the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygxk8ozq,pt rcyk0iibu;:4w7 )+ gdf2p en molecule at STP?q78 kcd w:pk)4i,xztiryf ub2+opg;0    $\times {10}^{-21}$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C?   $\times {10}^3$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of(7d ygl lj55:w:0pttz iixnhqv zf2): the Sun at a temperature of about(lt ji 7t v:5yh zx2::fwqpi5ndzlg)0 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incvn*t*ne2 j- od.0)ffh0yog.vz y*b cmrease if the temperature is increased from fvcohn.f tv2n*.0* z0*bojdgy me-y) 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 100 ${}^{\circ }$ C?   

  A gas is at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given iniwrxml9/:/2:1;0smrw ma m h c1 jqvqw units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,:mwq/ am:wm0xhqwrr2v ;s1/ m j91il c 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at8snvw;4cok -+t tcw/q ,cy;kr 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while f+ ti5zklo -7;p e+gfrh7qi8vits volume is held constant, by what factor doo+itplf f57zv- k;qr i+h8ge7 es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is+hk80tqt75 tq e6zvajz hk7c4wjw7+yuh2q b+ given by $v_{rms}$ = $$\begin{gathered} \sqrt{3P \\ rho} \end{gathered}$$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture os .rtf) yppb-z+. un6zf9gyn(f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the s+b6ufrpnzt.9 .z- n()y gpsfyquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contzyno( +q1g - r2tkrd1lained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe (lles:33yfb med of an oxygen molecule at 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance ;qggac kcu0q:h 5 jx(x jce, :8qxe8:gbetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $\times {10}^{-9}$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminomy-arfl7;*:9 bug riz acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livia9br fr-i;zu *lgm :y7ng cell at 37 ${}^{\circ }$ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bhw kmx jmp6:5- mbw)+be written P = $\frac{(}{1})(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura dj6irl b5axn6 m-zp.+nium, ${}^{235}$U and ${}^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF${}_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases *tju( q. diu6zcan $C{O}_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $C{O}_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atsrg8pju/ltzhs9b2 . 8m and the temperature is (a) 90hr8s/glj9 p u2ztsb. 8 ${}^{\circ }$ C, (b) -20 ${}^{\circ }$ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wc3c.u/q : zrd7c z+tkqhen the temperature i3czkzu+ .7/td :cqqrc s 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C?$\approx$    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watern( ( jh1t6guxc boils at 90 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pl rg9r/6xl oad:ace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wate9oxl rga:d/6 rr boils. $\approx$ =    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i,cecvc j d(7a7s 530 Pa and the rela,cjdc7v c7 e(ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature icuv /(b7cz 4eu(/ ceqds 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilizk4r*h1 mx7+g i6ihxrng at a temperature of mhr6ii1+xkrxg4z*h 7120 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r 4/ukefd;tq;uoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew l :o4 :dk ttlnia4k2d wj/i94ipoint of 5 ${}^{\circ }$ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (seef ynos -mpv-pim-n m*46aj8 5o Table 13–4) to diffuse a distv mip-5np fm68ma-4oj oy-n*sance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20${}^{\circ }$ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $\times {10}^{-5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny t*eyqo5 1dwh 0- ve:hgkubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ahykw hvee1d0:-*q 5og rea of $2\times {10}^{-9}{m}^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20${}^{\circ }$ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $\times {10}^{-11}$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $1\times {10}^{-5}{m}^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasjxut 6tpb qed) dza3f+5n;) j) been calibrated at 20${}^{\circ }$C. At 34${}^{\circ }$C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $\times {10}^{-4}$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atb7j ui,6(mdja 20${}^{\circ }$C. At 34${}^{\circ }$C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $\times {10}^{-4}$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturb0kd :1*o*1aup hgz:77 sj7msk tqszp e. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the q1h7g* pjs: uas 17pkzk m0sbo:d*zt7 cup are hot, at 80${}^{\circ }$C, instead of at 20${}^{\circ }$C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml