Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See tn- ndi ymyl/,.j)z3q6dty0 g whe periodic table or Appendixy30-mgtzn. dqy,w y lin/)dj6 B.

Name several properties of materialz zgi5pey3k 3/f52kaws that could be exploited to make a thermometer3z5 i kagk53ey2wpzf/.

Which is larger, 1 Cep44 n7k/b fhs $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal u:b0l- c6jnx1+b1p zucuw1zkpc)l2 zequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system zulc+ x:pz)2ub -jwbuln11 k p1cz0c6C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cons*t)a 5rc9 te-t d4xxhnists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When headt*c5xr)-he4tatn9 xted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffie 0fwkyb2uaq)5ph:n3cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controll dor y x )i*,k0+:k,tivfxne5 a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electr k,+i50oi:f,v *teykdx)n rxl icity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have t0t f(s 58zg fmb5c80+sxqy dma section in the shape of a U.8gsc 50f0z df8msqtxy+tm(b5 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of le3lrj t3n*3-nnt omf)s8+m ;wlyfqpn, ad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in av0 gtc-whp9 ruyvl6qh6x .u6 h0 ;vm8q hot tub of water, the mecywp0v6h6l u hqq80g9xtu- .r6;h mvvrcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container ma:e 6s* m4 fuuqxn2 us6up7o:jty break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain o* s:tf6usu 4eq6 unj2upm7:x.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficielo83; i prtfdwyg 4 xg7*p9op7+9mnazc a ja15nt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–xfmp 74i +agjy8a9rdo cwg a*zo93p7tn 1l p;51). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratexoheo5 zej8 z+i; rd(1 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlhfcgl) c89 t6ky the can will not stg6)lcc8kt9h f and up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempera7 ehkvm:)bo pv6.vyr1 ture increases. When a gas expands a)v: v1r.e mo6p yhb7kvgainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumi an,rpa5j48rl/ f5 1v eys/cnlmbb95gnum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatu8ea c4nrr55,/bjfs9 /1 m val5nbplygre is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Ctkm 8:rw sb0lnsscm+t 4 n-b,,harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average k,40bcr-wkbstn msn+,t m8ls :inetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorfs0wdcu p+ ;i(jt9b4z y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s vk) my. iir 880 cevkaq*:zti2atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimz -hv1a*d 2wjnum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and neven2 ahz*w1-jd vr return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. i:1 82lf1ma rtzovaurd b66e( What can you inftz(816uavbirmo l61dfr 2e:aer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot d1eu rftx2 agk)y)bv7/ ry day at the same tempe 2t7xeb/ )1)aufkrvygrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tdxqc zaw+ u ;k/jg/ks g.y,zj+-k:iyiq .-c:temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidit7+*;y s wxfnxdy is different. Which isxwf 7*+s nyx;d more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangereu ip /ha:(hirh.(ksx-f9x8o ous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.8e-r (/xuio h(kisa hx:. fhp9

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the 8vqq2ff8ku +r3 ekln;winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.iuzw/7co ,fd8 (dkw j34-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring)yzreds)u 2/t46rnfe compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?ez) 6 u nr4s)eyt/2rdf$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 61duib)fd,p+ fv 62q(x.arottp8j o h. 8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?.ojfx tp.+paubt i)fd(6 1vdhr,q8 2o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperojc j39fm c-c8atures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass/ rb*b lkm32jq ;pbw7m3b9ev n thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ; bl97k2qwvmb/j*ne brp3 3 mb$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long pl4:sx .)7zcor7z l fs(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3r6v;dyxb tz st.(b((j 00 m tall. Estimate how vtbz s.dt(rb 6(y(x;jmuch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole 6pgcf 3w llq;bdf*)*u are often used and the ri ; )*gcl f6pdwu3lbqf*vet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water u t ljq;6x2 :.2ujbzc8zzov/ tat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cjxkgw 878b i 1 /yeswee(pm+g(m in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it 1weg/m(xbe+j7ps ki(g8e yw 8is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tmipobz+zd8(fwf -9vqk *,kx *he brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20jt 0x)4 ; zagvzgi9ti-; y znt57ypvb* $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of d 8oa*;io nv1ciron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lo 2vwqv cisy7/2ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatelysc7 2v 2wi/qyv equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changvkljw(c601 fe tr-(f ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o7 z;imw+b r-n2j5h ugjf length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansij7 rnw-2mhgz;+5bj i uon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroplq(1 n3/ea omkic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps p)i, gd:oo.) m)fet h6zi6f*zuo xg/xmerfect time at 1ixox d g)mo:,6zef/u)zg6*o) mi fh t.7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insideho()6edwn;ph 7k- 8otc d3gv/ep w*ar diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo- oo*ap;3h)(wnrg8 6e c7/ tpdvwdheklume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating aii.obsql.z:23(oawnk2 i 6h y bout its axli.: b6(iwky2azlonios2q3h . e on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stra8 w9 xycbe9c:ess is required to keep it at this length if thec:e9w 8xybc9 a temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-5gy4y0-fgvnp bx5 g-lbeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atez*5 m 8oai)h flw+bi6v:n ,:+un qmli 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper3syon: p -:;f3 6wbj c:hdsxgcatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatfi 6nvxl2/5lz ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thq: oszqjcs0 g5ihh(k5ga74 +ae Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressux(j-d ng2*+j bcb0xyhre and a temperature of a yxd-+bj x*n0(2 chgbjbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen avta +0p+5u7xfuc .gnb t STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroed)h2z s8 azwf8 qqy/+gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP739fyh eyk0m5e1*kym 6b p8r vbgioc1 contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ;()ld lxkpphrf+ t ,u:gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at(bf3e6wtkn6q:op cw/5fh vu wcg7* d) 385 3w)eh(6gd vb :fto76/n5kqwucfpc* w K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k c1wwe,/vb;p8y1av rznc 9i3og of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyan4w cujf3xh;w6 t lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less den cw4w ux;j63hfse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with*ev qe vfz4m)( air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.olja/(xk-3 rx0q e34cf bvh2,jxc7/ w rh/bwb 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escyb z-+ )m0atycapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecui;c*bq9d leg3/ n32+mhesbdples / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watert8j9jg x7h/ obp 1n)op are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number nq:3efh:9(bn6l vfm w of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5vqp0c6bch3 1 hh73njz .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2ee*05q4i anz(l c/vhlw x5 *bf.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: cw5i*a/0lnfelv q( ebh4 xz5*Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moleculp:w6*: gdu k2fi4 vkqh ffgl3)e at STP? fdifhp:ku)gv4q3 :2*6wfgk l    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium . 45w7,bvfh uf-(s x rkya9pgxatoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600s -brvf5 x4gx9.7 ,pf(yhwuak0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i kx4kye/hk* dea;3): 7amm;etjdet1hncrease if the temperature is increased from 0 )a4hm;dykh j:xetae 1 tm/ek* ;de7k3$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 2;;7 bapatsul6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca;l;7abs atp 2ulculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecus21f bxw cx5f9les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas tz;3 )av x+w.b xy; yeqrn+up9is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factxe )y;w pz.x3r 9;uv+q+bntya or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules,yggpfa;c xak u8m+7/5:fnecu5 j8bj*uyb+ e in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases atdf r m;izu)-(; xbq(za the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their xdm(( -zfr u) bia;;zqmolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained *e; ij;.0 gzdouk1og nin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule ato1rnd kq4fm, f-zr09 i 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mo8olt,cy5qaj (4 fqya9qz/h* olecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an a.h9 ke8 rfdb)vmino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 dbr8)kf hv.e9$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written9i wtwf1j- 2+dni- kjp P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumkjrrdxeo,.o / 95t 4/rggn+zk, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha( kg jhlqm+1,kpzzr3 (ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ipjaj :e/0 q0x igh8(b+d1mr k3op9 vwrs 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 i/hprrx1j0mw: djgkep(0v83 b+ qao9$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatel-i c ( jxfu92b70g4;czqmezeca a.s)zy) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 mzzgf7easc .quxbi )z2 j0( -4; ce9ac$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whei zk*lmr22* sui/8 zxdre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mjek:p hp+ ,p8lh)w b2oountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tepwb 8),jo+h 2plk: ehpmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial )-y yxe j w2mrjw+e8.wpressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative j+ m w)yjwexrwy2. -8ehumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t:p.xx6u 8m9y 4x i j-.yimemrzemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate press-vzy2 bvm0 lyhpmj6y4+ *9m xpure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling vvhm y m-0 zlmp6xb9p+4* 2yjyat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r9w k(nt 8x8zeyoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point w hiby*;onw+s9qz i 3 b80*++pbmnwvqof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a 7 yty 8 efw-fi;jrq+a6,sci5zglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofyz7;q s y+8,rfje6-f icwt ia5 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfac (io *(zm*-kug rdbc1se of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averageimbu-*z d*( cgo1r s(k trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cale-yvzr++ id 0hibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measurjjeqd8/)owny 2+ydc,lm7*8 lcxedp+ : y3o bc e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature2 b v;dggrvh,4. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 30b,vr2g h;g4v d0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinaphge5p(*nb c*b *j2(jtnz7b der is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of thez*7bpj je(25nta bhcpg **n( b original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andx/nxotml;(:7 g(thtntf.vb 4 vtxt o4(ln h/:g t;t.mx7b fn(height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom u)9my1e.qa gd8 )vcuvper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is q) u+8u lldf(sabofd l)(uuq+l8s ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity*e x vum 5 ./y9ryuw1mcij,ge/k wk00n of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?*jm yuk0yck1rwwu/ .gx,9/e niv em50 Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at :1: zbeuxu4ddks c,-ta speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spes4 z-tuu ced1:db :xk,ed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasewk-u+k)n o2lazi bvp 4 */n,drd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7ouu9t: au09x)t arm3y70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the ni pzzm9zzqa9w80 e7 vf13 (hzsurface of the Earth, estimate twz(f9q9pz zaevz 38h07m1 nz ihe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules0g dexxdtp- mv3)dg + 9y6ntq( contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure tn9gr/ kyzau6 /hb1q1 = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4rhgk/6ay1 bz/qnt1u9 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats rde(ncs9; + 5k+/qz n0rhop wj i3xpwd.*bvf4in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline w27k 3l nfg0y5rfjz 8wat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth 1(wm(tt3rv6lidr3nd a s:,ej6h* kfx’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontoi mpi2 uvqfu+x1:; 9jp a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado: 6g c7,jeu jvc u4u9v9rxf*owpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm 9bo4zpvt4v+l)kn x5b at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eamlb; pb-y:e (kt;svk, rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis0 +skryucy:5:vc -j su balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg an0c- vsc5s :j+kryuy:ud are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from -3dwx- lu4glsn t 69vka depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturel- 46 dg3 -wlvux9ksnt is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wateyic5htumj;va2x 5t 2 y 83qhm4r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: y 458imcv2;xt uqjth 52m h3ya
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wh ol;g6x- ynm fdn7j)*zen it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp- y6);loxd7gnn *f zmjerature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that,0xvak u+u06m41uj no+c hwu g/0j6udu for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficinjuc/ 4a66 uo+1uuv x+uuw mdjk00 gh0ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pren1x(p-:l k 9 ft )ysxn;-wuqvvvent rot and mi;vxft vun ls:xy) -k (9-nqw1pldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg