Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg/99 v:qdeqo nv ;u/eqh of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix /eq9vq/o;9 qevh:n ud B.

Name several properties of materials tha8w*fw us98, fus+0pf xt sw))wmysrt *t could be exploited to make a thermometer. )*stffrsmsx fst ,w0w *yp8uw9wu)8+

Which is larger, 1 C fc d*rv11ji 8r$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,b pr 8i4l. hy53y2xp idc-fh-e but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperb-re 53.pf2l4xipy hy d 8-hicatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip o* 9wtql: +q 7goghxhkav9u 49hf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wqh:vhlu9wq x*9 + 4o9g k7gahtill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa/0b rqh6r f./nvwdi 6mnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used toaom8et 1novy;::v lt5 control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electricly;tve at 1vn8m::oo5 switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofteiefxm-ye2y)3 n have a section in the shape of a U yy3i2ex)em-f. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o hq,pqr/f0 ;pbf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in tpy)f8) s- qyz/jtl )uot6o/i-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen)jtiy)8t6ulfto ysoz q)- //pds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly fsf:/ etyr8 8cthan a 8fr8yc /tesf:djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is yls i o.*e684hwy+b xanq.ti.that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than .qao.4 whbs.ix+ti *y6n8ely that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cbo*h bp.y a;,olock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botqef1 3 ga6*elptom and top to bulge so badly the can will not ag1 3qe* ep6lfstand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempej k33s0xnh6 harature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike theh ns3h0x36kja moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incre z qvor.g0,:koa .;mavase or decrease if the temperature is increas0mrkq;a.:vo,avgzo. ed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charkml-/yh; d5xsles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betweenhy/dsl5 xm-k; average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’scaqo)p 2 (.pii law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the z)s4w9pxu k35 adski:Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obje4ah06rgj p vq -0nl f9-iumm gc*1wf*pct must have to leaver6wfl0v*c njmi- hq agmu 90 p1f*pg-4 the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooc za( l o1jr vj9*1qwgo0hq;f2m temperature. What can you infer abl9jzjvcha0g*q12o r;w oqf 1( out the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a h35 ooe*xb-tugri qe u (m.15 ji./ftgbot dry day at the same t 3 t(jq5oe gmr.*.gb- t5eubiiof/x1uemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at r bb;wg3(zws hdith(4zzn, /2vzd1 f3ooom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sam 5seyq*bww 3j+e but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air *+wyj5 wse qb3at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an over+qbf9zb4 c1z1 4bjt t dk20zmwheated automobile cz+2 m9bz1 tdb fq04zbt4w1kj engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white ; 1dev7li +k ictmx *g*b4l/mqcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thereq *6f /yudv tme dwb*hl5q:6cdkh970w in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number oh gi(ws )o8q:nf atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver r)hqsi nw 8:o(ging of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celscdf30xl6 im 5n;amx4 ewq6x.qius scale?4mc q 56.0e lam6q fn3xx;idxw   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 flzew 3 xy,l7 ed*)7z*vkjah )$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cp75p4y)x tacc m at 0.0t5 )a4yp7cx pc $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs kp *wz.x6t*gklwk5 0h12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. xj3 jw3 stdw(-nc*nk *m/x4mn 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how mumn3 -sdk4n3*xmj/nxwj *tw( c ch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the nfkp7d2zf42pt +da+privet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled f npfk4t+7adppz2+2d (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 4tea rkl73xi: $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm bwco5uh i;:ewr )qn34 y 1re4pin diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hp 45 b1:u)4ice nwhw;eqroyr 3eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the jx3fq7* dof )jbrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 /:d(d90.mh*edgat5jhx 8 r3ta deoae iyej0* $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o-p 3tww,exl o8kk 9;;sqem 6uof iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandu, ,tr0 nli.v-r(kbff in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion ili.(fbrv,,t u 0-nkfrs approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de /nc zt quqh y((nboq/37(o;dmnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of 8 jq+ww6 93klkm2z ccnlinear expansiomq2k6j9lc +wwzn8 ck3n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, yh lbh99n*fmi 5e,su8$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ltw; +5ktfx 9-r9fi /ttpue 9fof brass and keeps perfect time at 19fu+frf9pi9wx l;5 /tt t-k te7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometek +li5o hi*u te,.bvr/cyd2 o;r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo *ut /lcov, +ori e5.hidk2yb;lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotati+0 e o8irgk,pong about its axle on frict epgkoio0+,8 rionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desire ukk xj1k.y;.ld length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperlk.yk;u.jk 1xature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional acsns: 1z9m qgwkk ds(3d,3 3carea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.m: p2/d ewfkh7122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures2phgd c/4 0xvs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the +cp+mbvxm,h7ckg1 )s Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inty76sh2zh n,pterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressurewa5ve-rx73 c(st zw+b and a temperature of about 20sa tcw z5w(v+x7b3-r e$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tr3jg;sl e-okud+ 9i,nhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6nln5fi:eub/ d: f-g1 5lueyof531q cr kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsr6 *uih wfw:/z 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atdkvr g2vfefcj 2o:, + g*i+t7g 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of afks+ ,os:a 2zargon gas at 385 Kz 2os:,sfka+ a?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofvm )*nqk) hp3yk9g :ob $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift b-7yiy/ v6s vk4nfj+fmy heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sv4jfny+ys- /k 76fv miuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1588dd huk.i+mrl idn01 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at qa)ebe; bvq0e2xu)6 u18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20 nvq oshp,6v p9yy/; 0kr0edo-.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number iss3j3*6vxu 7n +bl,clivv r3+1e bkl of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecjyg62 .el(opnules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mq;i1;o)ak l z o9m5h1rk( wajaoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumxdj-qoe q93e +e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are n9hnfx4k j7 561toufc in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: f6 t 4 njhfunk9cox157Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST8 7x4 7bvo 7z :wwp3p0cut eexmt*cjd,Pep7tu : w0t xpcc3mvj*z7w48 edo,b 7x?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms sp(1 er;atn efcoe)if;rsw20 i*eed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of e) rwr;neffs(*1o ;2cii0taeabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature ibwwd3feji1s9y n/u2u6dd 3b/ s incre/fd/s 39d1u6 2 n3by udbejwwiased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6j7bhp9t+6smppa2t ji0 jw2k4+ ;zrxm , 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7tpjsax9 pm kzti+wm0j272 4+6jb h p;r, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gast2/1w*boj nfbbaiu 3 1/j3omh at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is d645+ u6q brhsp0fcoppoubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor +qcsuo6 4rp 06bpf5p hdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in4h v-vp68wjmn a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the 2 .:thddgcjuem(r6 r0 rwe-+air rms speeds is equa-+2 ga(ru 6jtre .wdc :e0dmhrl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an908k(jluz y /pnjr pe, 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecb;owb(cku(b el hbdx8-+d. *tule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitlb;k10 .bs febrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acpg.xe/ e (7qshksun q69f+(agid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell ate+qgh7eg u ak/(nfp( s6.x9s q 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be write4slc9 4nj,sbgsad /-s)a- wt ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urc, 98cgggd dhx,xgk;/ q10uuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what p;lz) ke6fwkgpl4a 3 k9z (mvj9hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0fn7lk(. ez9wz.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 7z kfwe9z(n l.$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) l)0 .t5rs fvuzif the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturelz)f0u.t rs v5 is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils atd3 .inwfqc6 1a 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mourrpd3 o6-ryv/:vy;:m fs6l(zg6 qy eqntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temprz:m;g v:f3 qy/ysp 6qd- r66ryl eov(erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is rn vvtnf m7b3,/os( c8530 Pa anb78ctsfm,/ rvnn (v3od the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperata s6 er-ph,7lrir4u+zrp6nq0 -6un h hure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pres(11sezz* 7 cyrxj2dkssure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1rjds e17ksz1c * (yx2z20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu lirpy c6x guj 3y+w;(f9;lc5fme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poink11wmv+ d nb8x1ak5 lzt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine q:zsb7 nw w- yyd(+l5nmolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dib5dz: yq wls(7+w-ynn stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thv, -u )j m.ybinoa7u)qe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An avv.nu oju,y )-am)7ibqerage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasu6an 7 txc;rb. been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beakm( +bf ex u wdx..jr79gk ze0+3d;snhha4o*en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at n9lt4+gcjk z .1l6whzw. e hw3cormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup h39hzwj 6le cg. w4z.1tw+kclare hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helimrt .czk -, lpe s:glwrt0-x,5;ld6tt um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. . ,l0;t-5zrw l dcgmex:ttl6,tk -psr What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molect l.518.,d2o jp) iglojytiyflc5 3kgules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturey p 18g5l)tf,k loc5gi.3 .yj 2itdolj is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter h3 uqqvpl3tbe);o39d 3 1pq swis about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure a(o0x wq*-k gpettainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abog xpokwqe-0( *ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to m;sgllj- en3yyh :0s6full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose toel 0y36jly-mss ;:gh n the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s ajj2 c 1pbu,6 4g*lfqzytmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special matz, g bu2cqf61pj 4*jylerials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealryes*oa1 sy*3 gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume z8bg:fm.c os /of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eartm:v0d8o// 7 mkoir jufh, estimate the total nuujo/rm/7:o mdv f80kimber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co6 5x9.whax7 fmlifnx)j dhltgd1;, e;ntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygeoh ud.cgr( 0l:n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the c g0:rlc .h(douylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atfvt37wt5+ e ds 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinej0wqn ko-3m+ikcm b0, at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e; xo,y551n r pijbnrai9q5b2 pquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly .g q8o yz0/jx4k;l 0dwil vj1konto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt)trd,v6tmm b- ou p) 6t+3disned in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmnycdwmj.,rk72v(g gl ckdj2j13a( j8 at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from oqd3-vy* -l qy ;n*,; q(iyp ,a;xflbu jage:gthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can l/iec vn r;4p9mid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at nic r9/ev ;4mp12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericfu:rfi 6oh.4vdi7l 2 mal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in.l4fiv7dhu6i f:2 orm a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in 8 jvri qy5,xb+the air on the following two days: rqj , xbiv+58y
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenca(,5 3ruroux(c9flnr e in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a sl,uu(oxf(na 9 35r crrolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ggs - 27i)z dmyw.fqdnp7 c5g,ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion n-sdmwgzg),5iyqcfg 7 2 dp.7is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.