Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron obj 4ghnpltmx97 9h .*ar 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendihgt97jn*.p baxm94l h x B.

Name several properties of materw7wz8vkow 75eoll70o ;gjqs ,ials that could be exploited to make a thermometw5 77;l,oo ksq0jw8e7zvg lw oer.

Which is larger, 1 C 1;d -j1y4,imajpjtfw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bunx+b hh ckv.a3/5inp8 t B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you s+3ipnnxbvk 5 /.c ha8hay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumin :g /er7yj0 92rgkoloyum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the o0/2eg r:r9olyykg7o jutside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion 3ldacr hsuk ./) 3+duy$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sim z;9l 6-y4j5hl+ey jkgnecib7ple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flk jel-h647e iyy;zg5+lnj9b cow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the 1e ir9*fv :jt*dhbd3 vends often have a section in the shape of a U. bvj1r e9v*:3dhi f*dtWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats nb1iea n vipf; 91j,2fim+)lsin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of we*2x:a1bnyf zn4cskl1t o; f7 ater, the mercury initially descendfo ;xt2y*4 asklbn17:1zfn e cs a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra*c)m;v 9gbk d9uh3yifpidly than*hiy;cmv9 )39d gbfuk adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansilg w cv:h8.eu:on is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explaivc.gl::he w u8n why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at ,sr* 4 wiiq(bcfl)u :c20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badl/hko-o )o1 9vllrnw 4ay the can will not stanl kow4n)ov-a1lr/ ho 9d up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its jo/ze2x/la t( temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, t/(e2 /zoa jxlit cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase s; k+f s1ih)9j(v 5voc ym0zyror decrease if the tempera j ymkvs y)+(szv1oc;i5rh9 0fture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C9d +1ojyg.4 xomuy .crharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolu4y.jx1rm 9udoc o+ g.yte temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from n1 1b:7m uq wq6sk1kltkinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at99c;.b hk6asdrz4xoq mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedywr s:rg36 + d9cgo*t gatg+h; an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for th9g w st;3d g:rr+ga *cog6tyh+e Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you s bv3 8.o(jbr.o2jq ems82 yrurw0ku+infer about the molecular properties of one re kjr obu2+ r8y0sw e(8r2qb s.vuom.3jlative to the other?

Explain why a hot hum+ y 8zfkt*v1p c )ah9nde4kv5sid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sa5cnef* k1)tk 8v+sd h94pyvzame temperature.

Is it possible to boil wad9u-ci+w b0* sxke5id1fdpq1 ;6vxv v qx.fk/ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d2j0osbv ( q5 o0gu, *8z09i unjdhgenjifferent. Which is more dense, th 8g,ghz0ej*0u(b o5ui290onvnd jjsq e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an over3d)a :+cdep( xw.5 zolbh/golheated automobile e)35d a(l:+.zldop cg /hxbewongine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter s964expw a /vq(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4- 14 uxe3.2ss wj+r9li1em iscozf1uw.gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compar wdp*ha : v1e31k kq:,y6/.humnbfhl qe to the number in a silver ring of the k*dn h 3:6w:1lapbyhe,f .u/mvqk 1 hqsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o d 9 0rgm:1nhfvxuc5g1la7xc+ ften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9u l g5mxfxacgr0v+1h1:dc7n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 8 vvp/1jd+qq4-ruzjz7g i6yb temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass sm:y9it+ 2 *o xo6msrdthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.9sod+ms mt6yr2* oi :x0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab:e:2s o 7w0zs34,iflm,cm i,g eudvxp s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irl;j/ sr; :mlvha2d qg9on approximately 300 m tall. Estimate havr:j; mlg 2;hldq/s9ow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that az/ r7cgkav3n2re larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869nzg/ka 37rcv 2 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 wtvp5a/ vxf ,dity6 n0 qwjx g:6;-aep;; gj1g$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 rses(l)g3z9 n cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fromle n sr9s)3zg( 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim vfjo3h-pjinl v-(myr+ k +( q/with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 5*pto0fsc2fxt)xpz/ tmlt-: 9cod -iof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed :ha:dg;20gv8 f hrm;b jj qi (c27u9g3l dinkrin a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contai78, c bai*flmfned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one dire, ifa8clf7*mbction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens)m (dqr kelr2q oq.spkh d*;fd ws,qph; :0c(;ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear esxtxjy103a ;sxps ta s3x1yx;j0ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ssxjmcg:,ww*(gxgh ww( . )vh2olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather c efdj96h(i pl3lock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 176 9j3ilhefdp( $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mem5jwko8-7zwb,.bly az o d.s:rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voob,.j.a: yz7lkwswz bd8-o5m lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum ,il i - wnavo6zc.t prm+l4a2*cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beario.rall tczn ,+ *2ii6a m4v-pwngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muf*ed 6(gv v*yi1) st6*5c- ys oj+pjpq ,bvohech stress is required to keep it at this length if the temyei*b1s( sv jpcj*-o,e)5 o vv6p+*6 f qhtygdperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam bf5zzcw4) b7 gof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter ibs: k5fno4c d3(df9k134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper+ ,7acugp ggh6atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahre x y q7d.o*vm7a+mkl4* b;g0abptr(pqnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in l eg,vo*bphqm; :8 a)athe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure andby+ r69v/8 0ab ziq. au,jobkp a temperature ybvapa.k jrib,6/+0 bozq98 uof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at,oth tpe) 0ks. STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg jc17v7 p)zrm oof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co+ u7m466bgv4hdnv+5 o :i tb.hpyb2m lg1avluntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10:wy,-fwk( 5 eitq; ecwq5h ml9.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.ona 1 .0vfuy9; bn4alu0 kg of argon gas at a4b youlnna; 0.uf19v385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of)og (dwnfo jdw46.0cr $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatftlw2 +xz .yz5ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volumztxw5 +zl .y2fe of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air anfa b h fqb125(/c(wlut 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atzl5 h. i gx,j i8*uu2vua+n(bk 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l8vdbgq yp5x8y*of h99je0 vr*evel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculevv by87u:wl;n s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many m n gzsa): bdw)e14u/ijolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molet:vho )p2x:9c rylpk/s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.;mr*w 7jfdmud tq)oq3q*8xy 9 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arei.eg8lxr1*m /1s9g*3 roes jy u* n9pdy(daov in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.*8ji(v oo 1ad.9s mgd/repl xsye193g n *yur*]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineti)g1hg +g4 fprfc energy of an oxygen molecule at STfg+rggp)1f h4P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a08 :r9hm ehu8sdehw1a temperature uhr 80se9 hadmw1e 8h:of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will m)vh jol -.zo;the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrvm.o) jhl oz-;eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have th2l a9thcyjfnv5 h:9s 8e following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tcjyva tshnh: 29f58l9he rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.08 a7 i4tsklsq7 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilelesrp/ 4/w 3a1ma5hik 42 4fdxl ov1wo its volume is held constant, by what factor doedo/1x4a53hsme2/ po 1wf v4klwlia4r s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giql459wblm j: tjgn j4in7sa.+ ven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same twd7vq x 0-yxoluvenx/;m:, )remperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of ,ox -x7qx0lm)n ;:er y/vduvwtheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m8mfoxh y- rs dx271gj-+fun: uolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp(4wek2e zaca6 eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwerircst tbwx5h6h 8uc-h8 :3 e4en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed s0vx;z, zi*q)tje- z;sy(2km*wl prsof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atks p;;*ymz2s)v0 tlwz, sr(ze-q* ix j 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenmqc0h7mh*xsb4.j 8 ln P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of t rclzdob;+ m5 q)p/n1uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ir/pg w)n6mw2ui ;sp 0pn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur+63 )j x)oeqye4cdfwae is (a) 9af3wx+eo)dq)4 e 6cjy 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a d h)kcqmo1 ;,;i p-hpfo+b.ure ay when the temperatuohrfku;h ;pbmo-1 )p, i.ec q+re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90oz6hb9x)v8tr j m3z4 u $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particum (vu8 ; i cldb0f. zzii/ofp(kr:m0y4.ea gk2lar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bof k: mi04u.pb;z(cfi. eg(za/v28rdo l0yikmils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the party m qu4u,s m 37qw+e1hlgm8d8zial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%mq7su8lmeqmy1u, w4h+z3g8d ? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wate-pkwt,a q.w4vuf1 zi;r on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water icff ;;p/ x7eb2b* +:dfcqjdl ns boilinq dfc2x*p7b;n j/;l+ebdff : cg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r3 nv getrzk:y-x*m ).room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pov ).reyti d+idaal/ ()int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecuqytly1 vb e9 tc+k9/0)nv ow4mle (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance om)elowk nv9 y/c0tv + 9qyt41bf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofq,5p 6daruuvo owk.,bm z7tg,-(e(mm insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.dbvp .-go mzake6 (omtu7mw(ru5 q,,, An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure haqqw 8-,0hi hx4h+z/ghx; upmq s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ;a isjfsn: z6 8gr)7tnat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tem0l4.oripr*mk4 + s.spwr 9a tqperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 0o.a4p+r .wqtkr9m 4 spl*sri 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliu+sngh)00 n-(7nbh /vt cpdrw nm gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of thcnds +nn0th)- /7wbg vpn(hr0e original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rozcn8,kx*ga8hb fv 61c0 sfed ,om of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ibsxdv c 8*acn,0 ,6ff zh18kegs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter i/vv y1;.lgt(pqf7se t s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuuq w pju34w.pk*m techniques is aboupp4 qu*wk j.w3t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hi3y(zwl-ec0rso; cb1r,qlwl/ s lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouoce 0y/(-wqz 3rlw s rb;,l1clld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of16nkzeh )iz s- about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temih6 e1kz)s-zn perature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gx nxcri892+-z z9iqcvas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7s/d idbq -b(:w70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at,s :-p4zk+oq:mdnhac the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules kn p+m,4 as-:cz: odhqin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen ip 7(*.y :-xm,sg v n)evss70uwj lqilmolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = vvp.t03p3 tw;fiqc0g 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/miqpv0;33fwp0itct . gvn. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at /o i7bovix3i 30$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol) 3hwepknjrrh5ut/c*/3t 1w)i e4rf sine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to f 7z5s-8xao fvfu6g:g qit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jarfragk -bv g2qj jhsx1-aw i3a.59rf 2. at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in mfvf;(4z ) r*bj 5dxruthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of:d;wm9m 3qi)1+ och/jz blerj 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth .6xgjm/nutxfc-3i 8t is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal )pfsgl 4bg8t4ls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they s)t4b4gpg8f l have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ai,yym*zv2f,+yufly5qn94yns tyx r 6jf1,r 7xr from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wj2v, fuy5nr*x4r,y+ ql6,t9zymy71sfyfy nx hen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor l(vjg,av6ga/8i0 wiv pressure in the air on the following two days: /v6ji, gav8(g v0lwai
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whenl 6*hv2ytki b, it is a solid deep i v6tly2 bki,*hn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo q*zr6,cg1j8nse1w io r an ideal gas at constant pressure, the,6 zsqrie o1cjwg18n* coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peow ca9/ih rid m.nbv5gmm6 w+aw;)n6b6ple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mci m)vn;dgiw5/.ram66w6+b 9ba m hnwildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg