Which has more atoms3:nssaq+ u*ja 4g9igz: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or a+4nagisju* 3gz:q9sAppendix B.

Name several properties 5gthp3.t:hy4n7zrr7v 6m wyo of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.t7yrgn6r.7 :wo34 z5hhvmtpy

Which is larger, 1 Chg/n f9k)r fyhqr:v.* $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B i1o +kfke)w) szs not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say ab1w +kofzeks))out the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oh8y06ots(7lq5zmai ab8v w+cf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsid7l+av bym8q w580s(o6c zit ahe of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientzxc lxe3(3bx 7wt* f+s of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control * 0 cdyncbl,o/a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can ,nl o0/ b*ccydflow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix(bt.;*;v5a*(oq sfpq ymsjta 9ewa-i ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a tq-; *aa9fejm( s qiys ;b*.5 (ovwptaU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuruhrx ribwj-2d -8d, v/y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsyst 97 -li8qz4c babj1t placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thenc zj7b4 ib1ats98yq-l rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morezw3kyc* e 4n.m rapidly than adjacent parts. E3n mke*4.zcyw xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coz +pzjn1pa*h 2 ;uwwtuihh*t5g5ru5+efficient of linear expansion is much smaller*wg ++j znu5htha;2t5h 5zwr*i1u ppu than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at )ml ij5wv fib.0k/n);6pvnpu 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to,k1 igjqarw0vgk * ,p3 bulge so badly the can will n0w3kgir,,v pjq*a1 g kot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its c)gk)njj w 79d*tb qc(temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston7k)djj t)qc(*gw9cb n, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherew psmshjf4 .ez7k7c72 submerged in water increase or decrease if the tej7e ks szfw7m.2p74h cmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the.db/isd6) kusrp8s:ce 6 p*2cvbh5h d relation between average kinetic )chvd 6bp h5r*8u2 6./dscp: eskdsbienergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lajyps *y5 )*yx )0wimizw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in 4:embre 0am( s6gsfh+q +-h.xa, bzf-ovfa5i the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minim+hdw* zaysfgd7 *pa2 7*ddzo5um speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why tdwsz*7gd5 ao z2fdy*7 h*pa+dhe Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temxvb2v/ 6bpnb fvw(w0-xzw)u v o)c45xperature. What can you infer about thew )6 v0xnpfwxv(obwz u2b)xv 4-v/ cb5 molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid da mbdg1mp c*1mi/ sm)3fy is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperag3pbdmim11mms /*c)fture.

Is it possible to boil waterpv-b9 rh/g0 mm at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is 0czl oo:om)knet7: ks31*wrz different3t: o*z 7:o1 n)w0ksckmleo rz. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated a 0xg5aba huiv68; xkw :y/.xtiutomobile ihv0ka g a.xuixxyw;b 6t8:5/engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitebm pq7s 76ege* cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennkbts2 3(y+ 36(ldxhj wg*vfjly?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atom2vf3ay)m sgcp2wm.h l5euj ;6 ku7cg0s in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sjmc2uw3g5pul.)m;a6 ckf v2eh0g7 sy ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°)*.,starm nzsF. What is this on the Celsius scale?nms)sr , ta.z*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest texwk,mm b k1s: sodt.*3mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11kfp7yj a)s3cl kxn.,;ky g87v .82 cm at 0.0;s.nx k377k fypjckavyg8 l), $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ( mg+,i:./ala5dgwo bd ugp4u f;aa+icm8 im(520 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–322iqs;t r6am, f(d .nrmba7jbll,s f29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwanf7dqr b slifblm 3 t;(6,,2jmras.2een July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets :jf(p:3fc arkh -+rrlk uzx4.that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usuaf:p rxj4f-:arclku3r+( .hzk lly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 (rddw15b/ieq $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chmiq2 /xjiyb( -ange in volume if it is h-2m /xbiqjyi( eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wa;-a eyfd(vxom8 l4o6f ter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL uwoxl;ql-l/1 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made evjz7+.f21eoki *g* j krrli +of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel ct b5k9n w46vs/534srwtekqj so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately e6e/4twsvn k95w5ct q bjr3 4ksqual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changzy,l-k)uo l1-u jy ud1e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl)midxcr2d9lint+1 uq ,cs2l k(.z r+h:ji-e l ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion)r1 9tcinqd:2hd2,ursx (.izcml j kl l+-ei + $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic skqtj87cp88, ykm u3ooolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and ke 4p;wtgrrvf)50r fc c 71tpl2oeps perfect time at 17fl07gvt f )1rtrc25w rpcop4; $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ins.pp6cp(kdceg(6 yo +dk -e 6kyide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25(e gp cd6ppky(eo6+yc k6k.d -5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindri w7q9dw,zpngy(l8v +wcal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fwp7qdz (l +8 ,gw9ywvnrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desifwoxa26cpyu 4j k8)yc/k4nz1t*a4 dired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incre*c4fzjiwa6 p) x ckno/d1yu2t48 aky 4ases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areanx)0ps/wk t bui.;dj* 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diametery bc))*bwut vm. )uo 7*vvq9sf 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tem6rxc67 c v*l1c4ls:0exd y zn-c;ntycperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tel r/ egb;e-kt9mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are a*n( qgelzvnqc*0s1 ;ulcn v)z14y.lwbout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at yb 1-x.l-+lk 5i.kafa mh*unh atmospheric pressure and a temperature of anf mxk*1ly5aukla-.h. i-hb+bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP :l0o* qgb0v ipofv 1t-66sxw nusing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containxrc,bp*z8/ 1z (/hc3m qvftgos 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen etf/ixn0,j* q ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga 1yul(d y4k *1qq2oy0 abww6fqs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c7cxd q0ifbh,/;epc7n ontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3, ; n 7hq0p7becidxc/f85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg to 6ua :qn9h5fc:z(pg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoy /ud 3si;gwr4cant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense thd;ru4wci /3s gan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at iaci*ogrpe2 ;t )u7 r115 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 10 l td2x 6+59l8trwcl- eymy0i(j wrhy8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.;dwfa r u+czank1c6/r +dl6f20 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number4 ;7yva+gb97ygx-s tkb,e6 gptw xwx3 of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are wxtkvv )kd :(kk,--zjthere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (onl2 mc ;2a0lna) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 a d(lesczt1a 7irg*qs-kfk/(3 .p 9vy.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in z7dji.7zmzp*m o9*m i0 *qbeseach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breai.djzm*imp0*bq somz7e*9z7 th Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of 65e nv9lblacyrq1i9prhh(+5 an oxygen molecule at ST ri 1hepl y9a5r( h+vqn6b59clP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempr38ix/q4d+xtxz5i:l a ry8mz erature of about 60003m8/:za qt xz5r yrixx+l8id4 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of yl 4ns/ns,hy,(u6wwtgas molecules increase if the temperature is increaseys,4n usty6(w ,l n/whd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitkke +y)zdo0 ,f85bmvz0/ awoh:/eg vss of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate/:w)ke5mz,kgov /b zdvs o y8a0+fh0e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesb3 -zwm2ckc(blk,z 2q in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas m-sx 1sp+,) 7kyg;yo sgyizei sg7u7- is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facgpg s7g-iiy k7usso- ysz e,;+7 mxy1)tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules uey*c yhp:(6cgd. yv4 in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sam kf(hysvjve+/n n;x(k 2t57lpe temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thenh; 2evlj7 (yp5fxn/k+(t kv sir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroge m+fypfhjr0 wk.2 qu)*n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol x5 vn.)p*n.whti og)*ncouzmc:j0r -x hwo6/ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPhe- z1s1s8ycc+ dxga2i)*gzu ?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a*lw g3psqb )xu zz(rx9t;: -+dq:tqynn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at wyxz + )q :q- l*rpq39g;nbs xd:ztt(u37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P 5hx kv i-b40w.3cew mm= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, n phe9kt0k*uw s8nsdj58ebj.m 7 yr 1.$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, iae 4cno i-a5e0n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas f ;pwd,6v2kxle when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 6xvfpl wd;2k,90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) *u7d.2fa9(mla,)6hawz+ sag v txi; mziq9cuif the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatur, g+miuhq6a 9tiuf7azwca (m ad;v9s2.*zx)le is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wheredrpg8:yjdel j xu*a 4h*4 ,b*h water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, e z;itrorp n;,08lnfdm+ j4rz;stimate ther r;r0+df m8 ;4zinnzpol;,jt temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pbu29w3g sz o9jb *ao7dartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative huj9b7suoz *w 93dbo2 gamidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water*i0r 5u senj7+ptn0dn on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate 7hb4 zxx /pja2pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tem2bxa /4xh z7pjperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of pbksjiqa2yqc,fq17v;cj 7 7: volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5in/ a dr.bsa6;* a;wok $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molekt5( . ncdwlh7cule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc(t nl.w57 dckhe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inbo;jw0adw8a7ats,(myc xg01g *zua3 terior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trach3 abu 1s(jm goagtw0wd 708,axy*;cazea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure 24 ; jc grq8+vdev9ddeo;.n lnhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at uxa+swu1 -g01 f+jjir20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wa(l16 y0 g5b mhywf0xsks calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 30fkw mby6glhy 0x051(s0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in.5m/ n45rxd8aih1af i7z mfbib+ fpj/ a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What frac4/ibjih5ra7n.zm5pf+x1 if 8famb/ d tion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, anxaem .*9kms;tgy)l ,dd height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatureem; ,sl)t.9 k*d ayxmg is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterl8w,0ky w, wnt is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuu5ouv::t z.pyzm techniques is abouuz.y5vt poz: :t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L m1y9-n -zxejj when 10 m below the sx--njjm1 yez 9urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospk :tij7vz-z g3here at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle wi7-tkg:z3vz jith this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increashzd7a8 qn 0/gopjv++yed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77ft9t 5/unx3 /kxrt::umzu3 xd kee3/n0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurem:qg/-x k2eam at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Emmxq: -ak 2eg/arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules *loorjyfq+ ;a 6 6l+cucontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usedk(i *,p pah9tk3pa y6f in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flp (9i*pk,3pat 6haf ykow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidvz, bn2wm8v7 22hs q8k+ypcjs mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline as vum3slx gw/82 (tq5at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu*lid -2hil5dvgly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassl5 kach(q cfmf+ l:td+8r5 ,ax jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopp3kuy vwm0 l08z+ g)nmted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressu+ykb )otq9icks:bcme q874e 8ufi 3e4re of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from :e 7e *jbh0dwpt5/ drathe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspkkx4z 6r* zl9aended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls pr z94 kxk*6lazer second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a ww fx;5*h opl(5u am1ldepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is consl( ouhl ;w1ap5f*x5mwtant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foll-bzuyh))rv fs (wbl )(owing two days: y(vwb- f(uh)srbz)l )
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densityu2 brc) m)yz5y,mt7 av of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deepr z)2btyyv)acum,m 57 in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant preu;79pq 6fzqz 3f 3siiussure, the coefficient of volume exp u9f3sq ii67zpf;q zu3ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constam.3:kyy*i2o-9zq ro xwj+k v+c8w ryrntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milcqk9+- o oyrkrxiy8v:3j+*mzw.2w yrdew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg