Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi aq+avt54-m zobev4w0hw:o/ c c table or Ap 0bezoaqvov4m5/-tw : w+4h capendix B.

Name several properties vio53g,rxxuj8g 2 0q7 ;bbbha of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet ah,8x 2 3ibg0qxvg7jb5b ;ourer.

Which is larger, 1 C -;v4,zwj ek: xzotfy8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wiszd(1ly47:qj krx, *zsag:c hth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temp zsy,*sc:dhr: xl741kzj(ga qeratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consi i 11vzpjt/sl8sts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tabpt/s1zj8iv 1 lle 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of*j( tgsvc fk)go)2iy+ linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used 4 o *;z uf-azkdgjv1n3to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts elkvfjad 1*z; 3no-gu z4ectricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endu(p);zu s.cqkjn7vs.wv 7)sflwi 3 i*s often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyw v i.liz7(7;sk)nscqpw *ufu) j 3v.s?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leade te 6ywf 64.(g*csyml floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed ihpuas8.q4x 8jn a hot tub of water, the mercury initialhuq4 sxj88pa.ly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may 2(rv*j i o)/xsa wndl+xqi1,vj 4vk-hbreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thav rvl+ xq-1v4 o*2/wd,ik shn jajxi()n adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansi xbqq/12 atz4pon is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explait/qa 21qzp b4xn why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock.h z1dw: sl 3fe ezd7qea2k25k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bot/ x wd2qtah/nz) y.wn1 i0m5mztom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whdi/2z5t 0ynmw wz)xn.hq/ a 1mat has happened?

When a gas is rapidl0. /ozfl0mkgu;.njg 3l.ag1x+yoxfy y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a ga1y/l;0gygo mgj3.f0xo+f xz lank.u.s expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submer2q*d)yfr*nr hged in water increase or decre*d2n yrr)h f*qase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory ,,dbpsar*pkvy5i,5r and the relation between average kine , avki5pr,r*ysd ,pb5tic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet( qn1y)c 4oobzui6 go*ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the raxbs,0kq*o5 gk tio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eavb x2zg71 v.wtrth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return.7z.g1vv xtb w2 The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What ca f bom*ne5x1s8n you infer about the molecular properties of one relativene1o f5s xm*8b to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dayqhog dn9)q:p + at the same tpn dgq+qo ):h9emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at nc +:h;xdb9fo8 jptnmqv 9q1 6room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity ish u*l;sw7jn7t+s j0ap different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid *u wa l 0pjnh+s7j;7tsair at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap *oiwa pyie;,ry8y6 w puzd u1 h(5-/n,hchu4 uof an overheated automobile enginee5w wc/h ;(yu,-upd ahi *h6o1yp8y, zin ur4u.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud i56 :c tz jj*jr1 wym2opbocgih:+p2x,n the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there imy73w 6nq6;een(k vean a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to(is);ev u ;o, :g fjoiq9b9qah the number in a silver ring of the same msj;oeof)guai:hb qv,q(;9i 9ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What isv 36g ( v2hh8 t(f)kkmvh*shdg this on the Celsius scale?g* ghd6(fkv8vs mvk3th(2h )h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest ane4y2x6knwruar.jzzad8 *m7,e r c +g+d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomkzr;+1jn k..d nitfa1r0f-tseter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0+1 jnk.kt zfadif1; ts0 -nrr. $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (y3 -9s3yt f bh,luwph020 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximguq.o9:u(dynqby5 upee+ .y 0ately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature .ue(9p5ng0 e+qdoyu yy.b:q uof 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a5 5ollmlu8 ;jhqrev3 9vc99 l/ grzlr:re larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diametlvvjul5o8l:e9hrq c lgrl53 / 9;zr9mer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 7e3i(ax tlt6b fix 1em8w.0va$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm dth 3 f5uq:9qklpy j 94tmlg46in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is healm93ftqy65qutdlg49h jp:k 4 ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 12zk 3 6asf11 ozga.r; j-jiocf00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55xk, 7 1f4mjls+)egtum.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in au4du 3z r, moq59-hyo2 g5jufd ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in e mh:1 z(t67t;bak7r vfapb7 uvssentially one direction only, show that the 7k uav6bmhv1: p7ar7fb tzt(;effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityx pp)ydd lq2xzt908triko3 b-d29 rk. $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h(bss8om1boj, as coefficient of linear expos1b ,s 8mj(boansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroc ,x:+4o:uy-w ih:* wk2w9rgatkqe qqpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatheo u. aqh24eq,pa .ahq.5u u1wkr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 15a.wq1 p4aq ha .,2h.ukoueuq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuryrz 5ks;ipzj4ne z .o68 thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hase njr85 oz;6ks.z zip4 a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingy-4 w;*yx(t p x7otbmxl1hyt9 about its axle ony49*m;1 xyt7 x xb-tlpwt (ohy frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desirebv(. go/d5r yud length when at 15°C. How much stress is required t5uovg( b.yd/ro keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crossk9*hq/-zyiu l -sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at7 hnc,5:csl w6x gfbns i)ry91 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the6;-thjw0qj yvajo8t25.cj ro 4 hr7df Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe*- ecwy 7) *whyipq8iyrature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and 2 ugauvx822 cnSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos/ob t q59kv;kspheric pressure and a temperature of about /sbk5k v o9qt;20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas leg5ry/ v 0eiry2 lsneu kxbe06; 9h.:law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containsc,xjl.g t ;-gz6rd5gs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coy *5dnvo6u w a4v. ub-,av6khyntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at syaljvyfd2ktx:k s5+ tsno41p0 -/)d ( *clps10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding k*2m; z nbi0f-zvfc b2105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ki 2m;*zn ffkbc -0vbz2?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofh(*yy 7 5tyiqy $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating f-n6b /yaka1a*s e e51nh cqn5the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense tha-csnaknhn/e 116ba*e5q5fa y n the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a4o,kd h 0,fp9uwh a4rcir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0,yist0ud5aa/s*tsu8b8b 3 fh $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon xe4de s55pbb2escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mc v2sbh,jj2u+e e jg0gz* +8ttolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00-veo x 5hvo( vgbhschh*rn*17u l85.ag:s hr(0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of l 24--1ehcwp.byqann(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.ra,fk(t bnr j4kg -f*24l3wvn1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale twpgb12iid4m 9:e 4q wahat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of qawd2 b g4i:epi4w19mconstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transfzh,5aq iby y ncc;i+:gc2 )4slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPn2 fqhcci5,;b zaiygc: )y+4 s?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun atl1b9q5c:9m2nf arr d i a temperature of about 9rnqfbi21r9ac 5m:d l6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas1kz(5 nbd1rwuv4 6tdrx-wsk 0 molecules increase if the temperature is increasdx 6wrwk4v511 0bsrz k-utd n(ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: t2 )+yn-dsqfh on9a(w)o2cjy 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speeoynotn ad2 ()c)2jfhyq9w+-sd. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atft b5p/-f3ziu 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held const6qwiwp ow ,/m*ant, by what faci m wqwpwo/*6,tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speeu/.vy g0z i2kqd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at-p wflcbxe6 n9m,i oar/5p,a. the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots oiam ,/r6aewx5b9pn c-. plo, ff their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe zhsoiou0mh6pt 08i;/d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule a0be.q0 fz wm.qv5qw 4lt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dista b4+oi9. m0xxcz*e rxi3)pcv rnce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul4if qkk8:n6ym ar mass is 89 u in a livin :fk84myi n6kqg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure 3lb3vdu -ai)fP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of r5n+r;a 6*tulhp t3jo2u q48k jjc bg8uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr2pom/u f z;.x.qr2ct gessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp2m5dfze;e1k h erature is (a) 90edk;ef21mh 5 z $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the ti(s;r6,x2u r/tpdz yfemp/x; yr2t ,r(f 6duspizerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wabf7ph7 i znd-(ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place inowsf 2xlvw,,, the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whichsv,,2,wow fxl water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressu2ckhzkg6 cv;;z r8*ovre of water is 530 Pa and the relative*vrzk vc; c h6g2zo8;k humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watem0 k+ icb/6fsmr on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximalof mq 0n8jh7d4 .l5xate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1200q7djlx8nh.4m5 floa $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room e-.,ydf k;s(x -+ibr.7oshmvdfbf lbn0( u7f of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d*8uuwi(t( pxdkv5ck 1 ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a 0 hn-d51 af2wyz ecv7cglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o7 -vnhfyzc015a2ec dwf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the ih1 q;1g.lv rr7dpox3snterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mmo.hpvgr x711 qdslr; 3 long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20jbb) w t mlyk.91g.io7$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been mhkq m1 lt2m p6/..cqgb9f2f +lxhuh4calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal0jr+q/b0 vqou room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cov q0jbrq o/+u0ol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initijv4wnc8 ,bhx7ally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has dcbw7 n8v4 h,xjecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in 8h .gm9us 3d:met2p dma room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper:8eut3p9d 2mm.sm gd hature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutws;80mulh +ka one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availa1l)9p:pj v5yr q+ *2h,fx*ssj(l ex 2rjjkyixble vacuum techniques is aboutjr p+5)vpxlkh s** 9j1y,ysr xxqj(je2ifl: 2 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m 7 mzlq i., crds6zh9q0below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this dh.qz9m6 s rq ,0l7cziadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnt oj2rapt3m23(pq g ii2ua/ h.ing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature,pq.32gt mia/p2ua(23horj i t the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideahx0;plwfg,j 3wrpn*8 l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7fg iy nc86.q q4.c1j)strlki/8p vu9y70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, emdq1h1ex): r) y- tl1jssq8ov stimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s at1q1voq x)ss1 e)ym8:r-htd jlmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo/jez .* iwf(1-yc bcnqlecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder ofzl83 r s(cot/mv6eu2 m oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last i6(ezu /o s3clmmv8 2trf the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mers.dhlj0q+;+tz boitxnwkrz01-2nf.wr 1 6 bycury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol5;z a/r nn a+l,s3wlfhine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e 5*(9m 64lpvt*u:djzv gq gpjrquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a igj0w9u )u) jc4bi sf*glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adov7ph93c l7 jlbc9v7wo pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hwgn)67. d mfgnas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the + ly rt 8obvzs4u8:m0l1ucw;lEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by 2gg -sqf yj(j77d ber1xtp1(l tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboun s jtyg1-7x fd1j2rqp(7bl(g ed from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmeu gvhb a4h6b/wu5 7g5bmv7 8c-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lh uc v4bmhe/vubbgw86g75 a75arge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vetdma56 lw;fpu lffa8g0 9hy:)5x a3 bapor pressure in the air on the following two days: p0t 6af d)x8byh5fl:5 w9l afu3ma ;eg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, 1 el/*)zg7ol n ers7i0 guvha,and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200 * zel,su regvnl)iag01 o77/h0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons:zvn uk;rc s(y:,c37ydx ob(htant pressure, theosvd y:;nzy(h (cxb,r: 37kuc coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify t0 ofjyxpzu.4jp u*a :.heir cellars to prevent rot and milp.px:zou4 j.af0*uj ydew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg