Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alsm p;5re,2 okiksfu/ (uminum? See the periodic table or Apfr/ik; 5psm(o, suke2pendix B.

Name several properties ofp v wz8qfcuc5*k 2kb0/ materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.ck0zfqc5*uwbkp2 /8v

Which is larger, 1 C )wjl8 *q1ucn e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy +3ng m hav(t:r6*rnpkstem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium witm r3+nh:tka(6gnp* vrh system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ri/p)yn g2h5y 7y.oahyaveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whichpya)ny5a 2/o yhh g7.y metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin/8f;onf,elfj lsfm l/e1h1c 7ear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpomxf0/9ur(8- eo j: 9ubqxillle thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact ioj 0o(q99xblmu/x r-l u 8e:fwires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s gaim- lw 4+**r rz6ydsll/;jxhape of r zial ;s+64-xldywrl / m*j*ga U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc.3f1y :*+z adlnhpkt kury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomet ky,0vya7y)z der is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explaiy,y) ya0vzd7k n.

A glass container may break if one pa(w04nz9etqr)m 3bfgnr 2 g+ji rt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaitqe4r ()g+zf2 3b9mnin gjr0 wn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeya(;yb( w/ s zx-1jnubfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explai-sj; baw (yny(xzu1b/n why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc;(:g 89 )vz6e6cg*szcc auqpyj;n zjik, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom sruevbqw,-t ,8-aq.cand top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has haptc-uvaqw, q8,sb r-.epened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pusm5en85o d0a kpe c fsf93j-r-shing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature jrs eon -s 85053p ac9mekfdf-using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcer ebws9z9 +ntxhy0bc9o6)n(el5 pc p9 on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the teme po99txs9n)5pbh6( y9ewz cc + b0rlnperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kine1lp7*0 zambxo tic theory and the relation between 10z m*p7o ablxaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from - hlnm :8 ;adzfolmf/)kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of5ml reihr*3, pa/n:lyb sr)0r $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tipl3-k /bc*g )8nmrrb o leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller makgrmbcp-bilr ) *83 /nss. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room te9l*lmhp7dys kh -/eg vwv *5k(mperature. What can you infer about the molecular pr-hpg v*(v/k7d5yhm*ll ews k9operties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humivetr bd:dr ,ao*t lz)4kt0/b it9vsp1l:9)e xd day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatis /,zr0rtxed49 ttt:dbp*l1:k vo ev)la) b9ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuwq -ss zbjah-2(f,r1lre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperan(eorr umwgf,)o8d 1s+38i x6e rh nu/ture is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or thf s)uw8em(ux31rh,o 6r+g nn io /8dere humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator c ;i.*vga,:eanz gj mn9tza 44cap of an overheated automobilezg9;aa,g:tjne4nc vma .i*z 4 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintersvx2sc 2iqdjui;o,5d n9 q 3i, (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny -i lcxd7l jikjid(m. 3n:tpulox1.w *z-0*n d?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number o,+ic)tf+e pb h-2ire uc0,yz qf atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?ieeh+ pi+r 0,-ub2 fcq) czt,y$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce95t u c-ae)bcclsius scale?)tcc ace5- 9ub   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera7-w v tfojcvm;pzpa 5(z-f;/ fd*u xi)k o1g*qtures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colurfq(*7h oc ,zwmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0fhr(7, zco *wq $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (206i1xs- 1u3dpaf;lws l $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximate9dslo9 yu 58nk sb2fg8ly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag9ngyl k uof8d8s5bs2 9e temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thanbz52t ipmyaxl30*l- d the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled bzdil 3y 0xa m-p*t52l(usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water t zbd8s/-fs,n (q)1scaobf 8hat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chy2yxyd5( bn gvg/2bn/ange in volume if it is /2vy5ndx(2yb /bgg ynheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri+hj ;n*mj2htqbf*4c lm with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wxeq31vdi xm+lk4 z /.rater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r: uihtb3de;,*r4 fxol ing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in jxv;zhz(j): ( 2pf c m3l4uapnd-d6nu a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately euxf3adp jl:czpj)hdvnz nu62(;- (4mqual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan2ql(9 gmgmxyj9oct( w62 2ac tge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl,jje6sjtr:l i i+r.;qate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion j:qj . r6srj;,eit+il $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic nonpd h6;b:d6h-4i ap vd w:c3zc: +,stm-aposolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather lu c/; yyjj44 ,,nm qxj9cd3onclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 y njy9jd,cumx/o4lj ;3 qnc,4$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1e1k ze )byifhyym 7;1g/:t -lw40 mm. The bulb has a iwlye7)fzy:h1m/ 1g- y; be ktvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiuaq q918)n rtihl/5icobau6u- s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing1 cqui9laat) 8-/orhuqbin5 6s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. ;j41n3nukil v:) lbfc8 zju,z xj nh(:How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempen:vlc, zjiznu(1)f;jjk:u xb84h nl3 rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofitu,xaee-f ztw++j7ic* n f(, cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 5e23m qmgk7ak 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scvfsez,k5 /:ycyi+oyv f4f.5t kv w/:cale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatureask4 2u2wsu/ r on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthd04yt io: o.sa -ui3-dlub.bq and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combu,qm q-)*u,ab)uhl bpnstion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature o)la)*u q,qhmp ubbn, -f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas9o l+*-urhy m.kv i5ds law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains d):ch2 pjep aq kzkr0d1 o 4qyd-,v-5w21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains p,15 k6pryo tw18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium u2ap+/- e zldngas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at pu 6 ei569dh*xckbe )bwyw-*i3uibpxc6*ied9hb -e6 5* )kww y85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0tfddbm 6u,)vbk 4d4mbtc (g-./ ih nu,8kxae- kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the zyt:10l dnvih9pw:+sair inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of:0isp h:t91 dy +vnlzw a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aq5g 0p ,wu m :l;b,szfrah1zj9ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen y ) 8d-dh6h-etxd gqqg(.v; joi kf:0aat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hav+j fa 3o- 8eqcio8vv)85acj*gfp: ej nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesr1t ;97nhue oj / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thered1 xzlb k(x/5mnn( vthlzu4 .:t3y ou( in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moln turg9cj l nkwubrq:5+; 4yfv-:x0 k0es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.,sbtf dz17 g0d1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0pbe3 dh0/kf 2u-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 3fpk0/ bh2uedkm high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational 6ijh gg( t,..saduvtecd:d(/kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST( jgit6h(ad. ts ,vdg.d/uc e:P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temper6nz fwqw.waw5 mg(hf b o4531sature of about 66q smfww3f4gho5 (bz5 w1 .anw000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gr1cdty-j4ecyg fxy 2oi u145) ,w+a gmas molecules increase if the temperature is increasd1y2yf acigr4tgx,+ y4c -m1wj)u5 o eed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spjshb38s +f l2reeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,38s2slfb r+hj 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec 5 8brug(r5.mlgwgk3cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its v3(hj0itw qh8 volume is held constant, by what factor hi t8 0(hqvjw3does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mollxj9 + q wmf5(yd-mm.recules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same te)hxb pbbt.-qa x-z9h)mperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse rb-q h)9 )baxbpt x-z.hatio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuqtjf enflku//r6:(3(; f ne gtles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o mvz0cbgobs- ,a7d-6 lxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at w30 6fzdabi3yu7*t pxSTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amirpq7t(5 :qculno acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lit (ur5l7p:qqcving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writkg ,lr9.)82yotwk nk gten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumjts* /j6rnt*n, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,5nbv/3l5x dfz 8o tx* une;ot5vdd49f(tdvz3 in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatuqmfk9 ul1.2 f yve3-jrh.ba,pre is (a) 9.1.lb ehfam ,rk92puvj3 qf y-0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 507 ii5wlfq ly3+% on a day when the temperature is 25iqfyi375lw + l $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9whbtffra,j1mp09 ;1f9 :k 8zplyz p,b0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, oo: k 64lfl6rcbh: wc5f 4hlf3estimate the temperature at which water boil 3l4lc l:w4 f66cbfhko fo:r5hs. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pc aay:5fzl20ka and thcfk :zaa2y0l5 e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o1y*e-esq 8/glgwk kyfj0 7jy yk-/tr /f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookeue uq5ke/(mvnqy gf;:g* qv+: r if the water is boiling at akegnve+m5v gqy*:;qq / u(:fu temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volynf6 7b.xnrvq6 c )7cvume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew prif2o7w;:z ; sju-3 lrlq-mu voint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for t4y7h1nmax1rik . n7s a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dih17 7ank. 4mxrytn1sistance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tub lt:8pmsfv; x9es called tracheae. An average trachea is aboutpfls;m89vt: x 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cgbi9*x*z/e5dhq ;7sfp4fwfq mh 4kh4alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratf0v664xjd5 ij0 bxrlc b9:dqw ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tfdgars :lo4 f(6ftx-) eab/ exo;;pq ;emperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wateat:l x;ee;6d sxp -ff)/(forb;qa 4o gr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hkr3oxtb -a*7 sa7y nnvn;+l+ helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction ofa+;yns7tnx ln+* ohba3k -r7 v the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a re(7 teo 0+di/ mn+dg ,kz;qkrxoom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem,;dnkzok/0r+qg7teme d( x i+perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboul:/ ggn6l)3 k;urqvvst one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingquw/x:sobsft u)ooy. 7 o;0z) the best available vacuum techniques is abou7oy szo)wo/ u)qb:0uof.xts; t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to f 2tbgub6 p:zpo+7-b) (o mzbtsull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume woup+ :pz)msbbzog bt (b7ut2o6-ld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere y.ylp(dgn9.,ob8 dgj at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (as.dg d9lyon8(gj b,y.psume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasevr +gsuni4o45d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7o*5; xw6ybyng 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of dsy bke.6y(bv,o+1nu5h (tl)sg 2x(w8caudithe Earth, estimate the total nb2. ot e1b anhv(lu5cukx8 sg+dsy(ywi,()6d umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu;s2n yx a0sxqq0l qw/8les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a 2g*xy+h 0xvyx hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at at*ygvxxyx 0+2h mospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at t4yin bh+fw9u v2,0 mh+qi7xg kq,zi5 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0,8-ttp xh z-/ee + nw;zuzc0zb 3mwlf3$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugb7t shjo85x0 jly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jari9jqy. ao0nwfqqq 9-: *xvdb3 at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the pra;ty),k+ k p2lrev018$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 14lxx vl,f3/bjlp+ c/f95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thxm7tk, aq4wf /y h2vnjg4pe (.e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agaie+l stp+.av8c 0fnq4fnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per seco.0elt +4sqf+vf8canp nd must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diam;coe9z8 molemj + 3pw+luva79 eter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth ofa9em+juw8z;o ov + l79pel3 cm 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tiy( 7 f zmt-u/p:xb5dq)u;* qwd3k bxbwo days: / fu 3d 7twq-;(5i*ubxmxdp y:bqk)zb
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differ:u:+64w,lia.b vch zkukxd: xence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturivb .xwck:l4k:adu:u ,+hx 6ze is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at c*t99aft xb5 tf+g-sdd onstant pressure, the 9ab+*dtdxst9 gft f-5coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumid/:-bm2ntr i2blj;oc 5a7 trxink-0: sxddd(nify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at5lb -mt xtdn/ir:dij0xan d r2(;7bkcn2o:s - 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg