Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table oi 2u* klmvubrnov x*8vw-fo:- h5wg60d;r1 l tr Appendix B.6ugl b-h ;* 2 un8r:-v0i*15dkwor vxowmtf lv

Name several properties of materiam*m3m+ussz5gi5 vv 3reo59t :frr8wu ls that could be exploited to make a thermometer.gu85e r5sv3 +3: musm9frw mozirt*v5

Which is larger, 1 Cfnhe nrsd0k 3p2+;,f o $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not ikgt .il.lxbimr5v, s,ly9:; in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yob9ys. m5lklrtv,.:iilx g;,iu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consisv)iw-pw zo 18pts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whicp wiowvp1-z)8 h metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lijn hjmiva *d +h1. irfak s6+a(vw;i*:near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to tz/s6u5z6l0bfh5 r a qcontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a6lruzq0tas fhz 5b56/ glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape/f9 7 rngp (7jpfpyue9 of a U. W f7p(/n9 frgpu7jpy 9ehy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurykcy x 4yd0 qv+myls))y8h ap5.vx42um at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-f,f7qsw 1vzm9 in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desc,9zsfmqv 1f 7wends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break i6cmf5) 8l8i9ez4q5lav vqd g ef one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjaqiam5)cf 69884zdvqlelg ev5cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtuexgr xd ;l-haqf-k0b8vxk2(k * of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordikv l(qhfk -xdk xra2xb08g;*-nary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20x : g 0okd*k4/:bb rf7:tng/ax*jnsgi $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will 3j -l 89dyuyrecause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not yejl98yd- ru3 stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temivx4dtidc3nu)08zm jh (ap0 0 perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Expla)0adhud( x0cn mtij0z v438ipin these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an a gi pe8 ahulr*66zjx:5wjkh ,5luminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if thekhij56u*w l g:he6x,z8pra5j temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from .c )v2g cccy-qkinetic theory and the relation betwycc)-q.c g v2ceen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussnvq2l ht*jp,;uz.hmq 2:. q ndac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere3qkyna.w.8.v sjlhecthw 5 * -, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ea3tjn 3wogbt8 9 71;1msinnu(kl5qgmurth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it isl n; o87uitu qsb5ngn31 1kj3g(mw 9tm for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at obz xg:kgv95kr4, q u,room temperature. What can you infer abou9gk,xk ,oguq 5: rz4bvt the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far -n 4m*cichwaixu1 ki7 g+34g gmore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempeg1wk c4ha 7nuigmig+ 4 -3ixc*rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature73z 06+) cx)tyuv kv/ju3 dgqoxqd5h i (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is4 eh xqfm.i6zw1o4n/u different. Which is more dense, the dry air orfw m q4h16zoie4xn u/. the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an9-sxt+af rb .l overheated automobile engine.b r-fx+a t.s9l

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white2rd4 h v-h1qw vevh2l2 cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there*xvz*:e d9 tt/ zk/sbv 7)kldk in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a q4ya84uf im1.:a wfyd3 xupk, 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same massm: af ui.x84wuy1dpaq4fy,3 k?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the C o. q16x3fwsedelsius scale?6qox fe.1d s3w   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowe +ja*xhnx nnrdyf):ie.z.8p 6st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenq (:ig;c6n 6sdjjhk) bgth 11.82 cm at 0.6knhbq s(:;)6jgjidc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is m aym0. (+g8 kytu)wdj .3n ncbaok)j7built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.,gz +xlhxm2u +xyn; :af0cx ;p Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatux z ; ;cnhyux +x,0gxap+2lf:mre of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la-qc .q;htfj c7hg/gu6f qso .6rger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter iqc/;hfg 6fu qq7 thco 6.-s.jgs to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 49jd zmh9rt i7 an+,p+x $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if i3kzc a, 7j.pdet ic.zk3jdpe a ,7s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.veuw:a1ni 1 5u,z:oix 0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate be.7ehhcvruv- b0v -;r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madefl ;8msd k3)p dltx2n.fi;vi 3m5 .sko of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow *4 ccvy0om..c )y-/qjbdc lym vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the mv yc ymcljyo )c*b4 .cd0.-/qeffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in theyvw; y-ml n*4v density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular platugnlq, )- 30hcq d 14z4z)zba m0jfmeue of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansfz 3)dz0lmq 4bjuu)gn0 -achzm 1q4 e,ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotromb 3y3m*e*rwf kh+s 6kpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1lv+ps3oqjc)6 h(t2ss 7 2qs6pssh )ot3(+ jlvc$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.147) c-qqp13 /2e)n(lgfpjiv g3fqlngg 0 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 7l/ e(pqn g1fpgvn33iq2) -cf lgqjg)$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiur,fv mh77/p7rlhxyvxz kmx+v46 +y/w s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fric4hvpr6fv/ 77kmwlh/ xz+mry,x7yv +xtionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu wi4bue nv lm/d/jmn85 /mq0(hch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in w8vnm 0/q/mu e/nh4(5libjmdcreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area u)))- e8 qzejyz 02hc3 a19fg gigmgot0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 147b :0,8wzeicmlop*0vkw mtx 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures otr f0k omly pto q2mxf8v7,6* 19sik/3 z9jkxzn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrex5/ l:w ki;mbfnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in 4)pmwrlc *4ho the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a t*1 sc xf0iua1pemperature of abo su11 p*x0aifcut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g5;1pm(6k nehgam m2 bb u6h6wgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containdfp5udm,v f+1 s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP ai-oyy93p k42ewf4aycontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1 ;tkf8d m9)iv 8sde+wo0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ofukhxrxcv 9+243fn6pdp 3r 9jj argon gas at 385 K?d36r njr9px2fv9+j 3up x4khc   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofgh0 8 l38 t fp* w(;byjdg)pu)zn0gymd $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air n11evly kct i0svzqi3x0.9t* inside the balloon, which makes it less dense 1vv0l*q3.xn sti tkzy 90ei1c than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai8y h0mb1jl5q +8e e1ztnn xiu5r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.jey,i- :lzm 1u0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand a qkrswcq)4d1,bgrx7qy t:33bt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleub otfqm;c++3cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?vyngan/c0 ; dbx0jc 93    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, 6tri9*u3hm ru    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume /-np i2y go bqh130ppt5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale kwbivo-o.- 8mr; ky2 wthat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere iy2woibvk8;-m r k-w.os about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxy/ti:oaeilg gh,oe er0t/ b00*gen molecule at STP l,e*a/tiggo0 :e/ot e0 0brhi?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms sp y.lemk0qlj- 0eed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abouk e-0mjl q0yl.t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i sld g:9obr66b16*dtugwt .upncrease if the temperature is increau:gr6 t 6p*luwb9tgdos.1d b6 sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following )l ezn7enzds8n6 3om i 5)hdcs9 n27jkspeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, n)es)jksine58 d nnz hz972 d3o c7lm67, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in fq)l8k7 b fkx)fjmb0o /kbb75 a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,qa,0 rdtx4i5 d by what factor does d,ar 4t qx5di0$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in iorj5 34dc:ru a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesv qo(ja 0ifwq0p2:gbfkprs7 ww+/ 1(z at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to wq7as0g r z(i2f po/p(1:0qvbjkwf+ wthe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitm m9zg- :/e5c 3rbytcerogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at +hoing2dl4x t *hx3:dtz a)l 50 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ad; xkj 26yijt;t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminqv1; (vb ob7ppl+cyu, o acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celyobv ,7(pcb ;+pvqlu 1l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a( x6c pb9/kandx4bq4p5eukl. gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, z )m)w dl6 szq-hbwy5z+*n ,a+v7bwpc $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what j 07zamn 3.8(:xc2twlcrtn:wmtiou +phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature :c7evc (4dzx1guujess 7, 1 yvis (a) 9zsj,c de v (1ucy1gu ev:s77x40 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the am :;/tan,i:l.w z+i k )*uwph3sfl zbhumidity is 50% on a day when the temnh3ml:a;f+/ ki p) lz.w,st ubizw:*aperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where v k-4ja4z*s 2o/hxnsw water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmclp8y0zq* g+frxgo(,, estimate the temperature at which water boils. ,z+*8qgpyx o( lf0 cgr$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53wwb wu;z48;p:h z/k nm0 Pa and the rel;hwzbp;8 4kww zunm :/ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure op t);rs obi3l90jh5rux+ qq ojn 5j2a3f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate preb l.x;8kl*m+ )hbvqikq rqu. *ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling bxvmqhk +k.l;u*r8). bq*i lqat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ob)sn hc(xz r-(f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po 8feael p0)jpis 6ow((int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a g /2-wqx 1xg b 9pzgn(lvebouz)jlj078lycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan8 vj(19 g bbpwu0/-jongl2lxzz x)eq7ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inhb.oadsx q/+am;t r9 52 j0rszsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional aa2 rxq r+oz9t0.amb5s /sjdh; rea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hee a7xt2r( +2ysdbbm(as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas f :8mb,eu: lr8kfxf.4.4gk s ipiz9cnure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratea5lmqn7o8 v -vd at normal room temperature. How much error will be q5vo-nmavl87 made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initialjk;+h 6 qw wbl5;i3nf jmbf77cly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has djl7 cjfhb ;+7b3kwin fwm;6q5 ecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecpk-.kgnvv - q7ules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper kk gn7vv-.q-pature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atoz v9drlb3 + i74g, 9hlqel)entm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainablea+sl7td/ ,iv2 ikrr 0s using the best available vacuum techniques is abou/+ a0l72rtks ,rdviis t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h r *eslvv-ut 5k2jq:i(is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this -ils 5rjtqu* ( 2vvk:eadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ea4 jv6lwc*ku.fhtx,nyz f(t( ; rth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a.(ttuyxl hj*, 46 w f;ckn(fzv space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an l-) s nkrqxfuc(x+*r7 ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77qmr4le*51jl i/l d so00m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eaggz.6s* 4 za/a nejxg4rth, estimate the total number of air molecules in t.gz44 z/sgja xea6*gnhe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen kk)8 suaafd7/i1q2v smolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen h6/ho xn3c:ke.szg q9used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constaek:/9xos. zcqh3 nhg6 nt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of ss/ltvm ne:t aeq 4)l2o,a,h 5liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0l nt,54-qly5 j b,xtz+e pz0l qxb1,qm$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around:, b 0/nnho .gru3 t6lzhzzs0b the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jajvpaz*(kw i-n69zkm2 4n:a oar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan( cv+he*,4gnuans er3dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has al9gv6at *6e :+brl,a hry/ebq5dem0 g pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth l*w lgqsv6g)+2tl0ng-,gg ikjl0(s zis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennir)mbfs,+ a9his balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per mr,b+ih9saf )second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from aa9bh- *not5 ry depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe-roahny 5*bt9rfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wa) +2duy ojz7 g,snppt/*kmdw/ter vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: *d p /kz7j/wduo s,my)g+p2nt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dorn5,v ) kb+lqensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatu5rbv, )ln+qk ore is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas l m 7lv.)ty0fha8b ( pw)rs-vifaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e vt0)f)vsiwbh.m a 8r7-l py(fxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.