Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminu na,z ih (ji;) dtj*p,pud9py.m? See the periodic table or Appendix B9*jz(j,;ah) ytinpipdd .,pu .

Name several properties of materials that could be exv17ml-gj sc 2xploited to make a thermomete71j s-cvxmgl2r.

Which is larger, 1 C6e-xhvxhr krmadb)/-z4z ;w gtf 0v 5, $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in vtn8h1bby; .5 cdedg/v3jcm:cs8m-j thermal equili j1mc gsd; m: ncbt-vbe5dhvjy/.c38 8brium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consttlb2m+) ix9uham: (f ists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which meth :umli2 bf( t+9t)maxal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan *-mq.pyzvws 1sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat ugogjf k8nk-,n:i,u(nsed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel jogi fu n-8g,k (n:nk,containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape2. g3runajt/r of a Ug/2nujt 3.rr a. Why?

A flat, uniform cyli bb84zzey:j3 hnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-inth h8z5ok ej10-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially dehhj08ezt5 1 okscends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate 9c1ok 2 0lz-3rb0pcez 8c0ivnfkx4yud or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explakb c iy392f4kv0zcr0 cz- 8onxupe 0l1in.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearq: l4rkdks 5+qwwe) y+n/v. mk expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glasqq m+y vl.rdw/:w+) 4skkk5ens (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate em:1npdv qloo8sah*,w. )47nq x b0ndat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottop7m-xd6f -xk j9 7mjram and top to bulge so badly the can will not stxp-9rx -7k m jm76afjdand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidlc vjnq06vh9 lgg z9;z5v hf7h*y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theo 7ngvvqh*hz;gc9flz j 50vh69 ry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submey oru,2 lz1;, d pbdlsdn(z;9zrged in water increase or decrease if the sdzzn;rl d;, yz2,1obud(p9 ltemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and3 gh;msgv;mf .2b3 yah the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t smmahgg;v3f23h.y b; emperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussan 8p) d ye h u1.jru*b*ms:aj49tak+jjc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of egn-haq+ +wmsn. m;.6;nfxct$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Evbfhpsbd / -t3gjd/4 1arth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is d/3dh1/g4tfvjbs -pb about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can youd *pbv5iw.i c+mis;8x infer about the m.+xbsi58cmiwi *pv; dolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hum z:nzu8f7pzwn r( ht h,8;. d(tumfzb2id day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sbz u w8(:7.drh(,nzthfz2 tz8ufm ; pname temperature.

Is it possible to bo54cj-f*4wkar g5 n qn ejvhql9z655lj il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the a1v-yuu(qk f7)odv. r humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid a-do17uqavrf(y k)u .v ir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiau omru4ppc8t59bw7tko*n b28flw k-: tor cap of an overheated automobile engine oo89:m2 krtpbwup bn8fck4-7lu t w5*.

Why does exhaled air a. je 4uyqip9+xppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-lh/ /bupnk.t d004t-jzn w+rq gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold )(e/ydd/q3jy krof h2 ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the so/3dqfy hkjdr/ y)( e2ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius r;k quq*mu--ds; 1c2 :mniod)kfjzs- scale? -d;j)q m sq;fmu k-uzk:rd1*n-csi2 o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reca2 / buplad 7h5r8i)osorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the al8zt4qclskv; / cohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0lct4v qs/8;kz $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m ;k7jljo /u ud ak8m06rlong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is,7scwy, hybp9y hj3aqvo+q3) built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of cyqwq3bj3hs)7apo,+9vyy,h 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often 8e9c)mgf2 65td wwvbbused and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm dvgwb 2fct b9w)85 e6min diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 lvl, nl v)2h:x/sw/o,7uptj6 crq +qi$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in op gtdc:m6v 4po)78td+rmf ,zvolume if it is heated from 3+tfpg cmmd rz7o6:dpt)8o 4v,0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 357ux4 svh5mbf3oxlg2c o 7k03y0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLx.lg)k.izt tx,.jto ; of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac/2rtsd,wz r4ty 8 vm;0e8j(;x/d t,eawhy lbned in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lom0 gxlw / cb(y8qr e/mdbwh;31ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofw 8/qm30 cgw1mbx(dl;er h y/b volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deyww yf9)d 9)jfnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e1s 9mirwa+.k k k. mbx*d(:ldkxpansi.mrk skm(ldkb+dai *:1 .k x9won $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli uwfoo::8s0 +-qisrdz d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bras2/qii6gmg df0f:i h :ds and keeps perfect time at 17 mfg6 /df 2i:qi:hd i0g$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer6 r.ict9mil dq/y5an6 cury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bui66a9dmy/ citn l. qr5lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about +vh l:c6c3pn;rk0cvghbd+ em2 :d. poits axle on frictionless bearings withmhl.eo;p 3d:pdh0:r++cncc 62v gb kv angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desia5o1ory 0wr *xred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 05r1y ar*owox35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosso rn2n k)g:m (3m9q alhx,8jvj*v:gjb-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diametern9 wmg h.ehjjb++a(m+auw87p 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelv*f 9obm3jt ab:7edv m;in scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scamjlt5r z-4p*hw ;u t.nle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboutji3tk*5za,p i 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp-2l + edq03 hdyqub2yjerature of about 2d bh+d 0jquely2qy2-30$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasx-1u*o tr*5h w ku oqnk+*.kil law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of qogil:vma)*wh,6 hsp 0 xi2;dnitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogeni0 n 1+7potjr ) t7cizfuuoh1i*3v*wq ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.5 rkotw (9h xci+b0fm90$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside aok4+ pa2nj s4x 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385j 4kspo4a2n x+ K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.05)a psp.izh -ov gvoob7q199e kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift77.f8hv4l9a aa dwtk ro:8mh t by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsitmtha 8h 8rdf 9l7vokw7a a.:4de. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at dv,k,md1.v er 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 m 4zy3 -+s.enqhepp3m $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at szwq4 qu)q;) pvo/u e.a6 0p4x- dndwekea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of y 2sto6ft(b fb:6b 72(z- :s qctqikhemolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many aqd3w 7dd1fbo-52r nlmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ( kj-1yte. pef5cu6(nea) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5v8tnsn/l,4ah 7 (fxrk.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules)xo av7eb )eg5;f*z+:h uppg6 qtm,qf of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 1p,p*g+mxae f hg )t;6fouq5v7bq )ez:0 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinet fvpkj3.pxx4 ci s5:j5ic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ck: f5pxxvjps 4i. 5j3   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumt8 -36iusrwh 4ce+hel atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.h6+ lhrwc84s uee-it3    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase z- 8)qwpmnqf8.pk mb.if the temperature is increased from.)p8qkfpm.- zwnbq8 m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give*cp/xi m))ijl q:8wh zn in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8)* xwphcmz/:l ji8qi) . Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas axehwo+ 142zcx d w)gn6obw5 -zt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its(w-qvagyg2 ; n volume is held constant, by what factor a2 ggn-qwvy;(does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gi/q;ihjs,5bc rz5,rj c ven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempj (zld rtk8qm)x k/w:2erature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots/ qxlr):8zk(2djtk wm of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu:(/oqurttdjr*1rdm;g h , c*wles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge9or0 m zy:od,b.uc1y:uy xdi 3n molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at)lwgjui )p3q)4ezmp6 STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminom9 )ejmfwj:xx2 juhu:v h66g0 acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell :h2:jj06) vg9m hxxj6uwm uef at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P p6dt+9qz9 9 ; dy(fgmqngfj1t = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, o8h;t*vg*c:engp8 vx $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure 4(fzxxkp:w-j tx 2e8y, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tej/) q,apy4cxz; p;:s r wc2 of7z(ayegmperature is (a) 9e2 y)7py cwocjs4zapz/af ;x;,g( rq: 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a ynhcb3p / qmoyw n9445day when the temperatureo3cm 4q h/yy5 4npw9nb is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w9:pu nbkd9 va)here water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0/).wob dl9 5tnq:,ru hgil/q0shryp- .72 atm, estimate thls/-lr0o t5y , 9h/.dq wg:qhni) rpube temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on 1g;dl4920 aaorvl qjm a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thgo1 9l0lr42mq; avjd ae relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a r4 : 0*ohbug),ch*udzanpl4u day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insi usi7 ukg*)va k(h0y/dde a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempera*ysd(gui)vk/ah uk7 0ture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volb s3bz:5 ux8hqtb c;(xh a1 88:btrrwaume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of tto9 ; 7/cnxs ry21xtc5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a bp b,a ;p (rg/6xpffs2glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance bfs/2p6;pgp a (br,x fof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thec n yd pxl /p8njl2 7vzcf9ei:f0p2*m+ interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and c /fyn2dl+v: f2n l8pe9i0ppcmz7xj*has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cala8-pqin fh 5j5ij0a6cibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c7* sawo6yjmhp3h c5)rw: f cx7alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibj 2tmda/s3ncvmqyq: 9do1 0y4rated at normal room temperature. How much error will be01/y2 jtdoyq m3sc 94qv:danm made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2s85sfpn bctm6*)jj cx4 (jd8v8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?t5p(4vs jbxfs mj 6 *c)njc8d8   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofuu/ z8c*(g, j i7uu cg( 3kgvcted6l4r length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume ujgc /c6 3u(l8(cr kegu7tz 4iv*ud,g the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattepi0/m xesl.4vr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai4tjl5mp1g/4i oszlpn)t e*o3 lable vacuum techniques is abo e g1zls*54 pojo4mtntl)3/ iput $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lung; 31k 30spclbe.gp npws to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisablcpn w31eb.g0 s3;ppl ke?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a h.f5u1yhz e)yspeed of about 1eh f5 hy)u.zy40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideawc 73nvnj drve9* *w6e;hq2lql gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o2 hou fv(ji jp(+gx)f1xu l +(::wmovvt jek6,f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ojl* ta*j -mn,dun91w hf atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ear,lj* t- 9mjnud1*hawnth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molemjy203rk09ob v8 brqkcules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u9hr4 ffxpu*wp:zghu 2c g7a) ,koag70sed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyliwa*, gf7up4gxkg uc9:0h 7r2fha p zo)nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ingx5rsx8gwftsqa(- o- g;zn )* a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline doj6 , gvl-szn2.l( 0. plxzglat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundsud6p4 t; wpf3 the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighth zvrohgx;v; m 1)vj8m/7hm0 zly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tlrq2hxo* 4)c xno h*0the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chapjrh8qd5j 4 4cx+j ; r)zvm4abrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iswn 9elgu(4c4:cq jz;mr. z4 tu $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ve. )r,wh 7 5f)opzqbrxertically upward at hb p x).z5f,reqw)o7 rit. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air :ddf+z.zmsv ;,jb.,v,; 3ohksvgoyyfrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfe.b,jdv, f s.;3d vh; mozy+okg syz,:vct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoao6c* 0aqbov 2 days: c26* aqovab0o
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iro772pgj.xs bh dn at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempera 7dj7bgpshx2. ture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gkguvl.an r:)dtt2l3y ga4:a 4m; rw+ pas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equam;vpwlt a u: rn+ylkd4r 4t:a2.gg)3al to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thedsroy hfoo +jb8(wk 01;)tad c(jmi34ir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. I +joktwf dh0bcra d )o8i3(s1m o4j(;yf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg