Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pny,e0apjck) f(45(w u .oy zwjeriodic table or Appjazo cjf0,eu(w5wn .)4p(yykendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thea4ly h)gjps3o +,d5parmometg loa,a hpj)d4+p3 ys5er.

Which is larger, 1 Cuugk dzz2a8rk9hm )7 : $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrb 8:rzox 8,krbium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say aboukr b:8orb,x8 zt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a sh 41b n70gyy6jormymiz;sh5: trip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th hz51hs4ng;ymy70yor6j bmi:e curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansz /teo.,h-gu bvy-oye; o uji8v*/j8hion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fa1 qs.2frk si-urnace (or other heating or cs1i2kf -.rqa sooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the o1.q dxm h) w3pg1ya,eends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whw m po3dey)xg1,ha1 .qy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercur4 qeu h)3f9yhcy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a 3 * bhwb qiw/i1gja/oq)3)bebhot tub of water, the mercury initially d3a 3i*ww h/bg bi1j/))qobqebescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moh-dqdo /.s l7v1oiht+re rapidly than adjacent parts. Expltio.7s1d+hlvqh- o d /ain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatpl65d sm0;emx3hr- xx its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise toh;0dmrs5 xe m3px6xl- the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl0n) g;zjbupc:cu i(aun h.t99ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its0v;dt3d/k xx)yap;,cm -aj d +nry 9tl bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will a)p aly9dny30, rv;-jx;cdk /dmx t+tnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pi x 7wzbdu;fq)w4ddu0chtp0 .;ston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particuq.c;hz w0f dt)d; p7 0x4ubdwular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force tu) (wpdsm 1ajlx,f// on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is in ms t/dulxw,pf/aj)1 (creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetiav*va r o/, 0l uw9vo ooul.q6qd;m,.ac theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.9od qq,vvwol/.a ; m6ol*,a0 oruv a.u

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follo m::p+ lqymt8rws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thebpa(i g9 sb.qrku2 n5 6;nqtm7 ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object ms gozgcq:qg ax37; 93yust have to leave the Earth and never return. Theg;a9 c:qo7sgqxz y g33 escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempe th-d sqk;vs8 m.:gz*prature. What can you infer about the molecular prps;:*dq8s kht v g.-zmoperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable po4;br4.1qvi ++ kl yi)owocqthan a hot dry day at the sameo4o)+i1ic p bkq4qv+yw. ;ro l temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (gtiyn/.rj. 3 p7cp)rc20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper,sgbid 7diax *8ty+.nature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drdb 8+7i sxt,*g.dnyaiy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile md oe5qsyq8n-p.fsm;*a,-of engin ffmsy,. pseqan-8;dm*5 o-o qe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in a5w d3 mgm(ku mw-ad5ri1jy80nlhl8 +the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penn;ty wr:+yucez d3 a0/my?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbergyuj.2gq 0i sa+.f 7di in a silver ring of the sames i.j f2.dqu+gg7 ai0y mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the7 usbsin2inh0;b t- l/ Celsius scale?b ;n s2/t ii-hns7ulb0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recoslff(3 2z t hu7dgdi6qg2 0g.jrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermoio0 pe.rf*m ra- 9r5xfmeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0r a- .r5ome9p*i f0xrf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ondr6y +.7k h8dozu2zyf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) iog ,2:vw0) hx3h3ay tt zt5cvys built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature ofv5 got:hwa 2,t0z thxy )y3c3v 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetf*,)znk i6okm j(b: fms that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter ismbk o)(6mjz,fn* fk:i to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4a)er x*bt foko1:hob: ;7e e9g $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whaq6upkhz5 bhi13e n/q4t will be its change in volume if it is6bk e45uhnzpqq1h i/ 3 heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 359(y:ebgl dz t60.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a,nq3ut* hmh28ipp+ ig1xza y19 r4fdbt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac+zhc )yvk(nja5yeie o 5(,i *yed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in es jl1lvq rjlyz47/ i.d/ /.nsnosentially one direction only, show t /jr 7s .nld/nlzoyj/l4.ivq1hat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th*m va3)x 2zh7-jwlx lp 6et(rae density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear6p ((hbqr)tpl expan(()pp 6thqlb rsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliv 54qxzd7 q3b;wik: gqc w6:syd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass an9 05*c8.) n 0dorimagwjobnt fd keeps perfect time at 17ro0on.ijb0*mf 9c t a)g5d nw8 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamps(;i*)-trl, ba/ swk s2lxw deter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o)iw la2lb*,d ;swps-(kt/rsxf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical60u.rgsrl 2 ed/u nmoo40 h0ou wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vo0n/o mluhs6r oudug 0 r2.e04elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu6 c0b7wv c*giqh;bgx9 ch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 96*hq0bgcv7gi wbc ;x$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-:-i+ou92v jebbbdr g/beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.:1: i1k mhrsm)u gb8vh122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scal(r2fs4z15w8ro;k *s pkx lkzj9w7bkxe:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the -gptaap7 s,6f5 oejjz zti4se/w7 1,gFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interiorilys/om1-v h99 s3hfl of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressu/nvdn k dst2iu;;3p 9j8krz4jre and a temperature of about kijvj;/dztdnr94;k3snu28 p 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lje c 1q e(tj4m5zi d9xj5ve/;law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroz e l)ffm9p0o/gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP c o r9f5jg :*pnz6a+zgqxk 4cn8ontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu8 act+8oapfd)t 2 hoe9m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contanw0 b(og o uzcr)tx;70iner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?7x0;cguo )bnw to0z(r   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oo ;h7 onb,jet6f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the airf ger8)p imwkj 49evjde)390m ;e k.po inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside4emkm f;jkp0e oev)i9 )w.er 8g3pdj 9. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air azvcpf d 5ue n21pl tjko7li7*.t7ks3/t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ahlkl z *:9c+b-paj9jlt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapese58ux r, zcj)/ kj(xiu a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m 1xk lz 9m3u6dh-pypho 8ha+z1olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 c k22kztp0 )t4ei 6eehL? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mob ky,wz 3 9tm0jb;btt5les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum0lff.(5a:k sj jt;kmdyzj/ ,ie 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air3f5,xd4ipp t/moiha 4 1n4bqm pi8k*y are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galil8,i3xpd*4 mpm4k ti5 qpf i/4ybanho1 eo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationau4 8k3odro1sld3u8ahe:/ng sl kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPoaou 388:rle4s hsukd 1/3gnd?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spee7*wgayb ro1 4pd of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboubygr74*o1pw at 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mo oe)scug(eyw* w+ 4muv48nxz (lecules increase if the temperature is incrw8c4e)goy e+ ( *(4wnmuuxsz veased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followgxw6prb0p - :ox*l7v1(tuiaqing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the r r -0 6tx x17b:(gqlpuia*ovwpms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 a9vvoz7xvro v1)r 7+m$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held mzl q tt8m.-,q27zb3sv6 wkcqconstant, by what factor do3 t,z6.tw 2k7v-zmqbcm lsqq8es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv x(m)u ax0(qjsen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tem6d4cpe ss *mfb6huh.)perature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the invefe h6cs.d4hsum*bp 6)rse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contam;:, t vstvbp,ined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s-bpoo) p aiv+6peed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distand4iokx j3 t(;0wu llv7/le0 knce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino , wq*4j 3ygrn7iz1 8m woxha+aacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3h7agwx4r*i813nzj a o,q+ wym7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P bjj* s 5ihx7k8i+oy3vz 00ignof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urand )d1 p7i+0y ovmff(xcium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases d :m6x ) yy9s.bp*bpzqcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temper;l ;j7c tns.zaature is (a) 90 ;n.j; tl7 scaz$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (azha, 4buzj+i4 pproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatu+iu b,4 zj4hazre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at o 5 ak0nkr,tdf2e+,zl a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaiu:2*vtx . tbbans is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatt2xb a.t*b:vuure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial presv(d0we5ua5mq sure of water is 530 Pa and thvau5mwd 0q e5(e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water oc vr,8uga)ddtf/2c lb 9h7tpg k*m1/n n a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the a7bhiw5/2el 8k ewk,s;rd+vu water is boiling at a tempera5e/lwi,u8a+kb kd ;2ew7srvhture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomhp :hra*d t7xzrbze j:4bv)7( of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 6t:p+70 vwianahwfs ;ghefgvs .-s8 x( ec6-wof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee90n nwfrj(i n us601df( mtmt1ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distaj rwm0n9d16sun t0f (nt(i1fmnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from th,aup4/ dgrd kni *jdp 5+ba /81u.tcgoe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea i41+ur uabno.dg 8a/tpg5j ki,pdc /d*s about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea j;0 /vq-qw(aurnzp9vvtez -3sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20g 6o y-2j rz)h241nfciz (kinlqyh(c7$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.-srn z/)hpi8gza0da82l9v kf 3bg i4 z How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thz)4a8f inizrh /9 k0gvl2abgzp83sd- e cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is iniozpx 8asdv28) r5jc r8tially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder? ozc28sa858vxr)rd p j  

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rloh * 3jwqa-o+oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh* q- hawl+oj3ot 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abii 1k2p .xcxo/6ae8 b1,zi vdiout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vq9.t4,qw 3ckm;t qc tjacuum techniques is aboqtj, m9cqktwc3t ; .4qut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capn4vwkv a1n3w)w4)vv pu f-zon* osk+mgh9k3 :acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume *4 w9)uknwa)3sn3-nv:4wog z+mvk f1ovkphv would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’slljtqlnee,;-yz 9 ; d7 atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.yn d el -qzl;;9tl7e,j)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased ii++ egk1.tsvb 50jox from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77tt+e6z ,(qjyus6p :id0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surgljhiljc lcvll+4;oo )e):-7 face of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eart)jl+hl-:c log )7 j c4ilvol;eh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogl*f,ln*ndff5dqa1m )mbx9a4 en molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospit3k*nkel/ fltb5 9zab7 9*rqwc al has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cb* l9lfcnr9t*qk z/753wbeakonstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlfvkl9(f, nr( c mvbk-( ypu*dkg 8( etnvm4a2) of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline abvhk,(ix/h: jt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartg( mgkzi*l4 3f dq,wd 06shp)gh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja4fm0- p fk2pwwr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopk+s/.n7uh4blqem u ,ng(0rn5p0r fg rted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu r 3/v.rnd.1uft 5ftpully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Esq+ 5cihu +psk 1)hob45(likfarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended a5)y o.rnm+cce gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many ty .+)cm oecn5rennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherica q, 3qd8jt+(3n rfwfbp 5kg+zjl) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perf35p8 n,kd++gt r (jb3 fqfjzwqect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on thei9p1ke8j rtw/lo)ei p-l7 c a* following two days: )la l8rek*1ipc7 -/ p9ioetjw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when i clietn+.d t-0jr,b :tt is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is0+ejcti .tr:,ldb-t n 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for yu l:4 meg(fqvsxy09pa 5jsh0 ft-3i 8an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equ t 9fpea:s5suh8y x3(mvi qfy-l0 4j0gal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preve6p95b.i)qpc kkme-k u nt rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (e- qkkicu k9mb5 .pp6)kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg