Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table yd*zdv) g *;11vmfrzt or Appedtvf** yzdm1;r zvg)1ndix B.

Name several propertiesu:;t(qh; yr kir4pbje. , 7rwtvoc3 u- of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.w ;.r4b7viy,je; q ckr3ot:-ph r(utu

Which is larger, 1 C q70y6daro7j7+f 3tcmui:e h y$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is (qoe ak88hwfge2vs v::5-j8fzyf s) mnot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abo e: (qy8mgfah) - vzk5wj8fvs8:2ef osut the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu-v)aoft;xi;l xzz 6:6t l7heum riveted to a strip of iron. When heaxxil alte z tvuz7o;66: ;)-fhted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea fsu2ur2gd *alw -hjay: 0+ce.r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furna8g joy,m 3b:euce (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thig,mujob:3 8y es device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed z v+n:z;s f+: kx b:n2x:ogydvat the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyfvksd::ng onx:2:bxz z;+vy+ ?

A flat, uniform cylinde o143sqdbv ;vnj0*mbnbqg ,/n1sv s8ly,uo h9r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu fxzb5 p gmu hu/-p+)v2r;ima/b of water, the mercury initiab -pu ;pu2)x /vf5zhmg/iam+rlly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly tvbm100)fo z yvwn8u3nhan adjacent parts. Explai1vmn8oyf nz3w0 ) u0bvn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatx9s/ ,on7 ywnb its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary 9bon7/x s,nwy glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu-ta2dp(:v edl z* mf7q2vdl 5wrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgeu0jtjykj 5ts ry4f9 q4:;82gnols q5i so badly the can will not stand up5n r08g lt;s5jyi jt: oqq2jkys4f4u9 . What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sayc nne )s,tn2fefqb/bp :36e7 n, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas ee3en/nbftp :f 6n,snq )ebc 72xpands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr6v vg9(u hhz/c5h,m5k vfpq2hkd6 o/cease or decrease if the hvq k625d m( zov/ku/vp h6,c5gh9fchtemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineb8id)ny )qd pzb0+ 2naa9a r2ytic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absoluty8b+n 0yz9 aapd2)rb 2qd )aine temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fol/ h24h qxx/oe p/brn1plows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmoczj ihob;-;xcbs 229 *:kvmhi sphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earthc*(-hzd 2tp82 ingtb u refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically *hgd 2in8(z u -bcp2ttno atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.)2es(ir3k6ap2wobc tu r+wmv;u 6x f5 What can you infer about the moleculars5a(+k2;wout)iv66 pex fu b 3r2cm rw properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot5:uwg3gj,9xxvmw : 90a pr z+7gj pyhc dry day at the same tempera 3x7gz m9:p,wja 90ujy :rhg vp5gw+cxture.

Is it possible to boil water at ro4d-4 7yqex4t cot 5gljom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whe 7 so-2rxksqf*n the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Exxsk7s* ro2-fqplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad qlh5uz f;bj2ld8/jks/+5bg a iator cap of an overheated automobile eb+j5blf 2/hk sdal5 q;z u8gj/ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fm:fw b a/npb:+-obc7b( 7jbdnig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in i4j-tt(llhn1a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5buaoe951b)mp -gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of mp)eo5ab 9b1uthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is f*0z m dhh ljq)n e1x+ mf)0db6unpx*(this on the Celsius scale?hxjpxf*)h0ndf+z ubn 0 d m)q(1*m el6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temboo lmq*c2w -x9*/ yxtperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass p,afxex7(;.pk- tg: pcfty r*i yw l.)thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.ykg ;yxftf.pw.xai)erpcpl *: ( 7,-t0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m n(yy)mhsx +l n4i:w(htx( /qslong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroucmm4w+ pdj m4..i isb5/+5jl fl:onw cght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chang+ +5lmjb4nld.i5/ mpc i4 w:fcsow.mjes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are 3(u4 0q7jwq ns s8n7wbbok (bflarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A bu3(7sbs8n 4qfnjww7( qko0b steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 40g tx+4rmu.eg. f gwt8 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be li64n ls):f qfits change in volume if it is heated fr ql64fis:n)fl om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri(s a5 lnsp epwvjc62--wu8;sd m with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.59b8qav:lh4lrk ts,av6qlp: 2 vll)a /0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring aqyp;wms082ls qbb.0made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand innnd8nm3c77 9tev 4st 97 samv0vpk0f t essentially 9v4vp7t m9d acn0sn8tn mv7k307fetsone direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityd/x ,on*/mwz ;53 :sj7bdv zx6t xhppy $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficie*8v)(9f e+ ck vprwlsmmx4us7nt of linear exsm7kps e8vvxm( cl 49rwu)*+ fpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli j7x ;,rlpqx) g8ow8dqd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kernr/xw)xp4o .eps perfect time at 1xx)rnrow / 4p.7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140+v3 4lpol pev 6s-*zg fpco23w mm. The bulb has a volume ofl evwv6 p*2-lpg3cof s p3o4+z 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatintn (r;p;oi 8+nmqv,tf g about its axle on frictionless bearings with angul;n vnf(to, mt8p ir;q+ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when axdg8zyk -rz9 6t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this le x 9r8ydzk-zg6ngth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seoq4is -wkf4oe5t6 8coctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.+p fdi 64m*;dfzv +2bryxh4 dj g9dvp,122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat)5yqk-h7cy *0k6o jyz;qcfsbures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhei 1mk8khbhmt;r*k p.d h8gck56t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and5: dxky 96csrrs) hdq) Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressur (/e,7dj87pixovv5j;c-j +ggzwmx jl e and a temperature of abou ,+ 8(zd5v7p/;jxx gjwej- jcvl7mi got 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofhv0(7c7 1g kpoovp- eo oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenfgd+:el8u l2e ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgfz3e,l41/cq zib* ytwxy v*h) of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 7e4 idmkl7pnngx(1h 8 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container 2s lre 0j tz,-qw3:acmholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?:rc3a ,2-wz l t0emjqs   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofpe;kw9 ojp w,*wjd ;j jx08l6b $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bucv)hj6gos 8p3v+l it doqq/ ;0oyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makeojdtg6v qc/s oqi83hv+ l0;)ps it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wita8lkd 8t7cfcx b i6/7wh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. yoe80l5x4rxv. xx 8ij0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level y )7f.pmvds9i and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / a1 qh7quh/ *)hmcnt )y$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?*;mr e0btr .ov. /dvjj6v4 agg    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)e4 *ml456s: dzj-cg(fr tr dco moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 7pr5kl dut8c4g*br7 w* wogj(5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale w5-p )cc ol0sfuwamw ;/4f.igcy/ 8odthat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atm-08oc) 4c / c/fdaw5smo. yuiwfwglp;osphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen a)z n26o,n:lpgz yi9hmolecule at STP?aho y izz2)lg npn,69:    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of he bo0 e*iow(e6gecfunz21,ug t z 69iph ,bgy1)lium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o b,z0( 6e1wucyz,t egi)gn1fb9eu2o6 po* i hgf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules,ip1nkp qml o7u w:a, z)4jol(h )m4mh increase if the temperature is increased f 1 7mhm 4pwoui):l ,k)o pa(lmjz4h,qnrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed s 0kemndu79+cs, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speedum9ne ck0 +s7d. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a 9wk/9d;timo4 gc,fu zgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by bg*j*jyn ;7 itwhat factor doe* n;iyj*jgtb7 s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of 63g0a+e sp1 e bcksvj-molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tem:ax03qbpi1r) v udr 4lperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots :r 0i1uxa)rq vb3pd4l of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n 1h*a88 ibrrliitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen o j1pel;f co(+molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol agzemwl7,(0kvh yej0+r.x z l1i83en ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass isxku wr3+b m .r1oi)oy9 89 u in a living cell at 37 .1 wkoyoru bm9)rx+i3$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be jsy ;/)jlw 3air)w mc+written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraq12 jy1ks2x2imgdtw0nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, k 9-/ vfzgrqt7glaei 6)ba-f4 in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pc -dus*s36guhv .nyrv 7)phb 1ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9svhg7c13h ursd-u 6v .)npy*b 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ilcuyyv3;e bur+u .0x57( ythzf the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isuv7h+05u (r3ylcyex y z;u.tb 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press41l-ss*q 0hv2br ai/d rz fbk+ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulf *n,dd j3hbb.i4t17tmif-a;9hvjx c ar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temp 1 hjdfj 3-.bxn7*t;idm tf,abv4i9cherature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whene)z0jgx+(l,od rj b * si6fc9j the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatij d(eb jg6soz i0xcljr9+)f*, ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25c2c; jrxk) s1j $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prespq . t* dwxfuko8ka+8e4p1mhl/os l+8 sure cooker if the water is boiling at a temo kw+d8*h4+loqtpm/ku1f8 asplex. 8perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rof pychq 6:lda7arep8 mzz01f-7e 48joom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 gics8z qh.36 )zkdl; j$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a d.bhnqywd3 y1 k(k-l z i50hy;1gy3 ir(.guosniskr oyz .gnhl .5ubn-dg;1ys0( hiyqyw i3 13(ktance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes -x5 m8+f: vkgssw f(9m5 6xccuxrodh 5called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm m96g rcx5: fs+ 5vfkdc x-mhouw(8x s5long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratem8rwu8 o8 k7dzd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measdhfonjs1 y 0 6 rb)drs58z8m; (xvpn7bure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatuh d:7ttu3 jx7 vk1wz,ycju,( fgaj0g h f7q,0xre. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, 70jjw qvzg x:hjdtta0kgf(c,7u7, ,13uxyf hif the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hs4pbj ;ci+8 gcelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gjg+bi8p;c 4cs auge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecuyal3kq)ub zw 4h ,d+b:les in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempeu:h+yb3,a4w b )dzk qlrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abotok5sku4i:f4l t1i qd-upw ) .ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure athz,2 x:n/vu,g.)etiqn 4i a qqtainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo)e,q au,:nq i.hxg2tvn i /qz4ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.wqqyy q-x2v ey92h-:e 8pnn /l-7enh q5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whaty ny9y8n -xe 2hqeh-:lv2/7w qqq-pne volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning froh xdb- ac.iq ) ckv0b/lxa65r)m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicl l xvdr qk 6)i05h.bc)a-/bxcae must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frowmf9 so56 fk:ix)fa+ zm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77umf (u.9f ,jrf0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at.da ,s4qu -veq the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmoa-e, sq4.dquv sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mold1c2fl 4x z es bw-dn.26fbaq6ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has csuuka55x )rgh*h7 c/r0ltcd(yf/; dgauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosph*c5d( cr 75uahxf )ru0d;thg /lck/ syeric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of l * bacu25su;eniquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0e6cyyb (c-p jp-,s: zp$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu;+s6 lgq vpl1 (sm:ireipht/5 gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightf(o e4* qvg3vrly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inz:tjfzpc.- 8s the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 4 f9a 0e3 xbgrc 28lz+jdnzpjnoyj5 +/atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tq q.xt4 w2m9afy 6bb:yd;6b *: rycjrshe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid771l 0 ai:vj sv41ls2jz1wwshvpj7 jp is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lpjvj12l: 74 viwswjpsl javh z71s170id elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblajc9m *2pvz5f :;este e of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfe*mcf p59;2tzj vs aee:ct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure rj; b8g;xz p g8rjmw*; po/tg.in the air on the following two days: ;g8*gmrw/o8bjzxg .;jtp; pr
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whe1ygb/2ir gfvpg +ti 8(n it is a soypbg (vf/g 2i8+tirg1lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a at,v4i,s w1 ywjqfoqkf(- (h0o*ve 1s5i 4iown ideal gas at constant pressure, the cwy-j oih(4( 0 fv1iqseoqo,,wv tasw1f45 *ikoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplz- )iq 5-siwcs-uv* ple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarq-*-vi)uclps ws iz5 - in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg