Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ov3hu5(pz 8uc i x mw0iln(8t1uf aluminum? See the periodic table or Appeut 8z 5(0upv1hlm8x3nwi( icundix B.

Name several properties of materialsvy44-hh ysmf6a(rk 5hwkwk g,r6)l 7 o that could be exploited to make a thermometes4hkkf w64hw7)k,l y 56grrvmayoh(- r.

Which is larger, 1 C m2x8az 9k-xiz $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,wahl2 w71o.aj;t6cd n but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abwodl a6 n;. htacw27j1out the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wgkcb5vm,+y3d ;jmn snq;a2v :hen heated, the sk:n+ys , ;mbm3 2d5nacjgvvq;trip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coey+ 4u q9(ay* s8iwuec9dbe4aevl f7l,fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace ( 0 )x ;tfya:qp85ydmf8fc b8aaj,zaw/ or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips taj8am wbaqf,dc yfzp5f) ;8:8 /0a yxof different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sec70dmvvrw 1mf id9bn )0tion in the shape of a U. )07m9fvd0rdibmwvn1 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in t0;gb q;k;bgb mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firs-sh)mvw 1d 6bct placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explabmv)6wc1-hsd in.

A glass container may break if one part of it is +wlklr7i/p:l2ftb,zgi9u r( heated or cooled more rapidly t/gbu2r:l(,+ftpki 7lw lr i9z han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coerk8z1(e5h :ls2dt fptfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (( 5h e8fz:drlk1s tp2tTable 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurave:mba)-0 o hzte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottoq+i0f wb6f18q ;:p pdhxkc3 pzm and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W1b z0q;fp x k:wpc8q63 +ipdhfhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compre .k00 qdpfnf:r*pk/fbssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kineti n :/.fdf* kq0rp0pfbkc theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water ink, skk 7vbfo,dxc1j6dkw /p41crease or decrease if the temperature is increased f w 1fbpk/s,xjckd6kk,d4 7o 1vrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theomt3i wj u+/; 6xt(*xhkpw 5jmory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturew *+5/mk jt (;3toxi6wmpj hux.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from m +4 an/txajs/kinetic theory.

As you go higher in tbagnxj q;p:7)e -uc, ihe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haoc,rvxs 4/2v wve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expl xw2r/v,o4scvain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor.y z(monx2hr0x,m oqz.q zs0c9yd0w 4 e quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative mz,2.x09d( r zyo.n qso4mzxhw ycq 00to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day i ;o3ka ygp(x0ls far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same te xgy;ao(30p lkmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe, 06s8kkuds0nlb5idq-m rsvr q:t 6m -rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humido+ :b9eydbl-xr gvm*)v i2cum 5a.1ntity is different. Which is more dense, tb: ci no9mr vt ).lxaeu+2*dvb -y51gmhe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator pr0+- b dfad :j0hu1ikcap of an overheated automobile ekfh-d1pur0 :+0ad jbingine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit90w w.pesc; 7i8vplj stle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pjs+)nc0 zq:g 4 sem;ocenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsny4 rk5 a)mj1z in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in ak1n4mra )5z jy silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is tcm-d1 2 wm2/1gbyavrjhis on the Celsius scale?mwr 121mc dvj/ga-2yb    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded dv,g ujsnw 32 jpc.d2lws :x.s8u/2joare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glasn j hl5tre 1tpz 0m-;-pfi.k;fs thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.nh p;er-ki 1zp.f05f mtltj; -0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 445 )yq 3e -ghy4xdfr utqw-ds12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximate;ha9pczv2,eh 1cov , zly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperv ,epoc hz 1v2ha;z,9cature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, k8 eow fp.+5:v)tthn frivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the holet+ fv8ef5)h.kownt :p. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a-mmj8u;fq e*bnvr 0k /t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 c4wfvp(q+3v+zl e.l o qm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fqel4o+w f pl 3z.v+vq(rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim w v4hm xjy7 *w;r/*p ,vizab5hdith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that k 8gm;nmbaffn/ke 6;5- wzlz855.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring maded/ ruupw ,r39ku0wzckx-3q t* of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i6q2s; gbqekeb k).n*un a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the co 2 qu6bekk;n s.qe)g*befficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den1 )vj3v; usgwbd k -rwj6g.4odsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear p51da,x(;zq ge(wqs,oatms 4 expa,x(qo ( ps1asdmgw4q; zt, ea5nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s3t 88 hm/y1lnndqwop* olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock /s,(1ocitmp.l;io fuis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 171oiic/.lu f p,m(so;t $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merc* s yuwqh06(xrbf42jjury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum jj*6s r2y bwxuf0q(h4e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumiq 7r:v, giqohu,ip,, xnum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its ,pru,qxio7 :i q, v,ghaxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lezye5m w 0- wgq5mvrex57r ;rqboe3 5u,1f,zyongth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it ato55fw 5wvqo;eq,gr3e-y zxuzrm,1ey7 r m5b0 this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of mc6nh ynp /bx*2rh1h5 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm df7fl*fu kk/owa bf.t9txjcr9 .h 6s7g 8gb-(at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scal7pjg7 ul+ah -ue:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit hqtvc-)ja.* ,uos 3inscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Su3 z 7bnwblxy;hk7e -;tn are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmose j:w. 7o2zsidy: c0ca5izv;v1sfv9vpheric pressure and a temperature zw:v2c. 0cv5jsaes v z9:vi7 1dif y;oof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg.l 41b c.h,h*fhi a x2fui0bufen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 qy7vxl*h8x w ee0jw8k.o,nh:kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contad:.s ( 6shqw.wie u2cbins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.n :tbhnvr xezx )2+:f40$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holutc2z+ +d:kr o+g/ld9iya kt3ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at c3itrk:d+lz oad+9k+/g t uy2385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofboe/d ic0; s6l4iy, if $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i l+1:ecif-lr if*pa lz/l ::qcts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, l:qpf e1 +/ -cz::li*ilcrafl which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air r48jv 8tiy3v e n29mvoat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 181b:lz ysynj ,fz69g.uk pq 51,slor9d.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 12+v c l62huzspjhp+b $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m g7pt xxz(hw)6olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there igf/o 555npsopku 1csebp1 5x:n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol rng0yspdj))vn)m3ujp*;a j;es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.4a9us. quhm)ga)7 )itwi ec1 z1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaa,ksrj h;3iuo2t (4snle that were also in t3uas, jh;nio k2( 4srthe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mlla2de( p),5sub6 iaholecule at STP)p ds 5,6ubaih(a2 ell?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun qj3 65yuqiy4unv;ue3 at a temperature jyv5 ; 6iqy433eunu uqof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gasol+d qw3kv* h) molecules increase if the temperature is incre) 3wvh*l+q kodased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following si x6w w(2fv;ku6a- wskpeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, aw6uwf( w-k v2s; 6ixk0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g*e* n 5w7bgntuas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itik lwaae.h4*4gia7 q7 jok:/rs volume is held constant, by what factor doesa4wrhg7oa.akj4 i:qk7i /l*e $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in ky/snse mc d(8)lv(si n.a-(ya gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the kxb8hkh wl,6/ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular b,khl xhk w86/masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain;lrjkne )pi3peq 7 d7)ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee+ nhcsj7kpt;4rert)3 d of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST4kyh5 bl-e kf 0::fm unts*8gmP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in aul4 kxuod(k0im0y8:m8h5 fwy li5m:mx0uyih dyk 0 4wkluo f8(8ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P 1o cq .8/.z1y+zir1j tuhigmamz;e.s of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani oyx 0.-hlitcl(a-o i;um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, inga d 2*;8inmc( dmaxk80b vi3h what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is6zb72(q zulkd ia/ ps* (a) 90 7u(d 2k*/6pibalz sqz$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately *p/ori7 hw1ch) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the te7wohhp/ r*1icmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watef*f xjcl)t /d22yoov)hcub*- r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mol2h9,dvvp d3cuntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatu39dc 2v hdpl,vre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530eqo 0le90b tb0 Pa and the relative humidi00ob 0eqt 9lbety is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water ont22np.fqn5e9on)yj b d1 *y fw a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure in8 hnrh irv k-.48i3 n21q7xklxplxz;y side a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a teh8r;.ynnvk -ix z3 2rx71px l84hqiklmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room jgc9nltpocnuhcr, c+3*f4 ) + of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pr :ubm1-avo y.oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinos,yb jlu/ b-/x3u c+me molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of xb+/u-3bcu/m,yo j s l15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to t63btlzyn +z yafz16z; he interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is al61+y3 6ay;fb zzzntzbout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20y15pu16k q( 3 mvzudy;3 ds 4towy6zpg$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c1bh ;4twbnvzjmj5 d3bvg37 dyr0 tq6uw .k1)b alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te sk7cfv e7z n5.rny.nj3jg.8bmperature. How much error w3s nr. ngfvkbj75 z..8ny ce7jill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylintx7vg 0t+ e6mtder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have bev0e+ gttxtm7 6en blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules ir0p(jjk5bl hq+ kda.0n a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m0bq a5hjdplj+(kr 0k. . Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mak,jsvez*po .+w bg3h4tter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bes,eqm;j; byzmyh2g y, ((9jrsxt available vacuum techniques is abouj9qj ,; (ygse; bmy( hzmxyr2,t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full caxf 52h h9su 1smyf/kt+pacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable? hu5/9+fmf1sx 2thksy    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth*zlqe( hr*xz 4c2o0nt’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tz0tq*o( n2cz*her 4l xemperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas(7u1)mls d /fn8 edojqed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 fo p.(32muxuqwnf . vn.ytz3pu9d0)i70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atidt.tmv r-9 3ir b-7hhmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of a v7 h3-9mtirri -dthb.ir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conp +4.f4yfgn -d;dx,;vra0y vtanm. rltained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psiu91. ,jxulba9wf: w ui (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the uux9b uwf:.a,lji 1 w9flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercu qz5pgxew0 .2qry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 9he0w1mcr+j b at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s n7pg o*,na:e pequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tiq t/hvwe-j6z5qn wv* 1ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th fehoy n2,;eakt.-f dz. 05ilxe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press56z x,aoycg4mure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tzgpg*l5,+okea hm+ 0uhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is su5u c;mq5m ge:nva 6iwe hp5*/fp1ydr 8spended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertica rc/ep:*qmep5y i5a v 86g1d; hfw5nmully upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depthndipfrl/e 9x;3udtc.a*,, qsv3x w4 k of 14.nfi4c,.;e3 sud,l 3rkq dwxa*xtp/v90 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapow:j, httbs78 zr pressure in the air on the following two days: :t,8b7t h sjwz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ST9ku ;c /ryg*esP, and when it is a solid deep in/ k*sye ug9rc; the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constan2+8-x p gn7 3dhd (omwzjgdpz.t pressure, the coefficient ofd2dg7woxmn gjz3 hdp+ (8 -pz. volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplep,411cd yikx yc sw2*m constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and *wp scmx ,2i y14ck1ydmildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg