Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a z 7 jlucujuxfh:5w2(3 lr.e0:x7 mb q84yrrdvluminum? See the periodic table or Appelurjuylr4 c:jvrmqz 2377x5exwbuh .0:8(dfndix B.

Name several properties of materials that couldd73tttgb(5.iijmqh :yx+)j j be exploited to make a thermomet+higmxtyjd tqbi.37()5:jj t er.

Which is larger, 1 C .5 ;qqo19ys bj4 lhzvh$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B* dxt;x(t 3mttbmfh,* f*vohl7 n y0z3 is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can ymhfo*hn l0t tt33(y* bxv; xf*m,d7 tzou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic striomcro d w1;-v-cb1yhj. 6 b/jyp consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cu;dj.vboc ho y-w/-y rjb1c6m1rve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linev.ht8 1al f*wear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a+4m*: jxsi bzo furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different mei os4bm*:xzj+tals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ayoc*+mc9u6a 43je2up(dqzsv re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whc jsuuy ac 2(qomdz9v*36+pe 4y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsaiv6ce y)gw8; in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer i8 m1m. 4 m mo a5ouql3,rrb,p-am)xqiqs first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially ,o4auq mlarp18 )m,rx-o3mmmq 5 iq .bdescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mayr vqd.mabxxsi:m*0 oc0,e x4* break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainei 4rx,.mcb s0x :v*dx*moaq0 .

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie1tkjz vl,j h**nt of linear expansion is much smaller 1lk* hvjj*zt, than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acfzmk3z n)7xp9 ,pien 9curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus*lvv0ag*mb o6j)0at: o 6zwema 1 wzi(e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. z0l*b(ma tg *imvw1)ae6a: oo6jw0z vWhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresseg.+0a j5ial ktjc-msdb 5 y+*ed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expandsj ictes0lkd a*5. ay5 b++jg-m against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force frima -b c q-h2ong-5w./zx0 ws jf/3yon an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if -zhxqfo3bnw mf/.a2c-j isw gy-50 r/the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the r cz ,eq1yf(s4:7tt djvks,7vr0au ww *elation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t1,sfj,w4ty7wrqu 0a*c7sd v(vezt: k emperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froy ,.s8wq6/m eqjjv0xgo;x(r j m kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the pi,e-y9p5tier kw,hsm ;4 x)q ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum s 6ah )dgc0b4vs +bgv9svlz0 +upeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth l0+4vc)zha+u0dbvg96g bs vsdue to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can y0sdt z3dly .:;q+j noyou infer about thoj;dnsyy+ 3q dzl:t .0e molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tha)fy)u jf tavy4-go n36n a hot dry day at the same temperature.o yufany3-) j64g)vft

Is it possible to boil water at95 1e))rwuw emy xezidh:n*p. 4w4bte room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity ihp7ef) *,xoxisc cw. 3s u9v5us different. Which iecf*x so35h7, cusi wuxpv)9 .s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated bcpmxu24)1a; w1n ehi47l )dwpl3cdw automobile engicxuwd alwip 41w)73mhnp)2l db14 e;cne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. (kb-jru(i ,fn 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penqxe d0lca-/wpc+ 8-u)i bmmt k*m4+um ny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atojqx*nlst ys0)t 27yshy0r 9n 9ms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the stlhyy9 )j27qty0 9x0nsrn *s same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is 2)use6mvs 04-tm r+ 6ydllxn voften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?4t2 vsys0l vmdl -x )+ruem66n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesiv-gc.hj c.(d 0/ lsdv2ch5g tt temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengthxnu8uj.dei*/wf6a w8 11.82 cm at 0.0/u8d6nwe.jwa *8ux i f $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1ms9y1lr w4mxegp-c tb36cb6m m8 r;5x2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ironbbrc5 lq 6/smdj;h( ygw2; pi: approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag5: gyd6bwql( cs;2hpibr m;/je temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thbahc) :q. y3yoat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.ao):h.byqcy 3 869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atdc/wo.*l(l k k+ 5joqk 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What 5yhw 5d4.:g dh.pl rvuwill be its change in volume if it is.gh v5 w:dh .pdl4uy5r heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fb;;tzdth3v 3billed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 +,(xbm;m mma,qhci;h0 y +vvcmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plas6 n*o*.o.,i0)kwz r -swnqtw4hv bojgzq57aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essenflz bap 50ctw)cr3g: dbi; )8otially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficie ;b d5oic wa)ltr:)38f gzcb0pnt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chur5al 4-g7tz pdq26oynj;+9asnem3u ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width gpdr4p9) fyzm 18ph1 mw has coefficient of linear expansioz mrfp9dmhppy18) 1 4gn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid:za-mr /zk07q) kl(yvu i mcnc2q+8et, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather c5b-yg/u/ jz/ yj0, ojkh yw ,ny73klyllock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 y3kg0 /jy/ whnyz7-o/ju l5 yjk,y,l b$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercdox35iwqk +1efb* v2889q5 qxeeq 3dzvacj1oury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bul8q*1id j vo 3qee9cvxq25bz x85w1kedo3 q+ afb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.qg)2m 8m2x b rk(b(yptc/tr5k41 m is rotating about its axle 8q(b2rt 2)rc5mpx(mk gyk b/t on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much struxx--3i7 k zirr 3a0o4oo:b;2x lryybess is required to keep it at thisrx;xi xo yr4-oz2a0ulbrobi7y3:3k- length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steqjv-k*5 foc 7rdjxbz-bkbm ;u12p48nn kf/t+el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter66 c) uqu4bfwo 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: np+xs s: ed*ii4+u ;ddukx :s.
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th0spn3 oj3uj+x9c g q9fe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ,5di kp*z h(snk/6cj,n fe rxqp6o ;4xabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure mdg8 r0m9mo k /vvp:9 k3:ziizand a temperature of about 99 z30/r ziomk 8gpki:mvd:mv20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oq *m:t5)dv..hs pq3updd aomj8 i+ e4ff oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o oa/0wwe2ha8uslj /c5p5e l,mf nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain *;hfrwex2s)0 qgrlu5s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium y5y/2qnq:svj 6k m:xlgas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 3*jkkvm th zl)/+2yb;m5.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K k/*h+bm) mklzjv;2 yt?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o.81 bj xiogeja;g lps-ly( 7-tf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by nf+:jiu,pz spw6yy53heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is6:fpp5 n 3yi ywuzsj,+ 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 qrqd1g 1l;k 7t$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.a5oqs76b/8sun 9 v khj0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapesex0vdnx ye;e:ce*5jgg02ku/y7* d 9b r*ktfn a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of hb z.e9k+oqr 7+6; znyo;kz l22z zjntmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? t. cd1frgc.k2    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of az jm6e,aryik788 b9y(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1vhs mr ./dv8f.pa4l9 k$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b,1ujwfo hb .9aez5hg77ii8f)s(j c vf zful.9reath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of conj5ewa19 ofgfzb7uzs8i) h7f v9ic(, .lu.jhf stant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an 43:lofus2hh3ap:rqv oxygen molecule at STP3 vp hqa:2 f3sh4ulr:o?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempeqmsx5b9 -7v 8uxp*krerature* x-9 xvpk sm8qbe5u7r of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temppck/vgabo4o81ha /eq ifj-: (erature is inc i-/h/g:apf8oe1oqb4c v( kjareased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kmi0k-mxicnq) -aocqqrd59 7 x6db8*xi d qk3r (/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, an mdxic(ro)da ir9qx8i-qnckq d xq*b6-073 5kd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a i p egsgh)p)j5: c,vg+gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is d 1 +ibqslh* u+9 h61uordf;sefoubled while its volume is held constant, by what facu +b fol 1def rsqsui6+9hh*;1tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given b1lp hmce1un5iy d h5jv6h)0z 4y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t.4we ftw9 )amjhe same temperature, the ratio of their e9fj4w.tw)am rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of 96:41 0 y proefeqtinunitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge eopwr ).u8h)xn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moo:a 0kmxm.g )w4if*d zlecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul c9-mtq-:tpqgar mass is 89 u in a living cel-c:9 -q qtmpgtl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = buz 5gz;w9.hrnm1 /ye4k6k q o$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,ik(8n g1cem 0o $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pqbl dizv6)( *g 7lx0lwressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem;f+wyimer 0 njjq1 b58perature is (a) 1n;je f+8mwq y5j 0ibr90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th +gtiq uj9t0v;;yn /tie humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature t uq0tjyn it;9g;v+/i is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressureuoi3v,77 .ekvejtd s8 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a4ab.db;5y5mutigh. (q i- wzwt a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temp b;m4ad wq5 thzyw 5ui(.b-gi.erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when 9qg8w)kjuj,m o co3:u the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi)g wk89c3q:,oujm ouj ty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water oy fvcu4 +gd7u7n a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prrdovq// kziuo9g 84.pessure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ooz4kuoi g/ q9rd/v .8pf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a g +a9 xfia/ q)u2)zyri e05katroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of tdkpk vvb8(*-w8v 5 wk5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to di3g2a,;ibym 3 ri9brqp*zp (cj ffuse a distani(92p3*aczqr;gjpmby br 3,ice of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thr8 owjje,5mnx1 ough tiny tubes called tracheae. An av w 8jjxoe15n,merage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 277xrxz 1.adr-iem h x20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c+ev 8o3 r,krboalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mi-b(shk2 qda u2z*i;il*5ifkuch error will be made in ushi 2( kiqk*;f-5 2bia zd*ila recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas c/eu b- 8vtvxz.e/y is2ylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to y .it8exe-zvbs/v2 /u 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3. vwbe bm:21 a3doigb3sz3x)k11 m, andzv3:1iae 1sb2k3bxd3b)w gmo height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dens6e t 6obzu- 4xk3u;dmgity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquexk;z fm0ya;4ac - *hif/rmqf8s is aboum q* /x4fz8ham;iyfa ;0 -rfkct $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 my;onk3 -apo9yf - (ons below the surface, to what volume would his lungs exysy(o3a ;pk non o-9f-pand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returm4 v;f tzlts2-ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materfzvt-tsl4 m;2 ials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasedd+q0b pyf*i 4ekyf6jkj;z38 m from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77tr(fsi-c ebh11 nfq*8u)nn:j0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure 5hn( hlvz36 yhat the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculesy3v hh5h(z6n l in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculescv;8qa ;feb 3 e*hbp5c contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyge v3u+8mc alzbab8ix54n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Howmb+bc5uvazl 34 x 8ia8 long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidgp/mbp.n aqszs(34 zuh 9s9 6j mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at vg wd6kd;.i x(0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ep:u hf0,-oezz quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto* 9lrn(rb/hsceh bu55 a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted iojjv jz 082o7qn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20 ,djeyb6qqsn )c*i 27v$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the cdcddkd 9u0w:zm/ s++Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid iiu68 q)6oa 0aigo,nok s suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the li)aqk,ai80oo ng 6u6iod elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cakapdj, pj8875wbo6om-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant a pjb p86ajdaw, o785kot 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air 2i(j3nwt g:z fed2o o5wqn/k9on the following two days: ewtdn no 9f2 zq:/iw5oj3kg(2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differev c) ;f.h:7bt cu9g j)aj.ecq2ivd*cwnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid u2vagqv tw)fcc.dec7ij. ;*9bh)j c: deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gau)i *1b(;ybpr gn ;cmts vy*g)s at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal pug b*n*( m;tiby)crvg)s; 1yto $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.