Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See6ik/4aoakaq r x)-v/ y the periodic table or Appendi-x/)a/ rqiky voa4ak 6x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex/: z4k eg; s)kckju7qakb+u7x:e:ct sploited to make a thermometeak74/: qc )7 te+x: u;zu kb:sgkksecjr.

Which is larger, 1 C 0l mll+-ww m8noa:he-$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is*p y64fyxww, f not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t,x6fy f4yp*wwhe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strckyopqv45kc6 / )ib7 rip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tkc v5oqy6rp ) /icbk47able 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient oqkmk (p 5yf8/e1tx7lif linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrvq agqh ( jqu31n/q6j42nyn0 uc s+i;ram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the fn2j h6;cu(u nr / yg3aq1n0 4vqjqqs+iurnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 0 dw7ury*/iuwoften have a section in the shape of a U. Whywd* 70/uw uyir?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atn.n5 kwmyscm b-;7,n8 zpz 0as 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-inowa6jk 6d,2unqo k +qpj8b61e layy 64-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, thew q66udpa q ,oa o2466 jy1k+nkyejlb8 mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is (*jcv1zuu+fqb)bbj) u n.kr9heated or cooled more rapidly t*r9).uvfcjunk)+ub bbzq (j1 han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient,mgu8jo :do .(p2mg qi of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyre2 .oimoq gpd8(, gum:jx.

Will a grandfather clock, ac d*lj,feckq/ ;curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badla2zu1 wt uk* .gkn+h4fxr). kgy the can will nokr )4nt1+ugz.fk ak2 w g*u.hxt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pigvp3 l3;h;f lwvkpyg; u .sr: /7kqrt-ston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explak; r7p /shq wgv:;;lr f v.y3t3glp-ukin these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumin gpu6 m 6y(uagih66e+bum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if te 6b6hm(yuap6ig g u+6he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the h*rboc,t-cjw:tl dr1na 8r*4 relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tem*48w:tr c bhc-j1ta,rrol *dnperature.

Explain in words how /0b+v(ot* p vc9wockrGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in d/wi h96(tzs 2;6 k a4(c ntc.gw3oksfct9 vxithe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objectq+u1hky/.msj must have to leave the Earth anu sy /m+1jh.qkd never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whhs3ss*+i i :( c6rmbchat can you infer about the molecular properties of one relsh (b irm:+c3si*hsc6ative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable that.d5m3tobt;64t- p dzkmsfn7n a hot dry day at the sab.3t t6km- fzsd4n m5d7;ottpme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water y;d(p x,cba,wq4ke8zat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditvh w2ul 5*8kaidl0j+ry is different. Which is more dense,+ u*li2rwjavkd h0l58 the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to openkj trhyk/19 ; *hel2ee the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin h e/ehkyt2lk j;re91*e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (erse zo fe0. :t4b:ro1Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4 /b4qx 2sugq+q (c*vnz-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms lis- he(.b.wshdhji-ofv4 96 in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a idseji -hf.64bwvlh-( oh9s. silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wh8h*:o vk up z7lq.h1wz5trld+at is this on the Celsius scale?vh+lko 1:dqzh* t 7w.pu8rl5z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatur-aiymyvird dy omo6:3j, vx *8.59mdu es recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. :ip kt5yi8wt805pwi:ytk8 8it $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built o7inbt7wwl 1)ole g)( xf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3;sj -dctfh) j(00 m tall. Estimate how much its hef)jh j-ct;ds(ight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a;8 yrt9k27da4f ppjfoxm2q5p re larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is capkdftp 92yq;82pjx4r 5fom7 ooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 7jfpqrqb8ca1li e)/: 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wha/g-2xq tm ey/pfc8*50ubazf bt will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30/-fzb8u *acq 5/m2 yp0bxfget $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the-- im6 zkcef3d brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55o2a0vi e sd,m+ d:fhawlr.4 a*.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to berc)d d3f+n 3a/vo o8ez placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel guf7vwi 90 a8mso it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volumeviguam f7 09w8 expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change okw)5 svoa x+-in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficieb6rw +/wbun sk /ls48gnt of linear exps/wkl 6un4br /+8bwsg ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidprzm 9p, 0-hs4 ;xb6uuvgfvogc(4 +qu, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is maooz:n* ksak ;6l sfw2*de of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 fzsol k;no s:k2*a*6w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamecty 04 lk6pwsl1/+ rtqter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voluml/cks1 0tp64wltqr+ y e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricalfu+ n cu05flh g/8-epb wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about it80lnff 5+ uc b-uh/egps axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the 3du ka h0,:xka4xvwgtr;9;aa desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this len,;t 3 dxv0ka9uwahk;xaa g:4r gth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0 746tznrw ao/t b7zw4s41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1m-boh k3(;eet22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat) h+oyru26 wkdures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F .q9tkeru:f+oahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in omjs9+ 1frk 0p.xz6oszi x4nl am)1/ne5 hlb:the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and ,x2pxqtpa (p25rh v.k( bli,ca temperature of about pl5rkc,p2x( b.i( vxq pa2 ,ht20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the /q (qnc zn7d bm ve*h3n/z6wfqq. a2c.ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (/h/uran(e (7*mmrnz y $N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k)(2oe,rnt xmf /8ttcfg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10m pm+wumux0;so kg*1,gfw/d9.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonq4pwu p swt57*cfu. w9 gas at 38pw4 .*5utpu7 fs9wqcw 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k 8oy,hx:jfy) tg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant liftcos9 77gt b :piuzx;x6 by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballt cpgb :9x7i6;uz x7sooon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with 7 (mj cnnl+m0nair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen abr0af ,ln21zw1 kadr 2t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea ltz j1: 413w3 4f9wfvlhbkzgwbevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / jq 6u,i +todd 7ghk87s$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? p.e1 j9eiox+jsd e +,cHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of r;4ae)6lkgr3dmi85dhe57c r vbi.w p(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1b)l2)bzr c 6vu$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many move3g1g8zojzv(ayb5 l1 z ud02lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high(v2z 10za8 vzjbd3y 1o5lguge and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tr95qh5 h sikpkr:05duj anslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? d0qp95khkujh 5r s5:i   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atog pxy0d /mup1)ms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatupuxy d1/g 0p)mre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the zo.(mw05/iv pdv)4xjhrdj.w rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increo w) rv.0idw5jdjpz4 mx.v/h(ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following ++tum8b z4 mby4vd5nb speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatt5 +bmb4y ub+dnmz 4v8e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in e48v xh3whrd2a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held 3oam7 ey gij)zh i8av.6g9ha* constant, by what factor dv8ghie*y.i6gh3zaaa o9mj )7oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesc6c8h pjd pdmbo078b1 in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatui i 7xv2h8yv0yre, the ratio of their rms speeds is equalv iy2 xvh0i78y to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of f wv q6.oj;o3bo*pod8nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule a;:k)dc)jzaq 4 +o ne9lgxjz(vt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrklo4yq)zng91- pd1zr97rxc l ogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose m c vacef*8jmsr7m +s rg2m,*bbgb: )+lgjf*)q olecular mass is 89 u in a living c +c v27gmsbsj) b+m*,flrgmfj *r ag8c*ebq): ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wot1hu3 -vua p5ul -i5yritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ug ;sm )pvklds7l4pwc r66g)/n ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pres3vznai kwz:rgl gy-7.e*wr,2 sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and thffs, )/+ yz28nu iiy8cqq v7 lz0cydl3e temperature is (a) 90qdzy)z8cvn fu32+ i s/y q0l 8lfi,y7c $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appr( uxieqzr7cx8 g195h loximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 e l9c1h7 guixx8q5 zr($^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wazlv2w(k 4c 8pvter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in thedvk50t/0trdn m3/v 1n- q t,hikz7hnf mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate th 10ztn-/ 5k /3rti nqkm,vd7f0nthdvhe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial prah* ;- m)ortlx0 5c8petb+eu/g wgk1qessure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?8 m lwc*q0/ -er tbx+hetggo k;15apu) $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wheh eb,14jqv, ycixo+r( n the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximatnr b h;.1)l im;dayw*xe pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature *ym1nh;)xrw i; d.balof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomly;i)ht v5.d+ fcty *g of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point f8*mu1e y;(j3lqo0f rmxvf/f of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a n6o6) l3 26swjg imjcidistance l scgwjm6nj6)3i oi62of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throu0u q pus2s zu kus2b4gyhu2i*/5n-jd:gh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is k ybz*n2ijuus4d0g5-hu/su2 2: sup q about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has 6+lz7tmf;z nku53 ka 7-/ubixsk6 tbjbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hrt ang 5l2.t4ifv1 nn;as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was 9 gg)ry8enc4t-q8ogs calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the w 8oggn-4yq9ge )r tcs8ater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium dp5 +h6ynqkxw g,4 ld6,0rzcogas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 adg whql +r,cnkyz 46,0dx56p otm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rrf +pfqg7)qn( o;a3uzn 5cje*oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 5pej )a+czq*q nf(;ufno3 g7r m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the do c. 6nsxzehchi2,*7oensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum ts 0c r(o1 ofxxp0)hnq6echniques is abou1qc00n)x rshpfxoo6( t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 w;t s0(+xtbk kL when 10 m below the surface, to 0 +kx(wt;s kbtwhat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enterxt2t )gyn)/yvlam 1,qs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, pa2)qng/mxa )1tvl,yy t rt of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas *b3 pk3;mfljt:,jqgped from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumepci(iwmq t,.(*, gb7ezgahvl /o63g p of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of at;rm12qxi5lz8xa+sa yo 4fyx: mospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number oyx8x:m 4foyrq25xi za1 l;as+f air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in h cu8r d:hkorq( -vj ,fqp1 *,+hbl a6rl0tb5ya 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 ai+x0 mdgf9,4 pqwu8lpsi (13,800 ad,g4ix luw0 8m9p+qfkPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at x g005kcj(aq u0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atl;5r9eg)nbh jcw:g r 1l3ow-dqs 4(u s 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’sh1a1 i3irl ps.dc 93cn equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on-sfes w9nz 2mxm(q91 wl db22nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedaw7uo60 ;mcly in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pd4 r. +0+m4nncet zv5xyd3cndressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth im pe8p of +/u hsb.-yu8twm0k0s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can l wpcg ou(kabtgjvw8u 7ke8- ;82c; 1rzid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must7j- 8bpwr1ucgat(28c ez ;v gkw;uko8 rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphg 3og62fcen*aerical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. og63*gn 2cfe aHow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in thxp dcjgi),tl + f:7wr/e air on the following two days: p,x:lrg7d+/) cti wfj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thb* n+dk)xjrh8e density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatureknbhjx *+r8d ) is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lkqsa+yklz ;wl/7y s8c) l( 4hnaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the +c/ny7kh (l; l y4 )8wsqklzsacoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ce(gj, x1gav :lhwohu+v o2-ewum ,a d38llars to prevent rot and mildew. Ifj1o,8(uxw la+h:wvmd2o u,hg v3a- eg the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg