Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum?dwv q*-q, 3v) z-+bq ce8rqmaw See the periodic table or Appendix Bzq,c)+3r-bq qw vv-w qd8*eam.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thml4i7)dwdty ;ermometer.;iym74) twd dl

Which is larger, 1 C 8.zlur7y-i id ;:ae(v tuwj.v$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bumutqmn(78a 7jt B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about thm 7 a7(jmun8qte temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ckw,9mu/nm7y8mptewk 4mm (: of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 1t8/n ckm( epmw,m97yw4mk:mu3–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l8: r o.5szhb+2i rterninear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrt 8k 4p:mgu*3 wz-xoyvam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch v zm4ogxpuy8-k*t :3 wboth contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shce;o: -)1+ s aknfwcivape of a U. Wo1 + i)enw;ca :vscfk-hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fl mfom/o. ;7erqb7jd +zoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer +k.rdzo , 6ut:mtjcc8 is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends aj, .ktco8+dm6c:tr zu bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heateo;4tg8rt) qbnyupg8xzr v8;) d or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.48r8ng y 8o;rp;b quzxvtgt )) Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thaphimv t;q4 y1u* 6 jkl03cj(xaf uruv5cw /f17t its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to ac5pqvurvu*1w34j7htu0kl /cm(iy1x6f f j ;the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurau635b ;x 48u kzmbn(sibtnn wv/-npc 6te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and29k/u w . z6xphwlc1, roprds7 top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happe2u7p1 o h / xsr,9lr6pk.dzwwcned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), isj9,gr;cz*sk q/+inw ts temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, itz,*sc+gqs n9ik/jw ;r cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged mm/og:h q xl 7v n3+h)el+7jpdin water increase or decrease if the temperapdqnm :g+hvlhoej7m+)l3/x 7 ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinz2d3/o*fxrlj1h 1il m etic theory and the relation between average kinetic en*12fmjxlhdo1/ri z l 3ergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folrq8pd .bh7 hvg+a2k/ s( alp,dlows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, toq00l 0hcdkpj +vu1, ohe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for tasm g3zoag 27)he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abgza27s ga3m o)out one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick., lk p3uxk;lyly than water at room temperature. What can you inferl k;y3lpx.k ,u about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry +h.;mcssw zz2qllw- 5 day at the sam mlw-zss+l 5qwzc.;h 2e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (204tm: 6ym 4)dg4s gvpsl x2ylq+ $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is p a,rp4q iv9n(7p ;;bptpero +different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humion p; i4avr(prbpp pt,;7+9eqd air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an o) pcai; z(bug:verheated automobile eac)bp: i uz;g(ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clou33exu s;,nlz xd in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3. uni )apt-)v(kj wuwdzm;2ibd 2;7/ax4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare k:j/ *h1qu iab k54rumto the number in a silver ring of the same masjqbau4i kuk 51/* m:rhs?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the */jtdjg5jc0v Celsius scale?d5/t gc0*jvjj    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and ;ytf192sdcwyg +med :huqurt2:a i(.(tf hr2lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lr *pl )s9wi2lz jfe+1vength 11.82 cm at 0.0lleswpz* +rf21)vi9 j $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 mq1lhdz46yw tj20b* pp long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1zqm3o( lhh o7.h7yzo2 3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hei hlq7hozz.oy(o mh732ght changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger 2r*+bup(c 2 nbtjhuf* than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in df u*2bn2tj+ub* prc(hry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 jawncc 7g8b,m74c qgi:0n;sd$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whatzew1juo5p5 g 9 will be its change in volume if it is heated1g9oz5pe 5juw from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wa9zq ,*zw hsh.y s:af(qter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at f1 90edj,vubq sm5bm;jztef5: b 5 ,ib20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ripek0b sr b:n5 b6a-tr(ng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vs2itpx.1j4 j am vtk9:essel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linexjt4 a2.pt 9mvs1:kjiar expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de*j;(825lrv fnl) ;.ev , rwtdszapyxvnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lenab62 *e) iiqgxgth l and width w has coefficient of linear expibeg a6q* )2ixansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, opo.a to5n:gagbo 250$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfecti u;zn iqs3.n2hrkaaqc+:87 j time at 17ksh.qaqu 8i :njirc 3+z2na;7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ksga6o dx7r k-1 jmz+k2zn/ y:inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voox7 zj:s1 kd/ rng-z6 +yam2kklume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about it 3sbxaxcda yw)g:q,e(mh g:0+s axle on frictionless bearings g+b:ax (gh0deq :cywa sxm,3 )with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whens go),tod;jxxk -9zo0. 0svum7 p5xy b at 15°C. How much stress is required to kee o d sz5o.uyx0v)g ,xbjxksp;9m0o t-7p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal ste m xvfg+r+z pznz.*wkme:(hfi:y733 nel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a)n;/ f/dsb vcz h)wfw)t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures ohj8e rv :xm3ext(/9 rmn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat9k 1tmbw01ad sure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of r tl7gx9z5/ugthe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ap7 vhk3yc8:vxsqh 3j4* x d0udir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ox7u3hx 0k:dsh d438pqj*v vc yf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o;e3htn l:cghr )mdk z(u4/4zwhv *1nlxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k)dvjn5g i+de :g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen2 sc6lil;3lc c ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0l(jh( yz u+3zd$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.08h-pd m(anp hxtn 7*wb)m0a* q-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 8b-xp0(pnh * nammdtwah*)q7385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 2hqz+vg*- lt kkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieve- 0xnbdc3s9v ws its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vol-bsc9nw x0vd3 ume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air -mp4 1jid4jab at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 s(s* zd5go m/q$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at,ieps,dfecae.v:9g( l-x6x4rm ag ( x sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo6ld x)l3*+)dl5caoo u ah8w owlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00 n/68c-m-pavq ez w, bzr-,cry0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,,k5f39i9af8o:lg rgs . idlfa    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5txoi(zx;+c-jz5 olg1.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Lzhu - unmf wl8-3+kvq+ breath you inhale that werewn m hqul+ fzvu-+k8-3 also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energg qe3odh 7df ++dp(5zqy of an oxygen molecule at STP?( qf3o ze+7pdqg5+d dh    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at akl yd7rdew310 temperature of abouy 3 1e7lddw0rkt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesfla.s/e83hr t3ci*4nr(x m cl increase if the temperature is increlrf 33l4(m a ./rc8n*eihx cstased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of k6 heb : 8)obie(vnk+hum/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,)6be ebnh8ihkov u:+ ( 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.037w a k;aoeea 5x-sy(w $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluak i0z4sw o f*,;1 q2ouyohb)rme is held constant, by what fao ruw*soha, f ;yq0ki)z42ob1ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules-98bu vxdss3i b m87yi in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theitqvl fu-az i:.:); 71b* nhmj1rcckzer rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squ mt;1ilze)kr h zq b-vjn17.*cu:cf:aare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuvd.02 /pksw:b tfwru 2les contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol t)*ep yr0c9ryecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance meg66lvynn upyx1-n6( u-x1 cbetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul v :cog.1bvz*dasqu2.ar mass is 89 u in a living ced .. q*v uzbaoc2v:g1sll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a p gxp*.(jk q;sis4o5nl/xsf /gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u6b881n w l q;qt/k ydrk9i0xopranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, 1 su6lv/z1fd+ixz,ll in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature idz45wic h5.h-2rc 2 gyq9sd0pu4thyvr *zt)is (a) pc0 zy924)wu c- t2 5th rydrvi*hd5s4gi zq.h90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximar;yrji0o- hh: tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25h:joirhry -0; $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a4z;k*kv.vynconjbw2o ,d, z 1 place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate(4zjg;c ion7ropd;: h/ tny2v the temperatujchn(/rovoz2 ptd4 g;i; y7: nre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatpzf2u3 qyl7a+k v8v pd6;:xseure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the r: a 3 s72+l kfe8vdq6pvuzyx;pelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressu8nwqfh :+g qf1re of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker iff mk wp59+sjv 7sb8q:e the water is boiling at a temperatkqf+7jvsbpe mws5:98ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooamhb 2tt.e e:3o23k 0vzqbc-bm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d pr(wnz0 2z7hhew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neenh7q5 nivtl,xh0ozkv ;u7 /5vded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1 l /vz7nqhxkn ut7v;,vh5o 50i5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the s ss st ) qe61wt2shav-8oc)ufps27w-vurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross--s )o2q )s6s-hptsw1 7tvcea8wuf sv2sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has +8rrh 1a t-zkdl.8lfs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenrxhy4)/sf9 xq calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normalz+uj h(68g6st qfqhc9 room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wate 6g8h9j uhqt(qzc+f6s r and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After m/z7 b9p ff1ztkany balloons have been blown up f1kpt7f zb9z/, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengbxh0u 0af0j.*b ,jauqth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh ux0 0 b.bfjaaqu,j0*ht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about :r6uz:+kz8mvarkfo5i n jwl v0-,o:done atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina dribrv,; 6k, ywj1r5yble using the best available vacuum techniques is abour r,ikb r1wjy65;,v ydt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver filld zl35lazbi8p. r9 .qgs his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quic.g3bl9r8zi zldapq5 .kly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thdtv+5j fep .+be Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vavjbp+5+t .e dfporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealk5u.7je xfc632qtdq h gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770h+ ,swc7iitg/iewo1qta + mxl2 u5 (4ym$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface o)fk5 me)d/qoof the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules i)5m/ df qoke)on the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containes,-/tycnu (otd in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press0qtjy4;s 3o )cbt.iul ure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant a4t;0)tocjl 3sy.bui qt 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercc iy iz *.+9f5jq-ne*ef*boyqury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline av38lmw0 heudw-w-vk: t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatoh /ddt i;zstyz8o/a0/r at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl,x 7dv3yelbbyb5io qv;5k -6xjt3d(bass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18f6 sz /jwlw+rhf( j8mt5z x.:u$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a-y*vh 3td 0nf8ir4injt 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from +l h/ok3yu)h;4vzih lthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra379iykudy-3q)pqju m5k xr8nvity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have md npkjxuy3k-i958q73 r)qu y a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fronk f +q)ooavo* g60k2im a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rek o+6a i onovq)0*g2fkaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingwuw+8s3d, i. )auaj n0yllg4 t+mlg .e two days: lynila0lt, .+d gsu84mg.jua)ww3e +
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is 7c fox*zey7f*p tws39a solid deep in the E p37*efxf cz9tso y7*warth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to *vuy -l7edm .ni1dc+mshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume.d7* uymn velc-d1im+ expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot p4i)6k b:fv3u uai ,eiand milde:i, 64uib)fi3vp ek auw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg