Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of y/bmci0ed5z+ aluminum? See the periodic table or Appeybz0edi / c+m5ndix B.

Name several properties of materials th9p 5 ,2u:tu akqc-)xqb/ qlimrat could be exploited to make a thermometer.quc ba,:mk tiq-2)u5/rx p ql9

Which is larger, 1 C j1 akm b;osd+d* :::/4fnv jzkz3gtxn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ez60a)h rshha0quilibrium withah 0as6h) zhr0 system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip coni (y ;uycqif9;sists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hintiy uf;ciy;(q9 : See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef2-v6a: n ifnz;q3rppfi()/ dk js x5dgficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thers1+iuvxo0; x amostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be saisx + 0ov;u1xet at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s*k*g9e voum7 obm 6:xrhape of a U.*xo 7 ke*v6bm:r9 oumg Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatkm4rzbn/t32zu/ u vy0fr;tc+s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu-d/ 3,o/xivtgblr48 fgpx6b wb of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exbgp 6x, b i td-xr843ov/fwgl/plain.

A glass container may brel ) 4rq.zpv1 hd;jeekmrknn7,jr 6e10ak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent plqre jr7dh4m1j r een)nz16.k v, 0pk;arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itsc+q6l3 vsxyp 3 coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary 3cv3x lqp6sy+ glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurater 3kw. z91c ufm/mndo* at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bxg c fhui 7ht r-fi2,yi*(7s.oulge so badly the can will not s2f7i rocuhi( yi.,s -g7 fthx*tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempeecmwy3.c6nhk2zhf 2. - o c0ijrature ickzh2w . mn fche6oy0i- .c23jncreases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumr jxl9 i05wv.dinum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if x9d5. i0wlvr jthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charle:o7xhe l 7s/sim;d/jys’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy h;7isle sx /7ydmoj/:and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gakz0af(53gvnuhcmgv, tl6+ / a y-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ix)kxl 4)vnfv.cu6k 8tw oc49 g :u/po:vyoc .ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obh-pm7;ds3vd9*z qu) qghjb- fject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth wzqh3ufq9v-m7b*) jh -g psdd; hat it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tg4:;r( pj 0l,xqm6 mofno.tsphan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the txl os,6pp;jrnqmo.g m f0(:4 molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morqfp)57e0ogk,sv hg6vyr 3 :g) ,leivse uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temper3 )yg :ivog6peeq0r vk)s,l,s5vgf7 hature.

Is it possible to boil water at room ebmh-s9) l-n)u fgcv -temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the a*-kjpwe/gf 1jr.ux h-qw;yx:r m j u:xyss):5ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same yxhj u/.eg :k1p-wq y-jmswr:sr 5* :)j ufxx;T? Explain.

Explain why it is daxcxmbl81) -tnatpw:wg ,d5*kngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile1wn m5 t*wb8 xxd):at,gkl p-c engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?ly*p f4z d/q4p

  How many atoms are there in a2 ia+tk3j mu2 i,tc1dk 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atouh o:y69a syd*/cggd qm ,5n6hms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thecd/nh 65a9*qsy ,g6goy uh md: same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsii z4q(j6d- rmeuc0kp9us scale?c-j 0kerd64u( zmpi 9q   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedevf :z1ntaw;;i.of b- are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colhjs;p p e8k 7. zcf4et7fn/f.bumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ;st 7fpe. f.pz/j kb48f enhc7$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu4qioq bm/l8u.vvtdz1tk ; k0 9ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrw/a asm(ea p4bcz; n5+ought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average twa m/ b+45sna (e;aczpemperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larq5ov) 0.n hp4ws ds(jsger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry icvno.jq )s( s40hds 5wpe) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ac m3vqj;:3kw jpx0+clnkl;; wt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterfydq.lc9z+5gixs ;6ay n1 d 4mjm2p*m. What will be its change in volume if it is heated 45ycm2qdpg m;9liz6sy*ad.j 1fnx +m from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o ur8mw, z0op*sqn 69pkf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o c(u (f3eo3 d;aowsmd9f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro ;l*o -k)4ea31w(ip skhcg6ujkffn;x) n; ucc n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe1qpfg;a csrci,)9m5md in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal ; gs1 rfpi95qmamc,c) to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changei w6 givz. 69p6nj8zhj in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has e/m/-, kt4 sqlymof.ecoefficient of linear expansi//l, .o-q4 msmftyekeon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solt,dfl n 2tf-m*id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock i)usufy: 8au8pc:*jb(pwr eg( s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1(8ug8u( crpu:bf yws)ep*ja: 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer;maip oc9pl-6 has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha pla -o;96pcmis a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius b q; gdfq6sr80d -vy-v tc0u4y0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitcy 4grqv-fd-sy;b06 0d8 utqv y $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muce.-;:h x*vccf6 de dekh stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempe. v:d;cc xkefeeh*- d6rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be xy;pta +bo8k2cja 7;n:0svvf4ov7 tf am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1z jdo+bf l34r;22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempepw;dwl9 ssro6s ) +np0ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempek jgjqk 31ck spln3e0t9y/l2;rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures ix)m24al hr d9mn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressurikn n635wo*vn.yo z1y e and a temperature of about 206zvw3*5nn n.1yoi oky $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxhp/hnas7ik 43 ygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg onyuj4(e:oqva7hajj-n - ;a f:f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ni 5gx:ue4bmpd0k--ebud// 1lkl s sq*xtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gavmwte5 t 8uf2,s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kgt51qvfr1sk 9s of argon gas at 19fk s1r5t vsq385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of5 wi2qc:,kwcrs7. fh h $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by h(n9a 4fnj, ly3jd m;5m/ovrgp a+gz9aeating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppf aj/ngg4ma mj,lno9+vpy(d 93;r5 azose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1:t4dlm,be),wcyp2rhi.bz8o - qn5v r 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0*3 u4 a1autug7 adzpc) $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev 0 xpt9i)l2sx ;c1d3/kuo eghrel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of3+ dnb-g hkrzn4a;psr) yb6guq 7:i0e molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0l*e, bgsvxlgt2 mb pw-i-0 3.b00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number x. 7xrh k:3udcof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.l*,d8fjbswr ) v, 9jpc1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale /cg wz2/q;vic qdc;oj)0/ozv that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmzzvcq dwc) 0vgo /cq /2/i;jo;osphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an o sim6n 7(zmwi:)qo9.jhs y6 woxygen molecule at STjiwqsysi:m.6 wn 7zm)o(o h69P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heli x3k97ja szv+zum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaturxvj skz +379zae of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rsc)r*w u.xn8jbi- pwo3 0shfc xmb/,6ms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increase pbj8-)cw.b 0 c3xrfn/i ,so*mwshxu6d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,jiix4p:2/xh*5j lw h q 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,:h4h*5xi wxlqj 2ijp/ 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i fb0t -:jptfi- wde)*vn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fp: 5fn8)gt* gmtq*z4 tgj6glgactol gjgpzq)5tn 6gm**4t:ggft8r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moltgmtg 6qg2i)m/e g 0y ;o6k8znecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same 0l/nk .tdnyp*j i r2k jay/ (5cthymo;7iwk /+temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theia.kkyny j/(d jyn2m75t t0 k/hocr il;wpi*/+r molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moj4y7 p 5f +3uzxk4cvwolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of /-hvm t9w83pi ti4b f4ka1hpfan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol25epc ( yk(;a)pj;x q fvhs9kpecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass ia3fq 60w5zp hes 89 u in a living cell at 37fq zw305ha6p e $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P;90.4;h tpdyik*ga nqs vyps1 = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniur6s*raomx ix, /2ikj )m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,rcw z8lh 6c3 2zifoyy76h:nf88 c(nxs in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wh2.jcsj 6 x c*frhz; a89t t4q(vxacac-en the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 f6qcx jz; jh*4-t caa cv9rax.c2t 8s($^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximaps:3rxxq 5k2v q1bl0i tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the te3lx:q b2ksi0x5r vp1 qmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where ufu gxqf88z3z oy.2d.-oh 0wklx1s/pwater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti a(.f kesswjfre(ej 0- 6.wk6pmate the tempefe(j 6s0eewkw -(par.fkj . 6srature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofuy 1(aag25 pux8y6py xpxw)c5 water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%(a2xx wg5uyyup a56 p)xy8 1cp? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres,.ew szpv17 n-dqc2utsure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside// alg ul3hx kak32qwmd 480vk a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatmq //ha gld4kkuwxlv3320k8a ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680a 9dywtcs55 (k$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po74 hsb6,orgjd/a9tgx yh nmwc k:42 a6int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see):rjv f31+h hmghmsqz(y e2 e5 Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 1z5)ghqjy f2 eeh3+shmrv(m:of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughgrq :s-);xovlly 1gi1r - hoz+l8lm ,q *cn0fp tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long angqi- 8lh1*czy fxol,l;:0vr+smro l- n1)qgp d has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been*.g.g qpvmk7 f ntf1e0 calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure m*kib6yt6 hk7has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratch)izv+vjs 86j9)u/ko ubz 5y8y,dbsed at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watb)vd )vk ,+h8zcjzyb y5s su/6iu98ojer, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a( o 4 w6;egq;/vrgje*ne8or-7oxzehg helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown *q7;n/woezjrgh(- er8e4 6e ogx g;voup, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wiwlc 8jd1178g.q zyp* o-fee xxdth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume j17e 1fw-xcpxz8l8 yoeqd*.g the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter i8oj5pnpp e5-m s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi4.gq9fsbz4duu rkf 89ng the best available vacuum techniques is abou.fdr9 84 bufk9sguz 4qt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bel.n dhb *9e;*cezagxtm7 1el/bow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expa7nezbx;.e*h cadmt e 91 l/gb*nd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a8+enmoh uf/ .5s4iuab speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; inm5beah ouf.u n4+s i8/deed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas**tfeecwmqrt(*+h4 t ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770y.6u ht wka;tp* eki14m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the s--ytbnj1*1zg s t8qdqurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmb-y*ndzg8q-11tts jqosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contarl,ttexs 8:-f(( a7;p7fm moz d.d xvvined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitwyp1vp/f2x*z en.:-kgu a jjh , w5:tkal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last i ywnp xh,v:2k-tu.azjg*pef:w kj15/f the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m)4gomrhq. yd +ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolod;p0dlvz ;m l1)in)5. ;,cii.qfs qiiipt 4gine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugla6rbi7 a(/djqy around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gla; cz ig+cr6fx- df2*8yjvd ;mgss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thq-.cqjdog oo j 9a 7i6*o3m9dce 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a nvn3h,hayfij ):cpsltj3h,)j/l 9p /t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartbqk0/vdv :)m oh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can la4+ t66 rr6 nol ozu32kiwu;ljid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. H6ln66jk4+3 2z lutoro;riwua ow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of eeqe3u/2m-z*ftu c 5 mair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as 2/f z3*5-e mcueqeumta perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on tlqi++6s; m fm*y a/np.digml8he following two days: m+g* fia8dln s.mqy+6/m;lp i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at S2n (8: (5pcliy4arysr cms )rvTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ea s8nacrs)imycr 2:lyvr(5p4(rth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant 7ng1l38 v0(lh 0x bw0-whp/tbzm mseq pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to(lh0wz 7xgtl bwmseb3v / mh1p0q-80n $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopl rq/t7jsndq(i6e yipt*g t13pted(3)e constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar pje*nidy6g (tt(/)71t 3 qridpse 3 qtin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg