Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofbdz l4aroqcv2sm ( 8. pc:2ml* aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix ro cqm8 2m: v24cdpll.sbza(*B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exgdg/z54ou9bcju 3nq a1 p 6 uuo5;os7lploited to make a thermomet7g1b6gpa3oujo/quzu9un o 5d4 c ;sl5er.

Which is larger, 1 C vxdtk5eh( dd8( j:-hl $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not aa-7j,ixu2vmin thermal equilibrium with system m2,xvja-7 aui C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consibtywgm:) ,,tu sts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tablew gby,tt m):u, 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearb9j,6 s7g8sg2lxyn mf expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple ther0a noxl6/o vn8mostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips n6n0 vxo/8alo of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in,hw(5 :kjkah2 nxx fm8;.dzqp the shape of a Ua.(zxhkk; 5dxpf28mj n:q w,h. Why?

A flat, uniform cyli-a 7io -(sf5c rhnnuz4gsf76mnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plaaxu2l)wsr5 6*ho p)vsced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit anspr v *o2u xlhs))65wad then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coo9t9n gut,i tv0led more rapidly tinutt0vt 9, g9han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gx4)o pmf4c dc3o0ydz2 i5 t-lelass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordmo4xi4) tp-fe0d d 2c5l3ozcyinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate au;rs /yk*rt;jt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlc; ei*hosl6-5cnu71k d jmp(t y the can will not stand up. Wha;6 jcdnu 1mt5k s7*-(lpheicot has happened?

When a gas is rapidly cofxg 8 p,hbl bhi0+4n,gr /wc -f-xjs2bmpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kgsh 0fb 8b cpg ijwbr, hnfx4/-,xl+-2inetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on a go+ o+- re+quu5;pqhdn aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from u+5hrq- + ;podeuq +go20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the 5/v7:yxmj uee(n- o00uz6e0 n)fajot(ctircrelation between average kinetic energ6- /ycjj0ztea() tnur 7vu0 ieofc0on: e5(xmy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from2 iowpkr-bqqulfe( n-vjo:6 v 50s+ 6w kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’upoug:o5 q lru)lr).tyy/ +3rs atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ankz638bf5cfl7t ldan9 object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has prac 7b59ztn llk863a fdfctically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qsx,:qp z 5u/:ssqywp,uickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular p, qyqzp5 pusss/,x::wroperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabld f9g5i3ri(/k*l g9d + bmfvxde than a hot dry day at the same temperkrmdg v*d/x f(b f+g9i3ldi 59ature.

Is it possible to boil water at roor;y7 vh-+i1n /l ronva )lyh1om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditai vs )vr:jp:dw 0,rn2y is different. Which is :dwn pvar:v0) 2 ,sirjmore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autom2cn*nl,m j 0u3d rw7zmobile engi,rn lu2 3mc07* jnzdwmne.

Why does exhaled air appear5 u-u )3q. .pojxmmrbj as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g/8jzx.xw1vu d*2 ifl eram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring com0 ,17z*.4k j5p gd, thzwbfp,t1rlelhayah4epare to the number in a silver ring of the saw,,r y44j7, t*pe5faa0dg hl hkzbhlz1.et1pme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiivc3 go63dg4k* 0e9tbz f.jne us scale?fkot3c9 nj0giz6ge be 4*.dv3   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco b0i+ 1kgfw::hwbd *lorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cloh0 h84ii. anx1;zllm at 0.xn zih .a1i 0oll4h8;l0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m louybq3a ;7 9ieang (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is(7sqw (- (tjamfdqq i0 built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averag(f(i-qa(sq7qwt0 jmde temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetsrp ,7o0s *ivxqybta:( that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in dib,a0y(t 7o:*v xrpqisameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4(q8 8vjwsy-,hesw +d e $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chaf io0w jix dov(z3:m5p) a.le-nge in volume if it is h(0aj5vipi mw x) z-o:3e.olfdeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled t 2moz v4qd)srsvgu:42o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 557i l0l) 7 t.ghv,o+dpwlsfw a,.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a xe(;*erh /r h53sivc0kgo7t p ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vess sujzq dw6h.,3vx/rlf0os y(e6 w)zp+el so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the e o,j/rph)lx6 0 s6fu (+y3wsqzdwze.vffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change * thqh97a-ndj in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate dor ,d j:t9q4aof length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan9:d oraj4t ,dqsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sbga asz pl4;42olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gratx5 . as w.8;9r-fxuhwxg,eea ndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1u5. 9se xwga-at.rxh,w;x8 ef7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha rsun8+iz. zggy0t** cs an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25+ zsg80cyg*n*. u tirz5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel w 7i5 m7w:mei/v grj+cqtpp-(of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its i+em:/vc w(p- imq5 rtpj7w7gaxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much streskgj 8k.wyl7t srj5gsv8 5b w)+s is required to keep it at this length if the t7)wjvs85 t8.lwj5sb+ gk rgy kemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se0hx c1qln ezb1a/vr-p1vtb 98ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a3gj pzou5/cdok;lr / vzi (4e1u)7h kyt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempu 2ls(1i 0suoxeratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature o zu/o /;msp qc-bna21jn the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arebo8qvfx,l3)-z 3i nun ojh87b about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric1*w n3-xw5ubo0pkw av pressure and a temperature n3 wx-10wwk pu b5ov*aof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idu : y(e,l26 wfl.+wnwca ya8dieal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nts - w0mnlvwcv h((70fitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogelh/8mlgq *k*s6gofw 6a0c u6+dks/ ed n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.c f(j):o mw*ry*5ugfj0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-ml9rgf(kc1j )L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38) g9kmjr (clf15 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 )how bm ) io0ff31, sfpca)miez f:,x+kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buthd746wz2m y noyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon isn zy7w d2h4t6m 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airi s2-mifd-o ;fbnh)w 5 at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.iil9bzs cq /890 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev70.l-kf 0 d6cmmgy-vl+ (oivx7e juzbel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moq o3o( hj/zkl0lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are then rhy8 s3yc-9s *c/fjire in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,; k je/b;xa9qg    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 59sbof,6k4 k q mco:o1r.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are iqxvvr-a io(.t 7go qnt*u,u;md,kgc z6t (i.+n each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10i*m-v.iv utuzotrg6xo(qn.a +t,(, c g7dk q; km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averaiydmaq19:m,4 y py.cage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPi,14 dacyy q9p y.:amm?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of*9lx bo /ututgn8eab/b/2ff 8 the Sun at a temperat8 u8o /*x fl2t uabegb9bt/n/fure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas m 7ot kbbmkxq2j;ybml/w ;r70 j:x5q2 bolecules increase if the temperature is increased fkbbkl;j;to x:yq x70qb/52j m2m wbr7rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeddtv /) rj0 u*;sgs,) uy8vlbnlj:ik 9es, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sl ;vs)lvr/kg:d0teu b9)nji,suy8* jpeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol(ig o +p eoz.ty.x8j7zecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whbqf(1)m-g k rtat factor rq(b-tgkm1)fdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givenrbh (-4brtdth*m -hy * by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tw n3(p w1jt r(opbmm9t5o gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squarb9tpwo 53 tm(rnmj (1pe roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containl :pn w9wht5;ied in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule g7( 5uvic,b qlk2tpzxpdkq.6+2y un8at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweembc buf - 3:zx2i40jiyn nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molv : o.1g ecf/z,2 wxzq-rys,geecular mass is 89 u in a livioxfvg, zc wr eqsez:2.g1,y/ -ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri.5- h j0bviaa4n-kqrdtten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura elryd/u.7jv* nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prqse.*ja 4v d2dessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressu0;r dujzql g5 ed2/x7ere is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) x5g/de; 0e 2jdzr7u ql90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dayv rxu4.m*bcrvj bb: k3,1tf(t when the temperature is 25tj1b(xc. uvv:3 mt kb,r4fr *b $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wak 52qlp qw1rweeqz.rfo*: . p5ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0) ci13bsm* crie6n;xxr o hg*5.72 atm, estimate the ts6)hi5oixrr*cc g;m *eb 3n1xemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperat qqupafwr*8t1 qrwn0v (2(6ub,paij 9ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid2fquuwqrq, ptjvb10(rn( p w6 8*i 9aaity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thcwi1jyq sd9b;lh2 bm.5 vz)dro (r0 0je temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is b ;ag p .,omu6 w,yc/w3qttio:joiling at a tq , i.;j gy/ut ooact36wwmp,:emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum1l)r k.d0u0yi eyq0qxfio -i7e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of /w(dsf,i s u5j7z::unx/pc3p.nsc vb5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a oc,en 2/ yzo5qdistance of / 5onez,y 2oqc15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects toaiotor--lmhy a ))c qd6v-i )- the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abou mhdc-y)q-iio)-l r aoa6)t-vt 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been w;fk6 e7)sn7u4kiv n icalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali zwkp1wqhx+ 4:4unib) brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal r81y r28bqp()z3 uy+d3r bc)kafaw ucjoom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterd1bfa(bz qa +k w32pc8)uyj)uy8r3 cr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in aed2hk r)sc 4 q 0en:cf.y3c( h*,pefmk helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the 3s(m42 ,ycckhhndfpqe k)erf.*0:e coriginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of klbt2cny) v s-4+6xlmlength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the templn6cbkysv x-) lt+ m42erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of psxtao(y7 5 ohf(w(7gmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the besg /,(e,qa qayat available vacuum techniques is about aq/(q e a,ga,y$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below th ad+; 1mfuz5yoe surface, to what volu1ud yo5z+ afm;me would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the xf ,--wpnwjp (Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/ww,( npxf--p jh Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increacd55ll f;q;z cv6 )jnjsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of s:axynwa n2di r +c3h578c+ gf770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressureunln (,jxsw0wcfmq7y)msv em t7jl9. 04; hu0 at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total mqlvmj , j) n s nx4 u709ful.00wt(;m7hcewsynumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaiq; fod .(q a0cq0ck9*.pe nrx.u5mz tyned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressur b 7 x6xiv+q4*m)d oazgkhn1k+e = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, znxkia7vh+61b dx4km* +gq)o is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui5s /;s/7q-l 5fnpup ywsysj jtc7r7m9d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol20re hm.rygu*ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator ad5bd(a pmx69ft 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20ncidr .etdcptj-jk 87n) 8b 47$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedza-dfvr)x0ln: 2, rz lm,+tmcx4z,cu in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge)ou*u 1 dri3qjd, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thcurvslrvm06s +p 8u+-e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ba bukkulq z, z.;lwb4(+lls thrown vertically upward atzqu lbb, +l.kkwu z(;4 it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releashqw gjlf )kj/)99 o*bxes a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14*hj )bo9 kj9f l/q)gwx.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the vn;n i*rvy5n+ /z ot9xs/l)erzlc r./following two days: o/vi+lx.tz5rznn;e)y9*v n r /s/l r c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP.4lagekbm( 87 mg(xoqysg*wm.9c )n v, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature ia(xkng e.mswg.*) m 9y7q(vo4 8mbcgl s 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show/oz+ppg+ 7p+ g*mtuhki,l 4mr that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tpiuzh7 pt o/ +pg+rgk+,4*mml o $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thyfl.)ar tjni -kx y3g ih6/fwpuap 0z3dz838 *eir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If t j8a-l8appyz rhgz 6y wi 0t3f/.iuxnfd3*k3)he cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg