Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg lny0rye 8/*4hnaeot2 of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apaoy hyln8ne* 4te2 r/0pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be eprjsoc16eu nh4zcp2 7)bzw(:y,x z4bxploited to make a thermometerz4z4,( cj nbx2hce7:p ouwz6sr) p1yb .

Which is larger, 1 C 2 u,sz,ia 8fyy$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermvapqg+ c,* d9val equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wipvagd+q* c9v,th system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists l+d q1;7dix-ezifjnjc(2j ( xof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of thexjdexcj+;l1( i-qj7 d f( 2izn curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe0wx 1 )99m1u krgglzamnt9 e0vnmk*2w fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a 1 /p5iw 4rrr1gdho(ni furnace (or other heating or coolo14rdp gr( 15hwirin/ing system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectycei* 4gu:j: oion in the shape of a U.j:gi *:y4oeuc Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leai lej8nge*dog(8 w (z;d floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watevssn,7ml6r qlf4yl 42r, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risns26y4lmfv sqlr4, l7 es. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part oft oo3o- ih(bv5 it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expoo5it bo3(v-h lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient o3/txq)oxcff/msw3 fphwz8p /u4475 * w mmq rqf linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rip *//hmq358fomf c4)x u /xqzfpqw 47w mstr3wse to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock z(i d+g*f-pi rs+kk wh7p+lh., accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bote:efzrmq 45;/w/p ib n l) 9eg6,clr6dqfvmf.tom and top to bulge so badly the can will n; mqcre5 l69r/4l.fd v)pn,gzm e6w/ bqfief:ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushtp4w0pc h:u6 z1 pvhg*ing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pisto0tc 46ugpv*zhpwp1:h n, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force oi pp+z)awrf34 n an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrez4i3fw p)+ rapase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and m3oipq: f-mkddd8 9v ay7u*y)the relation between average kinetic enef8 -pkmd 7do*q)v9u ay:y mdi3rgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from69cpgk*j5hn i kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’sajp8)inbh9y fj7q e /4g0j;wz atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to l7ly8rbb70fjn6kw j vg tjr9)lg1: -jthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why theyj70rgljb lrj kngtw978vjf6b )l1-: Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tem kw1s4hwf0)7j7dsecmcj kr66q 8y8 xvperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative t8h4 6srw)f7djekjmx0wc6sc87 kqyv1o the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta9irab8jw lsu +mv.7z :ble than a hot dry day at the same tem.:lwr7+zb s9ij vau8mperature.

Is it possible to boil water awp9+4 2:fhz7nmtl/ bjeeah/ rr5) v cjt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper e 44yqzj5a8j/hyut/t ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is mahy jyq j584/t/4ueztore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiat smzr*en ihw8,4g .f8n/th wd8or cap of an overheated automobile engin * i4z./hn 8d8sem,gr n8ftwwhe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?qvu .sg )znmgc q(w+5m3v:m2k

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cz59-kf- r fwtn8tuc*o opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of anmh5k ,v5i9rptoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ringhnimr 95 ,pkv5 of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce +dffch ryt/4y;odb6/8ne :bylsius scale?/brdy4t f +;cd:nhy/y 6of8be   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 0 egs:;kqv ;a wnxl/4btemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass t773+y5pmcn m,s.+hrc ohaf rn hermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 +hfmpcm+c y 7n ,on7hsr ar53.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built *(bye a. rqx w3ty3 x/sj.d),2f7yt nea1bquaof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought k3u a r86sd2lniron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hei l8rkd3n2 us6aght changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are of+4fjflax / 8cgf.oh 8zten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) .f48ag jolcfh+x8 fz/ before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at qsjk s cye8,)34 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diaj+ cxjg; i:4q /yz1ae+ arjgv,meter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fr ;v/+rj cj,1 aq+ygjxiea4 :gzom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim withm en* btt po;c,25ddn4tvnx(og13.ug 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water+ip j rtjs8)o7 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.+dqk+fz)+l +,l.hvx-z3u e mpeq1 kqv At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in ess (hif3ztlj-r -entially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expa3 h-l (jtzri-fnsion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityi51n1-ikc ph 5dsdl,j2reh j9)d c 2bp $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widtaeg.x 4r p4: pvl)kez5 0et+g/t8igceh w has coefficient of linear expansionkizgxeae+ 4 4ge0ltgvt5.pcr:pe8)/ $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sojj0r;deu:q3(nr0r: -grz ) nqxvrd-/ u6abmelid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath8 /)izdnt y,)hgqq x.mer clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 . gh qi/t,d) )8nyxmzq$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter cmvf zu a0lcfuxle( j1 7)1q:ac.;xq+of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2(1mzl1v u c:;alafqex)c +u7 fxq.c0j55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 hxz6 wl kt0:9sm is rotating about its axl hwk6st9: 0xzle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. H w+ f5fc 4u (z,)cls18sekqlhyw1l;vn(aaos- ow much stress is required to keep it at this l58luclk w1-sfs;cn (wovs,4q f +ahzel(a1 y)ength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross- 0in, +ajfdcxsic;6ijuo 9,6u2u8k bksectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 ddjvj 1 j v2(+b swyb87euu-0xcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temwma dn*uy4-sx/4h- x 5vipbs4peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaxkv;4b+ jc g,dese0+;ob pc0ile?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of+ 0edma ghw3rm ,ix95e the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospxvp6h ))3jbps heric pressure and a temperature of about 206j3 spx pvb)h)$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal cq2 xw2hwc ,r/gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 errhd0 ek y4p +7ru:hk*j,t6zkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (hwpm9 zuxy0f t,*am0.ghs4 t ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0v c3ux6i1*p qh$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.9) ubdyl 7v o1mrd4 c65mcopf,0 kg of argon gas at 385 rpl,vm 79od1 ) o5c6b4mdufycK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of vnr k/t51zu oh7)zk *u$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bwu 7 4,61egusksfxr h+alloon, which makes it ,6fksuug +r7xe4 sw1h less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ung;/iiwv 76fr)it ds.jhj8( $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at rwrotq 5x5y ; ku tu5,fjxb sr;kyu131 59yez418.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hgp,c 93j ++ kk2gotsltand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /xuxgh zax4 u39pq, 5 /a(ca/sy $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are themnln0 fv8qg /wq(8cj ;ot. u 1 q::kosvn4zjs5re in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (*)mep4- o bd3x:xxi r.,ngxl xa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.m-hz7w 58ffo,v mpg 9x1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-o ;x (kto:zpxi,,p9 ocf 99dcqL breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume o(zo,t:qk;c9fxpx dco9p, 9i the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kieg+ cjea-+l/n netic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP-ngel+/ +ejc a?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea cnh-ykg lvzp(i *:2saf;sp)0 r the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60s(;-0ah 2*pvkgn l:y) cpf izs00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms 7v*vwpe6ghh v/1; snx fc6b/ yspeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incr6w ng7*/f v 1ebp/hxh 6vysc;veased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 45hsujv q+/hk gmlfif/5*9yu 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcu+lff*yuhjk/g h u59v/ 4mq5islate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in b 2z0vk4gruw74os pf h939zuua gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whay2dmo 0v in1(6p l0zodt factor0m vo12dn( 6izpod 0yl does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gab ba l92f-cdr5s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases 1xau.)p y)r1i: uf,maq x0 tkmat the same temperature, the ratio of their rms)ym fuu1:0k) ,1ari aqtxxpm. speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speerr jo)* o3sa x;csqv4*v-, yyld of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed zpro,kj-kps92 tm3ai3 r5 m ,wof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogern.58i1po zmd;woa r0n::utr;pn)pe9 sp ) bpn molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sr(8jh3duwp(-m u,xris *6v awpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 u,-d(6jarhm r*psx(uv8 w3 wi$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w d:/heo,lfx h+ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu;y(;dark.r (*njr90 ohb kle )oq,idj m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pu4992u 8t)bf1d p feunuyn ez3hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the (wc- urp2 phy3muun( .temperature is (a) 90 . 2(uyp3wmn-hur( pcu$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5acdo(l:x tp( p2 ogl)g y*aoh.in509z0% on a day when the tem*(yh)0(goiz .paga 5n dtx9:oll2 ocpperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9lq rkit( g9o-1* lhenlc7k*i)0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in thehxrp7 cra2y6+h8m5s ( qq shy3 mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilhc5py s+ymqrx63 qa2h78 s(rhs. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53 w /7tbgm-9mrs(rbsaw6*olm *0 Pa and the relative humidity w 7m(m w-/*r6mtg9lbosr b*as is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatukbo*bu:zevq d5 n c1r22gwb;);tpli 5re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prum+(e:b tm1 n8r c/thbessure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1tnch b/1+tre mb(mu8: 20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volump d oefojx:qo5+ol , )yu432qke 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew +cg xb,y 4dnr2point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 9 p/yw/ip713rox pyte 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 p3tpwr//7 1oy 9i peyx$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinwjtr*(dhtmd7pd r(,6-kig y 0y tubes called tracheae. An averageg ((dr,i60jhmk7y rw pt*tdd - trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ator/ ladv p6cg34:) hgm 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated 5iq b9+ dw:8 ( 3yomq.kftwbooat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was ca:4b+fi *qcpa5e . l-u* jb1w auos z0)9lyblqulibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at paj* 1uc:4. ufzl9 beuiqbw a sqo-lbl0*+y)580$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder9v rp*qho8/nj j6,m ks is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blqnm/ vs6 oj 9j*8rh,pkown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of airj3 l)psk h9 z0 u*t( e:1czuzwzs/0jgj molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp e kjlzh/1u0*39zcszgszjw0u (jp)t: erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about ozrjaes9qp3b3hpc n5.l h14 g)ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum ts07yi g.q.8g l)hvxq xechniques is aboy.0lx.87vi) gsqxqh gut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1ql3/ k84jpeas 0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expan3e/8qkpj4 asld if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mpyo2yau f1/-y j y:s6joon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vapuyp/yys2 yj 16fj a-:oorize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal 7 mwu2y:dt, nkgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7, l :x* otkezv6b8ox+x70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurqrri s)bjd). w4 m)d.ce at the surface of the Earth, estimate th i))4sc.rmrjbdw dq.)e total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in8ecb,s nx7:q e a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge j, :,vl+zyczqpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheri,vcjqz+y,zl: c pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in anyujj*c )d.q h jhj)f4 1eh9n2 bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 7)bk8kb-j.rp lx+o t o/7q ofx0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equat..ij 8 emkth:+d- fqkq*6rz heor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar az3yc77.kpj gety)1s xm5atm7 t 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aws0;u/to e yj6dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully char38.go v09(l ndvcd0sy u2q ub*2exub rged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the q:y c -93kn ilaq/5bpcg;kqk8Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended tv gy38ngo /5 fr(;hllagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reor(g; 8hn3f5 ylg /lvtbound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofvg 9jy w4)dx;*+a; dv m2goenklso9b1 air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume tj+vs9voo l21; k4nmy9xabgdg)*;wd ehe temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo jifqe /(06q to rsx0.vpgfu/+wing two days: e+ pfg frq .sju/ 0x/q(itv06o
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dece -+gxd+px+ dh08y /er-o6bsjxy-kdnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000ekb+-xjrxd/ - py6decsgx-do8 y 0h++$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cono t (p*(tn0ftuxlmy4 .stant pressure, the coefficient of tu.(ty(m o*0 ftp l4nxvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deh0lfy. f rytlvt fq5wlskc(.8:(j ev+0umidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellaf 0 f+t c5e(klswv. jlftq0v.ylr8y :(r in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg