Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a3g (92wh7sezy9iri/: i*n7sptvm qwuluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix 9/2*zwynru7wgptieqs 9i73 : i h(mvsB.

Name several properties71jm vj cm:m8u5n2p yg of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerjnyp1m8mm5g ujv c72 :.

Which is larger, 1 C jjlcs9fk),nhew m re.l9 9.t) $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therm3* 7o5of b)kbnqqf7 nl9q 8jiual equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatu)8bilq o7nf9q 57 of kjqn*bu3res of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivem:e dp+q;nv 1kted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip willev+dn ;qp m1k: bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien3hs1 oi*+cjrnt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to mg7 q w)bw8v(omjzmo64mw;l:control a furnace (or other heating or cooli:q8w7 mvw mo6lgwo 4)bmz (;mjng system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thelu+ 35q1egbvvp 2yg. i ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh1peg.2u lbv gi+ vqy35y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercsp mengi, 67dx:m5j pp2,m 1igury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi *x8g8h,;qba61b.otkk qb kyx rst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bi6k, b.8kb1 bt;8*hq oxgyqx kat and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if oejj7 ymj;0i/ lne part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parj;j7em yjl/i 0ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of ll l8r dno3e,9tinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table o3llr8et n9d, 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc *k8w)y/cvbxek, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will c sl l6)lr1zue+ y)*.o bxark;eause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand sul*1r+aex;y.lel b) )zor6k up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compaq3juokgz a,2xd01x cqd2)9j+z 5y dhressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatur,ja3 h xz xjd z0d2aq+k9cuq)og2d15ye increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr,t 2nj8xxk3 2xt; ogeeease if the temperature,exntj;gk tx2 ox32e 8 is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati;7m0 :yyvf4jdx0fu*jvp )r/df n+qnq on between average kinetic energy:4jdudj 0vry fyqq fvm0fp; n+/*x7n) and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law f4gz-qmrl +.p n5:2rxm m r+wjfollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s9v2( qd9 6z2zhx4m5ucbsvyw w atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe7rtoz+fj:e- j1 w 9onh.noda -ed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s sma rw:aozto-jnhe1jo+d9 n7-.f ller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can,jd,me h9vmc6b9aqvd v .2.ee you inferva.,de dh.qm,e 99cbme6v jv2 about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tqb( iuawt*3j-: h(z qqhe same iqhw* qz3- qjut:a((b temperature.

Is it possible to boi2d kj, ;uq0q(mp9fsfban s*8jl water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffec x*2,sjqszas)-)rri 2ssjr iq, scx*z-))arrent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is daop::2ulq6ws7c gmnbu3,ii2gngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile on:psb2 gi26:lc3i um7 ,gq uwengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintd2w7gjfa4b/ ltp+ k /yer (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.tk6fq+sug8 y 3p :.gw0c yzcb44-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr(hbthx 1, 4qg6j i+kjbam gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sak6 j1 i,jxb(q4htg b+hme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this oofj 6qpt0jth47.q /te n the Celsius scale?/. eq0 p oj6fhtqttj47   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lo w. (; 4tvmpouwb4r+opwest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomet kf9 hf2h.l*pter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 9hphtff k2* l.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 8w 0g9zvxrqj8 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ai )cimnq7 rh(/y4dq+vea i;s1pproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between ev7qq dish mr ;(a+/n14yc i)iJuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivetmch m-x*:a38e)d vlw7gl vt,p cv;u 9y hole are often used and the rivet is coolva; ve7-uc wl8h3v )xp,m*tlg:dc y9med (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4qk0hz4f9) exsvln1+ lv,si7o $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dib /;hvq26 oti7qcs.a pr67ka nameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fromk27cqs/n ivqa66t.rbhpao ; 7 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thf wbj8k y0n-s(e brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL3 c)vy6 7:4 mshm2bdahxs*fbe of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plair( ecm 7j1s/m7moyc5ww66 f jced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narro+c)2;kx3i pylgp9hiwogy2 e ,w vessel so it can expand in essentially one dip, xlp 2ci )g;eik 9+y23yghworection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t+.kpjm5bg -pv/p,e tq he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o/oj)s+9aa rb bf length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioab9ja)s/ o +rbn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoznnm30 (l -llj+rex 6ntropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather dhnr3jdz h (tiy .:8.lclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1( .h8tdi:lrj.z3 dyhn7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1 w0ft c5mirbg38+f* rvzy guky/5-m 4a40 mm. The bulb has a volu5k/mvzi -uy y3rm gfrf4 ba5w*80t+g cme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wh j6i rb*xww9x(cs of:,eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictio,wc6xxow: s( f9r*ijbnless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when atx+qa6 er, i rf1pa*3 9mvghuq4 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the*h46x 91+fvqarmapuriq ,3 ge temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area )x rqm7,d3ig k0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20m::z )jetjws0zy j3a0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the uc- a kz :vn30s95iw8sbk1ncvKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiszpkx: ,z..blw1a-rd t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inybro62w7+z:zji; mt:ou b6p nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmogjhwtn jup/q 0101 pbyq; m/9 j,dyiu6spheric pressure and a temperature of about 20wpjn;jbqmi/ j,d0h g0 1uq1 /py6u9ty$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygenkwgi) lx q472l at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg 2fhrakus4:hav+ ,b 2xof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nittzn ujui /48(qrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas -+ m:bduug yujx3:wf+is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containt61qu*k5 pnyxer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3xky1p ut65 nq*85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ati px;d7fo ehs1bwh(ttr4 y 67**;nw of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thu40 dhfzr 9c.ue balloon, which makcdrzf4.uu9h 0 es it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air k h0qxj(/ok2qthw wi 36.ux8 uat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18fk3g1 p-c3ae,,c agb rfi3 db;.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leve7l3o 2-uet+: dssu+c 3lcdvvh l and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo rg ;(jkn, i1ct(ukgt,lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar 9p so6lm+1krne there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesjss :l+k7:s je,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum2) s; ney*-rsuktgcv, z 3w.ahe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a bss2 b e82:48 n2.ffxyeq3g grs2snunre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werebs4g8 y3xg:2nn 8sq.rfufbs2 es 2n e2 also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener)r5 q : la zopo.e55r0gad ogm3.*vmaxgy of an oxygen molecule at STr3m :qr.g.5e oa p a5)m0vx do*glza5oP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliz/6y.n( f rx-rcyvnq 7um atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ar -y(z/nr f 6.cqxy7vnbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculea nrpw50ycx iq86u6rrf,6l 1b s increase if the temperature is incre r1rw8 q0ayn6 ,f5p6uic6brl xased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6,dz5hwkanc+, (.j z5b o 0, 4, k 5caw(jhd n,z+.b5oz 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molef-os1p vc02 kfcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while is/5f6 qxsk+j0h mk9,oav pv:dts volume is held constant, by what factor do xf m kv/,d9oahsj s:q0pkv+65es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecflk4 thw;2vu-ss9e e5ules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper:cihc12,6yd e8 zwlx xature, the ratio of their rms speex, dlce28z: xihc16wy ds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nj, f8y tlbua:+itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anl*5typi,e: jaa,mg/ q5rk v,v oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitro1 ee1lprufl.a:vf .d/gen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas+em8jogjl . :ss is 89 u in a living 8sg:lj jmo. +ecell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can betl p,u pgo9smd3a5v(peri+; 1.xeg. z written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniur ;6 .eufjgnb,rv3 tjy :lv8*em, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can. w5cv0v g2)u0lxmin w $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres+ sljdhvk: g8q,0oh s*+ owf5csure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 98ds: +0hvhq*5o ocfsg,w +kjl 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximx0ivz k. v*2nhately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperanvx2 ih0 vzk.*ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wheqz66oye x-7 tere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0. pth201y 3 fwfuro-k3u72 atm, estimate the tekpf-3 fuy12 oh3urt0wmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu tpg)b7j twz/4l9c2ttre on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an4t2wcp7 ltjzg/) t 9tbd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatureuw4;4 eji9no m is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if 4xtr-5x0egcc the water is boiling at a temperaturx5-t0x4 rcecg e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room obi0)p2yjcn *s f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi 8/ajw z*iell;nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time need9pab8r uappz6k10+wc ed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15rzpbcwua p+8k 16 pa90 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ini/lip5k1jr;6 1ocd,l qu fvj3989dura ixv)o sects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 1i5f6ud x9);juvqi/l3 k8p crri,9vod aloj12 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha-l54 4lunfa g jk6/ivys been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee8x6yperhsp81 etj: jkt f k+*7n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errojkxm1xo / 6cn4r will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water1n4/x j mkcxo6, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After mcilu* v t 5cg7n202tk )xcczkdidm/-0any balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to lx 2g0mk-k cci)nuv2t *0idc7/dzc5t 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, 0op2 7k ia-yxrwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2i- 0ypor7kax22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom lb-(5 7tafw), vxd+ rl xmlw/hper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqu3d nhw86pe xx )nu)4allazm;8es is about 8 ;8)ae hnlxxm wu4ad6p3)lnz$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below /c+:a ff c;ewcthe surface, to wcec;f+ /:wc fahat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fro:7fs7f 4vuo djv/ vl2sy*4 kjbm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be mabo7:4vfsj y2v/vsl*u74dj fk de of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas ist ch9v df9*gn(z/ ;qfv5wsl y5 increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m p.2:p+ vg6t jw-abhnr$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of t+i-r d)q-kke;ritsp+ he Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atrr kei)tps;q+-id- k+mosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in) 0:jmehqa(r0dfu.mttw.9:ajh 0 fgm a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hoqr8 ldwc/b gm h* )mv.q:+8bolspital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last ifdl .vw*+)r 8olq:m8gcqmbbh / the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lipab3(ntxh6aud3 6 k4dquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0aq:ak g+yyd:bh+b11 w yt42v l$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around h 7g1k9dfmxm* i9,wo wthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighte7+cufhz iow4 /3aej7ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thmq0t /ef 7cyc*-gfth7e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of ar 5cvb5w*t2t 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ehusa 7dl)n:.4g1h z ltarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenn29sm)mvi t.cv is balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at2ti )v msc9vm. 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter gy5z s5uklacq +n)e+3iij)h2 (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the sn+a j5qi)g si352zkyechu )+lurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air g5 s er-t i9h7sx6:dckon the following two days: d:g 79 x5si kstreh6c-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density 0l 7q 2 kkqkky3mj7am6of iron at STP, and when it is a k7jq lmaqmk kk72y30 6solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show th(9+uz3+s1 nv)j m fjajank c3q/o 9udqat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficientnnaj z/9u+1uq fa9 ojskmj(d )3 cvq3+ of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rotj3ul1s*u+vrvkae:p,) o ;uuh and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept aavuu1seopk hu rv3l;: +u,j)* t 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg