Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe- iv dnkdgo:17riodic table or Ak-dvndog 1 i:7ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be qz+ntx/ xyz9 0fv :x;uexploited to make a thermomete/:z;xvft zy 0xu9nq+xr.

Which is larger, 1 C 9z ;*(h,jlgd3qo dymb-o twk/:avyd8 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in them+8sj tt yz- dpjd:.-armal equilibrium with syst j- j-ddp+z:t aysmt8.em C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivsfjd-4j yswc huy/;m2u9/ a(aeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] ;sj2y (9/ ua y4fsmd-u/hacjwWhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanug0t (u uq2nw3sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplew 1a . sm xudkbjj*(u+rvpkwm.9u(5 i7 thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contk(9jwj7mw+k 5usv.rm *ud1ix ua.( pbact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section izxp,zo8q q bv.-ja :-wn the shape of 8zz:.a ov j-px- qbq,wa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at pn5: yfdy *f/0yn ,3v+w dstwn0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomec4huc970)odd hs i( exter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initial dc(hd4 h97sioc)ue0 xly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyvzoxj.6/ )eet than adjacent parts. Explaze)e/ vx6.jtoin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gle wk93hr4 c3.ks:coaaass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thac3ea9s:o 3 rckah.k4wt for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc/0gup5-fxv 3n oypul:urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and(ygvx2leb7 hlgq/.f7 top to bulge so badly the can will not s7bv qh2g(gl xf /.y7letand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatuzl7+nona * ms,re increases. When a gas expands aganm7*lz+s,n oainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergeeik1i,:o o tb +qj6ai+d in water increase or decrease if the temperatui+6e 1,:iqk tb+joa iore is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relativj jawa)o1lua9 -h6z6 on between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempo9a-awj vh61a6l ujz)erature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineti1zh1,; eein3t yz pi(w,*iw mdc theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thef; 6tyao9y mz3 ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thefv4 )2ttz58,f0 d svzc xmn/xz minimum speed an object must have to leave the zxz205c ,vz /fxm)8dtv n4tfs Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly t3c0ww way5o+1 wvqqc +han water at room temperature. What can you infv+a1w05y+qc 3qwcwower about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humidf 4;gx1ngf9/gx, rd9w w qz)of day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same g ff) nrzfxogx,14wg/9w q ;d9temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu5*tgi j(yt)s; fort)lre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but then j4zogx29bm:5fp )rc humidity is different. Which is mor)po gcn:br2f9x 4mz5je dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap oft;pt fs;a781 r yh w.en8oayf- an overheated automobile -y f p. r 71aw8t;e8;fthnosayengine.

Why does exhaled air appear o80n0w q-yl: (mg f1hzp zef-mjs/3oeas a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4/;w/kv:iex ve -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring0wud pftq.2t82j dgm: compare to the number in a silver :8u qd0w2tm dgj.ft2pring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sckf6as1 te f 0o;g/as0qale?0a0/ set asgf1foq;6k   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lo6zv2fd hed;nc rp 6m83west temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alx,ts9is dzscrdu+2(sx d0 1r: cohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 drrxs :x0idudczs,29t1 + (ss$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1 yl/i8sq0*g pyf5f9fc 2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 2 3texd)8haos:4iji8k-pl4xi h dnp 8300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag4ol8a xppk-s 2 id8det8i4ijhn)3x:he temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are t9/ysz z2dw 3moften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in2 9mtwz/3 yzsd diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atq:g z,ja5m, m1xy c9 0gbm5kog 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change ,y9gy:: 5h)dek rcjo3 mt)odein volume if it is hey k tc3ed)9mj dg:oe:yr oh5,)ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with iky u;6/xtphyjl6h +7auh 0n4350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.k77 wjicqjq;h k1sn5vg e04f550 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to h)u0bdn rh )v4be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essukl t);m r,ejanh y1--entially one directiok-a rj)1hu nml,et;y-n only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in theym 2n ;.etewtm iv*0;j density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient o2kw ryh18c-q6h* frj ypukp 87f linear expk6-* 87y2r f1hpkcq jp8yu hrwansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic srdtlg3 yci/n426zlh : pk8v) dolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of braa b d( h9hu-v lcl:2u:p:8ufvqss and keeps perfect time at 17pb v-du: hh:u:lu28a( cfqlv9 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermwafty6h6 7ch 8/0d eruometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb / ueta 6rf 8y0hwch76dhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumin:v:tb n((2 ige/ep*knnzr +5rn) msu0yfjmt) um cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearip* (bny)5 ni +fnjnm) eu:e st: tm(g2/zvkrr0ngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much str oxf(bw .dpi3/ lw,(aqess is required to keep it at this length if the tewaf3 bid.po/ x,(qwl (mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arevwpdo7kei7 a ;lo3h j;;7esc2a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmbal7b*g r(4(h7lak hz at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempbj b ;m,/:ufhberatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temn3cz hov p7g0:j9bu4uperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ow87): r0m5s mm gykmwuf the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pre/e0hqy9*-kne3x- j)i sq3duu lyj7 bnssure and a temperature of kun0 j3b e- yy-ul/x7d9qi)*n3e qshjabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using therxti.g* k 8a1a ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg(l+ fh.qvno kq)xg(z 0u) w-eo of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitmcrn); +7f.b b6a/nf ax:)kt p jl(rvqrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is c :x2z8y/z c ;q4:lb nvopbukofu5 h)5at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argo.n7 n8u:.hev*j i7n3b q go9usfivj 8in gas at 385 3 8 ib*nj7sgq8ifh:9.uvv join .n e7uK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgiao8w2d* a hu),qj yz( of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievilg5+o bchz --es its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which -b5- +gio clhzmakes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 uf1aet/wpy05zn52 qpu km 2s*$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atw3yq2g b 3kgb; vku.qd0ju4r, 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seysmb e5 r634a;kaa liu:)rt y*a level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol * +g3dr:9zr32hgffw lsa8kzk m1;smiecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mja ,osh/0 ut)jany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of o avv4e;ga hdvgn84/,(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1/oxecto( ,ie45d./ b obi+wx s$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in 60xfb. szrrqx0,d0mxeach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospherx,d fbz0s0mqx0. rx6 re is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygfx t/i7 qfktr+:o:i2fw s3.bnen molecule at STP? io7 s fi:q./+kf b:x wtfrt3n2   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sv/hd*- l av5skurface of the Sun at a temperatul5 dv /s*a-vkhre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spee twu:wen z31jjvxj: +8d of gas molecules increase if the temperature is i +1e3w:jvjntzw ux:8jncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followssppu5kwgz9 9yac:6 g2 ;o a*xing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,zgkc y9a 62sauw p*;5 oxg9:sp and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gx(h/i h7x34j kcabbsae )ua91 uz8 ti:+j8eobas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vokqf;pg/m)r e -7)cr eflume is held constant, by what factpfr /ek eqf))7rgc;- mor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuk csxc68 jz*.iles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theg7uz8tihd0*(ztx a4i* p/ ybk same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theb7ttpg d4z8i0 a*i uzxk *(/yhir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in q- crlp /u5.iw; z6y7iij wbx)an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spei1kw u*.pnnsg3n3 4,z yxa u*ued of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogjdl 4qc*b/ bha1c e(89szz 2vhen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed c t8: 57e wncq1ldsg1rof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at lgn1q5ec wcdsr :718t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cf e4)7k00 4 wbig5xrtvtke/zsan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of sdt9e, v/sf j.uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases n, 5u9ed5g)v4ak/ +qhth 4 9tdgyu(l9y gsm ggcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the mz *4v8r7 bzwxe5ly9mp tp74dpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90m45d z7zlw74pry*9mv pe8t xb $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (a6 m*g fk.mvvs l6n-kr,pproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatng -v,vs r*6m kf6.kmlure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placapgd52df91r; k l pmf)e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estd9 ;te isz(c/dimate c;d/dzs9 i(et the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of w4 uk44lv9hm qiater is 530 Pa and the r4 kvhi9q4mu4lelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaz30z 0af ()vf)svoh ekture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pwzve;qd;- i ,o8 oyqo1ressure cooker if the water is boilin eqy8wo1-io;;zvodq, g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of o jkz)xchu++2tj- -nivolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of)pq+ a+m dpya p2 (v- cfnsh:pz5d/b6b 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyca.d7k0pdudsf p 4 gb98 jw 0w7oy86wmcine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancowwk.867w 4f 0dc d8sjapmp0g9ybu 7de of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacz jfed k9q jnac*.h+ hu4hx864e of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average +k 64jh9uz*axne8fj4chh.q dtrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas*)m;zq-uypxy g y :o6iure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2ex1pa0 o/d/bd 0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedb3 0m,;s8enmuwr5 wc w at normal room temperature. How much error will be made8wsw ,3mce rn;50wbmu in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder ilm ,j pc (g5lvgsp jsd8f39w53s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d (8c 5 33jwglj,pgsfvs5 dlm9pecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a ro(jw jh1(ngdb4+pvd 2 jom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assuwd+vjpgd( hj (n 421jbme the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density) ai-q)xgl2 yy of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum teo t0ou)tmbxmf x -:6-jsg d3a/chniques is about x:6go bomjdmt t-auf)x3/0- s$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h.5zk/ hp6nh lnos bf7en2fs.(is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qusb7( 2 6ho f/nfnk nz5e.spl.hickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spl a1tkj7);sac(( 4ffpkkk,gi eed of about 40,000 km/h Molk(aj7k fgc l,4 tk) kp1fsia(;ecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ltb .m6:dq5:ia8w5mc jlrv+ wgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume.dlx e (1m*,w/re8mjill x-nv of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at te2ytibm/+ ghn3) ind6he surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecuinhb)m ti 3yne 6g/2d+les in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c.h6j+kyffy( 5kcg2f4 lm-xhtv; f e5qontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi zobi v f,zs+(g d5;mfqm0 nyh1kk0p) ,(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How+hy,)i om,kd5b f ;z0pq vnkf(1gz ms0 long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl vlb1ly 1 qn0.uof liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineq3;f,3zv fvz *)qtl-cyu2qn k at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arou7u j- 1p,l1mafobmpa +d1tff7r6uok(nd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly oy v, npf im(kbk9- *j.e+mldy:nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the um8)ztdc6u4wr: uvr/ 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 5khghaby.uneg p 1z r).oag;j+e ) x ;;xu+in)195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the wshaqa:i9.n: Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendeci7 pwsb22m 15a+,n,p-eh1b czi- cr ool ;paid against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebou;2aab+emc sp crn271i5oi,pi b1 ol zcwp ,-h-nd from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-yg. 6y te.uhgw -knqopbu ;()3cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves uguyb;pq3t6k (- )g. .nyehowas a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure int1rdud4, 5 kv(piy12bif0v k l the air on the following two days: y 5pu iid0(1vdkt lr1 kbf,42v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is3w82xmba)lfa)1 i4z l:dlsn v a soli8a 2:l)zmv i)ds3l a xbwf1ln4d deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an19z;fjq9cl u akoty./ ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vo u;tz/j.yc 1l9fakqo9 lume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevz(ngtk 0apf:+m,j fx8f1z u l,ent rot and mix18taz jpk(fumlz ,f0n+ g:,fldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg