Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron7mvw+hba a j77 or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap h7javm7w7b+apendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a the+ h 6zlbmowt52yo p1icm- -sn3rmometer. m-b5oyzt ois l2nmcp+h36w-1

Which is larger, 1 C dr e5 28ozx asrisl)ml 68vwc(y).vv 9$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in twe0gyqtx87 oj0u)0 r5jk/su uhermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abou8 sq0u 5 0tr/g uu0wjyjok7)xet the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alu f 0kzng7mfs:p6 2vz(oq sd-a/minum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See nzp0v m f 72(o6qda/gzs k-sf:Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion 7nyb-:qw6ebs jw 1c *q ,vjgo6$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrar+obs mq 32ombp0fw9(m of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded t 2w93m osbrfqopb (+m0ogether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thev.-bpclwf zj9c hk:;6 shape of a U. Why?c jzpfl-k.6w:c9vhb ;

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo9s(xt9 lxn 1gvjaa0 +zats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsts :uv lhggc,8. ;5cguk placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallycu:. ggsk, 8l;5gvc uh descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatedn7k6cv3u;2 zfhsi l l;,n ucy; or cooled more rapidly than adjacent ph; y;l 7u z3 2lfvc,cnnu;6sikarts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of l6cslq k)(7hehinear expansion is much)ce(sq6lk h 7h smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20*( k,6tr5kupgq kfio n d41-hx $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will 6)mm8h s.lucht/ c ,eum9jgm1o8t bq6 cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wha bh.j8 mme66tmc) qct,lso1u8gu/hm9t has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresbfd;k 9,zylhl7d . hzdt86(prsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. l,8z ;h76d yfd9. ktdhlbrzp( When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increastzmeb/n -es; )b-fmg 4e or decrea/ e4) --tmgezbf;nmbsse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation 4;p9heeov/q d between aver /e4hdqp;v9oe age kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theo:u 8wd/5jzank(uhk z1k rm v;6qo8ipd 35to;ory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of u.yf(;y*you nlr v0fbxq y) 1*$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t(agg,*3 sgblc/a+nrkhe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Ma(n* a 3 bgglck,+/rgsoon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tex ssyteih-p6 okf7w 9hr e/(p3+68i osmperature. What can you infer abo +/oyhk6er x3(ippotesfw-ssih 987 6ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morb+brxalj *a,ms,v y14e uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempel+rm*vsab 1j ,y,xab4rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room te2zvkygs e*-)vn7exz 3 mperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hum j+ )phwwzecb0dqh+rr70u 9+midity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the h+j mrwr+ wuh b+9)zqd hc070epumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ca ul9cu:q7 35ohdg es1jp of an overheated automobile engine.:g1s7u hdl9cq3u5oje

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clouh9 7vzp52c ha*jeyxn e1p+y*dd in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-c,9m9uor qxq.mqi3+c gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26u774 3zonb y3d +sx0s buue2pr.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring ouu3rd 7n 2xes7ub 0 ps3bo+4yzf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on cl+p apunk.5yrai88*ik *f5 qthe Celsius scale?8ipipf 8alqr .ua55**kk +ync   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recos* g2c-) x4q)ks1u1fa ox .5vhok oicsrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomete i75 3.ed 3uqews2dzhkr, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. hede2.u 7dsqzwk35 3i0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl1pqu* . g8xmkwotg 3j98fg.vuabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximawx b:qn dw92bx1)d; igtely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of xwg1: 2x )9;dqbn wibd25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riyqto +e* 6x*j7 bxjm2mvet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter att+ex2q7xj6y* omb jm* 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atu cs-nwqy:*ev6j e85f 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dc :i4ii6l;dkxt39j zviameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30ci94;xzt6jvilkdi :3 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1fd 6rh /v+;x3ady/ v:vh 7vnlu00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5, dz (u3yz0ai:amt5 kmhid7. j5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20min ikc-q(mnif/73w6 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essential6ih8p/wd4,bcmz z. asly one direction only, show that the effective s z8/.bmhpci4dz6aw, coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densowxv9.9w 3 ya1psulf +ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le,d l,/,v 2dlsk pd brzn(xt2o+ -ru0dvngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiod-sld(2 0 pzl+kx, vd/bvo2t,rndru , n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ol1gv+ 2 -oebr$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time atkigh+f.tj 6-11qgja p 1k+fqgi.-hpj t j1g1 a67 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thrrl* 1vhtx/fw2 .8bt) +typhme bulb has a volume of 0.255 w.tvxpft/rl 1rth8+m y2)hb*$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius * fxy4vc:toi26:cc jb0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beaiv4 *cbf2 tjycx:oc:6 rings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1.*(pc9 7ewig apzo,ab mk- e5d5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to w9dg5kip cza( e7ebaop*.,m - 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam os,6i3:j91ftc nzbub of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmum-enx 41rn6c at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the:fy 4)8 rkd o0mwk8xehjoti8ev 5m7e0 Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? x8zl(frp9mh 3   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth 1g5qy)rx*e4vd;t wly and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion/ buh.8c1c9owmwmt*si t)0ni engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about *.twi8 nwh 1s9 )omcutm0/icb20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga2nn/, o s 2+x/fmt5l6spvhcci s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgs ng z:g--)17p +pv au5rnkrxr of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ny9,ewktcdg4egm gi 3 s75:8k oitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas0w qme nbkn 6f8jdp20) is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arhpw 90h feg)):. kdd ;lhic :9lv2ecwqgon gas at 385 cc:h)qfv29de9g h) dwk.;i:wh l le0p K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg.xfuj6ev/: .e*s 2pz ddqanh+ of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating tha ;+. 8p7ns(v hem mig;0rowuqk6w)ij e air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume+js8kpq.0 mw(uienora mg w; )67vi; h of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit/.(vqta4bdut+p -wn4a.a og oh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0u0v8p 8 )q88om/6c, lvqt s7 ngns5dyw w;wcbr $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a skvbfu q:+yy*hvp/)4sg +a l/child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number x/h( y6 g7zjzpof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manf29xy0x5u t way molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofd0 mzv.xs;i,jn 56s sr (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume cz3 5)kfvqr+ q1nda8 k5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that we7(yvb7zlu/ 7fh ng/rgfcn+ q aqn:i-*re also in the last breath Galileo took.ahclv(ngg qu n 7fn q+:f7*i/b7yz/r- [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene74sjlovj bn3e/m+.n trgy of an oxygen molecule at STP? vs.e4nbj3 j m /7nl+ot   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed +e8hi. 6ggu0kc-g sv+pw8dgh tk f,d: of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600ifdw sgg 8 -8uc,pg+v0h 6t:g.kdehk +0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempph r/7t+b :b.e*r/ p.:bccvmfz)b ln eerature i*v./bhecrb/tb:: +f).z e c7bnmr lpps increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spe(a0tblj)od1g rkp vpo :ivu8 v-0 q(p;4gghm (eds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.h )(ro u1:4 m; -8gp(0vi(apdptoqvjlkgbg0 v Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gafxy:0(uw7/ 2 xgybjoas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conho .y+u7jter(stant, by what factor doesor7tje ( h+.yu $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecbq+5su-(eysk s.k nl23ls;pw ules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thei h;hsfi4* iyh:r rms speeds is equal hh4s; h iyf:*ito the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol5 2hell 73qb0w mylym7ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s1yl19cvf vc2xi, c*xjpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STqrp5)jk gs o,/ux 49syP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a,l .ttrd 6na7-0wmpsa liviatm-w.7rtd pla 6 0s,nng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can p x3 vk pafk3zpz0 rh o.:*f,3,+xvszpbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ) g7au*vlk1 ghi:djqa*kmo1 ,*izew* $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases xsjxoxo( 9e.u8z*xb/can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thel 1 *0knofjov) swez78 pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 0e)nf8lwsk zv j 71oo*$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a b t3f1apl nf*n1.be0s day when the temperature is*nfp.t s0113 aebbf ln 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur 93gdeimif a 8)tqj0,ye at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pareyk..w2xwi5e:c 6ehwru z;c)ticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temp 5w i c)krc.xez: 6w2yue.e;hwerature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa :qm ndr4 a0bg h*w.k2vand the relative hav4 mbw.gk* qrnh2d:0umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is glqbwh07h+e -25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pr7-qo38 lqd ezp9 p-ytnessure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12pz8y qn9lotd-37 pe-q0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol tu 9+*io: vt+4 xgk9ejxia5ubume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po(v z/eurlu 5/twwzvc,rkx1+ ;int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed f0sm: y69xqy-bm1h svm or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 6x byqy m-ms :0vs9h1mof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the s fqg lli2 4wuxnfm.w(;:/i(0ey.oa kaurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long /eoli(yk qm:f 0 ;.ui2xwa.nfl(aw4 gand has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrater7 v (9 s.juruskzvxrtkd;/( -d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibq -rad119ns wtrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempera4d ;x fw-msr3xture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if thxds -r4mx3w;fe water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 at1j)vf/faef i*go /wd (m. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure h)(fao/d/e gvif1*wfjas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of len x1 y+1*xcgb zx*cnhz-gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te *x+yhznxz1x-1 gc b*cmperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on phfwg 55bcxf;7z r /s:ab/q3czm,gs6e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai8im i*b01mrlu lable vacuum techniques is abou bm l*0mu1iri8t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 mt+v 1k2*jr+utnt8hz3 .zw )adc/d3w/see aex below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is1/t.v*uat3 ed/e8c2ktzanjeh w+r wxd +) zs3 this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earijwd 79j/e+ufth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperajjw7ed /+9iuf ture? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is rt / 7g3e1ogjwh gnbolt7e**: increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7o b;l,dx3+ ;eb:qtfumb 41hez70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t;mn((d ;qx,sskipnh) he surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherem;phnsk;) qid,x(ns (.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6 yur0 )b6f)vn5mbvs(cy dj-8u$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyi odxw,;3*g2 v q1 :dbzodlip.h3fgw9gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPdwz g.od9g *xih,1;d3b wiov:p l2qf3a) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atuit3su zd8wskja0 e-w 5 92t:rf *i0yf 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at k6p2o/(-nb0)j,/o .sn oqhhuk fpg j d0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arounj.5 a;*9nu qx*pmwdh* we, gehd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20d( lfe4hf1y76or 1dbm .9ul te$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardp wpro*bea6p4 o*k-s 2, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19tje56:ztte c35 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frocn itle2 y. k)3jx)dd/m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendq t y/-;af.+ t3ac;bmbois;hked against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mstaqb3+ca/k ;h.t; o b m-i;yfust rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a d6vff0/9chrf s9vw xuo 3z s83pepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lav3fpxuvfz3w c f 68soshr9/09rge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two ddy6z)e*k yhf)pnfy f; ih29zq6i1 f0yays: zfyffe h2iiz0 ;9df)p6hyk n)1yy *q6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when lg.g- xhzao h,j3t qxc/v 3:hvt(g3l(ngr+x-it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2-nrx3h3,vx. tg hvj xo h 3+/ltaq-ggz(l(g:c000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sz+j2ahaxvb5.lh5*g 1 lbe . nxhow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coge. xl*la.n vb z52+5hah1xbjefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.