Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the h pz*l25y/ru6s.2 eeqnfyak 1periodic table oe zfu6p/ekq1n r.5yl2* 2yahsr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that co7rxre7;b ,8 xs1e rhywxi(e n8uld be exploited to make a thermometer.ybs ierw xee;1 , r8x7rh(n7x8

Which is larger, 1 Cyc6fim.nu5(ah+ r e4i fm 1isa +e4ph+utc)(y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermadb xal8h a v:gl 14bac7dn.7;pl equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures 1 v dl7xcad.; gha8:7p4bn lbaof A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip okf*9nb37ay- aj/ll xtoj.zu-f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whicj/7nkb.9- al yjza- *tol fx3uh metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiooc u+f-gb5r x(n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a*5dm z-4ewt i+u9i img simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set 9g-4 me5m*iiw ztdu +iat different temperatures.

Long steam pipes thatveq 2er.sqy n4(qnuxb4+wb5l 30/mb g are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of+qbswq.gmbux(ybl/3e re n542 v4qn 0 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0wk.7 iaph,fki3cc49 p $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermome./fe-e w.tk d.pu /vswter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuryp/.wut e/.w-.fe dks v initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c0jyr;xdp6+pe-ngx.w 7z bh- gooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. e06dn by+rhjppx-z -7; xggw.Explain.

The principal virtue of Phlqn +m//q k(ttv/6t vyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat re6/kq(qthm/ +/t nlvv tsistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acqo8 52ibj j(gook:t8ncurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause +hnqm(tyk) )t its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. yt (q+mn)thk) What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),7n /iptcu8/gd its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moic 7ndg/ /tup8ving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum 5c(qxhh pi8 d9sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is8dcix5qh9(hp increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rwr*s* / nszm/qelation between average rs z*swn/m*/q kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-. v zbo9b+ ,fbgf0h,xd1.i rveLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the h .z k5v./dnkzratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object muswks p::t;ivu (5n +gixt have to leave the Earth and never re;ivik(x5tng ups+: :wturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room ty4 mucs fqm-yvf q5jy8r7z(wv;9id; w do)2z1emperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiesq2(zoyv r qfcd; zw- 4 8;mjm1fdsw59)u7viyy of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncoaegv -d isy1dfv+m,6gfl 4,p 1mfortable than a hot dry day at the samil,agds6v vdmyf-fp 1+4 1,gee temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room a)9n( j wp vgj.yxt+sn5hi 0/utemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humid:f 4fa9u /any;*lqyixity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid a ;a f/y4nx l:iaqy9f*uir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhebzt) kk2c/2jygg3 x lbl f(kv-5mv.h (ated automobile c k2ym g2kx3zk -.l(hjgvbv) tl/5fb(engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a zm0hx, tt9-;mq x g9lelittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram6 jrf3fou9r :lnwk(f:69uc dv f vu(.j copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram g4w)jc: k2 +8t w8ms eb8kkgytcold ring compare to the number in a silver ring42k ttwcj+8bmk8 eg)c8kyws: of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often take17p.n)tsjyjxn,z z e6n to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?jnx)t,1zy zs6np7e. j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1 u) rmmhxv6i)ni5gn8n-e l9u /36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the ae2 r 8,vv-suuxlcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0suuvv2, 8x er- $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 6fci(xg. eqoaqgr0jis; y: 5 6ika,w/ m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap3s-*fg:xak mpd /9 qzaproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes :pqxa3-fsk9g*dz/ am between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thatdg -p4uc9gm4 ,a. nhie are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter an,.dgi4augpc e9- 4mh t 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a.gsns/2 wnwj6 k 6.dnlt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volk.2gb0melt ex1 2n dv*ume if it is heated from 3vt02.1*m2 x blgdkne e0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillcxg5 l,ydu12ted to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 wk 2b txk86v8k$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring 6h3lyviry x2 +made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallij1zx m( z3/m e(uemv9y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatej(u9m (3 zeimexz1vm/ly equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t1rpew 3ujk(+af l9a9g he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangularc +n h: flkfbhcf6;tx:;1 kcw4 plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansio k+nlcx:: fht1f;hkb c6; 4cwfn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solu(bpymazutr // a8l.,kl:+pt id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bra*;*is w zoiws*ss and keeps perfect time at 17z**ssi;*o ww i $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury the h o0qm6kix8bm86fe3fmd :*c crmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vold0e88mcbqifkxo6 f*m6 hc:m3ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrica ( mb)tg1e(w cavia85jq.qp 7pl wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionle(ibe1(pp am gvajcq8)7 5.q wtss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.: saj2* 6;xbcpygpi ,k How much stress is required to keep it at ba6jk 2x*icg,sy :p;pthis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional a 2d)qsu 8kal+.kf:ablrea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter,r (a2-gfh8: ; ttdoxygnh8pi 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o(5zx6s pv1/ 6jr dfguuk8w6ppn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F9k )dtuoo(zr)4ta 9 b)pmn3d wahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou,rdvmyyo 65+0c tw37 ch inar(t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a um,l,wc(3hm )xmaxcsin 437d temperature of abo7il,mh3w dx m,c43( c a)nxumsut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using s i7k6kze(*c+vu 4hn k;cz3qy the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro+ ,( kqss:bysngen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrelw cu *d;1cd84sxgalt2 +s ;eogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1g 6 4q,,/apcorf*me7q;-i 5s ca+m y/an fnbdw0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1u-j up-pq374vm 91: ke 5/kfrosqsj+svq4rz r05.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K u 713 -qjps z+e kqq-/r:fojkm vvssur44rp95?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg b,oq 1a*u p*()t gwwtqof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lif+h9yjl,8xf6 .g.(e nmuei yqot by heating the air inside the balloon, which make8..eu ,qge nimj6(yx oyh+fl 9s it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a sriix aed 7;*r.o7vt0 4hi(rst 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18c1uzp 6xw s ov..s,i-9el.v k6np e*qi.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leufuiy ; g.w +x+)3gvy p1ntdd8vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule3bcn,a b h8az4 q+q1bbs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecu-u/si t 3u7pd.)h35c e bnaszj(oej.ples?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number :4p0;qkmz.g p7eo so ctt07qoof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. 8dc-a;kyq ,hw1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of ad;dm pv16b pt (kyl9v.ir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu96l dp b pv1md.y(;tvkme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational - 0u-sq b2r0wfphvum9 kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? rw 2msqu0hp fvu-b0 -9   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a v2 y(au u*in7otal5fbm.6 ,mw temperature of about 6000 K. iwm .o5avla,7untmu 6*b2y(f    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed on+9ynurixgc ud 12p9( f gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased9u1u +i(pnd g9c2rynx from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follow +vfnye2oy)um v)3 p5xing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a e5op)y+xv2u3 nm yf)vnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculeiw.dp*o0h ak,s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w nehesb u9xw:rbps 4(50ytt* 9hat fac0p re tw(xs99 yhe4t*bu: ns5btor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by +h ;0oou6 )bj:v5m j+ yvlaq3tyra8pt $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempc *w)a0/ qowek)7pg tz5bk o;nerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the o05ta)z7g bwqepc; wn /*)ok ksquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogbj jpil(+)adn ik2um.cz/yksv., ) l4en molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rm2 hs+- s;l4gbvxbxzcc77pyy 8s speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen , v,fcljq/ /vamolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 -hez7xde t )/k y mj;z8rdo og15.bb/ ;zgvzo(u in a living cell at 37jzg;.7 d5ek rbmv ob /)ot1z-ezh(yxozd/;g 8 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a*-f xspralt+ v3urk/r4dm0m8 gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumtok )u:y+)uqi) mrb, m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pod,a cl-i08 :4rdtak ./b:fl 0acbfc qressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and te4t rd f)a5fblpr)h14he temperature is (a) 9b4rhf1 5 edf))alrp 4t0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a qwcwts d (*nmu ke24,3day when the tempemsn qk*wecu, 2d3w(4 trature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla gx;+ zgfm66j9d9 tw vza4cbfk-iivyl/w-j5+ ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular fc ay6rd+7 p(yt-uo4g place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.+6tgudc( 4f ry y7p-ao $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa al+1fv dl *1pgond the relative humidity is 40%od l1f+lg1v* p? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temps ktrb/re*m ja.3 8tri/16 egoerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressuox0eappuxj1 ru92+dys c1 -6 kre cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120pc+-uspx9 ue6ry0 ax oj2d11 k $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of)irz(y l0 fag16ufd /f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p myrcjlqc .6()oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table m afvq,)1e0l z13–4) to diffuse a distance of vf1e)0mq ,zla15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from t6kwltk 4)p (p,j s lpu1z6x0mjhe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is4px l60j,6 m pzl)k1ktw(uspj about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape(i boz*.itu,a measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been s o6n.+utepbul. qujqe u) 9)6t5 1rbzqd7p1zcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error 3xuo2zg ,p 9k 0vhgh))apqw.vvo)sc. will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, oh,)pu avo z)k.2s.hq3vgpx g9wcv)0if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initisz+ m.l/ads6kally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fda+l.6z ksm/sraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m b83j.l)nt dtr/ ug-iyi-2 0ic(mnu 4:phf nyg, and height 2.5 m. Assum4c 8i :ug(.dnl2njb u-i p/ ir0t3-) nyghtymfe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density v glbg:8v*u .v 9fkdf)of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi4nn+2 pos tmwu( x8u7rng the best available vacuum techniques is abop(4otnr +mx7s 8 u2unwut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap/6vqetth mt 8t(pkj+ 2acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if e (2 mtpqhvj/+ ttt6k8he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospagde a3skjf5 iq5 8;+0wl( qyqhere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze u5 q 5aaeif;q gkjs(y+3wdlq80pon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased26co/-e n6 6wfnz aaif from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of15 whj+ , 2wjd04.fzjjtzynaa 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheri fdq;;geqg z7x l.g ,:itxsl:k:9e/mic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number t. xex;f,qi el 9:;mg:sgqgzdi7:lk/of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules coroe + k(h;p8jo44 xzavntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospi ,x4o5f,o izzge x:2sbtal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lo :fo5gb o2xei,xs ,4zzng will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in mp4fpk(z 86;nrd, d gaa bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin: inx(e/jly11v tum7e m 0hmg3e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fi ntys wun)w7a2i31 0gev o)y)wt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a q. 5/qj rkf5fjglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stany4a cgstw7zxc14j61erfn1nv,x03i tdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,th,1o))kmxo ja r,i n q7;a4rp has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 9ay2icw 1vk:h $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspen/ 2 vv ;vxnasy2jnv4i8ded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secondx av2 824 vy;n/vvjsin must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from o9el;q 9inj2vd3gk0pv. j q2la depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cqn9 jk23eqvlj ;p9dgo l2.v0ionstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressu t g) soq5,we0c ay31slhb-/wtre in the air on the following two days: -0,1a s t/gwobtqh)5eslc3w y
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differemfmftej s- c(p.p2(-znce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a sof- cs2 mmj( t(.p-fzeplid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant p,q dice7 knl,57u 1dqw*g;jly ressure, the coeffiycgjld1l77ei wn 5,duq, qk* ;cient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.