Which has more atoms: 1 *f9 vsrvfca1 lk y;zhs8rr5iq16i3 4 kkg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bki11kir46 z*rh5lv;893 fcq fyrsasv.

Name several properties of materiak v2hilyl0 ,6xls that could be exploited to make a thermomet,lx06ily 2 vhker.

Which is larger, 1 Cmk9jj h0o5 ,ox $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in ther(glq-5n uyv7 .f uul9wmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about thvnuwlf9.-5 (u g7uq lye temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a; g(s:9exw/f93vcgp zt iuxuj/g (q6n4 wrxx4 strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hpv/zig39 4j4gu6:w(tfw sgrcxx;9n ( qxx e/uint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe8su byjxhv og6bw0560f v7e:k fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat udvckuv jqu -3*m1)cc cm,)fw,sed to control a furnace (or other heatingk,),*jc3 ufqc-m dv uc wm)cv1 or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are f97kf6ih qmq(n ux p c *g(*fii48v+gumixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. g+7 p(q*vi6qff4 k8nug*im( cum9xihWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead iied;xm 3x;;l floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placi (g.ylize/ xa bm3:p5ed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially:my iig3/l( xep 5baz. descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled msr2+zc6qx - 3t/f wokxore rapidly than adjacent parts.f6/ qsk+xwox3z- rt2c Explain.

The principal virtue ofnuc pp9/a4;x a1xoxf , Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smalapo,xx4a9cp nf1u; x/ler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2ulni5zj/10f rxan.* b0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause rgc 7 )y. 8hegu8gow 8t7n7sshits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What n77t) g8.rg sewgh8o87csy huhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piua )vxzal4)lk2 x dd9*hr x)-yston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mlu9yvrxd4xh2l ak))ax ) *dz-oving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg raf(3sr; huh6ed in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2;u6h(r3fra h s0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charle0k.d4l kw;wxxs’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolw0;dx4kk lw x.ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s 7-yiqkh3ww -u7 ijb*m zeb-a; law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Em2 pl(t07mx ogarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objg*hrsc7u4: io ect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain i s74r:*uh cogwhy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you1,xg x (fmknvc-0w 8oy infek8x0vgnx (mo-cw ,1f yr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a h i 9n(rfnjyi;/d3j *kf4scr:yot dry day at the same tej*fsjr4;9 iy3ncin: kd(r f/ymperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur;;z:8k6id low+t nd z4z8tghye (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when ther a+y v9(2wv-j8f skubwl6s0n air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi2ynks-vl uwbr+8j 0f 9a(w s6vd air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous e+6/mdi h:oxznlf*wd(u*g n7 to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi7+/g lix:f( w6 neohz*d* dnumne.

Why does exhaled air appey j4f5m (npq s5i xzo3qq+h7e5ar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper m*o t.tz6(jay penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atom(j4 + y4j-wiype 57u,rul*xbc sbh5wms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masr 5u*(jb5cxjyil4 m buwy e-ws+p7h,4 s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sca ne,1o:ein:p(k )a2myirt -e0 d)keqsle?k t qre)(a2s0:i:ke ne) 1,pmdeony -i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatuy 1fbds1vhs/gf d9e8 9res recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has wgpf) 1:-ecdv- bn;isb,+zmzlength 11.82 cm at 0.;,vw1e-ipb- n g mz) +bcsdfz:0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 yky(c h beof4d 2(-e+n7 ;ssnkwlg2r($^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of jqec/3jb2y2r .b30p 0ytf1 6f isiksvwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature sq1y /fjjrf.i ebc 23p2stk 060ivby3 of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rwc8d ika*.twpp,ioh r d/ y0:1:vqms)ivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diame v/y:dphprw,sqwi8* d)o1.: m t0kci ater is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterqf7i hyoms vh)oo)5.) at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ifw p c4h;f( suppz2l57/ aem68. iwivjl it is heated from 30/ia6lsji m cwu2p 7wv;(hpz 4 5.8elpf $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.04 th2tffr6g3 f$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at ;n)2p cg rve2y)hb sa220 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placef 78r- vvhhb-fxcq *;od in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long a*.xxmnj)2 ze, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only,2 )xja.nex*zm show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit2)ru0-y 4 b,ffomu0a tmko;lry $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cm76gs)j2shc fi )xs6o sn/g6coefficient of linear expansion62ss/)fcochgg6)6xj 7 in s sm $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrdx 4 fdh nk;- q(f20bw:xuru/oopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cl+u3yp -ck jbx1ock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1juk-xcy +13b p7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The9gcg/ yt hm8j 1t,c/xe bulb has a volumec8/tj/xe ,mygc19t gh of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius9a5ymye 5*rhq/mgmc: 0.41 m is rotating about its axle oc5e5yy : hmg r/*qmm9an frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired leliv 9wgccn mlt-xz3o ( )z8ih/9idt-*ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases ht 39md-iv8z(xc/i) lgn*c-ot 9 zw lito 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be-x p7* z q tcw6rxj3firy4y,6kam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter btw7 xve) d -77i52oyeepiz:d134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper*r;k .a7j-kexnu o+j tatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature6ks+0n 5j2 rss15wuhcsinqv7 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000r;mo 7 -qfyi+rbsh/ (e$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng(6egncybm/ 3 uk+e q3z./s ngxine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about u3/gm (nc3.xeyezns/ q gbk6+20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lr4iz .h1 l6afyaw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n r7*firfe:qvlu e. v g*z-6l9w:4y xppitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr :p)k+(nmdu jbogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atl5(ihgzu clg91o;91:wsqfr niw 0 :yq 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gasgl 11b4v8s( orc0*tg2atxo je at 385 Kjgt xsel 810oa4vbgt(* 2r co1?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ra9f+njf- +ox kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ins,+l 2r9/i baq x dm+g;yk;njmxide the balloon, which makes it le/; x j+m qdbm 2rgnk+ayil9x,;ss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 153m -4ajh6sdvf,ks /l n $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen abk4udo; yg ,v 1kq)6wbt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chijdc+p fm e1m,1ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molejoc +j 48hnr5x . y5h+hzb3kkrcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watx2 .4de 3ykilfu f: mrr69t+jcgvi*1x er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)ofg/cdfs5-(4: a k*llplml 7h moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumemz c a c,nr72o+rw9is9 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecumlcf4, g)+xz2w qjxa5les of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: xlgw q)4x +52jzcamf,Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translation)hq:q) :kqzcu al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?c::huq k)z q)q    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed 3whob2:t 7pw wof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofp7o2t hwbw: 3w about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturc85 emec9 k.bze is i kcm5 be8ezc9.ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following;5 -e gkku2 yevh*l+nd speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. C 2nk vekdy*g-u;e+l 5halculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molbqt ,:gm9c+kj +(g:usdxyko 2 ecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while iym 58yh eb 1jt7msdg*-i(a9guts volume is held constant, by what factor amg * mts-y9iyj8(5guh eb17ddoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculfmd.s+t-ug * ao36 tdpes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature**jlq v- :yioy: m2igy, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse :iv q:*yygjm-y loi*2ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in anlwz4pn5q my*; 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anz1ke- .h 0o: d7eabcge oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between n7ve5yd h3 h;oy d8qwz(itrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed ofk3xwt4ytna jfg 832 svk3h ,i1 an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 xg34kwfsai3h3yvkj21tt8 ,n $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri7-) jp rqj* rhuw k2(ie7gr61s0 r+ i9ovkkwwrtten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran wd58a-eg haka yb)n(62u1wd mium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaswn uks /*nw9ac*- fx-moq/ cx7es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressug6s6(3p.a rhbk81nhr4 vbr od re is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) (6 8.odkn 43 arhgrvpbb61hr s90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditbd;q2+62 ks n/ghs xvny is 50% on a day when the temp2k nx gs6 q/sh2+dvn;berature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressui1;xs)xu l3lw 5phvn 0re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parti9g/t.nf1 bfey9 ; p+mkttcu;qafv/4xcular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilst/t; g/9p buv.tmx1 kce;+4f9fqnfya. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ony lnl.dv0bi 8qfi2i -4 a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? .q- ibny04 8ilvd2ifl $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w4geul+2dc udy,grk 0v3 r ;n*yater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside aqikuv(k/s 8fz+ e8 fal*,a afsg:7cc0 pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a t 7ke/8fkvcuzgal,ffasc* (q+8 :sai0emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofm3t vqaaitorpw .(g0l-35r a6 volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5i i1pp:k 2g ea5jwj7.m $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fo bg)m*1k)/qr -nn rcbvr a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disrb)) 1nqcrgnbv km*/ -tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tszy/1d i3xt:tg/c5vthrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectio1/vc/3 iysg5:xtztd t nal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraz47-.ryhruf 4 ru3f ruted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape kd)kseuct8:hubs8+5zdx) +tkwed4 gr+ 7q l*measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperan0f4;) mfieoature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are 0ne m;)f4aoi fhot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallsdf2rf e/b 4hc6d+b( sm:l1ray 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the ff/6eb1s(+h 2b4d mdr :srlcaoriginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofb lx7 k 4;gtsd6x:mwmpfp3 6,q length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh;m,d g 6wxmx q:s6k74fpl tp3bt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one avh*p1d4a et6x:ls-si tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ) bozb;3vgwlf/ zi.h8is aboui8bzzwg3o v bhl.;/f) t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills u74 3k70sgqzk .vko kahis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisab03s k4z7 kqk.u7vg kaole?    L

  A space vehicle returning from z*kd g7zkk-c-the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicl kz *7d--cgzkke must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gt-dd/hq7f1cw re/s 1xas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume l:fi ma m8+c5lof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earttk)cxci6(+k.adh(i ru0s:x ;pz iy l5 h, estimate the total number of air mo ( x ru(;kpsda6x+ii0c.kzi5hyc t)l:lecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a morz90 h0 uayb5 nyah rm4(39y7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen uset s,ftfx:)ht yg 3m5kd j(; j-of-8chaf -m:djd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cof ha8m -f-t 3(t)5so: jfhkm -f:;d,xgdjy jtcnstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid /xt. *t/koo bas0ba w,mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at9lx86o1 h l6j;gsvc zfjx8.cm 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around th3xrxw;o ;9 7qe e(pdije Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass xk-olw1 lnq 61)/wuoh jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted jh5no 0ll l5-hycrij.; t)/lzin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged s9w/g: ;(5vgnahw9lt hwxyq,, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from jt0-tno i n50 d4,lnugthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls tr7()7un9 h1 (s+kz uwact mvqihrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per seci9 huzn 7 (qv7+c(kat s1)uwrmond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) b1 3iddm* .z9x*lt:ty1wazyx kubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. A xmz1t ld13yw:. zxdt*y9*ika ssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folloxk-v*23qso b( rwt kbsv1rw+g./qm *wwing two days: tx . /*bvrwq1wr ko+mswbq -2 g(s*3kv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP-riu4 fy6nmn xo 6mpmqtt 3.:*, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2 m uy-mnqrn itf otx*4.m66:3p000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pres38t r(ks9l p/a1oqp desure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eq(oatp3qd/k1 8se p 9lrual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.