Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t-i xf ;h8mnvg d *e3-rtzk,vo6j;p7luable o-3h7orip jm xzv8ug;; fv *- lk6dn,ter Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a the( ojruc5myi7x; +-bvgrmometerouj rgmy -;+5cixb(7v.

Which is larger, 1 C ebdu029b8 :umj dfsj95m o-y u$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B yg +hnf7ma 5kpez u473is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, ag auh5m4fpzy+7ek73n nd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. W,dlhn o8.,p 4g,vrnuthen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will ,hnuog.48t l,pnv,dr be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiengun,e.h68qoq9 pp ke 9ak.l 9dt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f.y e,0ucg7x sq z+r1w+pognm 1urnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and hr+ +.xgzs 01m7u ynqc g1wo,epow it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often-clwii2u -zkmny97 nxdmu .ks /q09o. have a section in the shape ofl im kn/niu q-dk y c2-7m.us0x9zw9o. a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury a;v h9f7v-d4 ich z(fas)e)cect 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, jga )b4qjhii0 ya*u. /the mercury initia/i4ga.hub i)y* ja0 jqlly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or 4i,w y/hd4ref cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. df4why,r i/e4 Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linea+ a9ela,avbsm 7q 5eu5 e(:cimr expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explainul m b 7e(e+:ma9a avc5i,s5eq why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate - r;6gh4zd)xo dgr.y wat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itsa- v-ib -;oxy 9laf0qd bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will n xfiadao9vqy - lb;0--ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),6 , mr2p) *,nyymw qvilz,jn;q its temperature increases. When a gas expands ; mqn vjq2z ,mlw,6yp,) n*yriagainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase vk/7wd,2 q2zo73umk pvh aq7y or decrease if the temperature is inca,kmy 27z 3 p2wquov7/k7vhdqreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and tuc6z4 :x m1uq/jhucyng8h *0fhe relation between average kinetic energy and the abuxu0 :hgn jcyuch4 / 6mf8z*q1solute temperature.

Explain in words howv4 rrpsqxc-.wn4+lp 3kwy d;) Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th eu bz7i0yb-w/e ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must 7usz/0* fk6 /mpu jm 6a;kqzrwhave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller u; zp/6 wsf6*/jr7uq0 mza mkkmass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water l ,9a)5resgp(3yk4qj 4bwl ms at room temperature. What can you inf5ewsa lq4y(g)bs m 4jlr93pk,er about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is vvkcyg52: od08 trhn) far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe)t rdvc5:gkv82noy0 hrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperal dg0kk+jk8 cq.6. xt(jst1wr ture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is -8p/)5a f.f rukmxmwz8n r0jrthe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.pf/mkrnm8wrfu)j-8 zr 5x0 a.

Explain why it is dangerous a ac (eg+xq m(uzy;b.).zimp *to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile epem; mazbi*+()y..( agcuxz q ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Figtne rz*v. /-wr. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pexrl4n cq *e)3xnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grztdv :r.c7i/ml+ ala1 am gold ring compare to the number in a s1 ma/dc llzv:t+ r7ia.ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be.+ 6s*a f msvkv3the78 dsjpth771 aae 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?d he 7settak1h*a.s+ap7j36f v v m87s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and 95cvcu f(ju;- . kv lqtte45vgfqwo,2lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, th5i1g tkq7ydj9 e alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. q9dg1itk 7jy50 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sla ;eqlo/*ytroi.t p*tg ii:ze -gg-d, 7bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is h;hkyaly-10v l8bq ze5)ad(gbuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25aek)zd1h ;q l (gbl8-5ya0 vyh°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofq32wwuxaqg ,fue9(+ r mz;sc *ten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice)9u(gefwcwsrqx 3 z +*qu, ;2am before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4b5 pldja;st 1: $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What9z*4m 26:up esd; jgj:qatciz will be its change in volume if it is heaipeu:zc :ga md*zt2s9j6;q j4 ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wit j2lkc49ens7b h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 go4*kt8v u,a nmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in nt.i w19(jzqbqvx g7kl:y 2)f a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so inxd0r :l4jg+(r jrq3 it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective cq+ x:jrign3 (r4djr0loefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chf dz dc4 rl63;l8p7ebhange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficien:*f axh wfvs;7t of linear expansion :7fw s; h*avxf$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so01 vcii: yia3c2(mvwd lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grt m qpcdccoqta;647/)andfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ;qd t) 7cmop4ca6t/q c$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam,:75gd zesexz 6n 8weueter of 0.140 mm. The buens6egzwzuex87:5 ,dlb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m +7we.tbpfe f8is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity w8ef+.f7peb t $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15° k,ln a p8*uf34vohgnd:;6n zpC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempk u:4lnz;p,n 3phfnd6v*8a goerature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ob4q,e3u r, crkf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm ovsa5 m9i:n h*/ p+cduat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kkhiww- 6x 55hdxq6n ke, 3hn)zelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature oj3dm8 41,js c:ukb tpin the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of .lrvta ;*qyi 3 2dy3afthe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air n o, s4) kkkaq)1l4tyeat atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20o)knk s14a,e 4 y)tlkq$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyc, h2, fdut0bkgen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrvavb9- lz; a+zogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPl03:qhx2 zk uqf, 2rla contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0t bh(j w:)so9 nm6e;ea$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container pojfcjo.*v -2wqcoy9phz(p-i a y 964 holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3y opa*w( 9vjio-ycpq. p4fzc2-6joh9 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg pmnvy-k: ndy gqag4l)h,4b 9:of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift b ophl 7 /k20gng2lot*cy heating the air inside the balloon, which*7hcgoo2 tl/02 klpng makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air athzw(*y(jcu7 bd,1 ugi+/dmc f 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.)lbej mp 9*eo+be.0,blfv7gweyi.f .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon ejzt,h i;mth-s 11m pm6scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molag:8 kdsg) ;pwlcf o1kn p/(cprj)1, wecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t:6,1 ctcd8(w( ejrrcwdo4 5dkrs ict 1here in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moi 7tj4ci(frv8 les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1674ca n zz1-rvga: raq$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mo9 xe0w 3s4:hicdaj,fnsx0n :6abfe )ilecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphereexw:9a0ce ,fi3js: hdni ns bf46a0x) is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene 6 06eqi7hzu0 dymf1 1v-4hmajznijw5rgy of an oxygen molecule at STP?0-hnqw5 6 jdyu1z6v 0m4zj1i e7hmi af    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spee0ibkm/t1(h ysd of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ok1thi /my( s0bf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the3im 3)7wztnu z temperature is iuz3m3z)tn w7increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 9luuxwa 25::tgq gjm/:mhz )k6noce/ 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. :kuqmj/e 9lwg o6:/:tn gc)zxma52 uh Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesbnz+.s:tld8 o c3a-um in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant7 cm 83as2:ibc j:wpvte 6wm)p, by what factor m 7ja:pctwi v:me p 3)68s2bcwdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molk if+q4mh/87v *qnwx-mit s9hecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture d rf:x/.+btz2*sk urt of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio offbd.+s :kt 2urzt/x*r the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta e6nfh p..7kajf m c2ifm(h(+oined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmsaex g3bd*b:q3 speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP1: t-drn/ vy lhh-.dsj?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wh zr3f3gdth*ppa3ot:u36m h +o ose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell aua gd 63o hz:om3h3tp3rp*+f tt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cdjcsq:op2*ebwym4d1k/ xfx 041ki:c 4sbwt5 an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu,pf w 0n/fr+mqhz:k6 pm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases/l2flhn1 (vq b can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temhqmr *ccrm2aot2v 898 :qbf(ves 0a h3perature is (a) 90hhe0:a(m 8qsao8bv r9 2 cm2tfc r*v3q $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daycrw+,2 chiqj9 hn w)6v when the temperatjcvw +2ni9hhqc, w6r) ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wzgtw 1 )vkc9-zizh p*m+l 13w9yk8algater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular /uva mn, 6wr3a0th;ejplace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water htem,/;j n06 wauv3 raboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the part,n;2fqdd- e heoz zwca)fje9i1/+d u. ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidzf,ej;1/whe nd.+dqzc2du o) -e ia9fity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat2(ahjh 5jf 5jfem/yk2er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wa 2h:yweslq .i v7mg:,fter is boiling at gfwm 7l,. isqe2vy: :ha temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in au s08, nzfi wgku,0jj8 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dec(a9v 6l; ,qiquzxj1caf*f 2ifo i4 v(w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffss)-.cyu;pj cnhj/ 0ibs)t2so 9su. cuse a diso c.bp/scj-s uji.s u0t )cns92s hy;)tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through ti4; -9hqc q7 iy)ceozrbny tubes called tracheae. An average trach;cbrcq-hiz)4o7y e9 q ea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure w1cnf3*f un*11m95z gwqe zuehas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h*q mve 60yy,d )ems shc4jgm0.as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu (,onrg ub4l;ere. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80oru ;( elb,gn4$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a he kxlcv5b rp,*k-+e gu4lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure rl4gbv5*k cx +-, kupehas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in b )h. xcc5vtlshps7+;s s d1u;8aud d0a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ixddcca d1 ;pb u0) s5lus8t;s+h .sv7hs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboi1d1n g-al.; l;8jcrt6kosu l ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availli(w-b6 ms:uvv c;z/ fable vacuum techniques is abo; w-cuf/ smvb(6 i:vzlut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.55 tfwamn8 hzuw 7;:+nb L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adviw n7f;:tubmh 8a5w n+zsable?    L

  A space vehicle retur2 hlx g)svly( xxl6rwg)17yo*ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becau6lgxgr )*7h 2 wlox1(xyyvl)sse of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inljnh78pfkbt tr2s, 7.eic s3 /creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oz:4x* bt2u)j0uwag :/loqi u bf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surwc8y.wm r1v ;jface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. r;v mc1j w8w.y   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molext3( 1ml *4)gvx nku+;enskiscules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital he9*gut or l-vn:+mvq 5as gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, ue+:orl-*v9ng mt5 vq measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquida/cp ,i,il w6o mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 28 5fsvh9jlcbm(( cnbat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2u 2u8:jo+sqsk5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass /x+7+r ji h)y8/o2abgq*szoykbx t )ijar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptet06cw/eh g2 7x ie-wwrd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chaexo/a *r2z y+9muok4brged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro seiua ,orb2 gkn68:s;m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravitko enir; )ge93fh4ao9 y by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second3)nhaeo4o;rfek9i g 9 must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ty d:i k7e(m;wair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturedewy m(7:;kit is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in h/r2k;ctqoy7 the air on the following two days: 7c;tqor /y2hk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whenc/2m.eqs55 a 3 tf)u ;zewsrcy it is a soliw)quc 53s;am/ er2s5zec.f ty d deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas atm lnlj(7; 0e-oi lwza, constant pressure, th(n;lm ll7,wj oeai -0ze coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevg.fon pb ze gm u/g0)v8:qaukx:; g3r(ent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (nque ;z.b(f8g::/pgk marxo3gg )vu0kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg