Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See:;o8 jnzx s4)k fl4xmn the periodic table or Ap :8z4); ok mxnxfjnls4pendix B.

Name several properties of materials 3jesl owyo2gx 2s4 ebw(5u) r/that could be exploited to make a thermometer.urb(owgj e2w)y o 5/3 s2sl4ex

Which is larger, 1 Cu;rub39rer a* $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systr)5 +vs/rd ecwem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperat w)cevr/5r ds+ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to alqw hdv c g)2irk7-(a 7qb-p)e strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which q 7e)b-hvpild-rg( 2awq7)c kmetal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea.ieem -3 locgm75p3eur expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermsr (u0kmu/* xoostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Exk r/(0sx*um ouplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape 8j npzt v7d7yqjvff88y27 3/qd-rn3 2onfowp of a 87nvv7dod z- 38p28yrj2q/nf nt3fp q j7owfyU. Why?

A flat, uniform cyliniel vbn+(d.)*l5e ztsf9)gcpgkx u)8 der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi*dc8a nyba2 qlc2;ji 6mq/ w,srst placed in a hot tub of water, the me yi2q2c*adn ,sa8c; lw6mbj/qrcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bre kw r1xf2 e/(u6d8 g kbjds680zktmv6hak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part 8sbkt0mkwu8 6hgddrefv16 6zj kx/2(s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expa sf* cyhe+n5x;nsion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1sxec* 5f ;yhn+). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accmiqa/ lyk6w k6wz2 6g0urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to ba ot09 zf4nhwi1/.a ggbp-zn5ulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hgn-9z owig45/ zph 1f tnb0aa.as happened?

When a gas is rapidlfk2 ,yfaynoj c8x xtxi6l2x37a8ge04 y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what h6g8 n ytcf0,la8xyx2 fkxa74 3ixjo2e appens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forntigoe p-oxc 7,39cg)8 eq+u oce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 pi egugqt7 +)on3- eoccxo9, 8$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words howqc 3e 373ladfanh4a)x Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temph l3)ca 3xn43d7afeaqerature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lusditc7u c872av6l ;9/phhde sdmi x8j-sac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o-hyn+ e ig kn3 b6c6e0vle,3quf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mudh) wlk8/u cf6;rz1jnn+qil1wo0/h h3we7 ycst have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what ithzcw3ni k1u /nh r8l ;lo 6jhw7qfwy)+edc/01 is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mo :pv; kifskz20re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecu kf vsz2:p;k0ilar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uezquv3(f0) atncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp0z )3tfvu(q aeerature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 udju*, zuf;t(:qs 0ow$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is 0+ iyc,n- vvgzdifferent. Which is more dense, the dry av,0iyzc g vn-+ir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated auto-e z v-w6k1lvdmobile dv wev1 6zk--lengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tpjj g a 2z3yqzft-b0-+he winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there invi6t y/sdylo5x -6wb0 a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare touj0s *icq8 xs dc0.g8v the number in a silver ring of the ssd80scq*c0iuj xv.g8ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scam-c i.2qc,rvxi4t 2sqz gdu;1ih;ho+le?t;iz2hqric -msoh vixq4gd c2. u1+; ,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and low w.0carrj5zi1 fd rd7r; d;wd/est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomet1 tsfodvw435,1pguivc c;3fq er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 itsd1vuc4c31 , w 3 fpgovf5;q$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabso:6 l y)rxq6cw 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3g xui)2s5zhni5a/6 fr00 m tall. Estimate how much its hizngahuf2 x /6 s55)rieight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ( /spr7w dd0pooften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a /0pdsop7w (rd hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 6)6hp ffo6zpe1l 5c jr4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsryf 1f/9hok.d n7f5zr a9gij* change in volume if it is heated froh7 zygr.r*9 j fk 1/a9of5fidnm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the br2dn24)pxf ihy.myz-f8h-su zim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.(1uk .-cyt xu3.v:mhxy3g hhu50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pld 8td7lj7l-lcg)e3on aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cankdqt32ij,+ rls ;mh) dje-k3s expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofjem2s)-l;+d ,r h3jtks d i3kq volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens w+l0pau 0a/olity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widthxo)1f0evmtd 5 r7 i.us w has coefficient of linear expansion r71muveo 5.) fsxid0t$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropiceh *9 y 6itzqm)0+taji solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather kgj-1 umdk1 j+(y7vdsclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17k1 +ug-yj(jks7 vd1d m $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an-fz uuzva esvj+lju00+2i8 +ys d ;/ru inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2zu+8z+vd+/ve js2us0 l uru-jaf 0iy;55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of1n)6 kr,aew ,cnqe2 jc radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless b) e2 aew, 6jcqrnkcn1,earings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi njjbez1z m1drnm+ 9 7/-hoba*red length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturhm zojj1 +mb- a7z1*e n9/dnbre increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ()6yqf bopk(w ka57yr area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 clr1wh19g 4ljr m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: uvxfvt 4, b);)rc6w9p vrag 6b
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sca.b8wo /mer *b:t3 hxosle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40m* /d qspoh c c+(/-.j+smaoer00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air alek/q51e1 1fa fy4.rm kicbca, baq.- t atmospheric pressure and a temperature of .cl15iby .b e11/a akkam ef-f,r4cqqabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idemupc o*v;;hy. 3cbnw, uf4s6 sal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.2t, l rr obp)834lgheb. l1ir/ftabc) 6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18) 8y zw6r y hctdotp9jk0vc nw/y8p5*8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuxssg5gt) (, viwoa( ,pm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon g+xq2gxyl-*(elcw ; r ypb1*u cas at 38wpybc*x 1l+qurcy (;-x 2*le g5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.09fvtcq( 3l vi; kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatr:: m;yiq txw,ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less d i,wrtxm; :qy:ense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air 7 vyu5uw4ltlqf7; k4aat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0jj(cn q d(p0s4 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lepf(l p2y* /vgeslm e+f:01evkvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /ljy7i5rk4 0ug $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? 6evtjr2 6 ) cbfopad21How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) t uyihv,jeo.v6 q8y:3moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.loxlbb2 )6nm6y7xb :u 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L br rhguv6 3)vky(sjt5w4eath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo toy vwg)5r 6sjvku4ht(3 ok. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagewt0 af+rup)1xj j,0 fz translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?0j)fx pr+,a1jz t0uwf    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of 7 s 8+c+-vlg3r mksaenhelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6+7-s r8+nkmsgav3 lce 000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speede0sqna4 er.3lu- mx k2guxx2* of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fro mn.*ku-q40ae3geuxxlr xs 22m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the foll6ednt-/ uh0 mgm0elgki3t +1 q5-dwpvowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7qg w3l6-hdt-ge 5 1iv0 tmk udp+0n/me, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 6pr*2fpsg7lk;of l 2n$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a -ndnjay+7gu),k t* di gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factorn jy)+dk tg7 ndu-ai,* does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mole f- w w 0qeo/kxt/.9ag-0kmwc 8apta6n yld*z7cules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thc.g1rxx 14 3fkxsl +ffe same temperature, the ratio of their rms spe4fkx1rxl.3cff1 x +gs eds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an :asl (,9csnv)t.altmc:njp-8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at xb +p)uur5b )m8 ffbd3 hnoikq9.y1u*0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molwyt; ts wn-k+j8a3g0 sp8mg.h ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 ud79np) 4 cti, nkgq6ez in a living cel ,dtn4q )76n9p czikegl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of aj:4h,c q(,q d,udoco a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur v8gx6rni0ag70 4li8fdj. 9wzd ;uqsganium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cln/ktqac;d; s6x71 wcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressur5.hw *fei h3une is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 en3 ih*5hufw.0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% onh1*)jbnef51 nop0pt ik bod n btw*+z*c, r+u( a day when the temperature is 2r*n50+i1btoz j1(bt+hpp be fdon,)uk n c**w5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boipy-nlxa e::iz: ,yv03lzc q time;e(* ls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at admy km6roaph+ef2r;(-7 9 kw77cfgyg particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa km aykgo-werf;p ( g62+777d9ymfrchter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial press.8u:4gcqu fl xure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hc: 4x8gf luq.uumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watenj,2x:cd1s c( dl snc*r on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p8bep5b9emfh , eb.7td ,a6kajressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature he7d,t mjeab,5b6f bp.9kae8of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roi: +ijgtx, kly 2 .*jofi+-lauom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of -*w :um(tulc1 bui ta/5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to d* w g8 qzjvt2nt-gj/n3iffuse a distance of 15 ttg8-qng */zjn 3wjv2$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior 67iwm2w jzn5 othrough tiny tubes cowjm7z65n2 i walled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape me+xngl* 57m yuhs*qeehooy -o:m wl -cr.-p8 v,asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha0,qf u je0 3ejbnv3/nos been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup waswg9ij66 aik,8 lkmu1v/iq 5 dr calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mumkgd 6/li8q519wi jia, 6rv kL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindeby+t +x*awvkkr7e/ ,i r is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure het/yrk+w kbx *7,iv+a as decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o1es qbk-j.t p s,n)k)qf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thetps)sjkb.n -qke),1q temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ab(g9 osdj,,w0)v jhc pci+9gscout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best a pfm9 df.2a0farqi.50l;w.qs gpd1m kvailable vacuum techniques is about maw0f2 ap.sdq1k 9fi..lq0mpd;5 fr g$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L7o. s4d0 yheckc:y*pn when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisab *skn40 h yc.dc:o7ypele?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere ptk/eab14 g:c:od w1xf v2c+ pat a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of spbcdk 2t x4fa/ewo1vppg+ :1c:ecial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from lg,(1 )hi1t 1ik inhrm110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770b(r.unx74 oxbm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of tghv :fhz.e j( uk8))pym6t2 jehe Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. ut zfk8jy(: p2hev.) )hgjem6    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m.e*bo l7h te+ b*xi0msolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen uspg b02w99hsphj,ysr q2w s:*ged in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and 9 wwsq: 2hb0sgr ypj9hg*,s2p at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a :2f 0pjqsiy605m ljzlt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolidfh iw 5pf+.zhy.mi:b3f6p . kne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator a/krqwkucw0xpdf yb v7: 9/lu+9y x:k/ t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glynh1k6qthqz3a )1+:hc mks* aass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in theawya:y ,l.b0v7ij:cvtk0 r:j7qbr:z7jz -gl 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur0cev/g/a jsf gu ,v/0pw1w7tp e of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from -dv7dhz-pn h0*mygy4 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balludch2vi fosvhq /b0* v ,s a2:ry0a)z8s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis bal/)8 qavbzcsh ufi0*d v r2:,s h2vyo0als per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dep:vsf4bzv 9+6 jx2 kmlvth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, an9lfk2xzv mjs6 v4:b+v d the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurexyca5c((psz:uzu:,nie qg 41 in the air on the following two days: n4:gc uu 5z xe:sqz1,(y(paci
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irh ,; i qr;0dvr;cboxu6on at STP, and when it is a d;rxh6u,b irqov;0 c;solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to s;- nwu o8t:osuyi (ig9ave**s how that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vou98*g:i u(tvsaes;-ny o w*io lume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constanto0/48 zgi-s.uy cgqqxe f 6eox5/(dtj ly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hfi/ou.g8dx0-xy (t c ez/ g5s eoq6qj4ouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg