Which has more atoms: 1 kg ovj/jvx9tqa6+t oov*so,on v;k83 i p 4f iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendi okj 8,atv nv;+o*3vooxqs /9jv 4p6tix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermd)wt g sfbdco 1me (n.qyoa0l*(z(9m9ometqa0e(l 9c9fnso)zdbmdw(g * 1o. (mty er.

Which is larger, 1 C j 0b:k1y4rqcu $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thejsy4y.gwa7i0,xf n:- 2 lc;px* z xpbermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you s2 xp0;lpsc4x*n.a wy, -ix: zjbyg7efay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cony,2lodw hwo)t. z zb20sists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heate20 z,) tbod2hlwwzo.yd, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffirm//j2bg9h :hyi ohrv)n a:7tcient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to con(+0q)hbw w3zu 0xf06 rmfv ghltrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device control6r0ml hg(0bf+ hwwv3) f0 xuqzs the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a3jcxjunjr 1ig:0 ;j /5rllk 8mn,dcz 8 section in the shape ofl 8k jjr:3ulr j1g0,/ nnc5xd8;zcij m a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer x8y cw:8s-a89hbg kihcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed bm/s)5qwrg 5kin a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andm swgrb5q/k) 5 then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cool.kknm5epc6 qq2q5 /yded more rapidly than ad kq pqny/52 q5.dme6ckjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie7 wl(oikjg;; jnt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for or;ojlikgwj( ;7 dinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clwh6n*0aj 8 dcgock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willfjuqov oj*;)i :sn:0f4+yef4 fh+n ov cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up.fjvv )+ 4f:u;0oofhjn+ ifysqne4 * o: What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston).o 4 opq; ab7ico*(esm, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules coie7mo* . a(;4pqb sowhen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminu2oijvd f qk17i on )l1iy7tj5iws e8*2m sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature kq7v2i eo8i)l25oj7 tjwi i yndf*1s1is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frow 9r4kk7 c:wzpm kinetic theory and the relation betweenrckzw k97pw4: average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fol**d*u ga34i bhc 0ytwqk3- -pxi o3a7ufb y;xelows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the3 )dyte+4 q(3w g1,sowh nbqgl ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to xd3q gbie)c r52 -:qug.,n tgwthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is f)i cgbnu gxqgtqw -e:53,r2d. or the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temper7sao ,tcb) ;ki0 ovr0kature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to i7rt;k0bvcasok)o , 0the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr)m *wdi h5ygmf0* (miqy day at the same tempwimm5d hq )if*( y0mg*erature.

Is it possible to boil waterm.( p co4;lgbi at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempe5fbk2j+fk(nbf f9z 6grature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more densek5(f kj9 6bf+g2fnfzb, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobif.d,nlat sptbc4( 7 ( /q)uxcwle enu.((/bf, tpls)nt4 a 7wxdcqc gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28 )q dg26qt:bs45wc4zb e4 lbij)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grt w5lh h1l7b:iam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compa5paf,d7.,b v0*lb ga.xpp7 e7n6mxgeyni0 pyre to the number in a si ag7e ,b, 0vpx x6nfnbeda50p yipm.yl7pg.7*lver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often ta rm;llbg dl045qh32mm ken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?m5 2 g3bhrll0 dm;lq4m   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded aretmi.uco)4t8cbcp3f27 b-z v r 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermfzp0u qob1 w*)ometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.w0o1*bfz )up q0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1 /svri88tzr y92 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300c mmga-f 8(pad2*b0ns m tall. Estimate how m8 f*aa2 (gncps mdb-m0uch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thq95s) )o j/;.nf m cymqaki*rsat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice))*5.oa in; fq s9/ jcmmqsr)ky before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterm)9na a7qxh+ an.r rt/t3hi; ek nc:c7 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm il9ozp0 *3hjdp n diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedpj93d l0 z*pho from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brih7 f b2 ypb5tmxuyem260q-)tvm with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL mw jqqikmq2f j- ,42v3of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinma 9 tim*6abti8t*ax:g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exparxh de15 9nli)nd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient rd1 l5n)9ih exof volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi wiu a8rgk i t23p8kq)9z,,sgcw*g*zkty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of fhmu:10wj5c zlength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiu w0zhc1fj:5m on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, exwi+:3q ooug4(oyy euo 6bpf8 h-- y8$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tg;iql(7zpgjycwt ( 55ime at 17 5 y(;l( gpgzw5iqtc7j $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th;prwc6)fp*6 tkm n jv3e bulb has a volrkjpm3p*nvf6 c6); twume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abouoau*gyh- 8i jem k6:5ht itse m86aju g* hk:-oiyh5 axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi5:lkn(e2(9 ijwdijcered length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the te9lie5kw i2j(cn jde:(mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel j,;3 2p bafyvgI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter(a5id* e1ov:efj ql n) 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the xj s0dl y8(hbdcmx1pd:88os( Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? ip m(1:8 hph he;mje-6l0wh ;7br ljxa   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abouthpiruuh9p 5 /3 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a ;8z ef)dxk gjz)kbfcn*0pc.d5cze ;wt gp 37:temperature onjezc0f*g3:. zkte )cf;d)zpbk7gd p8wc5 x;f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t93wcajq20hc *t9wp dbhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of d4ep).qu2+ 8bywm6k)vuie lt nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5r +i7*q8 p8anube6vlo kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i44 8mtf9krg/gy :xfqqs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containe: 8e wknjxn fde:-1aw2r holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 n:nafew1e-wd: 8xj2k 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kvx 8w)y41/ czecse+ phg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the b gxp.ud*pu7 7;cr:zw air inside the balloon, which makes*d7pwgx7 b:.pzu;cr u it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witp;1+cw 3vp .e64 w8/aqr1moays lqilwh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atzuwi. uy3r5(iipd70 y 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at dz n2i(0qrr,msea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molek;y zhbr o/kqv6kjv1 u,mq,j *4c oy).cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How l c6q2td0yhb:nn+ v5rmany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number og/6o9 s.auwv x-6wlx(8 fuekjf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumewm )e 5i.wts;v 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eacht: zb-6mcu; kxcz . 3 (5ydmvqsuk8sr; 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consbk ;du .z;qcy8zk m-sctmus xvr6( 35:tant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatuytq9.9r jn :jp8.3vg -eual zional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? leuju 9v-jpan3:q t .8grz9y.   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfac-iuok /6kb*r ie of the Sun at a temperature of ab 6/k-b*ukroi iout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gac y,e.00 :gcuqvpgn//c/eg ft s molecules increase if the temperature is increased from //eq0. c0py f/cgu,tcnegv:g 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unn j.w0p i8 0dcclii-k9its of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.w.0cd ciik -jli9np80 $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0pmm i;j wsu(*9 j-y:ar pu5x0y $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum6gd tn)+ tm/cpe is held constant, by what facto+c ) tdmntp/g6r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules inofa.+e)hc .l lkn 0t4h a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature d2*;yf3h kfckpc 3;vgnec l.6, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to theg;p6vccn3;lec f k*yhd2f3 .k inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedz.pc;na(9o7 js.x xcllz 32arj zts 8; in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at p,:f2,l+ajgspefdx 3n 4m -;un2yx un 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be4 vb*lzkdn a*uep1 7 e7,qgex3tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino aci. rp9hc/li//5 jgb qnxwbo 1gv.wz*8s d whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livig*sj1ovwp zx8/w g.bchb.5/i/ lr9qnng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writteb4ykl)it (+- h) fatww(;hkgln P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium+37 u.lvl-d atsq1dj:74n* olt8 yr q/hukiop, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressj3fqs+ 7adk1w ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and y)w2f2vj*hve ;co,; deh,q e athe temperature is (a) 9eah2e vecf,;y)d h w*ovq ;2,j0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the l y yp9+ a6cl0jev-b0k+us5adfy 3* hbtemperatf+ 9l5spbl0a63*hy0keyydu c+v j-a b ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wh2r-knlv1lih) ere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains iuc9)+iftrml , s 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whichic) u rft+m9l, water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watezyn:04 m *c.zh5kvsj lr is 530 Pa and5msvkjcz4h0n*l: .yz the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t b:jnirfg, 5mg+kb0gk6 6ixt8emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cook(,q f 44zgi2 2e4x ophajzkqo(er if the water is boiling at a temperajzx qhzq, ap(go eo44fk (i242ture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of r)td n4j yp s/a,+jj(zvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 zf(ilj db45 fu+z.o7 m$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fobgw,:9zs-c9fv yi a u* d0s1kcr a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance*dfi uzc, k9:bc-v 0yw gsa19s of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tuhze/;r t5 8(qvd+fsak bes calledasd5 ;+tqekh f(/v8zr tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedp/)5cs k ,zc l/u,xikw at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure y4c uj/,7 zuwzhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much fs+d1su3dk* n1u xl, a *qlky0error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thk* q1 d+xkyul* u 1d30lf,ssnae cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylind6pryc*xh+n w yu6cm-0er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to y +y*hcpc6w6mu-nr x0 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wi)+xs1wn cma/ pdth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature m)/cx p1wnas+is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutu: ke1v pr;d6h one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using ypkrq++6x pz8the best available vacuum techniques is abop zxypr+86 +qkut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cal; n;l7iygy3y s73qu zpacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfaugz 73y iq7ll;y3y sn;ce? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speesyaoy y0 v1(zhw6(vv0d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and tywyvs y v (a0vo10z(6hhis is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idevxhj 0nwl;75t1 re+vlal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o 3ck8i7g1p tyf a w+ts*74vylyf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estim 3.x +v2,bghitb p0udmate the top,+2v0gbt h3u ib mxd.tal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesmh) or/c3m zt2 contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge g3- zpni+yd+s5e c)zl pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) pz)y5edi ++ nls3g-zc and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurys56r ayzyf 87z ;vav0l at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline q*n/ k/bfd:c tat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around , q4fzf8wje o a)jlg*(the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20r q8k p: ffshb up3j56b. :23vc:wkwxt$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stanr b;ste: kv;j, h,nt)pdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 ajb0uwxrkirv:7o kl 69ov* qy+n)af * 5tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iswrlm0ghigysl x8)bd 3(1 * )hn $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown *ha nj9m.obj ,8esk v7-smy g5vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must 5n. km8 oj*v-yms hb ,jgs7ea9rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depeu r*cd39k 6a8tttim *th of 14.0 mcr3etuti d a96 8*kt*m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air: de+a*db(hk m on the following two days: a(dbkh:+ed*m
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPo39ff6smbo)u , and when it is a solid deep in thf9of 6b3ou )sme Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo4qz7 .zhp324x bqjcg lr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansio43 pb74jlzh g .qcq2zxn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peo 8 2 pp9g:zjvzpzh9pg3ple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kep9 zp3: g p2zp9zpg8jhvt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg