Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1k6,f. ik y-wpo kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bpio6,kkfyw .- .

Name several properties of materials that could bse(hv )le5a(le exploited to make a thermometl5()eeh( valser.

Which is larger, 1 C f; d1g2kxp8rnl1) ljz f 45mtk$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal evb; 1bf* d xc7e8d tl5w45plrkquilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures ofc1e5rwf7*k dtl vx45b;8bdpl A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip *8 rwf ci v94oujq2g ;aft+m4econsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin m4 iag8foce qt*9r2jv4+f;u wt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ot 9l c-(3sclvxf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram zkjnj9bs4;ktkj1e-e6 4t sn; of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricitynsbkj9 ket-zj1; tnek44s;6j when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sf pj)9 ( p *pph0r8xnc :nhqoqc+2qy6fhape of a U. W0p9p6q of:qr hcq) +xy(ppnjf2*hc 8nhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead ac2:i, it)bbl tjr76o floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fir , s7bdd81tq g(b1khqjgb6)cbe.h )qhst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercubhq)hd bgh b1edj t8) sq7,6bg c(.qk1ry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may ()y1 zcmf thlixi4 4- uqy0d.ibreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thac. qziu i1mhfx4l 4(yy0tdi- )n adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyre k-:fwr7x,x alx glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Expr7-xa:xl wf ,klain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2ark.i*g0 9dc7 we ns19edo 9yy0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad lckruv8 yq (+2od ;t3jqr8f(zly the can will not stand drlf t kr;qcq((v 288+oz3juyup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing downnu48;9 1jx tukx9efje0xm2ji a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the k 1u ;uf 8jjmt0ee9kn9 x4ixx2jinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc sjw//.-coh uldd-sga.s3 4nk rease or decrease if the tems-cwn4hddl jsos3gk/-u . ./ aperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the)per0gbrld7 uwmb c((325pz s relation between average kinetic euzr23)ecm5 rb07ps(bl pd(w gnergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s l*p, m. w+23arulb w0rtpxg). gc 9kcdcaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ) prlrv6f ulud8:i 0a9ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refersga ;8r4y- mx ikpe9pq7 to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it 8e-p q ima7xpyk;gr 94is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at ruppd3a vc- 6i2dv+cf 2oom temperature. What can you infdv+6puf c3a -c2vdp i2er about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is j2hy;ja .: ,dj wa)enefar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperw :2a,jehj d.y;aej) nature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem 5dz1*cvdc1n kperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t0hc- +giks)jze/5 uyh he same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the -/y +5h kgucsizh)je0 same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorxyis+4w79oua cap of an overheated automobile engisx7u 9+aowy4 ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little: xiqbz,1or-s white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in aps);:b yveje- 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gollgh2on +a9 +6tn, yml6j w09)sbmmstxd ring compare to the number in a silvbws6ttn+),g hy6n ax99 j2omlm+0 msler ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi/ l2bnb /fo;zns on the Celsius scale?f n ;zolnb/2b/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures ea: ;kho4)z byrecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, q1fon 1-fi-hr :*oxoz the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.oq:1o1- *ro zxnfh- fi0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12tgse. fpx2iuc72q/: sm sisu::4xr6o m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrouz : yh e6ozg(tx*23xosght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatxg(o 3 z2:x6tshzy *eoure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rive upth9 4jb0 d(.ncnwl.ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and d p4.nhnjtw9.b l0 cu(the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water c.(n3ypgerpm)75un2p 3yug lat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diame ty,mrzazsp(p;wqr 5+8(y -rp ter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated f 8sqrppzy wrt,mra (;z5+-p (yrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is 5 e5 +gbg cf9ckygt4p4filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofgf) yriwt:tug*27p, v water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i.jlbw4c g +w-cron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essent+q9rqj1dq 4 tqially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eq9 tqjqr qqd+41ual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit a;z8:ciy 5+bgeacunuf*6-,yo zrf rb3 d-k)ny $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l ap6wl22zcj djwyvp;8.w t7j y9nd width w has coefficient of linear expa v cd .jplwz769;jy28pywtjw2nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi::fvsh0 9hb1eyvqs6jc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee t. okx-opmx7 9+mdg0*dawbgje:avl7)l96zzps perfect time at 17 9z t7d0elodlzm 9- +o p:gxxa7w.m*k)gjvb6a$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The sl 03.c8lh, papypa0e bulb has a volume a 0pe0alp3yc,ls h8. pof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41qvnpibx 66po+y9fu2*d /c8gb m is rotating about its * cqxpfuydn8 gip6o2b6b9v/+axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at cxqm; .opp)8)wy1y9 z gcla2w15°C. How much stress is required to keep it atzy )) g.2op aw9mx8q; ywlpc1c this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be*n el2/:sz vapt:f,u0c fep7lam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13wnqs 3e27uuj54.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: u0m,m0 rui(x w
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu+ps37dvpg23f:pc mht re on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a(6(j* p*g ozgg6x zyrlre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air a.u-b9z4qqu cdvv :qp2t atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboducqq- u92v v:qb4p.zut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideavftd,+f d 71lel gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of3z ,8se4eivcv nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogerhzj(/) txrrn / ma:o8n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gxvt2ke+ c.ly 3id)*y ya4w r, w3yxhe5as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressurez qe*n 1z/t-wz inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?z1qnz* t/w z-e   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg irzg)7a0f,.ed ma .7wegwe/ j of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati l:b pzgm86;7wgpxm l6ng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonm6bpg6:m l; wpg7x8lz is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a9 lp-ue yoelz5(uw/r+4xe i7kbbb -boy3 uz18ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0+8r v7u;c nzzt $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chil,e4y5g 3o e2aht;hjn g 1vc6cmee(*dpd’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculke 3/u0-raf qges / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man )y11h:ee 8wflqt*spxptt a*;v96brwy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol, wq75jpcxn ic-i 6eob3/ jkjd+)gdw3 c n1/pkes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.bv4diw3 rujxz3 0 6gazs+y9wl *z+on81$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of 70orf2* ec8hbfqld(kair are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high dec0 fhl f7*r8ob2k(qand of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at S ujdh5v4nl1/m8* n*vjg3: ul,yylyxi TP? iv,8 lj:3y/1jymuhvgn *unl y4l*x5d   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ocqkg91)pxe 2x f helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ab2 cxxk1g)e pq9out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if ta4e p*y r i+a1voj21zohe temperature is increased from 0 p4rivza1y1a eo*o+2j $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in u u:7z)pbko--ky lb* aloy.4sunits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatesllk) yu-o.pz-uby:*ka4bo 7 the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga y ,qfo ,za86*ybot0+zp ai,gqs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is jo pgl8 k+.hw0held constant, by what falg0.8hok pjw +ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol ex tk04 i rnup4,(pe9eb*(dtlecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of iknkxqec;8 :*two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots 8* ik;qxk ec:nof their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of ni; *oqrptb 7ul4ku/ b)peyc ;6mtrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms si(o v(p6wfyx.4 (ttst peed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molesc 5o72p2skt vcules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li(cd a7cuz 9v 51qo7khtbj1ic( vhbjtd (uc 71 5zkvo9a(7ic1cq ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrk zop8/o )v2fqitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, c(.cx,jgjbx;a w4 mymk6r/; l$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases2rezt v1x,fm5b7 1i nw can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tevy(xbjh up5*na e ei -5:,.rqpmperature is (a) 90j,( b -:u*apvrep.e h yiq55nx $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a(7)m maiz rfp; day when the te;r)7m pm zi(afmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placooy-dks 5n p:i0nb32e e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parti1 nab(dksa4mkg2 17t icular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water a74snb i2akd1m(k g1t boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the part3vc+xssx e(n 5ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatin3(e sc+5xsxv ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure ejzf - pge1n-3,cvp w3of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boil (xh9v oe;q5acqqllpa4;-rg 2ing at a temp-lr945qa ; q(xv2;aceqglpoherature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluevojjuo4p1at y0 7f4-me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poh2)-;7w* jsepja ogoyint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed ft*s at d9uej1-or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 11*uted9 sj-at 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thrav+3t-dp bup :;s- i-o:lj6tr fdt+zrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average: at-d;j u zld+--:b+ 3trrispot6vp f trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra hup6oyb(h3 s8ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenyh pn)*r) fa,d63 adhhh1zd.u* l f/gk calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratujn7a8gx - z9e8iw)re ed at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cu8j8ugi7n-)wxazer e 9p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After iev 1,k qgle37jj24ci many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the orkl1j7q ivejcg 23,4ie iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mejco6-skb *3n *g rqx7olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempen qj g3-k6oc* bxe7sr*rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter r6qotv qad;ve (2fe (*is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab 5b(9ccy eakv )yww.ygh-6vi9le using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutc hw6(yb -cvg95 .9y iya)vwke $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hir/l 2/yh 5yjfcs lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfayc2y/lhf/ 5rjce? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon e0d1x7 o -1+w ceoytxkmb n,yv8nters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a+t,b81 1nyxx7o y0mvokcd-w e bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110 .zxc iv k3,sanv:gw12$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770moo -ytil 3/xkb 4j e8+p;k2car$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm.bwzx(av, /v y3gbn/p 0fl rl-ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecurl3(,x lb/ay.0 /gwzbvf vp-nles in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu8eojrwy)(;e c les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 8wzw pxi +x9v0. cr.lypsi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lz.i8ry0x vx 9w +lpcw.ong will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurh3*2bfddil)2 wri+q3 y/m rujy at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 00ft/ahznq8( m $^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tozh4*dtn.s3 z9sg gxz2tl z:p* fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto nn( c w,: u hh1vo,o8wgecy)*f*ohll:a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado eog8iaa.1as(u/93hx i7sq zjpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasb4it ,f+mg6tw,iua 6l 2vov .3 pjs4na a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear,b4kvn n pe2(7sz m+ekth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra sxar aq+u1pr0ff)tx d;9x+i,+ cz(wivity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lar;xdtcp9)1xiw+ ffsaz(, iq0x +u +rid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from 9qsps8hqmbtdj mic i9+1,1,j a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cis,j98p h1+ibmq smtc1j,d 9 qonstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure,1ialvnz0k . fa m-op3 in the air on the following two days: 1.al mpzv0af -, nkoi3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and f;2q7f;shepq l59 h. exy;dc awhen it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2q 2xf5.fesa; 79ehpclyqh d;;000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to s z 12is6q.irddhow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficieizqd2.isd r 16nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thr.r q9 vxb+rcf 1l/6n6s(sgkreir cellars to prevent rot and mrcs/ l1v96x( rkfs qnb+ rgr6.ildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg