Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum f;b 24h0ws yu1x2jznr? See the periodic table or Appendihz1r2n yf ;s0 x2bju4wx B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploinl8vz/dh99i(t ay -roted to make a thermomete/dza( l 99tvh-oriny 8r.

Which is larger, 1 C ak+)c0re -xk s$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys 50pawu/an3cz8zr (syh/ot1 ltem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturecu8pwh50naoslzy/ ra 31 t( /zs of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv/lpmh o5top w*;1 kgr)eted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside w hoppk1 lo tg*;mr5)/of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exzy e1d j7chy z2*ol4,gpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fujtng(ss+. 3nl )jbk/jm: p-zgrnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how :.+jktn glg-/jjn( s)p3zsbm this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that arec 1f3(c e,sflw cd50ajuf*u)p fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why1 lf*f e) s,cujc(30pfduwca5 ?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mec ugr))u9 /n* m1qw96d3cic7 muqcqiercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomkzw,m) ti(fh:q0 r ocxh4t99 feter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallytfm, r9k ih(t:qw9zo) 0xhf4c descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyls*v:0z/ofr 3x s.dad than adjacent parts. 3f*xdola/s vz r :s.d0Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear ex.jdok;w qiwwld:, *t5pansion is much smal w,w dkw5tqi*:d;lo .jler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate1o) e+;mz+: roaubszl at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly theex7n)2:3f(lx fnsbq:/ efgf ej- vg p4 can will not stand up. Wha jegf: be-sxegf vql(x34 fnp:)7 n2/ft has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temp7 ,camb.nj n(aerature increases. When a gas ea7nmja( n. ,cbxpands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergedroe10v9 *x/ w2qwopzj in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2 /re q*jv910owxzwo2p0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the r*l;ysj:j(tjj elation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturl* jsjy(tj :j;e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fol.+ *omhp, rj6sdc m pmm6,zosq hch+k7*j/k:llows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thebl v+ r1.,suau Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the aa2;;jz tc( akminimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escaja(tz;k2a ; cape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wa c5i5-st wnbi.ter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative tosbi in c.w5t5- the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is farm tjn )ivn8vafxx: m8.3 ek-x2 more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the xknnvf i8:)xa.jv2-3xmmt e8 same temperature.

Is it possible to boil wat)i1 eas,fgts+ er at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humid2i: keuhv k)9qity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or tuikq 2h9:k) vehe humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator c3i-pl ,dddjio h, 1wl,ap of an overheated automobile englw,ij 1, 3dip-dd,lo hine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. xio3egp gv5z77bqy) ) 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gramog0cmot1r/0 j 2+i1scqe+ 6ixxr8jz d copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ath+ ,o8ten24rp ob*uswoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masnh8op, w2o eru4s *b+ts?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often take-wi6ss)cbxc. g:-q:0;mjb rd)mp idcn to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?jid;:- dpc)6q0b-m c) wrs: xic.mbs g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest ovzary4 a/ij25e/d,7r. kbl gtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm attvdv15dd8m; g 0.m8 dd1g v5v;td0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo 3im+:mgti h7dng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bu9 kpyk bxukb-9lngt9d:i*0-l ilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tell9b 9 t9: ukp*yi-xkg-k0ndbmperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uypu4 n3-u)j ert m*mgdub0*6bsed and the rivet is cg ydn4rb *0utj3 b*)um-epm6u ooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4an;vbq mq,i58 fk:by, $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. h objnb2 (ea6xje go3mm. a-(9What will be its change in volume if it is 9j a x3g.j-62mane( ebmo hbo(heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of w d1-ettt7k9 fbater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5lrbijh/a+ca6 fp q 4+)0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plb(9c9 uw yp:hqq1c+f aaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiar0.c6a.w5n (xrd y rially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is apcrx. (5dy n0r6wa.ariproximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change injs,s68 tl.:,d5lp 07sacot 4 eiknwie the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of 23rw:t 7tos;ovm lhi- 5ib wm6length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionbiiw- o7ttv5w:2 h lrm3sm;o6 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropijo ,sgai1w0( qvm9r0nc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mad*ft e)1ql6brqe of brass and keeps perfect time at 17r fe b)*qltq61 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140u)ip gpfx0l19 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255gui 0 p)9f1lpx $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum r (ept.; y8zw jlmqp/8cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angularm; zj/ w.ltr y(qpp88e velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desireh:uzfl) *wf/trug (o , nfu7h7d length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases toou7(*) n7fl:, zw /rtfuhfhgu 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041,:;c amhoa8lmn0*+ w xtnvvt9$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1 mz:oeb5p(4 u p2qz)kt22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempewnjb,a ag22f- cml4h(ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? psu) xgaor)k-z,l x)4    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are wu- z8hoed7g9about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm6eo12zbr/dh1 m :qmvcospheric pressure and a temperature of m6q oh:/cvbrz m21ed1about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygeknf(v xqk9;8 kk hn6 w4mg8qm+n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro1sq(t hdmabl4(1.8r yhtg5vzjtq-p /gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrok56hspn wm) es5zh*1sgen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at nzthw63te3j 98tvw ;r10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.00 .ag1xc8zfr nvy 1m0z-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K8a0x0m czzf1.n y vgr1?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of meck(h:x 3m2z$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by he.lr1 iwu kwl1:+ajn+lating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thek1wnl ruw+l:ai +l.1j volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 i1:;z-6n 6jnngcw r b4snh5qp$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 9 h6l6x:uq ser$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and7 lg 20+ipgzb,1 gsmsd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number*g r ye647wr/frl.;ojoy-yto of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wateuoob 1tfm*j+m ;8 u8clr are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, u:kq wi+pkenf5 y 8e:;ud-l+4h4wwem    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumec-xjc gq0qf (/n wq7+e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aia.kzdj o16yh.r are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphez1 y6.jha.dokre is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of wt(,tlx v0 5ttan oxygen molecule at STP? ,vtt(xt5lt w 0   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun d:tjj+ ,vzxludr7 2o 4at a temperature of 4 x:rjdo 7z+tvd,2ju labout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increjbxuef9n 6urthi jo. 4eg(;,) egx;b9ase if the temperature is teheuxo 4ib.6nf j,( g)x9g u;9ejb;rincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unpwni hi pl+),l-:) jtoits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, anp)+):l otwi,lh jn-pi d 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in avpy5oc4ex : y;ua:r- n gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held civaldh ;cif8 ge xv7r6t)q ,,*onstant, by what factor,i c t ,r* )vqaifhvgedl6x;87 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv*r,cf8mln fem nqi:.2 en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th3y:m6cgnr- n7u sqe0 uv 1;miye ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratinr1egmuiqn :c73yyv u m;-6s0o of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai5(z0cnr; pds0k c4wz cned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygenz pwx7sal9bui a5m0 :/v/qw0x molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet4x;dx85y gre5 hra;zpu tsy+(ween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp-99o dcmtu2 wuw(tw, fnwf8u/eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce/(wfuf ot ,9uu 9m8dwwn-t2cwll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bh- *mcbl-(c/kq s/dtefzon :,e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani *fi l/h*lyci15o3f 3qwxnf3eum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can4l5mn9rvndo4 +t .v wx $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure in1 /i l( jq;qmbjct+. m7lu-lis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90bmut /l7q1-mn+iqlil;c j(. j $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hu,r: bwrh4mjb,0p(nn 4f9f ddo7p9qq jmidity is 50% on a day when the temperatup rbmrhdq0,n 4dfb9o q ,w47jf(n9j:pre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place e4jibt z9l8. xwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in trh1dgbh56 ;,zovjb2 :1pucnrhe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate thcbp2og:h;r1, 6u5jbrvh d1n ze temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wh,bxj./izvlu -en the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative , /l-x.zivbuj humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wae loro: eun(o26 z2e4oghxu*6 ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifq 1 yfkrzu3j+7 the water is boiling atjy 1+ fqu73zrk a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rs-*knfh5j mx wqg+lkkoe)17 5 oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p ivwk8mcw462fb 6ei9 moint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (se jfgcjzeb):3hc1i2e .x f/5eje Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance5egh/ec j.b 3je1z 2 ff)ix:jc of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inte6f-yphk9 b mn3rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea bpmh 396-knfyis about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibyert(ym:, .p:t 4lrgsso n,l:rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenusc,82fn+a h4 eu p3au(i.g sg calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errorr 8m8ih6zt(o;smc89 e bu(uow*en0z n will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water *z the80;n6ce iw8(uum9szno( ob8r mand the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many9 fptx/ bk9nsq8: s5by balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of tsqtyb/fx9nps b5 8k: 9he original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aixg l( 0 6i+kkykc,ybi0r molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and gxbckyl6 0ikk + iy,0(height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ota.. do/u* 4l5w9wlh:b-k io/ dplyb of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technrg*i93 :iix qtiques is abo:ix3ir* qig9 tut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs t 8r .2a 1xvky*lv2 yzwol+d4t9r8t kkh8za0dao full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hekv. 1z v a* a8ykrtrahxddl2zwy0o 8t2k4+l89 quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thec7y-1ds l wbe/ Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striyb wc-17 s/edlking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gabo7kgvio zbb94 o6 z3(sppu94s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7u8xu xa3 dzf6+yr a .fz+plapf *6pc*870m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth/-i7n(zeo 6evtj) 8ff3j gijn, estimate the total number of air7t n ifnji/o6z g e-vfj3(e)j8 molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7f hgintyq:r7;+voj 6:.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psir30e7xldhp fav 1j,b) (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is convr d)7axp3h0j fbe l,1stant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl, fjsv ;-z6anyuyoa*0uvf73 k of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atqwl0y+0mymj 4 jdjp, ) 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’7.q 3h ybnw;cmn xp63rwa dw62s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a+m:frsh6 l zfz4hcn3rp lgxf jg,6)) / glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptilug2 sxu4h+ lrq3ef1 6su07b16x jjwed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge ntfgwp(vl 9;89zr. my tw*ci)d, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 4d7 aqtdjk(femcrw6 y)50c r0 Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v9.z.r +bgs7n8mp*d aaakn5d uertically upward at it. How many tennis ballba5a+n uzd ks ..mp7an gr8d*9s per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbb6d c z5ps 6.:0gvspc;oywi2vle of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubsvwp2c dsiz.6p 5 6o0c;:vgby ble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo/h wzgohe71b* wing two days: wbgo17zhh/* e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the jc-ni 9uy6e, a ed2 9wv1gkak2density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000ui2 9ve cjg dey,-k2a w196nka$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant-sz; -ucinu7. sf a3pb pressure, the coefficient of volbnu3z-.su f;c -ia ps7ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const9g ,.77 lt rogx) 6ghrcsiz+evantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in 6gvg7i) hrxrc+o7, .g els9zta house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg