Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron q gr2-kf1fp 2tuuijgbd-x0 :)or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appeutfixf -1r) q 0u2-pj2d bgg:kndix B.

Name several properties of ma t3tpigs2)v(9y3a9 brq be-fw terials that could be exploited to make a thermometertb2 w (pfev33bqt-99g is)ary .

Which is larger, 1 C 9 u7 7dr(vepyg$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in tm vuo-ixwx; x:7/(; bqj+vtii1m+ehqhermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the te7ebih :+(ivmotiqv;; x 1x- mjuqx+/w mperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to(nm8o1 -4 ts3lulhcfc a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which 4 8h flnos3l(mu c1-ctmetal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan ocde1lpn :c k+l+m:a bm1gh.*sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controlxsk yn 43i8wy5 a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two striwx 4synky 583ips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends;dbp;3tpqt6 6cj,iypwss m0 6 often have a section in the shape of a U. W,p t ycstbd66pwim6s;30j ;qphy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 nk - ps;d flref5 mfkj9r8oei 12/q0r lf,4-to$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermospa 1n0kf bmlw n9 2das)nz.hx2duer17; q8+umeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initial 0 .2zhb nek 9fq2w+8asrd mua1d1lnx)unp;7sly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly x*ly:f7rq ajn cf(p6st*k 6 -qthan adjacent parts. -f6k nycjp6*qsl(*xqart f:7 Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that /9bsa9 1xz3m. g))rmhnybhy hits coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary g.)91mb r aygn y)hz x9shhm3/blass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur7dw+e 6,vn wpk ef)y.uate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda dsw-sk n(k5 zcme*;6k will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wh( 6*kd skzm ;nkcw5e-sat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temxgd1 .+x0ccstjk7 gr(d 0/llvu7fmr 2 perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools.1r07j2+ftvlgr xdc / (0xd uslg.7kcm Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase (:qgjojv;v bvp (b5u0 or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2;qj(u 0g v5vb:(bopv j0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinet -vbj2 a a(;o8, (fs*bg bgohb2mzb8uric theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and th u (;82oo28-vbab bhf b,r*gmbasjz (ge absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from m9clm (*r)qxu kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere fox5m)avy*cu (yw x9-xvr7 ,e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object ixgrp3287s*w7hkx wy must have to leave the Earth an7xih w* kps2x7 wy3r8gd never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than waoo,lj l+z*0poko6z6 xter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular opol,l j*6zok x0z6 o+properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry1vmf;)g nkr3wuuzm7sfj4* a 6 day at the 4;kr zf a)3*w1s7f gnmmvu u6jsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil wat7zrr.qeg7va 9z . )hxher at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d.24n (mmwkkl f2hdow /ifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidmk2o/wdhlw4f (n 2m k. air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedj6b;x cnmlj0o k) ekwm l-,2-i automobile eenoi0l ,jj;w )mkc-kx l b62-mngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clo/s.fyc (i 01p (-wfur)dr zozeq bd*(wud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there d gyb(icz/sps5-e+61 oejg+ lxbj-*jin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ,j kuel )5et - yiped:8gae8ajii2d tg*7* 8tmatoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of tj,7t i:au5*m*a el8e gg8-pe ej)kd8iy2 tdithe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on vlo-;fb j+6iz the Celsius scale?l -vz ;bfjio+6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and6;otne -;i+lwct: rfua0aw6 u lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass 3vuk-1hkw peor db t ;,ds0ts+c;c* p7thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ;kp 01oct*r7,+bhdt3w ssck-; vupde$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2fcn2t2z;m*u4sn2k lf ;icqw v9agf(40 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appsoqd:+)x f7wv)d6 aca roximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) cv)x)+o qdwfda67a :s and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ara q.r-k,hoi62 x,iqzvja6, f pe larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 2xf.6zkq,rip, 2h,a qa-6jiv o0 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4n cc0lh8c6kkh4 )at e1.fxot8 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm*w;rfz 7qa8m w in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it w;a*wr 7qzfm8is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with4 :m7gfgrhj+ 1a.g jo,sj4cg r 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water5w ;qj 1 7raedqmg6;mo at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 296c o tusrn;rx(s ze-10 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel somz2ow yzyl8z b0.ad,: it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficiez: 28zozbldam0,yy. wnt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in i x)qqw7yrt(*)1ib zg the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and..ws yye8v+k-o jf uvcvn;cf), /kxe4 width w has coefficient of linear expan ye+e/ 8c4wx .vfc ys-n,vvfkok.j;u)sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot xde/jjlpfv+i5 ja2p 1f4 r74tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perf .n04hkq7: gky8y if*zqz bc3ject time at 17037:bjyhkqq* i 8zgz4fc yn.k $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th vq;oj8k 3qwig 8z* gfk*w;7rae bulb has a volqow vq8a j8w7f kgzg;r*3*i; kume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotati2)1 uxi5orxmmng about its axle on fu) mo5 1xx2mirrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wa4qp9sts9bd6bh ss1; hen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this4s bstq ps9bd6ash1 9; length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional f jz1x7lju-rw *kj 680j)mfv marea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134,xd;i).zn3m: m* lt8pxw jk1xkwi7 bt .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:dyk:)u2dlqx +
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal45i7nj xf i0;cuyphg gp+a gw)v2(r(te?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ar(ud0v: / k j3y7s,g qn/djfeqle about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiollq0ray, 0w8t+5g zka4ien5s n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a4laaw0ke0g5l q yz r8,+stni5 bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at hpz33 j2kf 6uxSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgoe+mr0t jk 1v 0rdel2, zuqn8, of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrxwk6g; que -fom3b xqt64m5e/ogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helil 3 tpk4*tdpfgo*-t 1num gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hol-9kv)ycklgw hj;( :fc-z9sip ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38k w gk)fzihvp-;y9c(9 lj:sc-5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0wrlmp 8ye:o3dj ;irq2.e) yx , kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieq x97tr5 g*8lsxbayxz wb lb/)uq)5 6eves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon 8 xqubg6*try)bw5x5szbl 7/x9 lqea) is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 157ym)gsp ;tm4(u9v .gl0 yqart $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at *- zfe5 5v+hvhuntzg/ 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon 7:a+ hg f/fodmescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules +)mxepj10 hn/lg otimey c6) 81pw f1j/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a/lgau;0xjeb6gu y k, j i-sq,1re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (/7opk u *ordomq6rb3bkjw7zj .6o3k3a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 37qm/b8 x4 h)t4ltcbhr6txyw dp1 eo 25.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh t5 vc9kpmy00fgt1sl4 ale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityfkmslctty5p9 v 00 14g.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecul2pt b y4zh 2i0us/dhh.5es g-le at ST.2-2 tlzysu5gheh/hib 0ps4 dP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tx3c 9kno c27amhe Sun at a temperature of amk9n7coc 3ax2bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speedxzegx+vc.m) vl or)h2m .8 1dj of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from+vx.jlmhcg)2 m d 1ovxze 8r). 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, wpl-s xn((7fx6dq g8q6*szt3lbun,o 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca s,*lfqx7s uwgno8(xnbp6 (qtd3-6l zlculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecm l/ wcy v9w/9y3 ztx;t-/mgtkules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its v ;0 :ppd:d1 kqrqxqi.rolume is held constant, by what fak :.0ixrdp qp1rqd: ;qctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas iwr qjqy1;.gv* sk0hk:s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twvihqn6 20tp(kzn - wyr.b 1skl3 kj(h)o gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms spee2vlwkn (sqy1 j6 i0bzkkph nt.r-3h)(ds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogei.l 787 r-eyos3umf men molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ou/5yo.bd0vx8lr; w dqxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules afdb+0uza zw :06og28,vw bhpl5c0 gtft STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speull4q kscy9*.ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 34lk9ucl*ys . q7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri7mqob,-w 3mx otten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraiqwf4vqu 2- pkqo0 l4(nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cxusqp34 i,w m2t1k0t oan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the presl).qwxirz1h3er:3hgk: n, l nd3 qp5y sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90, :depyhx)lrgqkq.nwnlr 1 i33z h:53 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whel+7 poel r-zx1n the temperature is 257lx +rp ezlo1- $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watut h;tf 7 tpen5is 00(+nd5erter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 .4-s a3k yvs7-quu yaf+zee pcx 97mn*atm, estimate the temperature at which water zp-4 9 7eus7q-vs3 yae yum+f. kcnax*boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water ij3,zt wx. rft6kx1.oxs 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?6 .z xf,j1tkxtwxro .3 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whenzykx tubw *b1n+s(6d) the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressur6 h g(g43h0m/m+ wrzy*lkkygee cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of k4mzrg+ (mly kw0g gy*/hhe3 6120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu8c/yb bx9eacdsd . 6y1me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point rmwd4 9u(t,4qfle2 ia of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for :j g; kh2bxeax19 ch5ka glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of jkx 2ga9exh;b15 k:hc15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior xx 0sqatxl.8q9rzq j(cl9(s8 through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long an 0arx.qtxql(c8s8(q9js9 zxld has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been ce-zsck r( ;h/oz)j8 ats y:u6walibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hasu6i1 : yf,wbzl been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roolp 0a4 q 3npc2,agqcy6m temperature. How much error will be made in a r20,qy pa3pn4 aq l6ccgecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is /k.whwe6lh) ppef y 07initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressur0 pwl6.yh)he7 efwkp /e has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m.3 r6/ o /72uckjnkvsh1pcb iw, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper1 / ibn2u3 k.vco/hcrj7k 6pwsature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onjo1 -a4h; najvnp91 +eerq0oie atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attpi frjrg.*v oj82pz .yyu)e 5/ainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about z 2e /.p5joy *8r)ug.v frjpiy$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full :vf;bbmsi* k;bb 60s(qi b, pecapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfac f(bb,p is*v:ki;0q;e6smbbb e? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eart7 5;m p2dhz bhk(pb2nsh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indn72s(bhb5 pp ; 2khdzmeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gfej 5q4biuv )ay +j5+xh7+ge1f 09gnwf/zvsb as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 39;2afgt gchc r7rd4j(qb 3oa770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thsj2h ( vpow45 k.apm(qe Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atm2j4(qmaw5 h ps(.kvpoosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con5lh)x3ls c 0(gdmbs3stained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 pz9oxk , rgghusndt 2:8480fcrsi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if rx0 :z o,48rhgd98 cgns f2tkuthe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl4+m;p +odv b rns 9.*dxzf8 01enbrpcu of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline i4o5c4a 0cehb f/g gws/nd9 z4at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sr kh(v ;lk5 gcrq5;et/nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atj2 7 ul4ooaw5j+yvs6g c*m; mn 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted p do+6; xr7w)zjo6wsqciehagq*/0n 2 in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c6fr ,ymcun2mq1s8ve . harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tha vf6/qt 5cn),ujwqryq;) k /re Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal4ei e -a c-om;r;sup.q4 lrq;zls thrown vertically upward at i;-eeqz qumprr;; a-sci4 o l.4t. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diap9n opdepx a *nnl8c8ez.3sm5(v; ;abmeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air beha e8 ae*.3l5dp 8;nopm( np;vac b9nzsxves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two u0* p.q4yklvtal i q9-days: *laqk-qu i t.ly04vp9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at S; ;;prw8n ytp x.3junjdjo7( m16ugg sTP, and when it is a sol 3 s mpn.nxtu7d( gg;jo6j8pjw;ru ;y1id deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con*,:od v3d jbs-9xoeqw stant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansi- web3*ov9qjs ,od:dx on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly w64sy5pnj,a6b x1k g ydehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (keptn4 bw kyp,x1s6g6 5jay at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg