Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perk4+m l4il u(1ddo4dloiodic table or Appendix Bl+(o d i41mu4o4lkddl .

Name several properties of materials 3 wjmzeb:b mhs;s/ m,7that could be exploited to make a thermometebsmw h7sz:je b3mm; ,/r.

Which is larger, 1 C6/xfr9bq myn s uc)0oznta8(m16i8ky $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermhloc.3zy) yid ):*ivwal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and i*zy)l3 dw iyhc)o.v:C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of pm4m:hfr k9xl l hie1l2i -/l0iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th1h-km0eilrf2ll4m9pi x: h/ le curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa dlaya m36d7z20b*il unsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (o,.bvogm 6 y:kgp6dt)dr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact v:gtmk bo6,dp)ygd. 6wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shph8( b,oikt0sx t zj:dp fq7-8(yacm- /8 nehjape of a U. Whytoe:z xndib8pa(-j/-ft7 y ,08(h sh 8mkjcqp?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flovd*) 7kej9 xp9 bziy-oats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wate(6o v2e,7ijj0of/nzo qh)ttu7fz- x o r, the mercury initially dfoo-)o ju7ox 26/0,q tzi(v nzt7h fejescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one par9 g/z +eodo,zg1d fty6t of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.go/9+1, 6yo e dgztzdf

The principal virtue of )jhxm i+,2yq qPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incyxq+j ) miqh2,reased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at9 cd4lx:iy6ey 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the2- gv iuav/0tfq9pv8a can will9vv0u/ qgi pt2 8a-fva not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down e5nje(fo/;w.vzi wnj 1ix */td7b2 cx a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetx f; wjncbi/51 dx7*o.i tje2(vwnze/ic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force 9zn4yr (rsdp8,u8rbo6yvww; on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrea 86nwovyr;r48udb rp9,( yw szse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and t18uz-ifj o v:bhe relation between average kinetic e jbv u:f1zoi-8nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinijiig 5a9 y1yfg// c8letic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th;0r ,bqx6cugm4a2t g uok t(w-e ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must67(amm4ifmfafjt,if x5 d; ) j have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospher(at i i,7jfd4)faf x5fmj6;mme.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whatfh0)ol1 x ia,b can you infer abfil0 )b,oa 1hxout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hus.ezz:4 +pyu9hl( dsb mid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sameuz( h4d+ b pze:sl9.sy temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature p j:y nn7p(dk5g:q( lq(20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempera:i2-u zu i*jpfture is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidiuiu:2p zj f-* air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open jxe8*/7kch9 )*zj 6 r;mplos d2dhvhmthe radiator cap of an overheated automobile)k ;89mdhjxz/vsjd p *6emh* r2h 7olc engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in hne0,**/sy og zwzb r5sfn73f the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.idn6ai 42dm- :q;pvvp4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26xxny7k3r3;l50s bls a.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a l3x7l sx3y ns0;5ka brsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tiw/ yjo-zkt;m5 *wl5ohe Celsius scale?j-oym *5zi5wl ;ko/wt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowes4.3 9uaxgpa xu +1gpbct temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm3ljlb+-d+mv ab(p jd9 at 0.d+ lv3+9m(jb al dbpj-0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2 a3m1d+a-v 12xebxyhe0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.i8p2 byhihf: q;.,zbr Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) y,hb8;r:b .q2zfh ipiand January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la:u,m2ml bjou3p /+o m53qwrby rger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before wmq/,3p3olm2ub:mb royu+ 5j it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4*n6kz m*prk4p $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamer/1fga5 n(-j(o p pcikter. What will be its change in volume if it is heat(r1 (gfo/ink jp a5c-ped from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass iso . *t8*xnywyq filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.gkpq1.r a7 xj 8*eqa) t*7zufv50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placeg5ydvv8yq 6i7xb+h..,vui xod in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandwt jzg)dka,c2m d y a;dj32(z6 in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to thjd23cjdw2t( yzama dk,6;zg )e coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in uta-;2/xp q7)qvpimr the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of line mo-o3*b7r luq svh1k,ar expans- *1b o7klvoruq 3ms,hion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isomvyywtm/ d+ x,tz nt,3ui:d. 6tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madj.p*0v 6cy6+v/b xkd mhp3y vbe of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 / v.vd3* y6+xpcvpyb 60b hjkm$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Theli 9 7,kwe(oha0zmp-k8sb( ci bulbi7wlkmhpce(9 -( ao8 k0zb,si has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylz,jetck3s9k. xl /a+sindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wi/ak+3 zejs. st9kclx ,th angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu9btzzfu17 tp x* :gb)v4)x jwach stress is required to keep it at this length if thztfb4az :9 p) )j*gbw7xt1xuve temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectioaan/ scqcb. ++c7 * t3yzdxmi*nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter,*)cxuo re;,lc pz)x6sr .xkg 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaichrgoz 37 )tlc5 ah01tures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha)2g,5rm robc qt temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interi,)wgx/uo1 j yior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatur nyrs lan561uec:w *y5e of a sr5 w*c5 yeun1l6yna:bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idw 0y3f ckn*gz.eal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n/y:i9r u-b2j d-scj7i hq8 nnh:yh1pdq e3q(eitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr-71d1u7 tbtj3br7uz zn ao7lp:kl,ldogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas iswge/2 a rac(jxz/*ie+/czt 8v at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding xn:y gwb 44c d1b+s guv,/jkru +1ww;o105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?1xukj /,rw+:;nyvgwgw+ b1bd4u osc4    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of a4y*gxy vw r8.$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball/ d1o s+,. wzqvl3kkrtoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo/v.o l3,zqtrs+1k wkdlume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with xewd71h zveo **3vm )tair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a3rr/joqnqgxksi-unr. ))v)jp*zt5 6 t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape-j+u)ibpd7oq s a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 0vsg7u5q2( mpvnm 6shm6 2wvlmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.06q* pc*avhdu;pm)b u700 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of z/ 1 sov;bdz4k(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume l3d:cskpa 27tts3 bwm(+x j -l5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a/ yyt/gp5 :.,sgtsh ,du6sd rdre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]ht. g,,5 /p :sgd/rudysty d6s   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transl l;qvemtc 7e ,r kc,v/+dm4crf/so fc f-zh(/+ational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? hmd4/ez;ov+7-, sf cqfm,/k/c+clrec tvfr (    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomsczcig /8y5n*y near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6cyczig/ yn8 *5000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe,ns0n+i/hq v pi z) (4ee/q7zzgx5lrz ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa ls7nn+hi/4q()z0vg/i5,ez qr xp zezsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of z2( qs- ez85 xgkib., irko:cqi2a 2dwkm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca-azc. sqqki8 d 2wieoikbg 5z:(22r,xlculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2 :am 7ctzf3.og0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held mq37k0z8j uo sconstant, by what factor k0oms8z3jq 7udoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecule awtns9u 5z 470yas(n w2j:yzfs in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesr7ky/8b0i o ug at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse rati/ k7i0yubro8g o of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule j8pxejt3+o b qb ts,9r4a09/vhygpb ,kr :r4ms contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu2rmqf/ mt3x h;tzcsj xg/18/rle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dilmqqj:l3edd2b8 /y b6stance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o7o-p:zzf r)ty*dk; tk f an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 p:ztd7o ;y t*k zkr-f)$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cx4u -q sff9tj3an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuhnkqqvo02gk ./*t f9a m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuhq 8cvw.4i0xhre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure sll)aok 9-ix* is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90iol*)xal 9-sk $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hum bc ;8za.txu8+ smh9p:tuyjt5 idity is 50% on a day when the temperature x9ty mz t cj5tah8su8;u:p.+b is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placejcba+*b ja 1d. where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es apug80m6vjur8i ck /jg:-mt .timate the temperature at which wate u6gri gcjk8m:8m -uvpa0.tj/r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the par.qp) kc 4fs:vtq9+j +fic 77l8jyfhjatial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rj7+fiv4tl+c k)yqc8 :.a j f7hps9 qfjelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature iijjuw bje/k(f+: /4ees 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate d0g,z,gkq5 gipressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperat5 d,g,kzg igq0ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volums8 :- chcyyn+x)xz2 tde 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5k3b c26j7v xl o)ljfsti7,, -c,vh ww,gegz:a $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see T1g6 u, cdig2seable 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1,2giug1 cd6 es5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the02e5vrw 3 .j(l)3 fnrgmjglj z surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An j5fz gmev l0rwj3.2l()3gjrn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape q-r/9fdd:qn fz -ehf5measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal1 lu n.j 3sbtua.i+(:vxa42bp cm oje8ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temkf m aree-4y41perature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wa eea1-fmr4k4yter, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. f(mk(ynxfpjbt615( o After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of th(1omty 5n(jf(b pfk6xe original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.sv9r; r0 agxu95 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5;rg9sur9v 0xa m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ma8q-h f:jerorxr nuu0s 3e4 0f9tter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avaighrabn6 e2ofn v*,t88qz0 ,yflable vacuum techniques is about obrg*q tef820z, na6f 8,nyh v$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capaci nw;g0bww1 t4pq0ai2 oty of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adviwot2 q0p a14n wi;gb0wsable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enpv zb,(3*io p1wgwaz 9ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the v*a ow zpz3 ,v9p(gwb1iehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idjezamt(,4lpk.,ey+6 oe lmt -eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ( z) o95k92; yasj3verghx+a0q btljso e :hs4770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospb d)r.,i. a 4bcf.h13kclsqzaheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of ac sd zq4)1h.fr3i,. ka lba.cbir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ik q(nfd qyr/mh15ruus .(v7. in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usevqwh.w1 ,. uj /qgmr6ld in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2 qvu,6jwh.r. 1mql/wg .4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in zj7lm f/) l4sy/*bs cv9,n dpya bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli d) v4wy ah45u*g3icbufo xs(7ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartmofs16n c 5 2m 0rytboa0t*(woh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at ,fihsik1 q1 f.f 9zr2w20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt )n. (vs9)c-s 6oq*pnx)xi4fbgwnzvp ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressurebyr 0h,l.n532zv iuj-r tje1,ln *ycm of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro1lr(ueo(a1((qm0tdy l7hp+3x r ia/sh yqq )fm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls th0- shvjwoy0x5* w gi uw(8gb7qrown vertically upward at it. How many tenj(5biwhwox wv 7y-g08 ugs0*qnis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromfqud0ux ux;m)zq2b0* mb5e 6k a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches thkmxm *b6z2qf;0)edu xbq50uu e surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two 0 r x: kyz;xl-;fl0 ydmfmy2 k;oi nee.cw;+1odays: +:1il-y0;lcrmxnk z;xed.2y;ffem wy 0;oo k
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at (d ca5ujqjs93STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the 5( ad c93squjjtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant ptvvi sk)mrbq:f 6)*o- ressure, the coefficient of volume expa mits:-v o*vf ))q6rkbnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dest+d q8e oks6x.gti *- alqt/7humidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at t8*toqe .+xqs/s-dt6akg 7i l 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg