Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminumrjcl (z34dj k-z8 hjfg)s,hp2? See the periodic table or Appendix B. jpjsj -3hgzkrzd4l( ,f)2 c8h

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitl:o0v e )girsnid1,;zed to make a thermometee,di nlz svi);r og:10r.

Which is larger, 1 C e4 augkdg 63a7g:6fli$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is no7ra)ednc-o qgcy1, x4ye w03f t in thermal equilibriumn,qw7ea y1c4f0ceo-rg x 3)dy with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminumuk-*6u lla2fj 63 b4zhloq5qu riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip-u kb2ufa64h 53lz*6lu jl oqq will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lkcz* k3xayck/z7f5 b 5inear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoscc0 u6movw,3 a,q k5ymtat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contacyo0a53mq c6vc u wm,k,t wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hn5h- ml x91tiq* 0xrjlave a section in the shape of a Ulxjrln1 9*qt 0hm xi-5. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead k jov 54 hcx-,if99vfyfloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glas, 7unhog2(j t-j99 tf9ez hpmns thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exu-p9negnho m z9t t,(2fj7h 9jplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coodrs y v53j l3wap6ye.e-ioh3-led more rapidly than adjacent parts. Er6a idhwe5-y3e3 osljv.p3 y-xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linu x t59kf6)iwg9mq za;ear expansion is much smaller than that q5kz )xtafwi9 9 g6u;mfor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuhj7,zt1aftw4)f uwcq6s 85v urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causeu-3 habtve)6g.zp nk9 its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happe ekgta.-bn639 v )puzhned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper+j u3qzwq: v7iature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in par: jquq73i+vw zticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alusxeur1v ;)n0p minum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2 s)1xr;np0ue v0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theo4dw6 ouoz bx4g 9.; nudj69ghw(rv v9try and the relation between average kine9rg xgvz tb 4uwjhd w6(udo9 4.o;6nv9tic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’sl :;/l ss2/sj/nrvmnm law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eart aakhasas 45.91 vnss49x mz4th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mind4leobm:* zm: s s4.moimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth m4:.o*bs mz ld4osem: what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whmi: jlhcky(;d eq+,h+ at can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othekcyi(;eh +d lqj+: m,hr?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot q2ex7xj8wc(p+h(:a t t xo2uldry day at the same temperatur(t :hxextc2lxp(wo 7 uq8+a j2e.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 o x00vw-0s3p rmky p+qv /tvg0$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the fal;,snf1x mf0v(2 78(dkhfxcz la0gsame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidfg0270x ffz,sk8x f((;vaml halc1 nd air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of anc9-u qyn0bfeek)y r* 6 overheated automobile q9ek0u r-f b* ce)6ynyengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13 kb)qdw,i0 p;r–28)?

  How many atoms are there in,iia4wcot d,t,:iti 5 jwug+: a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 2i b8ybqi-52)dcaf 7du6.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvea)q5i2 fbi7 dbdy cu-8r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken tow-,hfjjz kg6 * be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? f wk6h,jjz*g-   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded azejxtcq (,gs1bw7rkgel -4 cvp85*.cre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengh(cbhhvq,)ocs/( ;g mth 11.82 cm at 0.vbmsqh, ;g co(/hc( )h0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slar2t.vlu5 p*w rbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougn(rztplp8; s)6 mz7b vl 1w09xbmx*blht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatur0l 9 rz1mll wpmbn zb6pb(vx*x;) 7s8te of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ri/s xiq,no ovyft,(0g 7vet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is fq/ysx i(go, o7,tv0n placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4t)+/cloqj ts+ $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7jmfusu56 t4x n.f) 2ig5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30tu6.f5s 4 ng ijuf)m2x $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water 6q9ahe y0*vyie /z8vzyvoe76at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ar.;n wg1n 37z mw,nn5g0aksiit 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mawm k kllrc63:8de of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall - ou;t;n t643djbuhefe1pwsum25 2bvy one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximat4du uv-2;juw ;ton 21pf e htsb6m5be3ely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi5lj efvw ;ra(6evah90ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient ofau)m6 f9l sds* linear expansiof)6 u* s9slamdn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sj3 b4ug ,g-x,g ym7z.p )7 u;3nhuos8 vuyzbaaolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfee:sd1l h /rozr)kvkq:80 qe-a ct time at 17 k)10rqra/eel d hz8s :-oq:vk$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a meur8) tlqh*g5l rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu*ult 5)q8hgrlme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about ib;baorer8 9b 5 /*slz li(p5a/qwa7: 3gooaikts axle on frictionless bearinoro;aig/rb*keolb9z: w(a q537/8s pbli 5aags with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15 kz9dpet7e 7(t mtlt;)+mtjs+°C. How much stress is required to keep it a 9ekms ltdt7 +tzt;+7t(mejp)t this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelqaj,p:/e:p6qc2qm phg4 zj *e ecd, 5n I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 clz vb27lpk /xdi. js8-m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingrvhr81yx t.s6 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahreh:az1weg;sf 8 if:e.x nheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the mr wd2i(mniv6 .u 2*h- +,bl+bus j rc3rtt7xpinterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and v,9jp1 (ce*3 bgid+,*t /zx smqc pwj*)fmulsa temperature oql*+ i 1pu j sz,/b),(tpsc jm*e9*gcmw3dxvf f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP )al+orxa.l x;using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogc3,pb w1f; k.sktlx6q en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitri(7qy ,;rwuvvw ,to)bogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas uv(gg 6o 3dug;ia1n7fis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gaxb -e 44h55mwquk2wpw8e drc9nwa ,9o s at 385 K?ckb4 owh8e-meqw 92,5p ua 4w d95rnxw   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 scj3v n17vbc4 (hh j9wkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hh,kw tpi3 + 2esjn/+pjoer;q1eating the air inside the balloopeotqp2jkji+,se3 /whnr;+ 1n, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atp xv9ha/xoo/ d+w9 r5y 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen o pi0 0i( (bl1,j g:g64nzkhuhpkwlk -at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handy x (w6fp)ksgj8nb3b 8);smrt at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number (7 f ) n6f/q61/zwznsodcrkvoof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in r/1niud(p2 kb 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mory.1 b e3jyo,ccu.3htles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.10 b4y(ilr, k5mqvm x3f$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-p )2.a.5ojfkuc )6cb nbfv6yeL breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high cf2yb5cf uj) e ovnbp.6).k a6and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule rpya57* 5+ vurbu(op+ xtda)cat STP? )p+r5py our*+xv(a acb57 utd   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speef- yjny-z4:xt - zfr:ud of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperat-f 4:fyz:nrz-jx u- yture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thbqgh y*+ fv0 :g r1zh/2ak9ttqe temperature itbtky f g9 zg0r+qv:hq1a2*h/ s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6mv 3vqvbt-3 i:)lqc3b) ae nq3, 0, 4, 1vv-a qb)3b3mv3e:iq cnl) 3tq, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at ,n cyx 1ma.5glfbw; -m*)nzav 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held const 3cju)lmtwqv2v96yyz7kr . 1zy d :l(pant, by what factor 1:ljw ycm3vy vyk2u.7z r6)z9ldtqp( does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedw4 f-ntu +id- rqavss1j6.c -omx i:s8 of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio llolan.2i)w6(f fu 9 kof their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molelaf lk)l(w.9n6 2 fiuocular masses.

  What is the rms speed of:0kmjv(kz hld (4cmgspp*.t2 v:ga r 4* *tunb nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule aty, wbbq26w ldrh h(4e( 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between niz +ydwnnz4iucpl1 3,8trogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino wqn- k9s*2lclacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cl k-csw29 q*lnell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure nt8 h6wmg+lwi,: qx0hP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniummex u9 7a0+iyt, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric praiuy7s -ir 2j-dp7y(sessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturcb :;u5e3h,b;l+knah ,ticbue is (a) 90 b53tle;h: ui,h kab u,ccb+ n;$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the t y5p/xmhym w; 7fo 6f)d/lh,hpempem pyfdp7 h6wh;,)y/lm5 / xfohrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur )nnnr1bwfwxe cj0-.*ww0: l xe at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pla8r*8 vz er cy+c,. 4yqcdv-dicce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water qzc .4 ,rc-+cd8 vivr*y8edy cboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wategwb af fc7/i(s92 -vbfr is 530 Pa and the relative humswfi(v-b fcba7/9f 2 gidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on .b/ -xd )wl/ud69d dc9dspi zouf+,pda day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the )ulsnet -:.nqwater is boiling at a temperature of nuet:ql s.n-)120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeey.llvbd1e/2b,t p4g 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oet h kl8a.v:*ff 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed forey2 9gekibhqer 0)p v33/ru k8 a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1/3kgpiyrkue9 eeqb3 08r ) 2hv5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinkug;:- hfo jzdf i371sy tubes ckz3u:;dg7 -f 1hfj iosalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha(piupfp83 g,oncm (*t s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape vxp-hb 5y 90kcmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much 4kl39z nome 5g.ghf-qerror will be made in a recipe calling for 30ok 9m.hgg-q3e lf4n5z 0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Ad(d,: - nc*rbkmdgsy8 p8emq jc/xm-, fter many balloons have been blown er,,qsy c8md kxm-m-nb * :d /cj8pgd(up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length y ky 0;ym a4zyf/mw7y/6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hyyya/z/ kmyy f 4;m07weight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the deg0- fb4wsv,qg g6hxi5p un 3f:nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usgrr 8q4e1,nwc4dg bnswm3; d 3ing the best available vacuum techniques is abonr;3wew3n 4rb gmgsq1 dd4c8, ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the :o ta+di4aku,6qfbh3 s7pm* gsurface, to wha+u7*a,ksphti4:a 3f go mqb6d t volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fromh:sgmk (pbx11 ;z: .j6icozm w the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright ( :bchs 1ik;zm6 o.wxzjp1 m:gblaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110()fed g 7iakc 9p.aas3$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o xd);t8ii ku+q18kknrf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, 5y73n gyd4wm+ pai: lim1vvs ;estimate the total number ofmiyl7 n+psv3iwgy4:m1 5;dav air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed0x gnrn*q,jy 3 of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosp:8w)yrl l h7wks6j3 gxk20u8 qpl 5sf x3v,jpjital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured 0wjhv32fk8k)6s :5j7l3llx r8uyw g j,pxsqp at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats inmjy gmy f.sa.w0(l +2g a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at lxhc59v,trxwa a*5 a)0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ev /6b-yqmb1wgpzwa diyu2:/ 2quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glggt -05s;pj+f og p:xwass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardeobhgkbb yd *1439m*y6-ahv, vk 7mfs, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,6to zrpp/5ce- ,y;vo csop5n9 has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromzf0a*fu 8 ,q ylpdwr)ubr 4) *e9hq/et the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenni6uwwqwu6.rw 5s balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many6w6q.w rw uwu5 tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spfiqhw81d g7y1cu)3k b herical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas c7bkgqu11fwhy 3 )d8i. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prbiz9sgl ro w3nn6(8(3+x7 a ; oua+f9kiguhqjessure in the air on the following two days: +u;kj9 u(l 7gi3ah9(zsxrg3 oon bnif+q68aw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent ebv5sz,7 b 6odj 9p9nbdifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth nbvd,96o 7jep59s bbz where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shoal7h.31z1xnh8 t7dftvquwd +w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiedtx1awt3u.h h q7dzf ln8v +17nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to l408u+pvid4n7zmuu vprevent rot and mildew. If the c+v4 umuu7084ld izp nvellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg