Which has more atoms: 1 kg of vtl 8kp 8g/te6d2dsj )iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen8 etk sl /j2tddp)68gvdix B.

Name several properties of materials that m pwrb*: q)inqwd(r(0could be exploited to make a thermometernw0rq* md:rp(bw )iq( .

Which is larger, 1 C uv62q grtuij w2* )nw2kw .k.r$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy8 e0: /lwrgi+rhbe1 odstem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?i+8 :r1d/o0hewlb gre

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When6b,-:em+fyfmypr t1+koy qd* heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1doekmbtf*6-qfp: ym1yy + ,+r.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient er(9s wz.l3y (oa+xhp*u 5teeof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of ai j mtx-zr9enh1s n*4xp ,ta-3 simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electrintzrae3h* i,j t4-9- xsx1pmn c switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixen pu ls+a0x w2/-nka4rd at the ends often have a section in the shape of 40wsl +pn2kxraa /u-n a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofb/3 iefzv:*gu lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer ik ec)*j xlqo;xf(o8:zs first placed in a hot tub of water, thczk*ql o) 8:ojxf (e;xe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one qf,twd*)e7 u3k:zgyx part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl)w* ,q 7zey3kdtxu g:fain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of(5y; 4ud+ 6jfe /95pph+kku, m-pqcrxbx y ich linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Py yux+(h/emir upp,jfy-+9xpc6hk b4d k5;qc5rex.

Will a grandfather clocrvk y3n7p2li 7k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly f*ia3o9i dm8vd n6j-dthe can will not stand up. What has happened?o*mv3 dddj6i 9n f8ai-

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temp2 87./aa vcvzsky1 gmtdg7tp-eraturkcz/td. a7 2v-1mt py7asv 8gge increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subma53un vpfp . zrt;(9mmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from m 3tr9p(;zn 5.vp fuma20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory apv;oygz rutx +4 /p(nwmda lz7**-5gynd the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute(plw;yog-y*r a+t* up/ xvn5 7 z4mzgd temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folo* th9pe 4aivl+:4pc qlows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiom + mfse,x0s:q of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anu/d-chne g22x.a j 2wy object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the jg2wu.h/acde -n2y2 x Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more uqzzrk ky15yrb ye5;;i74e-uquickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to rk ;4 ;5u1yiuq5 - ezbzkyye7rthe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a h*ea y3yr3a. :iw4llpwu*mvdf5o. ,,hljl3u hot dry day at the same temper3hyj.ouy d,fahm43l :la.*w,e i*lur 5lvw3pature.

Is it possible to boil water agx5pzh /) o:mf,mcdw6t room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatuuw 8 l2jg+ 36gqiug x8,jzbj:kre is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samjl,: zg3 igbg+86xj82qjkuuw e T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous t6q ,lrb4: brpuh:. (nz/rloedo open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enbd beou:lr 46:(p.rhnr l,/ qzgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clolrwn 3j-(z mi:ud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper hf acf3j ubb-87hmtzi1sq* 3 i5wal0h43 ne6openny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms ew0 mc/vp:sv(in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvwmve p/c0:( sver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What ;lw m/z6i0uybis this on the Celsius scale?lu6w ym;0i/bz   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 -b pzck-hz7* q-rh0dd6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengtic gfp i91 t6e/8y cnzo-63nabh 11.82 cm at 0.0 y f-g/zba1 eptc66 ino i3nc89$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon*,8,tgiv6t d kuqw) obg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi;srq*98v1-n 89 vrrf+apq je/yomow a9oh3bt mately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tvvb o f;3qmsa8 ornyw j1t r89*9hop -rqa/9+eemperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha ypx (bv))g 4rm)zqmj(9 l1:mm rttir1t are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.86yg:trmt i r(9 v)pbmz ml1xq41 ))rjm(9 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 c9qqp6rac h zo8z ,di: 3q9mv.$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change .ej4 e;0x2vqq7u lssrin volume if it is heated from 30 ;jqs4ve0sex. r2uql 7 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tog y0 (zpi*o(kr the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterfx:i p1;kjdd . at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A9 pn pqyp5t4n8t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containpn7+j;.cn f j2et7oz ied in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approcpn; nitf7j.eo7z 2j+ximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang iktkc4;j70 lhf9pj+ ( hef(dqe in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular platz*z*wkt wthba g) :b0)06bfkpx/jr(ie of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansib ki* z(jt0t 6w*)0 aghxkb:bpzf/w)ron $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi6eetv9n 9ev+pbhcn2h*oq . *fc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock iqqw;.t3a ,ys9 v*v i6nybl 6m/e v/azos made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17q ietov mwzl./ q39/yvas6v6y n;a* b, $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an i0 cbz;5o*f oox-5ion k3ccdh4nside diameter of 0.140 mm. The buconzc3c55o b0 -f o ko*dh4ix;lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyl8gzo5a3e4v fcr i7-o u5prqn *indrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axln-fr 5pqc*3oogv578 a iez4rue on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mugn kil:6ubzc37 3si2x ch stress is required to keep it at this length if the tem:3 kxcg7ni62 iusl3b zperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cyu6 nheb8sx2g3mvv * x9;;zm aross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmcksxfa*i- t (3 at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scme4f za1)rg11wtndz5gg t ()n ale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temsw+-v*e8no /d 5zudpqvan2c0h o54nt perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and 7w+)vp7gya gmrruo- )7bd9o15v02qt u czwvg Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a. 3c(yx wa pbn)*swj(n temperature of wj)c ysx(pn*b.3awn ( about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideanu-q 6qoll :/jl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai2u xy9 ,9 z v.3vrkdes3td-yvnrl*2q ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k*acpdie7i 1; xg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumd;fqsns- f tr:3j55zoxob,6 q gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containw hv bb rwy5zte8*s :;.cm*ymp9eh4h7er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at :5we*.he 7 vywb9z 4b;h*msmc8tr yph385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of1grt6 qns(v8 y $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achie30z,wfmv l0ll+;y xm ives its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ouzlmlwxl;0 +y3 m,fv0itside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 bem5hm( ozjz9)*po q9 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1: d9jrpwd3vhq3 z*s*p8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon 3y/3werj fv1e8lh1e v escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /zkusx4vsy 7khx 4:fp fw;vlt)e.)9s7 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? z,9zktr y0 ic0How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number omncp4sl-*6,;hpev ey + xh6bsf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5(xdy;hsw23 l + fj,mox.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecuq(9i.rst o.j6ke ;o7qrpn,6pwrg*a j les of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the laspg wrinje ;o6(japs 6.r7rto*9k, qq.t breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at;5sae-tduifrz:, :a r STP s aurterzi;d f:5a-,:?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface ofcj f6io u- :td+i(f+nh the Sun at a temperaturd f h+: cu6o(ni-jtif+e of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mo7d e4ixn.;wc vlecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 ew.v; 7cxdi4n$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6rcb 8xn uf+yjwy6bp 4 *j, u4+gb16ahm, 0, 4,,yhjr 46py1bb6nwmg*b+cj4 a+u xf8u 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molo i-ftv*mcd7 xj7 zo.(ecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its p1bcfbnlswp (;, i-)a-s /dv uvolume is held constant, by what factor does -;upabc/)sdw i,(n fsb1p-vl $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bef(c0r0 k wit.5hvi50a.opu sy $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sameddbdslj8f.a(b kmy(l6 +f cp)*h zf8- temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the z lhl sdd)f p(kc.m+8-b(ff*dyja 6b8square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitro v7s9rw8p9 fidgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox4u*rjzah3 ombtj0 -rz g)e :,vygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul,7o:p ztip1zyes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spe6kgqrw5rsr t *45 tu6fed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livq 54 tgr6r5s6wuktrf *ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtw r: /r.m/mggzx 4ado.en P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu ,zwo9xidtamp9 vz2d6( h ,/jjm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases 1 5.lw.2q b.krvukphucan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas/o2c(df xq02 9crkecp e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 r/0cd92e fckc2po (xq0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidityye fbkh1 /mzti h87eag:8*n a6 is 50% on a day when the temperaturegye:68e/zbnh71 tki aamfh8* is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurylt*y1/,v6/i k.f.g/n t yim jaceqm(e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountain/p *a b8f-m lh(qsv9tds is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempe-h p(vdfm/*8lab ts9q rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thcu1 ()emfn f8*ej m/oze partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rez1oe fcm ujme)*8 n(f/lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of was a; *dp dfv:4lff9xo8ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker)b5cgqb(sk- w::7ama ygx h 7m if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120-w gasmgqcx: m:5hayb7)bk (7 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68.bbu ne;n9av s;3b xf20$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of p: 61g jeiu/lx5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycin2j v fosb 5rgu2kh.f;*e molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance*bsh2 j5v2gro ; ffku. of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througs36qitk44slr h tiny tubes called tracheae. An aves 4s4r6ltik3q rage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape m8r .e ca:nmhk 5fpqn.zwx713m*qb5iw easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib(0z l:+)5a xt. c6hf zjyknui)f:g zpprated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu6lpzrn .(rv+w re. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thp.r+ lz(wv6nr e cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially )y;0 ipt.vgdxn x7 l1i28 atm. After many balloons have been blow1dx.vx 07i;p)gi ltn yn up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofgu fi3g rhd,,*mk i;6l air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. A6kir*g,,i lgu dmf;h3ssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ecb d* f5xqeg92;x9luatom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available 0 vvdnjo0y4dl+24 qkavacuum techniques is abouky2n4o avl4+0 d 0qvdjt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w sv zmd/hw 7q heb9ko,7v;;+*phyd f2yhen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lk+w29qds7fvyv*hhy/7od pz; hb, e ; mungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speezaca7i )klj4w-: 8 kymhc-( zld of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitm jlach8i:c- 4ka -w(zk7z)ylrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110rj a6v ud95 1grd(d(ee$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7/h ro*krc ng 5hs7r9 ))svev9w70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the /bf hds8h/u g ;rgiuo:j6 0u7cEarth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eac:hu u8oi0g fs bud/;gr6h7/jrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecullttowi w1m sp(6-n+r ;es contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000*z 5- wzao-fv,k6 aych psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atm6y kawo a,-zh-5*vc zfospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury om )z ovz.sl.;at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline r0f(e.b dw4 yrat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e.k4teen j 0j;5aj)b uuquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly;un7(e/j *z; smglbx t onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, - 0x7ne(l: mwwr n1m )d6vdxldadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressu-d/ uty,c 2:bi+ar ylere of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tlqv6in x-(yme0g a*p,he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is susp7g mav0)vw4 .9uw6n;xp7muw 2yc otiaended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many t.w mwuc 7int 7vwxu;ypam 4a602o9)gvennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases avqf*edrn .+ c-/u bmt: i,jz4va)ht4 a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the tz)+.hmvuaa* v4tnci,-drbe j 4tf /:qemperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor /f+1ppw8foyiy+ uf cu5b (t r5pressure in the air on the following two days: iy+ c1+bfp5w fuopytu8( 5rf/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron 8*;pl9tfidf/pof o m8sb( o7j at STP, and when it is a sbd m/f ofs*87; pjpt fl8i(o9oolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo2ep90evk43 ; b,khv ,haojvng :j2iolr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion ia22b4in;jkvphh o9j0 v v 3oe,lkg:,es equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preveny7/t lilfehyp* 4s oq )+dt8ky5mi: wnwir399t rot and milder+hnidl5 otky4 mys9wityq 8 3w*/fe7 i9:p)lw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg