Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodim (mc/tjq; *k5 5cwjymc table or Appendix5 ;ycm(w*/kqjctmm j5 B.

Name several propertiese+glg(y.r7ei of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet g+( ei.yg7elrer.

Which is larger, 1 Ct 5 hk gi1sx3.ue6(zih $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equies8u3ldd9 e2yy z-e)lg3c qf1librium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the -zeeqelg3cs9lf2 y1 38y ddu)temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist2,y7ust1u4ay ,ai lov s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. aivu 74,2 ,ly1sotauyWhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa ed-erexha8z /c*s5v9 nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagry5heb7igx434r vdso7am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic syx 5rg3vso4hd7i 7e4btrip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixewc,4a8jag .xs4 t9+z6ima4na,jakq u d at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U+mau n6azx4g kw4tjai9qc sa8ja 4.,,. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leam/z k;b9p fhazqywni4q/ )fe1wy- /,ld floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, 3i)co ph/+cllz2 x9 aithexpc32z/ci )olalh+9i mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hfca. m4kxlaz 9qo6 k.5eated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expla.kl kmfcaqo4xz6a 9 .5in.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its colfv5 qj2icp33, /d urtefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increase/ 5i3cr f,juvtdl3q2 pd heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 (ucm ow4lei1) $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botld1:wyyxd. 8dfdsqi6: r x 7ei9n:. rjtom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hapyq6el.w : f : 9idn7dj.yr xi1d:xd8rspened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, rcf-qtn.)zs) by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.f) .-t)r snqcz

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere s0lozhp qi7.: ; w69a ddmhvz)hubmerged in water increase or decrease if the tempera0od).hm 96dh7 ;zwlviap: qzhture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Chae 42pnct*wwi 7dt -h2orles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatp2wc4i 2the no td*-7wure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follobum.o 7vsnb4f21n6y6gmni v2ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t a mzjl3 h5j(vzrf(4+ 1nld(uphe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mph8b.k ,h;(-y fm h hgxnvo+.nust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Mov,nmhyo8(kbnhh- . x.ph; fg+on’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatur3v7weya 1o,ume. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative 3u, wvo1yam7e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot +wl:3fni)ps .f1bin udry day at the same slpun.fi3)n+b iw:f1 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2(bus ,(f4fpukq+ 0mf8vk ry(b 0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temi t*elag n163xperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the *n g 3ei6la1txhumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobnh;n ne8+41t ga6aoz yile enznyohat1 ae486;n+ gngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as :r4q9yy x uez2a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppejsrp8*:xvnyp+ iz)6x r penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comqtbf5c3x,dyu8n3 f (epare to the number in a b,5cq3fyetxu(d8 n3fsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi i avobp8,xgbhq8+x03s on the Celsius scale?bi3x aq xhg08vopb8+ ,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 *wipi5nz0 - n2exhcm; $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass theua7xx4ock gp-: y2h w.rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.kpuh 2 gxwy-.74o ca:x0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs v04yn y+q2*do xy: far12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–22asg /u a.sa4rcqw3 wj.mn1;3kveu- d9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height ..wvjq 1u;e / ask-as2wg3 u4 dmcrna3changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger1 5qavjk.s a)h than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in di51qvs aa.) hkjameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of watero8k62h 9n9sdovvk xgrxj+8n6 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if itdewq.guy-jc(u xna0 /-u.k - wtm. l2o is heat(u0e-t wgwmjy uxq.ck n.o -a. -2ud/led from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.02oqc :zdvh0jw,m8 rg; mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2, cjey4l1;b b,eo-l d)lakl4f0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o3uwh,n;o yh cwc3 7ms:f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan)q ga8:cnj; 7oyl/si dd in essentially one direction only, show that the eq;)d onaglsic /:7j 8yffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the(svpg ,rr)y6ia2l3 ob density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hauf013 (sfkbc4i mey-is coefficient of linear ex0umye4fcik(s3- if 1 bpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrwz)-b *r rlqg.opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandg3c,bd6c4kidje /kx5y; nr gl4u: ( tnu8a/iafather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17jy eka3/;ccruni/4ia (d g: tkbn8u,56xld 4g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an3 p65m7 6sg mqi25gtikdmxpd. inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voltp2553gimi7g 6sd6 k mpdqm.x ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminuc u )3ktza8q6jm cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle )ac3ktzuq6j 8on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenou ykhr(70;n2qvcf 7qxq0x9ztu / o/mgth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases 27h00o zknxf7yuu qxr / t9c;qmq/v (oto 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional a 1.fr kt hs su-rt60 gp5ux,pnv7kqo6*xu:n:prea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1+ ih n0*auf:jv34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te* /iyin 6u ug(rw* .lbn81q(m3cequ uemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheinuybd( hqe- i*7tq1i +t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofxr i lnww 049c..juta(otx q3fu//:gb the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosp :n2prfqh-ari6i+zp: o e1ah+ heric pressure and a temperature ofh2ei1+f6ozrn:paq+:ir- p ha about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usr o3x +zkr)(yg 7;nnr/viaf .sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2he6v4s4a; x )samukm 51.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofm :o5(i vdc7.kh1zs wd nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumhf-hi o2wfo 3)rhnwkhn-8z8/h4bu.mi1o* z z gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 3 it5k;tzto d,n7x9x 3k5.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3k5dxtx z,t79i ;no t3k85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 z /)7ru3eurdd kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thu( w.gcbvyso -r 4lv)5:t r2sje air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air o s c-rj:)rblv(2vtg.yw4 u5s outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air agjj s4cfe5(7 st 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen asb0;qzzx(h8vh: 1bpm xql 8k-t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h t 2nco/+tt3helyk.qc f6xz:-and at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberk(2,uii1s r q .t 2cy1jiz1zcw of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculudxn l.c10z42+:2 l pvbzprhves?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) jchp-ake( * tbi9 7s/hmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1gx0 resh6s5gp3n7(dm l: 6qeo$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wtl0;f *7a7i rqd)h lebah4f9vere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high av*r ;fal)l0 qfae 9477ihthdb nd of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an *+f/r ez:e pakoxygen molecule at STP?*+z raee:/k pf    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms jpuz*xjutu0r03: *blk9q9t4 tjqy9vnear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.q39 xrju:qy tjzvj9*l4utu0bpk0 t* 9    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature sty*p)pyn 59tis incn)yppys5t t9 *reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of t lr:qto7zubit3*i;9km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcu; 7tbr3qt* io it:lu9zlate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2 zh r9/b+/+x hs9lhiwi0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held co,u3vu6wu (x/f:w4fu o:as a exnstant, by what favu:4:36xx/u us ,fewou af( wactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a75mwk a,b k97n g(/ mw3qahrda gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rarkw vte.ue 9 tu,;:-sxtio of their rms sp: xt-9,uw .;kveseurteeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co+:y vbd3j;jai vr95iwntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mab 3pcz gogsoy7n)6pk.n9p/. olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen qd sire- z5rp a 9y7. k0bw49c;nm:ufmmolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of antp: 8i czfz25e amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 pi z5f z:ect28$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P s8* v3bvmdu8;de(vrpof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranx 6 j3or 7kojup 1oje1/fise/,ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases c -x udnsjr, 1l/06ddzsan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when ta9w9 d if2whhm ,uhx23he pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 m2 hdwu2w, 3x9h9hfia $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (aiv+z5;ln6hb u; ownoa1 )t7z8in )g vlpproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature h lvg5)n)uo tn8bal7o ; i6+vziwzn1 ;is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whertf)na,b bk zvo5*/(d.eg1euqy7 v o3ae water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esdqip-ik f r2,0i-z 8gvtimate the tempei 2r,-08ifdgi v p-kqzrature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure 2)w- 6s l-9pis.y4qlpfmysgoof water is 530 Pa and the rela-2syfp)isp lgyw q-4 m 9s.6oltive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatuyx07mc.e6 uq3yd1ao nre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressur;(s md ;dfmmv/e inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120mmvfd;(;d m s/ $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in ajm4qcy sd.u**-l.gbm room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 59kqkjl .n,3 +m a:xmx1)woras $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec 9-4oh,z ee5 ixanz2dlule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista,5 aixz9hled2 o4 e-nznce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tis+sv t p/gio d0 ,zs0b;;n8brany tubes crd0sb/ s ,gt+;; ov8iap0bzs nalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated w83hqd8 c j q,l.8bxnfat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrad4xb;hgq jj- nte pz179d,.qated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatug/kw(u9rb,k vre. How much error will be made in a recipe , r( uvg9wbkk/calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyl-64b.i z d:qazz7+jo +orj ko4luoo4zinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown44-ldo64jo i q zojb:rzz++uo z7ak o. up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofbc7 zj go jjvl*ll2w+545v 6sm air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and 5cl m* w5 6+gv7vszb4j2l oljjheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ab1kcd*( )wikb zout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the 5mq4ua 9rwm 5v, x4eqdbest available vacuum techniques is about 5 med4 qxaq w,5ur94mv$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the zlkt 8up(ce- yye1u6:n.y5t wsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he enct15uw-k.8p u:yze ( 6ty ylquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmjq-i*9rh4b+r y1j r rxosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials;bi-9r y+hjxj1r4rq r* indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal +qjh zw k55pr)t6ue9cgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofn qp/vxz;3 jw; 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E8lrja-7 bn wy1arth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosph b1jnrwy78-a lere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecum p;gp4yfz u,)les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygenrbj.c 9ts oxp 4*y-c+z used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at syz bcx9-c.r *4 tp+joatmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0w q2zu+ cq8w;e$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli+ i 5h*2 j r4q*sjqkn,ejt) :mrnl/wrrne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were9m :upixu/5gi to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightj4ii/3hatl31c h d;ekly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedmd.f9 a.8gggm in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, nw :-:yut3s fb06lvxthas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tdwn 025hr sem2ma f.r5he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bu * 1vzw(l/vmhy tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls perm *1vz/h wvu(l second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a,s+, , :gh:a ixbsqzbb depth of 14 ab :,,,qh:bsizs+x bg.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presst1zsxe 9 q+pj:z:w;whure in the air on the following two days: e:qz1ph9 +: xw wzt;sj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ironn2 c9yz3xdf-opds:h y;(h8bf at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempero 2bs3:(f-dn fydhzhp y8;9cxature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an 0 3sgklyz;mv9ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is g3 mlvk0zy9;s equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a.2g5 2ocabv1hz 5 ipn .qnaye2nd mildew. If the cellar ioaei2pqnz 5 1 y.vhn2.g2ca b5n a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg