The process shown on the T-V grapg) fh(8z brt 67jhu.ech is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chr 0)5 o jylvgk;kia)yu8p7ji + nf8.fuange in

  When the first law of thermodylohx tcb56 0iof 8dw-3namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no cu c 9ff(+ usic;g34ashhange in its temperature. This proc;uiu+ 9cgacs h34sf(fess is

  An ideal gas is compressed is8d0 rl6vs 7nvxothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of intern dnvsxl8v7 06ral energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume d0li6*q knmgj ri890ukuring an isothermal process. The fiik 6mgi r0un l*kq0j89nal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L3 xtd,0+u flah(8 k0 f.d;tnp9dxffiuv 5n +fp to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of tp 0nv8x;faf+ 5 .k,thdtld xp f+fd3fui0(n9uhe following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. 4pnh,s,zlt2 p(dpv - ro4 m1 bcm)g3irnx3zy 8 During the event, the gasmot(dzn4h8 p1,n,p) ymlc g-34rvpr3sxi z2b exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of the fdcuq7),k;etf44 wnurmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origi+ rr,gcm)tjm b1/b* 15yqwmynnal volume during an adiabatic process. The final p 1) w mr, ycytgr5b+n*qj1/bmmressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one containsmsx6 yifv 5 z(2ic.6rj 66c y5is.mz(v2 jfxri$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects ex*ra9.,f7olqg e3cdu6no8zkq ld 2 +uicept that one contains2l*qaqz.d39ock ,e dgflru 67niuo+8 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram6bglz- p8/np+:8hxk a v8l yfq is an

  In an isobaric process, the2s o w*18z snkg4hpv)ire is no change in

  When the first law of therm-n5ogar j8swh. cs 92kodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to fa5v0 i 28r+.oj6ojgjhok0gx expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process0 vk+gjxfjaoj5 .goi ro06h8 2 is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a ppzu u t15sjy0d/ck .,sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. 5 0dy,spju.ck/ t pz1uAs a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on fdb3(zvu:7 : e0xkp fzthe PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no cbybmn:xn :p p3yn1:v 2hange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, 4 kf(: 3y-rrdykd3/j1y;kqecst :zpd$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat enerjnpt50rd mq29n r:o:igy is added to it. This proc ::nmrrd9 pjot25in q0ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a tio ce2ls p0ja3j7+v,sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the interna +a, cv 0epjtol7js2i3l energy of the gas

State the first law of thermody,h/mp v)wmrm;j7l 9hk. d. dbunamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from b mw8 q02mulq2a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold rez+quwphkdy0d1a f8v-j k ij0-9f0a7x servoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according bd-f s0xn4vp bi/.z6ouh:a4 lto Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle amy1uo8mf, ywc:3-c+g+e a,lxu v5aa illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this 5+m aa1o,ul c+afgayx-8,w3:uymc vecycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is definbibvae q dhyx4v f8 mr3d;(d5t,s((u; ed as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a C2273d..lwtrqupy;xapc f lwy ex*.e) arnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must be.pea *.lwxyt2x . rp2y7;w )lq3fecdu

  A Carnot cycle consistspv tjueg-ku3ly*-tter)0 ;-o of

Give the Kelvin-Planck q; 6tn8ra)bac t6- seostatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a ref he(pddm6by* dkb8*y(wri h* g*jt)-xrigerator is defined as the ratio of *mtd g((hb8jdr ***b)idwhpy-6xyke

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of t 0yu*tgwmff zj-/3s jw.:z 2fa heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, tj.uxai+ac 5gp -5p n0xhe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any proceq 8ljpo7p44 l2fe -l2j za,hn3mqryb6ss that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the c 4qojelp3-lbm6a yj7f n24rzl p82qh,hoices applies?

Give a general statement of the secoe2 18:dydxq y-9pyhkcj zt ;g2nd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude 2twxa.ug ,o u55d3 lcythat

  During an isothermal pr 58t*wu1jyhw 8dnf9; mmbk9ooocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change inm fhn* w;wo9u8 58 tdky91jbmo internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from ne4* le,.n5qbqquav12 mq;qtrv(o +pokb5/a an ideal gas. What is the work done in the*lk2q (aenet51o 4 q+/.rq u qpmabq;o,vv nb5 process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Whatiw1y j ogz45(c is the change in inter yo415zciw(gjnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in)ifx 1w*0qtp:wh k m,x compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the ga xkfiph)t*1ww, q mx:0s?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doi/lx 6xaertve 38c) /ezvsd 7/kng 25 J of work. What is the ch/ elx86 xvvz/dcarekts7)/ e3ange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decrea7a c ( myuhvx: 2n2d3b8seqs/gses by 50 J. What is thg sv/e 7ay28( qch m2ubd:x3sne work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases6f+,aor0noa(bw 9nec by 50 J. What is the heat ex9oaecb0,rofn( a+ n6 wchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is *l2h-3 ex0-s tcdfc i n9 z)yxpyf6(okcooledony3-c6s*i 09 xkxylh c)t2 fp-d(efz by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K ath, *c o7v7vd7mxv uc0ofrgh;) constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. )cv v7g0cdou ,r;hxm*v77ofh How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water wv.vns 3nsz: )at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 Jbns/am qj8;nx c86u4cxim cui :zh;0 . of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effici6. caz8 ;u;cimnh0n4i xq: jusbcxm8/ency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. 6)ia*b++8yk 6.pe opo kgygia How much work does it perform in each gaa p k+oky +)8*pib6o .6ygiecycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycbcvd7upzd:*s 8em;maq;rn , ,le. How much heat does it exhaust in earu dv ;n7d8a,q:* p,sbce; mzmch cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calcu(lgdsa*8e)ao52j5.x flam utlate the efficiency of ea*t(alf2edloa8) xj5 sg uma.5ch cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal zs0 8ud 4z--3;kc:qkz yb+0zz v kyigaddvp,. of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyclevzdy3i0 pck4 k,av0uq zzbg -:zd. 8y;+kzs-d.

  One of the most efficient engines builtmwb *s0j--ui o so far has the following characteristics: combustion ch*w--0bj sm uioamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so cusypkh0 7**t far has the following characteristics: com 0*yupk7*sth cbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far woi bli .qu;6b)f4yg :has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temp bwb) ;4yfiq6.u:giolerature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 60 (k 9xubsa(co70 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW o: -f7xodlk03it w xvsz2;v2 jnf electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powern+rl w v2gtg)+u41o, sacjhyj(ir q *+. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an enhha,92 hn/h wfw u6l+lgine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical;hybx ig*5 f)pyk )of9onc2i 2m.o z1n efficiency possible for an engine operating between xmcynpo;g)f2 bo 1)hfy 9i2*nzk.io5 $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperak 7gt2h(qq;o/ f*ltefture of the cold reservoir if the temp*kql( oth/ ;g2e7qftferature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatinrbi7hqx s6 w)45mdb)m g between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmeng)* pepqry 4k9t at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is re)*pq ge4rp9yk quired in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of07n4fba,6j o4*gzjz cbwdc0f 20 kJ and enj 7 j4b,db040ccw*z6fzoa f gjects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of opes3p dt/5: g* tz(zpck3scr s.f)g0 hitration, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 35t.hss rtkcipg3tc0g( sd:5* f/ )pz z36 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change i h5oh65()7yjitgill mn entropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change i,x/v: rsdmsb1tle 6(qn entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undxt u kj2/d:su jc3w36bergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy cd b:6 /jw32u3jxu tskchanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at e0.*urkicj 5 8y/myb-tb;l hq$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.