Which has more atoms: 1 kg 36cvsie) yt6hof iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendi6tcehs3y) 6 ivx B.

Name several properties of materials that p ka ww8;2gms :)p/q+z3hq remcould be exploited to make a thermometeq r)kzmeg /p;qh:ps8waw+3 2mr.

Which is larger, 1 Ci2j0jwuk4;, tezx67i0t kmps $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in 47ncg( jdb tlg ;gfo:nvpmepht)0 1 74thermal equilibrium with system C, what can y)n(:e4fgtcl;nhodpt m07 4g p1 b7vgjou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aaig4 -6*31 .xxx crm/ry5jle nzx25asyw4jzhluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cu. 1 zaj6/ija swr xxngcr4elmx-z45 yy*x3h 25rve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefehmc6n:e1,mni.62z kkko qv q qy57/zficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat p 9e0l/pm ep+vused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip e /p0+epl9 mvpconsists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that age26zw7bus 4 2tilx;fre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?f6ixue;zw2g2l 7b s4t

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mj iaz4f3.h7plbw; g:a ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer ssn2o8 : .bsax;pbdk *is first placed in a hot tub of water, s pd; *: 82oknbss.baxthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bv uax ;3qisk1r1+ /us2xznys0reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expuk x+z;3r s x0/vaqniy1us1s2lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its co *mlm lxam flk -g494zbs;q6p:efficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordin*4gxlb; 6 mmpmk9f :al4s -qlzary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20lbt.abv5p)jnzkl+ i .y87 h u/qeo; /l $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgj,2-ox lce 7g(/j fmzre so badly the can will not stand u7 clz/(o -gm, xej2frjp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pus laxhgt*l :*u4hing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands againg lau* *txl:h4st a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminus6p aana5w( i8m sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is insn 5ipaa aw86(creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lkcvwg ptjc.uh.cg.8 w -)-;q law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temp- k cg.l8wp;hj)u tqv-ccw. g.erature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law foll x/u0ezj4+o4c ra.w eyows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rj c0:, ov3petz/n h,pwatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eartq7xx/ )pxz7*wz f*k9kvsi8zz h refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon/x7s9wkxqz**vf8p k z7 xizz) has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tee oqf qs5p/lre:e 93 9cy 0use6w* hm,a8tkj3emperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otherm or5h p3*/uqs69qeew0 ef9la3 ,sky j8t:eec?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day 0ze- nt2d5l:elwnp - 3q-dqmcat the sa-en n0- q3dqec wz2tmd-5ll:pme temperature.

Is it possible to boi. 1jym tcc(2.8aq dtxtl water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenosw3kep4q:c 1 the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid 4:p1 qk3eoswcair at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous0:p*izg 7xhfpst,:6axwxm/ g to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile en7s0zh*x6:afgi/ :, mgtpw xp xgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wie-w g yk. rnr421qnd lwzb2,b/nter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?1 :z 8 usmexdh/e(tv*i   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ringo+:9n yu -o5-rt qveq g2qag+b compare to the number in a silver ring of th qua-bq g2vq+ny:5o9-geo tr +e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius g)g5-n7m sghx0m y4yu y5 4pkkscale?g54kg m7y-npymg )yxhs04 k u5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe cqx2hf q(o* .ibr9ft+ratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has g03 djic*:/n y,jld gclength 11.82 cm at 0.0/ygc,dj n:j cgdl*30i $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsyiqqr 9 k+usmbh8*/q 3cjm;2u 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi3t 6z1mgzk a:wmately 300 m tall. Estim1gtk:mz3z 6aw ate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet horu;tg8,k bb 6k xk:+gzle are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steek+bg zt6u;k ,k8xb: grl rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4fpelkj,7e kw83l( 2c x $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wil;:h,92yvf ka cce/hryl be its change in volume if it is/rc2cefh: a 9, kyy;vh heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled erzi-i:8b;zqk y *)hbzv3 sz-to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofa sojq),r1 0a.dw-g-f9g(ax itgsv 0z water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in+pgo*ai-jrp3 czrd z br,.3* i a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ink4f9ue.m hzzv *l6m t( essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equa6 9 fmvl.t4*( kzuhzeml to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch(s i5ypgj4 zh)1rd2lnange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width wi1++kvjig y1j6* lxvi has coefficient of linear expan 6ivgj1 yl+jv+i1xk *ision $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soz,i;,bwd pymm6 q : vtdp0 /48a6ngioh6t0fdilid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made q -ppmt) j 5 9lqdadkxm(qrm)p-2f c43of brass and keeps perfect time at 19 2fjt m5qp crm-)xda )-k43ml qdqp(p7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam-v (wmz7u,ek),joovc eter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a w-( uvv7zkoco ,j m,)evolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about 3,xqmndwtt7ab(4q + kh5.s -pndyp/aits axle on frictionless tm7q ak pd4stn/p(hbw5an+-3 q yxd,.bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lrs2zf)8f,whk r;8c)hbrcd* w ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length i rb w *8zw fkr)8c;2chfs,)drhf the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec./ce fwh/b717 epl4 m t ,(wng)htpbxstional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter + zh, 9 ucytgpa.z+.:kqr;scc 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: z8f6 jm:2mvrz
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale7)g/uvd2p3pmrb4yg t4 jt w,.ea(zoq( qk l5 e?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures zn 26cfh5h(ib in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature k 2h71e o oep*meskb2(sl wtj*51r gb.of abouspg.oj 1*mh1l 2 k7ebe w5rts(bk2 *oet 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit3ov/b; 7b,4f98 c+ yz u m4ha gc/wzblbwfhtw1y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitr(-de;wnl8 9kcjm rsi5ogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (;w 4vlgfzt34 t$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isr7o,ca; rpm1cdpns 4 rvd6r16 at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container h:s f2.f)viazey1r5cxolding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 1vcr5i: 2y. e )sfxzafK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg jw6 (uv j6w+yyof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buo0 p: y;1zllhmtyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it lesst1pmy ;zl h0l: dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airvc9o :gumq l83uoe-( c(l3bq t at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0z n29(nzkz7 ht:uuim(jfe 8ty (47lnl $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea 0yb)dk0rc6 b/3w xlnslevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of -h,y -:ri zu:;cfskoh molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hb7r 8sapf: 7x)yz6gg bxpjw **ow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesfge2e;zg -(v n,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeloax+4yn eq)4 hr 00gz 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that ravr; x1;xwi 9;x)o3s jw9 yurwere also in the last breath Galileo x;1;oi3xu;9yrx wwjv 9s )ra rtook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge0aozqtvqmo:wx( (al0x6h1 ,eq 8 :sl;g)mpl dn molecule at STPtl(;a068s:q w)l,0p ovla xo (m q xzh1d:mqeg?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temm+g( hueu tr26go q+2jperature of about++j2o(u 2hgum6et qgr 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temw.c u/:y cyv6rxzq. ,1f1 z6 dhquth6bperature is increased from 0u x6. hr1f:/bu6z.tzy6,chydwcv1 qq $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given i5f h:3h dvnk2 wapa av (1ly.)gi*vc6nn units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate wa2cva*v.n a1 (ngy536fh:dkil pv) hthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at x rmwluz.d*vmp*n cs;f 8l6 .73shyf:20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whdyp+5dzc.a7r 6/+ - 4pr cmx ucgmfa3sat factor dogmmszdd cxuycrp63pf7++a 5a- /.r4ces $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spelgj/v79 pt 3 gnt:gis)f6 :wvted of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the +pj. gw uaf6;isame temperature, the ratio of their rms g;6j ap+fu.wi speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules hk2r8v8n we,s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule azy ,to.m0)gj/ t3qcuvza* tj 4t 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average aed 8y( )b+ubtw f*/gbdistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mole +n*v6z,lbi 4xeyp*tw6,gspgcular mass is 89 u in a living cp 6xnwilp +ev4b gz*ys *,6g,tell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P t: 4lz)vidq y(0 .0ms;b4xnd mgg+zmaof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uru+) 7gta wp70gl,zuoju x*th7anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,8pc y:6yyu(vv in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.s:u0rf+rbp. v:u2or q01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90+porf v :0ubsru2.:rq $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%fy al-4odwr/f;d/mcka1m0uui/6k)bhg (v, v on a day when the temperature is 2/y wuv/0;4,cm ()/d -1ibukra6dglmkff h oav5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilsy,rz2:,kob nz6v/w x y0vhy8m2 7qpfw at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is cp 6a4 ;iw7-ujwgl:p q0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wapqpj-;galc4 7:iu6ww ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat0fdz3y7ymk /s9, rfzt er is 530 Pa and the relative zdr m 37t90sfkzf/ ,yyhumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaturq 2t2 .0yjlin 6laf*zke is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure (jcf1+,ltn,yg;og lhcooker if the water is boiling at a temper ,;ygl ( 1ljt+nhg,ocfature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volac;0c,ou (ypn 2rwt(xume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew n4*vfdkcao) 1point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for c;4 8u5 a ob2hd3erv7rie qez*a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a did58ebz r;* 7a 2qh3ovre4iuce stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects tgjjzh /)-v g8qo the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is a gjg)jqh-vz /8bout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b; bj8kjd1z6qbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been .3w ku43g9q zer;mn+rgq lgvap2p 09u calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temwgqj , z.-fzhv2/ks+r perature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hf/. +wj,r2zsv-qgzh k ot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After manyrci4 m); vyl3kroo0q 6 je9ge5 balloons have been blown up, the goevg ;i cm5 q)3ko4l6r 0ryj9eauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculo )pyo- umpc ll125o:pes in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatu1ompuo:-p yo l5)cp 2lre is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per gmn-/ci3+9i wzpi7j g $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avaz 5bsi24t;lzvilable vacuum techniques is abo;4vt i5z lszb2ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1l5v5 j6 e3jyykis0lx1 0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he 31ey5sj0 k5ilv jly6x quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returningdhks 5t;s8swzx++8i)jql0d2 jol1 ij from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and +ijsdt 8+;0jh x qszw ol)82lsj1idk5this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1103val 5vnm 4s(a;hf t/kbj3mf8$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77:).z6glho3tl fe;dme(jn;(gj w 6 bze0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of ur mymi2l,(z *ma4xvqu1 eu9; ,(o(s gvj;lokthe Earth, estimate the total number of air molecule4m,zi1l;q yu(og (j9 o a xr sm2mu(,uve*lkv;s in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in am wf3s,f4-l lu 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaud :ze5,av(j5 8 zabkvoge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constanzkz:j8v ,a(5ae5 d ovbt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atnvqan0;su u ien)z/1( 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineja ff*69s ii(a at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25yp sac)y; .ps t 0gq)k3gz7-zx$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly okgy**g. stm .jnto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stamjucgv3l 8 dgy37;nms) ; ms1kndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fuls im +3y(: 8pbdwwptx;i70wz ply charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth mbujnzaj +wnn/.i148 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballsj9gf1zq:ildf,/ os 6w thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have aj:i16z sdqf9g/lo fw , mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericax6 8gsmps;y v),k3ujy6yjqt -l) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m ing3vj yyy;8)kts, su6j-mx6q p a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin4 /vj0cjxxd; st1ex y)g two days: j0 1jvx/)t ydc4xex ;s
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, a oc q( xn96sg81iox7tlnd when it is a s oo7ixs6 qx( 89g1cntlolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas l r 52+x(rkn(jzi*kiru,l;w wdaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tzrwrun k;(ix+w*rk 5(ji ,dl2o $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars x4)ba v8i p*vrto prevent rot and mbxpv*) i4va8r ildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg