Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1k;6xmzrlza4top + n+f, gkw2u. t:ir) kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appega4 nx: r+kw)mp26 f+;zkt zilru,t.ondix B.

Name several properties of materials that could6l q;nstt uc-rcj 83o) be exploited to make a thermometer ;ntjc-u qso)6c3tl8r .

Which is larger, 1 C tl8m9ik z)nurm4 2 b)eijuog, 2q9n-f $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ex;21 m hnvdpc fr+84 g.ecrfn y.k,pq-quilibrium with system C, what can yh1qynf; -, +rcnp mcpfe 2d.kg x8r.v4ou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strp, 62j6rhp; .0gyiufikjsd4 y ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metalu j2d,0is f 6yig .rk4p6hj;yp will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffir(r d;vk0)a bycient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to co8/ft :s ,lt5fjj mbam4k8/ yrpntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glassbf:5m8fm, t/latrp j sy48/jk vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are f-1a tnv)0a yq;b bryw:ixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of b:1a y-nbwtq;0)vyr aa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floe 6tlll4) yjc*ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometiu7, 3cuv)n .x:bxxoo er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends)xb7c :3ivu nu.oox,x a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if.cg d f gtb 39g2)9swzfj u52w+ml5ntb one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than +2dgw5.zng u t9tmfs9 ) l5cbw32jbgfadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassv3u kf53mauros1 qz .7 is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smallerkru17f5 mua q.vs 33zo than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura ed4(i 8oq fsn h1)9haeall1k9te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom ijg* dg((e2 ugfc8+yy and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand yg( i+gd yuge*(8fc2jup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),/kr6 jfr;; * fr,o2bgdnhod;z its temperature increases. When a g ;,/odo*hkg ;br f2jfrr6;zdnas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher4syqjd fz5ps8tt jj* x1la739 e submerged in water increase or decreasejlzj8fjtpy*1ax94 q5s7t 3 sd if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Ch z+da:8u c8:nrruuj/harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abs:rzdr+n:8uu h/a uc8jolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folodh:,(3nw; nsx*l rk8rmjcv i w6-0cdlows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos;e ;qog.2n+jegv 7ygnc7 x gn+phere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for tcb7 g*8o1g wut7vvvh5he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity fg7vc*1uwb o5v8 g vt7hor the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempesmm:oie0 )p 5crature. What can you infer about the mole5) m pi0oscme:cular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morevfoyx p jk,aiq-(y8f.,:fz))v w m*ch uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat m,y:qv-. *i)pa8 vzfc,( k)ffjhw oxyure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperata.g s/e0 *u0tm8 yefdcure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dr c;(uhjwvin7.** a nrqf+y0iifferent. Whic.+ahn rq;yin*(u 7 c0vfij r*wh is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatevg 4w dg f 4eku*x(p:d/vw0xi55tm*kbd automobile evv 5x g4xg5/*4d0* eukdptibwk(fw m:ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13n6 mhhy1j .y8pi og+s7–28)?

  How many atoms are there66cx hm nw,t(e in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number iniww gcih+,y;e b6 )bo7 a silbi) ,g7+cwbe6yih;wo ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken tosel2b,8*pf:fe ikq 2sj5b+ru be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?8bl5se ,qp:s2 rj2 fei kb*f+u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loae*tl: /3mekx3z s38f69gf*wgoe)-vq nur e xwest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glassbh vw*k z7 zw29gi2jb4 thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.9zb2 2vji7hgw z*wkb40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 uwyec;l;s 7:q$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatel q;/;+sgof6ge o/sma by 300 m tall. Estimate how msfge6sqgooa; //b;+much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th;p(dsi,b i0kc e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in aki,ic;s( b0p d hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a u)v(5pg+ qs1y:dpukkt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamxr2 8;v3njgad) ag h6zeter. What will be its change in volume if it is heate 2h)gav8d6arnj ;xz 3gd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLq sq3;rtlocq tb 2f,(6 of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that aa4 vfb+++ iqwlcchkv 73h1yhu9i8l*55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i(hda1 tsqs7 ,dron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essent9ylyu6 w 5bl+t)ps4uxzr2d 6m ially one direz5xum+w6 u b6l td9y2s)4pylr ction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanp(hx ,01mfn5+ tdf movge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient ooc : dkuk3d,f3k0n s3 flpp*9o4rfiq8f linear expansion 0ck3opo:dk3flsf iupf*3qr9n d4 8,k $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot7xo08qd004k6b exev 1 hjjdqpn*qa.propic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect m+htq2 ycw4o7 8 1fowptime at 1fq wm4 1t2hyoo w7pc8+7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer03cjzr e a9 l-0ibjq)rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha0 ejcz9-r libr0)qja3 s a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of r;yckefnkfpr a 092,9y adius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocityn02yp efkyk9 a,;r9fc $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stressk xdgza3d-i8r 10 -t5 /xxzaeg is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 xx/grtx5 a83zz1-kga0 ded-i $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel Ilz8.qj7mea um(g*w9 l7(bvp6o2vra d -beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13e4z4 pmgg 60su4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following i9*tm+ylo *,hv eah:ttemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrbkaw- //6j 7qj/ibytcenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thpt; 5p 2sileqvm6hz cg+ewqil2909*l e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressureuwptd, p 9cjzw ;3m9hm*.2;poy; cdyv and a temperature h;d,ytym dwp c;up m*op;jz2 99v3.wc of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. 9 vox3mkooo+-    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg og8k i9j5j jv (u:q 2s)rjfb1waf nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta+ * ecyh .z;zkteq.e4fins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliv o05yxde7i+ls3bh46gjah :bum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas u,jb6n qwm *v knuhg2:o+i )8xat 385 6 k)gn2:jx8o,vubni+*u qh mwK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k2f3slw:x ; cwk7o2 v3ksa4duu g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoerxtppsx :5+6 yant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less d xe+p:65tpxr sense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 9j3xcx bik9/m$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ;o 2ttsmy- yg7h(-c(pe k(gaj 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levrvazmy-)+g8)) cqlcs el and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mu5n aadee; 44l pvbm/3olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molxncf/vnw n ;n)ys8 /n0m7s ;m.dsvp)m ecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)j uql i82sc j44+zt*kd moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5j)tr3y 6. yoxy.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhal6 se3hrwhf t81e that were also in the last breath Gali36 f rhhw8st1eleo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average6pvhu4qw5 t;i5qqk :z translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? pi;q:t4ku q5 zh6vw5q    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface o;c*5 ndhjaf mtzgj /m1q;hk4xi gn 1oz5u(s)(f the Sun at a temperature of ab1hnujk ncsx5i;m)ght4z5;d g (zo/aq*m1j(f out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i tz1i div:b6rry:6z j*def0x9ncrease if the temperature is increased frobrd16d*iz x 9:0t zyjf6vr :iem 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units owcp-mte 9 5u6q -paqx6f km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp6a59em q 6pc tx-w-upqeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole -g 0adhgopj5d4+ys8zcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held ) u*wyv+y5lk jh8tb e) +b7eupconstant, by what factor 7 up8ekyhl+)bev yj5 ) u*bt+wdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is 8nm +w5lyth)igiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at*vk(c gar)cq k2zr6ax0(8+z gb gx p-s the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mass(kr*8abkc vqg- z6c2r )xxza s0gg+p(es.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m4w m404:5 t-r gq mydajlomfh1olecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy1izbtwqmd3m 2 ds 2)tov;i0v) gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance cb,ystfd3z7f(qn7m,fr*i + p between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massrjcb9cvx,7bn z(6w: 1m5e kqk is 89 u in a living cell k v9rne75 jb,z(qmc61c:xb w kat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a -lq.no sbgn q:a v;h)-gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u- mrfoz8 fcewc9 :;)ss-kj,tkranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pref+ig3j rnh4 3issure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the m+:axrkncvmp a9, 2qzy; eji) 1g8en/temperature is (a) 90ar2j; eci )ne xmqga/ yv9z8,+1 n:mpk $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when th kfen-3a/e ae.e temperature is 25 ./feea3 ea-nk $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure pi/0pkjb ; tx nsh467fat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure ato 1s1/dd/a myl a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat 1y damo1ld//sure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i2aoe,b f,j9rb d/t7krs 530 Pa and the relative jrb,, b7o2 r9/ dtekfahumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is /4kh tbpv nzw-qgxaw0m 4lgr,55zi./ 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure in ht pv kc iwg9-8jc7;eos2:pi8side a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of t79 i 8goi:kw2ce8h v-j;cpsp120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680 (n-cdkixug( 8$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pn htdxyqb,)2 ;oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time need).)hqt) *rx dnxkew 2r7emq+aed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15rrdx7)ehx*.qq) e + t2 m)kwna $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interoe /s0n2h+ :b -mqxwdpior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An do:xbeqw+- 0 2spmh/n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasqq4uqbh3-*q p0 do5 ))zo xfzg been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape9 at *otzv+y5: r fbdc4iik8i8 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error z*qx9z- dr6ii will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterzi iz-6*9dqxr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. qxcd9 s-ux.,d2/p 7 llxp qt2cAfter many balloons have been blown up, t c29up2sq clxlpx/ 7t.xd,d-q he gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in 6 ouuupo0-c znp4s j /n,lms5ak+k,:ea room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the teuzp +,kn5oo406: ec,/-ksm lju pasnumperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pwdwtu5):a h4jc , vi e,kng:1mer $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure w)pc b;6t x8(tam2zes ba 00fjattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about fcj te b2pt ab(0;ms0zwa)x86 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below kry9 +t cnq0oom0r5r5:.nx qjthe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicn.m55 :jktqcrr0+o90ronq yx kly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninp4af2c :1 zxtcg from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon :fzxct1c p4a2 reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal -cu t21/ lqhnqgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77uvcpmpi 2/ys/;2c/ufkc j04o 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value8:4hpqwnggp7 of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the to47g:n8qp pwgh tal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen uu,06rx e(yv t:p ygmlqx l04f6:-qoymolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used76q,mrowr2 nrx x3n+fvho (7zh,ta .g in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measure 32xa.h 6v7nfoorqwr,+7xt z,n g(mhrd at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mym7e(5l lj/t iercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolr/u2ry ih0 4shine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ed *ur9,s;ot h1hhv gth)7vz.iarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atwlldvck5e (nwwn1 )55yec i:vl:k6 e 0 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in s5,jch661m:op+ eshkn1 qgz n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully o8w /r t;+,ghp0n*h3fw ykpvxcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tb, ivh5x:jsmx c80tdf 5.9sa rhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against9oqhy2k ;ccfpv 4m.x( gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass o c92cm;okfy(xhq 4.vp f 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a yi 2lx62( wn9j-ohb7o3 p dnqcdepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches3ixqw cnho6n 27l db -o(yj29p the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressueu* ewc rh+ue7 5/;xuwre in the air on the following two days: 7ecrehu5x*wew; uu+/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPbzvoeqf/c6f i3fkac ;1,l /ad0 wl13p, and when it is a solid deep in the 10lkbve ,1 icpf d;36 f czof3a//wqlaEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga 4 woi/n/ lo-e8)/sqjmdiov;ks at constant pressure, the coefficient of volum/kioe sd)/q4n/8ij;vw lm o-oe expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their y y-un/ uni5;eef 9v7 )jd2kehcellars to prevent rot and mve2e yeuju- d n5k)7in/hy9;fildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg