Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminuujl0vq q t b*bu3jv/-(m? See the periodic table or Appendit-b3j bv/lq vuu(0q*jx B.

Name several properties of materials tho3mrq o9ljw 6f7nc+f/at could be exploited to make a thermometer6/m+jfnqc79 orof3w l .

Which is larger, 1 C5m0g pkik sj(-er9cfj i--fy1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wip9)z;)wexbn s 8ru.+w q u-vycth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibriumu)w+usqzynr8) pxw9v;cbe .- with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetfjkk6tqpb7di:+1z 7e c7e*cp ed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip p kp ezcc*+tj6id k7 e17fqb7:will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion xx tvsmg fj8+r5 .9z+l$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to y(u/di 1s.a+0 uipjlocontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differe(uiypuj0 d. /+lais o1nt metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have(y m r1rqr80j.w;y/5hkzc b:0bn xyfd a section in the shape of a U.rrjb ; k 18(05/c q ywdm:nyh.bfxy0rz Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats4 k1j3hp*h3va3.rjbj ;t:g ocford9w in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plyjq 2o hch9j k.(r +ys(ax,3hiaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initr h o9yyjx.+h ,saqik3h(c2j(ially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly tdj4yk3t8b nv twa.4 .yhan adjacent partsnydk4vtb..8 jw yt3 4a. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expalsqgx, (.tz9 ;arcjm9 k: iy*xnsion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain.9r *9tamq,(x;s jlykiz : xcg why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at ,mh z+qyy ax en)-1:nm20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wi) s09buf *sd hhd60bxhzhf*n8ll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand d0h8b f)zu0 6nh * 9*bsshhxfdup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comh k4hfpm fv +g+8w,-htpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in hvh48,pm+f w+-tgkhf particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumuk9:gogahx9p/b. ku knr;; k5 sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increarh5g9bn;ok px 9;g ak.kk:u/used from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how uk2jsc /3yb p4Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abso y/32kc4 jsbpulute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fs 1j2wxwkw3u4 rom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eo6c7 hvfo b+epr1z cs *,a9)nyarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object 8, y*ylksbik y0 -pok:must have to leave the Earth and nev8isl ko:k p,k-y0*yyber return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wal t;mypkvsbq3/t8em/-u dpw61 cr0r+ ter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propert r6e t/ tv8q-;c1wymd /p 3bmspkr+0ulies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at 7kpl 9d .pyj1pthe same temperatu1k 7 pd.pply9jre.

Is it possible to boil water at ro 9b+(tu rk,,6miusoq dom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aayze9ijrwq,k0 er0v x3 3s1s73m1ixc ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Er jzr3m7yceik9s q3ix 0,1x1 awv3es0xplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatecw(r) sy)/ (zzissy/l e7 dth/d automobile engiy isd/ h )scyts(l)7/zew/r(z ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clf2lr1 jcod06 ioud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppxbtqno z,z.,9 x2a.ufr3c: hq er penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number o0;jgw/rkbw-w f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same ma g-wwrbj/ 0wk;ss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. W6m hvqoti7)+ xhat is this on the Celsius scale?i7tohv)m6q +x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136ye qd /8pa zp)9n:sxz. $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, t vzhnvc6o4 8imbjo:h9h gd3m;x)e2w+he alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ovjed hvmnmob;:9zh8 2w g+c46 x3 h)i$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu qdl,a1ox;w8k ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buily3;pxh)b. p ldhw8s ;lt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. ls hp;blx;dwh 8.y)3pEstimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used te5wh2s9zn ,q and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be place e,9tqn s25hzwd in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4os+0 nb4yab/w (i8 glg $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.hzu w.;z(1vnt What will be its change in volume if it is heated fw1;z .zn(thu vrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at y )ok1iw42x*y08b zhro r5o(xwe /l sm100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate,c7kz r rmd99u h-we)wr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is 0 ps aq3vvo22ato be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can-z2+1-d6gt c8 qn7cm ckajfiwe 5a) xd expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coe6ncgtcjx8deakf52-cwmzq7dia 1- + ) fficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitqbi hg473 *oocxm ;0ni-iz aw*y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length tkbykn-2jg cdd39h16l and width w has coefficient of linear expkgtd6yjnchd12kb- 39 ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,6d/c c:l4av3k ;uycjw $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass andh9h,x5( *ni401lbsslzu8 4z p :hiobobhu*ki keeps perfect time at 17zu9o5 n1hoi bbpkis bsh*,hh *:i4z08x (lu4l $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.g) hqoz-c: a ,;-owyi,e-ijhp The bulb has a voluh iiaoo-c,j;-gpy)q, -: h ezwme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindric4f dz8v6 uk0swal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing68udw 04fsvzk s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much streszw8o oe ;mz;-r ( 8e ihxy8wlli4ty+b9s is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to xi8woh-l(y4e;+b oeyzw9 tmril8 ;8 z35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio0vuh3/ b9wldqx0e4zjgh8m0m nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134pbej a -g/;v,s.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalp,g htshv 8n3v7t u0 mkh7+hi7e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiu ;v iy-ny8i1 aub(k 01*1xg ldcq6iwtj*:xnit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth a1/zx6 o,p9zlb2 tgw nqnd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure a33 ve fgw( pib;gf)na(mw/ g+cnd a temperature op3 ie(/fngbg+w3 gva mwf;c)(f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density09w(wc6j3m xvv:mb mr of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitricsel p86fgn bug )8 12dh*kg(ogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nxm6bi3ijac 2r k)t:o.itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaswhbr91:dczjyucw6 * rjs5+m1 .wiwa/ is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg t3 uztrxy )u-jj:cc17 80xe*d0bw vnv of argon gas at u7dyju03r-1b*j xcc)e0tv8n x:t v w z385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of gye4s4wlj d76 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant q. 9,lkkb*qcp:uj22b wdjun4lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1dbqbu,ql*j : p.2kj c2w9nu 4k800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with r)wnhbj6v /:mair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.zfley q2 -8b7auzh3- n0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s han9vma gln3buyz:up-. ;d at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecup8yhusaxxmp3r ky4pex9 + 33/ les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are ;vzm6ooaj, ulsvo/; -there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of mc7237fhhyq;bg r 5pn (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumevi z97( fe((btlz h-sq 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mol0ba wtdf/*z0ca y 9ao2ecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took.awc0zy9t2 f*0/ oabda [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag+5c7hrhb yy.pe translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? yhr yhp+b.c57   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near theljn8/lk-dwg +q iz2r47,i-:y sqqamb surface of the Sun at a temperaqnby- mjkiqz: lsg2 dl/4+78q-war ,i ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spbn6: nm7/-akl k5cmm -9nboezeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 5kml9a-e6omnz-bkm:n 7cn /b$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: ;dgaoi-wdr )4u9 kk 5i6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8 ro-4 ia5k9w;dk)idug. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in gkft0 vtc5onxajt /d9 x ocf:5z/*17ra gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while ubebh :gv07r3 w rz3(- q;nfc7mwuv 0pits volume is held constant, by what factor doeh73mqr;veu(w fwg3 zrp0vnb :b-7u0 cs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ,rcu*.1e ycegfpeq3 vrf-q 7 6in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempea qi4xnd6-d:+ig,k i urature, the ratio of their rms speeds unda-k46 ,:xd ii ig+qis equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con9 7c)snp(qo o2 ezw yidh6g;-dtained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ax6gzwf6 :i0u5 n3h qzqn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeszp*j82m f7blin d f9ui1x -x2n nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms djsw9ksmhgd;;t owq n2 +12a2speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atjostm+h2 d1 ;;sawgq 2dw k92n 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = +sxtzrc1 f 00gs,rb oy71:nool lt8q;$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur -5+wr6cqo plw6 rl/hnanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what vkgkgg) sqf7p62b9baagn. (1w a2 mv:phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and hlicxr4*h sz:-3to( ,yijk3n the temperature is (a) 90hi4 n: ,x rjz h-yc*t3lsok3(i $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on wy c5c6c3e.0o.rm pg.goj 8fla day when the temperatureo5f.emggl.0 .6pjr8oyw c c 3c is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wcdmm c cq8*ng)1w0: .d1vbqqsater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mp ;;hyl a.)i4hq x)x(97fkqb lo8ci itountains is 0.72 atm, estimate ip)x7l ;kafo yit h8(c;4.) iql9hbq xthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the p f4-*t*(cbwmp 7-xq yw dvj2zlartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rel27*(*x-w-fvt pq zbd jclmw4y ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurt9k/53 dfoijoe of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wz th7qzkr ggb83-2nxr3 g9dl v-s5j (gater is boiling at a temperature of 120 3gxv3-hd(g r2zrgbls 9qnj57gzk-8 t $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofxnpw/(h+sh7 mwge03 vto1m +n volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po:g qvu gwmf +o6c179hoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tablvb,7dq24;cf t-hfmjp* 2cajbe 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 4q -vfjh2b ;,a bd7cmf tcp*2j15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of i qif( plq35t5h5; umyo1b(zgbnsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An avera 5l(i 5up;th (qq31 fz5bobgymge trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibri -v;z+(4yvpqn 6olcjated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ynfg(1r-+zl)zaosq m/, 6wz uat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated -k5q q: yo0t,vjxa,wc at normal room temperature. How much error wilxqa5-j kty v,o:,0wq cl be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afterg 5a,e/b9 (wg(elxqn61el jaj many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has dec l6 51(nl,wj q/a9eeexajgg(breased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molnrkn *.. ots(afg6sy+ ecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 26nantrsk . f*o+.sy(g.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densitwcao7 3z:o2rj2 *p5d*sgrg uiy of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vcqq8 lmv)kt6. -0nacg1gj9 c jacuum techniques is about9qkn8j1m - tjc cac vglg)06.q $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when + zy wcqelz///10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs e/l/c+ zz/ywq expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo3cmfx:1 dspt8py(y vz;m) a u2sphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space veh 8a3:f p)z;ystu1dymmv(p cx2icle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is spl f0.b t1;feincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mpw4/; aeckd0stw5/c r$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric p,+rfd; lg:lz(n6 z sfpressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospz ds l+g:rff(lp;6 nz,here.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containhhtbf6).2 or yed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in ablz,,7(wqho;z/v ymzzu g 5l3 hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinde,, mwugbhzo 3l ;z75yl(zzq/v r last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid roa87 qf49 ufsmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a couuby:;t, .rt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tohh77o /h*dehyi 3f)iiufd 6 n* fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighs l56uws - ;8ntj-figttly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adt eufn n/-ozllc,2u-yq12+g f opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm aty 3didwlsu +5ce: mku1 6.m)ph 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthg )c4bsba: dft elq5)qcw3+ t9 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspep05umym(ab,lz7hl *. 2jwx ktnded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and azu m0.majllw2t7x,b kp (*h5yre thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblv3 ,myzt2-v9hu5tje ie of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Hoiy-t 2,h9ez jv5vt um3w large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following t5owk9en(h 1- epzz.yfwo days: fyep9.(w5knz1- z heo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ofozyxy6k/2 gzu, zx)b 3xzb9+o iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature i ykzzo,xo uz3y/b+9)2 6bgxxz s 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at q7/u zbn0 fxiwx3eik zul9b)f,r-46 j constant pressure, thx7 ni wzffj0qb6z)uluerb,9/- 3kx4 ie coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cl vsy5*bam8+hfp 0/,ln fwrc/ellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house ( cbs8hmp lv* ay+l0fwr,5 nf//kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg