Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of 2j9-b /c.8sb4es ornowz2curaluminum? See the periodic table or Appensnr uz c4co29j b.82sw/bo r-edix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exqb-6 p/0d)qw ejls/ jkploited to make a thermometed/wlq j - b0)p6s/qekjr.

Which is larger, 1 C d92jjvu ehh 92r3.az k$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy 5 xt*ukr03lcidcpg -1stem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you g3pt r1xlc50ci -dk*u say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stripet88(mp yk q* (.ux)e afu8ney of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which m(.f8ukm8e*yx8 utn e)qe yp(aetal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 18 ije)hph /yxbap5h1of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fuwbhs8g yz4 6hn, pcfa1k p8s;0ceq0p2rnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquinqhkb8 es41 ,8;p20ys g 0ac whcppf6zd mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in 4b; p rvgqn8hx0ri-r3 gx y-04jjy3dy the shape of a Ug-x0h 8ygyjy4330 p4xq-n b drr ij;vr. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats isht;+*h0hdjsgc v;b se (j n68n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thsj i6(inal87 avyhx+ .(:w qwmermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends ix(w.ia8h(y v: ml sj+wa7 6nqa bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part o(lvntm dqvk)vx7 6v7 7f it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exvx )v 7dmlv7t7n( 6qkvplain.

The principal virtue o t bc+tz :f,0v; *))0 jh)wrugrzspzaaf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fo)jv a0 * t+sb rz,hpt)cagz)u;zr:fw 0r ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocz95t mr 1feya k+ )f,kke na.k*xh7,trk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top totu,cz*goi3 x d6,v( mkz, 7rss bulge so badly the can will not stand zs,c(s ,zx 7kmt ig,6o*3vrduup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed ixu 7g41()dmmr 0etu, z lfub,(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When,1d()rl ut ufg0ibum xez7m, 4 a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere cu b9wkq .lx kll,:gaz/,k-d6submerged in water increase or decrease if the temlb,9wzllg/-a6k qd k:k ,.xucperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how . h).mcui d49q7lytqoCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energyc)todyi4.9 hq. l7mqu and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Ga sx(*3*hgp ggzy-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherrb9e1+k.e0u nh 1aae:kmv3c z e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refeyyy)l b9p660 8 gfajymrs to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and ne86ap 0 blyj6)myyg fy9ver return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at r o+ q xx15uppt1m8vdk2oom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otd2+xuqx 1vkotp81m 5pher?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable nalp3k3q5 se jbd0 *(m evlx v,1z;)klthan a hot dry day at the same tempekxza mkvlds pe;0le5)1 (qvb*,l3n3 jrature.

Is it possible to boil/om oka n,j70j(, ujgb water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samerqt n(58pkb9j,k(hlh but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, tht8 k(jpbr 9q h5lh(k,ne dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobil z- ./q) 08z r dgiraunuya8pg;d(,hlge enginer . g;udp8di0/zzgur( ,8hl ag-qna)y.

Why does exhaled air appear as(a z rwlg5;)94p6whiidk urx0 a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppiot;lylv)+0nm* g v,(r3uk jcer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram mwcbk x::pe* 1tz6z)ngold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same me6w:mk:bz) zx cntp1*ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiusar.m9a btm yhk0a6 l;* 1:jwdk scale?amam6lay ;.kbw *th1k9 0d j:r   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are8g2a cwujg2 vh-s(k6j 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has 9 7 cpho3.ac p 9ail;mb,t:hwnlength 11.82 cm at 0.0 c 9pto,b;l7wm9 n:p chai3ha.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b.p ch7*l- x 56oxljhyiuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is v+12d0w uvszc built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 0+ vz 2cwudvs12 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole 0a4vj,9 ddmj( fl6dwehov 1zz( jm )w4are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cmj0m6wd(,vedoj )4vdfa4m9 (1hw lzj z in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water r-osgvt57xu;at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8. dr iq-egcb0 wl/e*0s44xaj4o 75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is h0g-*eajrd c/o4 q slbxe i440weated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of waj5 o9:quxe7 ypter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL zo 9 fu ti4;5lz:te9bvof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be place b8xzvi0r2e(ud in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesseogvl:b3vitc k 405o8 gl so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffiol8tco vgk04vi53b :gcient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d4ouv*mnwu ogkp8-6 g 0ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l an ,7sgm/ufm+5xk)6 mxrm3bz5q-b u lded width w has coefficient of linear expansi x,mmm3/b-6b5f)e ku5smzl u g+rdq7 xon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic v lf8:f7zb uexr17 gx .h3sz16t4gwk dsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grang4q* +gsxqq y8*atoqyxf22j 5dfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 qsygj*aytx+2fg*q 45qo8xq 2 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermom.,mpgar s /m-zz+ef6s eter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume masf /s+z. g-m6pzre,of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylind 3evj2q3d2 qtr6a: ksbrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlesse:rt2aqq s6 vdk3j 23b bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C+b 6oyp fh6f5h. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature inchyp+fhbo6 56 freases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionag2;w kgo86hbf l area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atfis o6juh1 :)m 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaib na.,f)xh fm;dfj5 (le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat.al6- njyg+jcmbq0l;n 1c y b4ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anvn5iv5gh ygzzo8/:w +b sv-7nd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm5g. x mn+riuj lw5+/ +-wkinupospheric pressure and a temperature of abon.pnlwiu/+i+ -xgjk5u mw+r5ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygelm g ywaf47ygt 16qt)m4b+ a/nn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgd7k91 t hje3urtq 8o8ahfg 5h0 of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitqw 7bkkh) ;h8l:3p zqgrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atf whf(1;1n wh1hr1bj p 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insi: kplp d7tr )9*rdtpt6de a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K 6dkt9 r*rpdlptp7):t ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg x b8)n7rk)ou s9pr :wlof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the aixbpmmb0-e4a339k ho-a5 hxy ir inside the balloon, which makes iib4ae59kxxby30 mp-ao- hhm3t less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 w51mgsoa+co 8/d/j vxkg tl(1$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 4zlg 1.w0u sutat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball nj: r.r:tpgm7oon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number owv n l4zm z.*9jh3/zyhf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in wcx2+;tfzu 1p1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles6 3frnbfl lib-, +ff* oxzfa7+,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume5rocl)t4p; 6 h xwe:*ue3yo bbc0bib) 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bre-e* g+u1 ;qp/cb14xd tal smjfath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galilx t lufa*1g/m+sb;d1j p qc-4eeo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic 8rr 5h0vwv+ 7an9oyinenergy of an oxygen molecule at STPnvh iv9a5r0 yo+n rw87?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the b9vii-o1mk tjy73 sphs1,bd(Sun at a temperature otski1yv si9,obdhj p 3-17bm(f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tejtjzks (pxi:v+b12 5amperature is ipsbi:zjvjx1 k5 +2a t(ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folxvz1),z5bwa f/hil ;olowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcwzblxof)5iv; / 1z,a hulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules(noxr09opj m2 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel5o.5b/ tev tvxd constant, by what facte/x.btvtvo 55 or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mold37s7:ojk. l *h-xz mjy9zprpecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture*y/grnxrtpie3x 24 n* of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rmsxe* *rn24y 3i/ntpgrx speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in sm*cl argy6foh.97 36mdva+qan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ob 2s:)k quqcm;/,djx+kix(.pws2 m16nuxurl f an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul pwh0j9 e f8)lavptxro59/n1fes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amin gwxsk/jvn i9m)- u2)fo acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celx 2)/gm -9wfu)sn vjikl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr3i/ny u+.x8i wwzogpi; xq-).gtr fn9itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of d00c9 +zw o-ydv8aum **q)w ln/ jthciuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases car//-kip a+s/n hfs/eyp rw o-6ddt-b 9n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and th)p8 i/r- wlb7n4rnjmye temperature is (a) 9 njp)nwm7yi- 8rlr b4/0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apmt yf9;ezw2 o2 z*mxj,2q6x klproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is tze;22x* 6fwym9l mzjxok2,q 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whsy,8 vtpn(a jygl); y3ere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at ojz7qu1 vlawqa/5 x:/a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. qx1awq/ oavl:u5jz 7/$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ;b: :8u 3kk/blhtbcs0o+ ew mbof water is 530 Pa and t3c/lhk0w ;b: ub+: 8btomsbek he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the 9g s/w 5;f.fhriwmbpvg ,9mn9temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr q2kb,o4, enyql v6/v cam.4jressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingermq 4ovk4,b6/ln.v jq,ya c2 at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumtzfh 8-o6f pr8xx9 e/je 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew 6h my +wnmq0rjpyf+z/wld1 4( point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neednc : 4):kd ccxlo8vgcxh 8+xm0ed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distackd : xc4choxlx+)n 08 g:mvc8nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thsz9.l j.w.sxz e surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called trachealss 9zjx.z w..e. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c gu lo(ku+d v9:+)bmvxalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate 5 ph)zsr6stf;d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room kqz z(5eclq c ;q4v4p)temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cuzc)( 5lpkqzv;4qcq e 4p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder i eflc0 +njabct.4q+s5s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure qjbc sf+4 n.0e +atl5chas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 28v iv)u-m.wr ltyc,b3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatureit- 2ycb8vv . mw)u,rl is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the deqr2tf(yky m14*weh ejr6)96 ) yiasax nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuu,z ca.wn:e3yqm techniques is about yncz:wq3e ,. a$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungsx xaap**fizxgx1 l/wi2826 yv to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what vo6ipiw*x212zxxa *v/ 8xyag lf lume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spehnmwxysx 7su:p(3ei l; c 44e g8uk48led of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this seu ;musx8hl4kg48l:x3ipw47c s(ey n peed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in-*zwg )ixkf:;un zo0ecreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume:dxkbgx192; ac4k yro of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressng;y26zr t7p 9ig pg5qye*ew 9ure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea g7* 92 gz5twyg9pie6ye;p nqrrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed owt wn v5+o1zbo*u) wt1f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitaliy/yh-i 57tsq has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric ph5ytq7/i-i sy ressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuy tnwqojqz9i)o5:b6r4 mf( ;bry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinh z2v ri/:jbp+e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fiz3 y+h l/ek 2udo2r-ltt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightjh4ek a*zi-blj7mg 8e d*; t7fly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 16 s zxgq;9z /+upzfr)e8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prey)(r /gwx2;of44qsb3uru i wc ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i) )kl7ui6pgf e8ces8 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ball/2xw4-r .nhpcue(n zypg )eaii.mc6 9s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and c4 rge.(aiepwx m-pnni.)92u6y/h zc are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-d1.x1vf6 tst u6lqu3mq iameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and th3lt16q1mus 6 ft.vxuq e air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the awfzxltg +yt6g09d 8 2xir on the following two days: t9g g+z0ftw6x 8ylxd2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at 5ra hd-ube(i9STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturebhaui59 der(- is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idqd5*feg( i:nfs st48i1kb1pceal gas at constant pressure, the coe*8sinq 1s pbc :d5ek4f(1t figfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to p )n/ v(bmc*wzwrevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept nzbv)ww c(* m/at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg