Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table 8131p qa7zuxj g4n*x dg,nfmlorqx3n7p1gjz481axnd* l fgum, Appendix B.

Name several properties of materia:dq a4,syi(f sq4ihf /ls that could be exploited to make a thermometer(44q,aysdhf if: sqi/ .

Which is larger, 1 C/u az4j3mc3gaw -,yk f $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syst/z nivfi bq;7,em B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abou / izqi;f,7nvbt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cobgbr.u-.yi1 vzs + ur8ou3h-jnsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will u1h.iy+. jb -z r-usv3urb8gobe on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiod)il du4f -7gmn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usedyu5ei+;*tj4crzzml2 c xm(; 4b kvg8t to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togetherxiymc+zgl 8 *ub kz 2er(j;;tv54ctm4. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secoec- mt(j,wde6/ p6m3cwilu+tion in the shape of a ecwm63o,6+wcm j/pldit-(u e U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylind0l sn 8wom.oz9er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometa4yw3qjcz 0u;4n -4lm zt /o)tfuzcg;er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risez;l 4c;mt-tn0y ag4ufo/34 cjz)w qu zs. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pargmubrsa t600h y*92uu 8y/li xbu7dh27v.twjt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex j2l.t0b/u2yrmisawv7xdt g b9 yuhh0 8u6*7uplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glz35ri*gc h: oqass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thai5o:qc* 3 rghzn that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at eh113i ykce+o 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causc(pdn*) c yo56o6 pwqfrfl0-rx ,t1k te its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenedf6x0rkc t6rt w,c(-*5)oop yqpn1 fld?

When a gas is rapidly 2o c3oidn*; sqcompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kin*oino ;qs c3d2etic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water60if lu90f2c9 h nmcoq increase or decrehl0q2cn 90f c9i ofum6ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the)x3ply tqm w 2roh9;l8 relation between average kinetic enepm l;hx oq9ly83rtw)2 rgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin0wmik vlf(//6,k1kzp2q qd u hetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th5s+j 8xrak:hzpdf10 ce ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth 2g3a ceaum9 z)m4ma+brefers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expla9 camem a2+z43bamgu) in why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatur,gkt*pkly3gj lo)(rr5 3 lj xl2reh*4e. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rela (,ylrpg l*l 5rgoh*kkxre3j2tj3 4l)tive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc:y iojg9l: c-eomfortable than a hot dry day at the same t:o g9-ejy ilc:emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatgvr.5xs6y9mbwh +mwh484v kr ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tumpc, q*y n8b7he same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid bc m,8ypqn7u *air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thv- 7yk m9m0kkqe radiator cap of an overheated automobile ev y-m0 kqm97kkngine.

Why does exhaled air appea/ked;9d hv oyw yxr.*8r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a w na, v8twmw943.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring (n+g4jctf.ob p a-be14kx-ew compare to the number in a silver t-j- c b.f+4 wekga1b(e 4pxnoring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is( t-zropv1 wo5 often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?orzw1(- 5 topv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowec 7skmuuj -:)mpb5gz 0st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoh7//wg h(hjao,ou2inx xjfm t0ds e2 nhg:441 hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ng1hs44m22edojnjuw i7(ta of:xh, g hx/0/ h$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2je emep(mv 258t)i1) dydw *on0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 xy2 cw7fz5 qj4j-yu c/m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (jq5czyf- c uxj27wy4/ average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv)oi,g(+o)t3mo yncs mets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diametemonmcgo )o ,3i)+sty(r is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water,rhqtv- muzo .x.5q b. at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm )sq0 b y27d(u6zd; zvkwtvw.ain diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30v(z2wv t0d;by zwq7 a)u 6dks. $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1a x(a+o8fb 34slvvqfqop56-w 00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at plg :wp)o.ubi)1 hs3 g20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring maddg2 d *b ;au:zdu*9yise of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can e(u l hv-2foam h4kqz)w6e0t/ d7nds(bxpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effeck) vh(0 end2d qo h6mzw(4s7afutl-b /tive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeef z;3k:0 9hh o8fbbzk in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficien vj8 gfp )jk);)9 mh7qz yil00n-jqecft of linear expansion 90vfj i0)7 )f8y)h ejgplq-;mcj z nqk$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropn2ak5hd2 yqm cb.s -8 +t)bkycic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatheu1.7;ng yhufw;mv7fd llz5zp:9o v5a r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17vu5 7dfyl:;w1hz 9 ;a.mzpg fl7 n5vou $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The; ;lu. nsg ru75 ihtpb0,guu1l bulb has a volume;pilb hlu0t ; un g17.sr5u,ug of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whe8 sh9,0ywcva zel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocityay 0h98scw ,vz $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mucfnv:n,l x x15(w owi6szo f d.p4cz5q+h stress is required to keep it at this length if x.z5s l6:w5wdc+fpfz1( i4 onx nv,oqthe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional z92yv wsdoxv/ce 9x4. area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1 274 x chy-6 cpuvae1jo0que(h34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvintl- fbn:xh gmzn,) 6p( scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temper3-sgwa(kj km*4+eg ggm ,a k ;so5xs)oature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboulguuw74 + 5yih/lquy-t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prn:ex* ;oyvhh:vp 4p85zblt 7otk df3, essure and a temperature of about :,87 oyh tno4*lbp3v ev :kpf5t dh;zx20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawl ck0hc z a1+e)lj c3,7dhqessc;d7i6.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 210wx5 q;pz; *qq gw;f:/ggfvm t.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of npinqx- + c/-qaitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is h5z8z:4a wu fiat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressurez ln) hc22sbp; inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at hp)nb lz22 ;sc385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k3kr.db6 9e mhto(tojf xm68:hg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buo0tpz-sxv7wa78ajg f o.zoi5ut4 1 z,w n;akc2yant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which mx sw2zji0k 17 cg5af8a z uon;z7.ota4-tw,vpakes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air l yyp52orza;0at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen t, vpkf*4 2dzdat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon eu, .:6qouwd3cm 8gz ktscapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecuk8ul qtp2+w . xqp+d)4gt5sn tles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar .yy1 yxbf60*z hl6bite there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of hf+blvxo*y c 0h5k 0)l(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum tfjqd4q ;(sf-byxia3 2qzd:; e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air39yw6 rq0jvnn 8 g/ysi.zd;ok are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assum8 qy9odrnz6/.vn k03i;s y gjwe the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinu an 7bq(lx+rktp3 6s;etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?qu r7plnx+;3tb s(ak6    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thev pozawl*)(c3pp -g4b Sun at a temperature of about (ol4 -vpc )bpwg a*z3p6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesjz 5v50vhzvwx2g1bu* increase if the temperature is increasedx5bjvv vhw*zu 5z12 g0 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/ndbsr 32wz:)vs: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spee vn)zb3sw2:drd. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at -w4ga:u rwr8dad:b )q20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dpmp,y f3f4 yeeq5qyq gc i*)(;oubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact(cmyqfy ey35i, pep) fqgq ;*4or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculbj gw3-u-) syqes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two ga6cbx5ec 3fc9 mses at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots occ 6ce5xm b93ff their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained nl+ ll f1q/*rhv wg+8ic84 dcwin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe*vs 3oaefcs9o /os3 v-ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculenc4 3loepf*e3 q n-23qxma ko3s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sptkaehpqpb5ll *9a6.j63 .bpo eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell aq6 6plta. 9.khpjaelop 5*b3bt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca8k (bubepy .g 1ktd4c;n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran jxb(e(k wuwsc197.rjium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p.3rp,gb 3cupc /ij (isressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the +(l(rhp/ sh zutemperature is (a)lz( +up/r( hsh 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (app) y5nh)o:)g8 knxqcfy no))k i6cxl*r roximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatureonl) :n)kk)5 cyc6q* g8 fih)xx )oynr is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereqilrze)o n po+de2e0 w6q*/p : water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est fcw 537 gqu0 hqg04b)tlujpo(imate the temperatureot3uuq5p4(jl7g)c wb f 0q0h g at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the par xle;. t(5dro9ny wb(htial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relal rexb(t(wy .odn;95 htive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whevvgne2 vn romwoeudm+525u;km1s+:8 n the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boi8qhtgq2ts2koo +; fe -ling at a temperature of 120qo qk f;2go28+ thse-t $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a-jjpbvt6ry y7c*p( 1 c room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po pxx d ffvg gw;9mc.799dhm;t/2dsq6cint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moe;7cq p,ubt-wb bgrh/pn4 (9w lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 157p-bw(wer tu; cbhqn,pg4b/9 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of iiv:j tc ;)gdxm(:8pl xnsects to the interior through tiny tubes called ti8x:):xv (gp l;cjmdtracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cafp5. dfx(.l2migh 0 svygw7+ plibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2f76-+ e hicccz0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room t,+wb+i7v5ah r3a zh ktemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling fkv, +ai hzr5htb7a+3wor 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b xst:/ 4 ns3c0iiui7ct kj-e2halloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylin e0s:uinsk ittcc3-7/x2 4jhider?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of len8 p4cv4op ilxs/ccva : 4h5dl,gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hxp p4cscvod5 acl44/ hl:,8v ieight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onerr 40 mrcz:4kq atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t(tc ez0-9qh/lmpur-+ykgp;u 1mb c6 t he best available vacuum techniques is aboul9pm+ehkz 0-qg ;(yr c 1pc6b-tmt uu/t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 ppc,//gmmli +v z:0bycss,p:m below the surface, to what volume would his lungmzsp/ / p:bvgpmli0,: ,ys+ ccs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from then z.rifqty.:z6kuhevk .* 8k+q* vn; x Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitroge.q y rzhkq ;t:+e*vk i x.v6kzu*fnn.8n) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc ;ou *+qjnfex6 uq14kiqb)s 5xreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770ms8p) q-.zbp aj0mwgc,$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimada,8x m0cd+d:f3ks nwte the total number of air molecules in the E+ fc0md3dd, a8 nwskx:arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con(lkunhm y 6+qm(y0y,9/fhm iw tained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitani n+/8sko9vzx:sm/3hk5 ; 3t mkhooi l has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if thes /3o hn ovzshxo/k89ik:5 ; tmm+ikn3 flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a - oldi/o.o+g zi/x:cl+y;t7p:ph rtwbowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a/ dt jmw,vl8;sknf uw:66 un*wt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equat 8+t:ldtb0 v8p ;ik4zvpjo )jxor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly3zjyy*4 gg;j)ewt-: uqn6xzx onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in (neo) x2 nb 0yzeakx j0.vkwi ,oq::7gthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure l8i j)ygmmy zs/oc* (*dnqu9;of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from gyotb.qc/8 *3k3tra zthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravitz-p a/v;m jn9fy by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must renv9f;/pzm-aj bound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sph:-r kkgpyefpo+ mf,aa7 ff*94 erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reach 9pr74f mffe p:-akkfy,ao* +ges the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onguld *fw4:ipv p,cr 5/. zeemr6c p7;h the following two days: ec:vh gd;uifrl ,p m5674 pzcr*p/w.e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percentj le 2 iih1kdji+nq3sv9a8 xjh-.8b0b difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a soie-8j x jlh0+nkja sii 1db239.hbq v8lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cub uc, 43138bd 0pcvr njdr1alonstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion i n3p3cljba1rv 08ruc d4,b 1dus equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly d mdp aj 6;kxa+550a2cj u.raxqehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milamajaa 60cp;5ur2k q.x5+dxjdew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg