Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a rvkt*9 k+pwx6luminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B+ xk9*tpv6w kr.

Name several properties of materia8mo nwicnx. j b28 pse3b3n5k3ls that could be exploited to make a thermometer.bk8.s 5bm cin8p3xj 3enn23 ow

Which is larger, 1 Crbv 3+66i-i im1emss,h 2jnfe $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is /wrt7trma 10za4 i6bynot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can wa6r4ym0za17tir bt/ you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv -h4vllw(e f4yj7:-vuc8 c eiveted to a strip of iron. When heate hvjc(vu-e ywlifl:ce44-8v 7d, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan; n :-yqw4hhsgsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows aa *y14a5aqpj scdf +v, diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips a1 v+4acsaq 5,ydp*f jof different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thf h64cis -7 uentis)t9e shape of a U. s t)if7hct 9sni4 -e6uWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merce4pd9-;qkvi wdh ty skc9+p) 3ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, le5jx+.tfww akh 03w35 pmtg5 the mercury initiallylkx. tg5 e wa3fhw3pt+j5w 0m5 descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly yp*k0izfa5sb1jx3,uxj ul9 9 than pafu90s1z,9ulyxxbikj5* 3j adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefflgmj svu3-b2: mz th9)icient of linear expansion is much smaller than t v)39bmhgs jm 2t-:luzhat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a )2 8fmu+dd;nyuvddb5 t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will ,21mvo6fxr , os6gy jp(y0ug ncause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happene ,mpg,uj1066vyso frnyg o( x2d?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by s 4 4sz uvyv a260wuqo92ka:lwpushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when thzw 4sayk24lusuov2 6 :9v w0qaey strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spa g;aw 7dj7(7nq7vehjhere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempq7 nedh; g7(w7j7jvaa erature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relayx/33 err8m4lle;vdation between ala8xde /rrem4y3 vl;3 verage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lap8cqml*t r e7z fkp,:8w follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea,zq :m q8x bguq-ns.0nrth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum r5zko hj l(n25)dg3gc speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explk5gol cgn3r5 2 hzd()jain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatu g8wyf)9nzx+ b)xb.2irq. qi sre. What can you infer about the molecq) b8xbiz .nf+.wxi2 ) yr9qgsular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dayudzv:80 jud+p nfq/)z v, qf sp3ut f37idh:6w at the same tem0 dn76upqqs3z83wzvh)u /:+d vfj u, : ptiffdperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2dei9q2 pw(z 1eujtjj xbz f.xh(--+8e0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffd(ya.k, 7fd9a 8oe3ou9rksj n erent. Which is more de kaujr,kans7(d d98 93oof ey.nse, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorxp, 3j0zp,so ;e,hzfz cap of an overheated automobile en f pjs,z3,hoze,x0pz ;gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lgsa b*qs66kr;ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.0m2t4 sr6 s a3w wuuf8**gtxwo-b)uer)fgvc 84-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in aj1uwet xw4: jn64 w+)h.zutir 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masse z64tjju1w +trixn .w4h: )uw?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiusy 519 3jqvxa uk21kctv scale?jv2q xact1k 9v5k1y 3u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and u; pou irzq7qf7i, /b86orfx+lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoh,i y 8z0 f1x-kqau9srlol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 larkzu1i- sy q 908xf,$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builtdpviq07r(1rm qb0 2bk oh ,j/vi4ewb ( of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tugpvv wuhl54u1h 30:e all. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tehhug5v v3e1p0u4 wu: lmperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivtkat;b22 l wx/et hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hol ;w2/ t2takbxle. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 bm( d7qy0lycsu 2)1tg $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will vhn *usph.7. f :zjex5gq/xy1 be its change in volume if it is heated from 30n*xszf. yeg.5:7v u1pqxh /hj $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1h3 xoko ,e374 dviu,gi00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 myd 9mi4d;bm* uL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iromgv5m l/,xio: : 5m4ft, wfexrn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, soq )1iu9f0qz narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffiofq1i0s9 uqz)cient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in +i/llu6* gov/m .x3aapzs 2imthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtr*i-/yl gh imyezo2l *0i :xm+h l and width w has coefficient of linear expa2l-y/mer:li ixgy z*i 0o*+mhnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot4ijnk m6y mi7+ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatheqt0rmy/yit4lm5bnc qt4 ,m:9t+ b vp:r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17m rmyt4q /iq0c 5:t9v tbn,ypb4lt+m: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an il bv31(3dr rqkec 3vf39ue1gqz 53l3z g)rnppnside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of c3l e33bvf)pdlk 3z(p1geunq9rrvqgz 3 5r310.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrih ht9law11um9cal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vel 199u 1mhtlhawocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desires3/ cd zhrn(w5d length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirednd wr 3hc(s/5z to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional poxk/d04a7y wa7 dv/varea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13+j.0et f1lsewfy-/aj q u5an44.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin rqq0/60 fidyqy3i zr8buad w,suhnwp/:. :,t scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhe0quvi ;c,ig oq+:f 5d/jvxt2 ait scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thum etf0c q:q ti4j4*ln:3n y4ie interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturebz-uqz(, msy 6 xj)m12mbdu/p of about 2-2,bx)uqmbdj1s zzm y/pm(6 u0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oh3,i8 h bf e9/jzwsot)f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2qt /cq2mbhwo h3+1c3 w1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kj0 5.e0wn1d2 frmwyad8*vmx q g of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 7 ujtb:iedaddv4:84 j 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arogj3dqwyl5 s9va j61w m8 vh3 j00ixy3gon gas at 385 g3j3q y0hxvsmj 6owawl8 v359j 0y1id K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0.z )cto4got zi qzk*vw /3t9w- kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievesi nu+e(oudy 21 its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than oide2u +( uny1the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit4oqnmpt3p) m8*l5ujbh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ayvbif8 o.p g-6t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and pmb 8q7es6 p1j0;1to;bubttc20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oyd ,r/-eu-xeb f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there uj--6 *we vxsaq7sr g(in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oe bffbyy -5inpwi3) -,f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 83 3gg 6qk qk/kwdbmnw os/a.;5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mol983x)p-wt cpwaamc *z ecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constcxwacpwa3zp9 8*)t- mant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic en at .cd0e0msml;d m-l2ergy of an oxygen molecule at STdcsma2.;le 0-lmm 0 dtP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed k;0 bl 5;4yplt: 8xvpgb ub5ac:tpol3of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutk5p bv 8p:5p4by0lxltogbaltc;3;u : 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasez,ai y64e*ndaz: ux:i2 sz e5m if the temperature is increa :xnuizi,s5e2dz m6*azea: 4ysed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6:.2vd6wu x bqw, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andx:ubvq6d 2w.w 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules90ihst220 x;ak *prxp brbw v* in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is helu *6y-atfjb13o-1 ojulzi ox15 )taimgk-8 fxd constant, by what factor d--afto5 1x3utgy6j1-jio ax lmio 8zkf* 1b u)oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is y34 erm 8s y2gwkdd d8*6/btbogiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sam;b./ 2ldq vd/zl,cg kde temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds i k clld,d/z; qbd2/vg.s equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained k xlrujnv;/syogs8*n9** * u6 iry bz/in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp6juaxqqs 9-6tg -zu v/eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bety 2dz7w1ye4h z l8k mdoxhvf(/3mg(+hween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp9d7ka93i4uf,ytsb+ vk 2t deup y yo;0eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3 92ut7ydf;kat 03,dpo4 esbyky +9 uiv7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wriwuo5 tk)) e)nktten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u*o3ku01+n lk3 w1gpr6oczgbj ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaseshe3l z/lf 5oo4 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempfx4ga (a -*b x 5v*8x*cxhkcmberature is (a) 90mx(*x*c-b x5 vf4gbch*ak8xa $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the m4i ca3pgw+h-1xkcbd vr*a2l i() h/xhumidity is 50% on a day when the temperaigv4lw+*r)adi/p cm cbh-a2x1h( k x3ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherek +9d/t2fndo b;1000mu5 il opzfcf kz water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, eszfjq i96dp8 o ;if l-h2iw0wj+timate the temperature at which water boils jiw + qf6;dilfjzp0iho82 -9w. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thui/k.h-a c9b re partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? /k9hc.u arib- $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wwu tk0kgk+(h e: v,rc4ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pk c1z)h . tgg5*hp2sctressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120kc* 5tc).2tgzhgsp 1 h $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roocmtmb 08ygdwf xz.5f2hjr o2t / 7p:/dm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po9x5m7wa0jd * cp jp2kfsj+ j.oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecu,yt.l)hzubj(x3e u 5xs81jj ele (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 u8(j5j.xlhtj1 e u,)ybxe3zs $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interioc l*5l,iemr0 wzf, l0or through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about cme,rf,lo 0i*0w5l l z2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calik19 :xj6;wibh44mmum *zia* vxn/eoabrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a6d 9.;.ye8pmn(gv z,gzcntt it 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup *fm14fbhp; k6:*: utfq m gfg+uoeo .ewas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hotbq6 t*oek:m1efmuhf:uog fg+; 4pf .*, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliu e7qsuwuj/cs 6zebxv+y*d e5mk q(0 ,0m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure e s5c( +eevujm sb/,0z0 ywux*q6q7kdhas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,j z ,,0ello3bw width 3.1 m, and hebw0 ez,l,jo3l ight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe9 d1 nviquizq;s1; lt,r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecl21/kzuq b0 pghniques is abou2qg1 k bp0ulz/t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ful9 it d*mon/seljdkx1 . )dmf6-l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume w txsd.n) jo9m-idfed*/m6k l1ould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spek xn xn *najy026+gm(kb :rpu8ed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaz*+rk(y n k:n2mxbx uj68p an0ge upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idea f )k3n3y/0p.nen tsfol gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770rq4sg,k ono;+i2x a6fm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of aaqm i ;/n w)pdli0*-yctmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numb*l)q/miwidpa ;ny c -0er of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cxmh-o cdl 5;d9ontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau lk2-pq) jss lgjx1u,4p,lh q8ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinderh 82 1,gq -ls)uqjxsk lp,lp4j last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercur,0:efbs3njl td8t 2zy y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolirv(*e0:p hfo +r g2woine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly araxz(6dw/k o(g h j5d4oound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at5 w0f (gt*el yx :pqp rb(9)g8zaeg3mj 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adr q**x1xcql( c i5oqht-r3u*k ,;krboopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has ad m(:st-ysbl;yr fd;x i /0v2au,tla2 pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear(4u7tgi jbsdr9 hntpf(f)46fth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal;4z fom10lztiku+9e4 jn vm* jls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a4jkz9 ;n 1*m0j f+oz4tviuelm mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spha2 t1okvyla 7*.v40q-;pcow r0i hrt1bhlsq3erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re h.bo 72s1ark4p3tvt-yv qc1o 00wllhq *ia;raches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following t*7z ,y;qhgsdc)sx 7s rwo days: cz,hyrq s 7*7sd;)gsx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, aj uw1 es e8t/fn*qh/5vnd when it is a solid deep in 1/h sjqn /te58u* fevwthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an i5 ,/ qqjn(7n9wcxxoke deal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is w7 (ex,n95onq/cjxqk equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarsq/3s6hzsbk*f bpb x-ccv; / cxop57a7 to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a 7z 3pq-b;bc/xf5h7 c bx k*sspv/6 coahouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg