Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periokj *fl 3;8qv edc9)li/wwms uv-ow,)gdic table or Appendw*gklevc-/d9oj38ql; , s)vww )m fiuix B.

Name several propertiesf3v7)qy/g jj z of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet7j/gf) vy3zqjer.

Which is larger, 1 C kwnw wyb 3-(+e)hm3b u$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,)3z (biyy(uo w but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempera 3wz )yuib(y(otures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists ge2 mrn 2jz2*dof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on *mjz d2er2 2gnthe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansid4auhs ;k:/qo3 vb/ p. wvzc1aon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cont eho7/ e7yf(nwrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explaiw7 hy/ ee7o(nfn how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 8tku/ 6-udrvlxqz 4 o. uk.(tooften have a section in the shape of a U. 4/ xtu8t ovuk(ldz-quor 6.k.Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of la/aa6ykxj 9( ,k+ 9hk i) zavfanhg23kead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is0odv u4ox sb7k6 z2sn466lk2ux dm9l r first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and 6und zm7dk62l2490kbx r6 xsvolso u4then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate i yr1n1r-vs2lwwtb,nq *ig /:d or cooled more rapidly tn ytbri-:1,w 1nsqrv2*gwli/ han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itsm1 gx 9i*+da b)oh/xtv coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanm1t/vdg aho9 *xib+x) ce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clz5*c : dbyxdt hf4s(2kock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly8hluux km75)0jwq/pz the can will not stand up. Wh8z7kpq whuu x5j0ml )/at has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,i tfa17i6 .wzs:lkjx) by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it w )ijxas6f7t ik.zl1: cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wated lq(l9x,.) et1eav5 j3p swhkr increase or decreaskwq. ,ts51j9 ve3(dxh)plalee if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theo xkb )lpm*as81ry and the relation between average18apksxbl* m) kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fropxz /8s+lqkg- hzy ,+trjte/4m kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r6y2y zv:w:*v y7hgjk+d f+ )2eb iniewatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tou,q 7: 5gjqy)8mwyasr the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due t58 y:asqguyq,jw)7 rmo the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temph9,qa. cr x9b8lk bo( pk51tbherature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative kx5qh r(.9a c19hbp8o lb ,tkbto the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncoj)w;p 5 pr3hijmfortable than a hot dry day at the sa;p)j35jw rhpime temperature.

Is it possible to boil (efp, a..noklp.( mc y 4bsr-gwater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when08vg:u*q wdh jzj2ex: the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, 8gwz:qux0je2*jvh d: the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangegoyc0m- u ka6(rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobileg-m0cu k(6ya o engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white c*h2z *:9nc zt qe1nsgqrkh n7gsn8 83yloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a a9:fpu.p+yym v lgb( 2 e/n:; st)rdtl3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to thmjes(c4co5yu p9/7tkgqcdc 5z0k ;n*e number in a silver ring of the same mas0kpk5nd4;(ym gz /* s7q cjtcc9 ueo5cs?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels,u3y hjwma- .cius scale?ymh3aw cu -,.j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tejd6 v. :npbcib(z /3gb; gc,* s7tcxrymperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengto,m4(eho,wqt /:zr wu- iqeb0 h 11.82 cm at 0.ze:ew,4qw/ur( qt 0o, om- hib0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of t)puu ld.ca /tjnw9-( slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of y8e)i2q/wq s mwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averasm8qi yw/)e 2qge temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivj-sk1w (zbby-0 mp0mx ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usual1(mzb -sy0- bx mwkj0ply in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4s16qjgt8i4ihwq8 *ztp ,s8/ v1a n zhs $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8;.asqxagw m, *.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated wsxaqg. a;m, *from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tbmwmxr- :;;.e1w ce gto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watjjnl:l: o * xpi35-xyj.cnr4hrrw0 , mer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a you80uytj r)5znff12l s1;rt ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiai.- x -x l.txp;fuhi/dlly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equi/.l -ihfxtxdu.x ;-pal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in cfcew6e7 -f4p the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hat0a: s( :uyj+ d3ctlkobe2) nns coefficient of linear expansoe2bc +su: a3l)n nkt(d:ty0jion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,jzkzo+ +5cv+ r $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ( wkq4g-sjf jy(f/2psgt 6s)emade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17g()tek4(6jypsq2 fj w /s-g fs $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di:jtai7fszm 82ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25z8:mit j2sa7f5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isuuwchlx .wawt vpxb3*n j.-474nrt7/.plsa 9 rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vel7l/bxrauscnw.l p.-p4t w 3*7j.huatvwn4x 9ocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mupy3w17,+xjp ( zmci.u e)plcech stress is required to keep it at this length if the el,.7px3uiy)pccwm(j ez p1 +temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0udfwq 4hcut -c,6+ :mk41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.*1 s 1r;dreolp122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalex i-g v5l-gd*e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thf7 2-tgv:83ccarf1gq u ai:j ke Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abcw *3g:u:n (4xwqm aszout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatu /mt,y 9c,z5nidcb4vnre of about 2mn,nb/4d c, yi9zt vc50$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gls(hkcn+:8c oke69f zas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrou ,xrfly.6ew6 gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (0 bbxht (k0ku 2sag/r,$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1sw wmln5un cw+an3 tv722)t3u0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c;up4jv/gl aqb,y6 : /e-38s9qph wq ts6jjnwmontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 386gnhjt:u-a9pbj vy;q6s4 w,q m8p es3wql/j/5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kd.:wa, -wtlaxqk5 pq2 g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballodm/s)1u hxekc):vc 0 aon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vol c/1)hdxe:mu)csvak0 ume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a m aznyj;1+.rwir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 lr3vs8a;lbt3a:v,c;5 zo el p$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level ;dmw0 4ul 7eq-spm.ao7e9etgf;9 f vdand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of euh8wnp jx7.pl h d79,molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?ah(m)*nebwel/i ghzj6o *4+e How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mo7xlr- ui8 4ajk8a8 uavles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeor ske,,y :7js 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air areal2wls y o8m12 in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in th182m2ylawo l se last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatiof4 d) gc 1,9m1xinhl(ub6 xevfnal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP()g1,4lxi bhfv9fun1 x 6ec md?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spee6 bg m9vzy3vbeo9r2 oy*q +m(cc,2nvj d of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatu9q*9 n32rm+om boegjc6cv (2 v b,zvyyre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speezm;/eyg.6 d8 lfjc7q td of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrq.yegflj t 7z/6;cd8m eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follq3tq dm2:xzw1e; xm0 oowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, anmzo1 3 0 m:2dqqxewx;td 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iv4jmk/ a+qd+53 bnsoqd)wan ; n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a ga2*mr.dkpd- jo01kl .q4ghcs qs is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facto sl g- *p..04ohkq2 1rdqkdmcjr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed g-b c(o5*vaqsof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the l*q3 w*usy v3m tfaa:7ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots ot7 *v * a3lyqsaf:w3muf their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecsp+-j) brzln. ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule azzks9 p eopcav-5.:* jt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mf*bwiy2 mpn0yr7oj i0xp .:;jolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid w 1jnldt8:.rx j.yylow0pn0 9 .ftl i5qhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at il.1onl wt0 jt 9d.pljryn0f: 8y.x5q 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas dgq/vq w.7* mtcan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuhhp0umw s f v3/0i:cc.m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cab xclo 6c7gt,deatj7(2( .jrhn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm r.q;; yy1gd tuand the temperature is (a) 91gt;u.y ; qydr0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 508n)6eu j0;ahwjw+ gt*exi nn 3% on a day when the temperature anhujj +w 6w8;)3xeng ten0i*is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure ao,3f3yzb:p9 tn:q fmmt a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place;0ky- jhw n /d,mduz)e in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat0mz;nuyke)hdd j / w-,ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres6wot/5je d,x,4k, hi5bsriz usure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is hs,6,zki 55t x,/d4bweojriu40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o804g hzgr d w175ecqsqf water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prpwm9)x7r6sk gket -d. ky1c(wessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatur . dc(1wk t 7rgspmx)6y9e-kkwe of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ohkw9 : uryzlou(+9w, pf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o23wnkue- p hhu k(r6x-f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mo/7a2 erlmu vxku, 6rn9lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista e7,rkanr6u/lxm92uv nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th/--hsmaq mwr pp66wp,e interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional a-qmr6pw6s/ pwm- p,ha rea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hgcy v8+xxa 11was been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca 8qy0*uklfu6 llibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.+gyjt 3 ho4gw;/ c)/ /yftahqs How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifhqj/ hgosy/cyt4w/ t f +3ag); the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inro/ql s l;:gd(.wamy*itially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whlsmwo a q/( r.;*yg:dlat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 fx8o 9d32v docm, and height 2f3oo98vcd xd2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densiweh myrh3apw75 (d*v1 x:gj+au7d0czty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avavnd4 rgd3x8i) ilable vacuum techniques is aboutg)r vd3 4in8dx $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 k(nv 5aom, ps,tck (tiq,h a2x(xd(j*m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?2x k(*k,, (p(ot5ma,tcdjniv xs hq( a Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters nmp, /ipv z8b /z:y1pxEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentr1/,npp bm8y :xzv /zpiy.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incryvi63cae0fa39 uf;lvvz., l peased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 )ajcoj ydnh1m(s2- l)0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ly zku-(9bcg, e i,k3yil,7pyof atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosy7g y3,puey l,ik-bk9 izc l,(phere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitri; +:tzt++s 5 a;w-bhk liaflhogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitw 2:;/ou xjxlsx5, uchal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 5/xhculsu ,:ox j xw;2kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl oa,/y bdw3xp/td dvu51f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atk 4fmto7so*)q 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snujvarco 4 9zts7wkw18fs srt: +i;w8a4gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on70gux0t-j.7akz:is4 v imbc ;nzil t ve()gb/to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in ther jed s,p.4py7qga8t/ 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hjjkp (cp /8( ez+ctoh.hsfe l:11l+ah/qne)was a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth:z4 gt8p8ht y*y5jpoh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bhz4pe29jcr rpi l9f,6 y tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass ofhprer9 j 2l9f,6c pi4z 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) 5caufz ;o 9ey9bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as f5;yoa 9cuez9a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following t/3l1xs) ggywhwo days: ygwsgx)31 l/ h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d ,5mrj*otio0xr mj*un/9.t laifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp,n*al tx/j05 oimrm* . tj9ruoerature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tobgn2fld ;v28 b hqc()g show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal 2 gcq2hnblb8(;)g vdf to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantl xu lwmumzw 0l:bg lx7aejk)2pjx3d+)w(u31 1y dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mild(xw3 lw1xumld :1zj g a3u+bmwk7eujx20pl) ) ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg