Which has more atoms: 1 jakj9:g8o kp(kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix 8jk:p9goa(j k B.

Name several properties of majk zfbydm7hn*t77y71 terials that could be exploited to make a thermometk71h* yy77 d7jfbmtn zer.

Which is larger, 1 C ybxnf0 q3eb ukpe xb)+6.y:w7 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumu.p3 hx2-(umb1mnvog with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempebnx gvo.h3upm ( um2-1ratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip osiyj41 1jxr,ukd8r4h g26r uefed y/;f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [H;1fei k2 64 j184hxr/sygduyu d rr,ejint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient oft2argr(72n w z ;mwk:j linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a rn-27ayzeoj3 ;zq ;cnsimple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain ;qn rj zoa7y-;c2e3 znhow this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapedod 63ves p97m of a U. 3pem97ovd 6ds Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuqum wk3q() h opde8.q4e8p-xvry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of w)pm j57xtb;s7rbn3 mmater, the mercury initially descends a bit and then r3 7bbr;m7mpjmx5tsn)ises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of ixfn upjc/ybv2x9:zi ij8 y89 +t is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex nu /8xc98vb:yxyzi p+jf2 9jiplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient oz /d 5gg-t)y/ rptq4euf linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gr/qdz )utggy-4/ e5tpives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ae41;e a:gcjkrccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly a 7/pcwy8itpbp-4c63tkcwd 8the can willb3d /tatcc yw-c7ppi8wkp46 8 not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto98fb:m,gb8 yp vzm equ5llp::n), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kine98 bzlfg:mm:yelv b: p,58 qputic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphd* 3*whbqhmq qj7(mf 8ere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatudf qwmq8b(7q jh3m*h *re is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s l e/rlcth;s0g8aw follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwt hg0/rc8se ;leen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from dzzg-m wrd,j fe /)u w--9tg-akinetic theory.

As you go higher in t(5 nwtue;e7;if( vrxqhe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tuaav2fjx19y)bf (hsx :+l a0b he minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Molu) axvf: b12b9y0fax(hjs+a on is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly x immxq;ocn4oyt /:20than water at room temperature. What can you infer iq xxnyoto /4mc;0m:2about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dayh/rdc/,7gs8c,znbd6;g r fcb is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem/b, rzd/s6,gcb7c8f;nrhgdc perature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20uv1hgfx9) b2:ue1 jqou.9t vh $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tw3 hlke+/)g-p.ycief emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is mo 3 ihpl f+egek)-/wc.yre dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rttud w c13w) 8efx9 dao(j5mn3 tp)0bxadiator cap of an overheated automobile o )da33fxw)m b tenct5w 9d1ujp0 xt(8engine.

Why does exhaled air appeag l,fa75jn.* fp3usqwm+j 3tp r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in aj*x 9izidj5o( 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr 51+8/.oado,axh i(;.yvo7gwrd 6rnuqntobs am gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring7o/bn.o6oid w ,d5v yot(s x ;g.unah +18rqra of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the xibgnp 0k( 3s 8)3xaf p57hamqCelsius scale?qmkhp(f37b3n p50sx8 ) agx ai   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temcvt tiydaql; ln( x c57,2e3b;peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thniaxi nhva pe3 26k5+er*+f-,v7/ku lfx)c hv e alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.*h3 -x5x7+an+h vp6uve lkcfiva,r2 ekn/ i) f0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b i:r.h(rhsx 1 57uj gt, 9uo9aqs:qwfmuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 mb18y b:+zsa;ra* pf ai tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average t :b* 8bf;ps+rzaaa y1iemperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tmb -amup 8mhkab:(:t;hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet k :autmbm:( b-;8ah mpis cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 43cn w i0 :kg lb0l/fm8h prn7y)9z/isr $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wha2./;yjkr:q)qf b7/j taegz xst will be its change in volume if it is f )bk /xsjr2gqaj7yqe./ : tz;heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled ey(z 4sas*r.w(kl0b4q r5szyto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water aw 8iuvfvn1/ 2sqxy.n:bq )k 5tt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a raq7m*r5wxk rdk uvs.uz 0161e ing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essential* g7o6,iaavb dly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the vb7*igaad, 6 ocoefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch( bj o aln8,bg-i4u h:y8zl05jtw e;sdange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w zs ,lsxazzg*9 89s ijbcj38) qhas coefficient of linear expansi,c* jxsz j8 3aqb8l9)s9gz sizon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro5qh.o wl0u mmz.ukkb7ua 5/g feg5 4w*pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keer 8rhv6twcy(f, dn8 cloqn3,7 ps perfect time at 13ytqv78h , 6f(rnl,w cd c8nro7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter k .*w8-ds c6:d(c qrykjcm8fg of 0.140 mm. The bulb has k8k(mgc-6*rdd.wy:f qcc8 sj a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheh wo 7-d*lam(omoyp0 +el of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearil(*oyhap + ow-07modm ngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strlew0 c49gd r5e7a)vzu vx94in ess is required to keepx u50vr 44vg9enlwcz 9d ai)e7 it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041 hg dtaxp;0.f-$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 1s6,p,f oanvwr ; itg5cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o3jj.ejnv 5ofak)h a7w(r 7b(an the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera1,;qe pqfhi4 sih6k2hevh+i z*7ad e,ture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the 8.) g0ppp;nsrt.k.ptc np eqcmpp *o a75l*+j Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperabm lz-knv +ogsolw*);3jdp93;x wdm.ture ol +kgmw pbdx93;nojo sv3)d.m ;l w*z-f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen 2lz7*7nij8/n xec q foat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 ue i( iitxsnu5+,8f/u/8 zbqykg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgl uuu4,wsb/8pv:v/:7 qadta b*af5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 ag)u vg7muk 2.3dlv0 p*s9kjh$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdvn4b* ua ntn,1ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at nnv ,b 41a*tun385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 1jcdo -.smq,v3rb-j*)puvrm ej 0/uekg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its i.ix/a()7 i+mdqfncc buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less densec+ i7)xami./qicfd( n than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with u(l(vyhhtln/g()4-; hot qmzair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18f ouzuf /ixdm5/l6 )g*.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level gqudfs) ,/8ed-hnk o )and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul ( samzhco:v cr:bsa:2*7 r5sp1(alwues / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?azi53 rhhi2b 9 How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, 0zkqm a q:uglm* vu uj8y 626nvs8*t3a   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.( iwja )5z e/veixysz3kz *)64piv;mlv g,2gy1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aiob 2a761 cj*h5 fyqrzkr are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about cjkoh26r 7 z*5ybq1af 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen m:yqsyq ip 7f9e+-2s8fimk0*u;r eaoi olecule at STPry sf soqiu p;ie9a*eq 8-72m ifk0:y+?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium 3 wigepv;,g3satoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abow 3g, evi3g;psut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature5xc j 0p/iyd/h is increased from 0ihc0xyj /5d/ p $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol)tc-l bdt, l7olowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcull-tc,l bto)d7 ate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.x5g,s wuf7/-tn b 46j,ulfo id0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, :x9xpw7 i( g9bw g6cbbby what factoipc (b9 :7 bxw96gxwgbr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spr8zp jvktl/(..z ca *need of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of t xi+s.vih6 .:dfs s( pcu)ttu*wo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rxt +ss(d utphf6c v.i):isu*.oots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained1gsyuik 66yf( in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moll x3 )d+8thb1lhc)fk ospt t7,ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogeni xhsfxcd e86f9 b) y-(wl(k.v molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amh5++2n , u sblbk /k2iin4txtxino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell+kniubi 245xh+lt ,k2 nbst/x at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga a9id,0hc kvaol5 .wvr z6vt:1yn r,g/s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,:sl/rply5aq0h q7 tz0 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what uqk0mwf zm+ld d;*9 8iphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure)hnm (j9/kp04tqsfb v (4qsin is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) n/f pt( (qq0jivms4kb) 4 n9sh90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprhly *:vhc2c x:sn+ih 5oximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is xhs2 yv:h 5lc:i+ h*nc25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereq+v xa9zg /(cqrxid.0 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a paq.f)2*cujs1ueq t mks f69 *yurticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.fsq)ycmu2 ks 9*f1.ute*j6 uq $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53akb 6-u3zc8ip0mz 6 mallv*lr t0ib960 Pa and the relative hm0*3 0-lacla z6ipb 8u6t9kmirb 6vzlumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2d 5-hq+jrq5ni+vf57 aiu4 jw7 pq c7dy5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bon8xbjf 9.r7ly iling at a temperature of 12fxlby78j9n r .0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of xzyflz )ry;)+volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew *grel.af5k-vn-g omqd 7t2(kpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tobvv r87sf, 6lf diffuse a dis78 v,s6lfvfrb tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of kf n:d;: (wpltu1j )fzinsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tkt(;wpn ):fju:d 1flzrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated axc( axnbyq1 0pd e -wc9.2pnw(t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibfl 9mqs 5myzlmqgh94gah :0.q59nl a5 rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How g4/i5ucaw3 m/d,rrq pmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterd5/pwq r/rcm,4 3iagu, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 a hl49 ryv9 .mp83ripnutm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyl y4mu39vprh lin r.89pinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, nh2qdxyi)01 1h.z zvy and hei1 z2 y 1ydqnhivx0.)zhght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboi2 1;j1kz) y9qlejx n+;tsfcout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technique)z : ysry0dq(xhwn)fe41vzh 7s is about ( v:n1h4ywr ys)xzzq fh0ed7)$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5eh2 k*pk ei (d:yil .smr66;sy.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisab62 ry( ;lei mdskph6*ke s.:yile?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mapg 84f k8 q2xgq*0w*w8ielayoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vapa key 8**qfapxgw0gwl2 48qi8orize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of aui ny2d0x,f 4ln ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77l+g.ngt m 0x g b;1qn)i6svog*0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sun/oy 6*u b,z*wj)rx ad8 :pwrkrface of the Earth, estima nb) r*dpxu6wj : wyka8*or/z,te the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain*vt4y2tx wf xh(3izk(ed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospi+ p uuyp9.vj-jv/0eaktal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa9+yp va/pe uvuk0.jj-) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquxt g: 7cp(/ytp6h4 tjiid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0-s( -aifii: rgl ztti60-gg,z $^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fk7qm :xo)ghu:b yy8) bit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a k ll,,lra8 pv1i s;beio+3sq5glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar(lt o/x5snuyr4bz b p2gh)j7 1d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when ful0cj8 xs ;baur(ly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 8 faih q yy,brzoz1a0or0r4ol d9/*w1Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis pz4 h(ajdnh6k9+g1vpballs thrown vertically upward at it. How many tenp6hv dajhgzn +9( 41kpnis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter/uog2sz wh (nh-3tb0z (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.w hou03-s tg h(zz2n/b0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fol6iq;/y.tqjn0c7 h z .a;;gmsla lj*mtlowing two days: 0.* a/jjnlqith;atq .sy ;lc6 ;g7zmm
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at.dospz2fz/yj +8phd-8po7 .etmu+hk ab2yq 9 STP, and when it is a solid deep in tyyhp72 .b pd.e2u+8p8hd fqos- 9koamjz/z +the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constanh ms5 yj1q;6rm+uomf9t pressure, the coefo5 uqm rf96ym; +hmj1sficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumi1qu,.v fezvf) hr90wtdify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the celv9,rft0u1qv w)e.hf zlar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg