Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or g /51xqytso .v05 ytiq1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ait 0g /yvsq5q1yto5 .xppendix B.

Name several properties of materials 9 yfzb/c ee g7np;vk.1that could be exploited to make a thermometer.1z/;bnpf g.y7 vcee9k

Which is larger, 1 C k*0+b/ps 3hfd e+kch*2dd gub$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th z bc:kl;yy.jbk.mw -/ermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures -z/ .wljby: yb;k.km cof A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri8sutqosh 9blc5 a2 f67p of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13 f o7s8qcl92u6t5ha bs–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearx336:xjk6atcb 5nw s/mw / vgv expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of aer8sqyv(2++t-qcxvss0 w 1n : xppu-c simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling xq+s ensp:cyr v8quv- w+t(210c-sx p system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inyy k)e..i5f cb the shape of a U. Wf yb i.e5k.y)chy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsuk, z/tn4f4ny55 ndbb in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomete m;:5squ tg 3sd0u(tkbr is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit kd:tubqs(3 5 s g0u;mtand then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is h(/lua0 dcsx8d eated or cooled more rapidly than 80(lx cdu/ds aadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineqa5a30vig g 0zpt-ip (ar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the i v-iqga 0( 35zptpai0gncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurq95m ; ( i)ruept npjl2(,nxpiate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and topcb2; 4ud,skg q to bulge so badly the can will gd b4, 2sc;quknot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatp w8fgod -evy,9wi3 x-ure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they -3wi g,xpo yfd8ev9w- strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase v couawmi)e(jw*h6 ; awy/(0k or decrease if the temperature is iokiv)h(0; wwywe6cma*/ju(a ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation:ce e;.2aa6 bic)en qd between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature6ca:n.ae beic) ; d2eq.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law l kzdmifh /1.4follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosh y ..f wj,zr(u0wqa8nphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speup3 pe3s.fux*4y pdph1vf4g0xj b *6yed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smallv0 3pgp 6*4psf4.dpxefj31yu*xhy uber mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yowb +uly4(m4 xau infer about the molecular properties of one4wyl+m x a(4bu relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable br* j69jt*zs r5o (x1vhfot 6x0p9z vuthan a hot dry day at the sav 6x r65uzsrht1fovo (xp9tj0z* *b 9jme temperature.

Is it possible to bo n4x6xm0c 0)fvrq0gapil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the . .qqn0:+i x fmcxl2iqair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drq xfc2: 0iqni .q+.xlmy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerou0 6mtlctuwc(/d 7yu 1qs to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile cqtutc60 du7l1mw (y/engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clou;b jnbs(m.i5j 4 vbv3 ./jkwypd in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t1 i jba*9oj79v+w+imk9gwp j9f 1fdmihere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to thnsr,i )tuuh 70e number in a silventh uri,s7 u)0r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi8x/ yeud(.rvzy)l:30kj e o ygi28e- psj+ pskus scale?/3(y)i er+ksozx0jyly2es pjp8ev. u-gd : k8   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andosy)* 33fb30x zbvu hq lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the ausykr bg /g)jlq kp5 ;2n,5(qjlcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 p;gg j, jyk5)kqls25uq/ r(bn $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 rz)qnkah7lv /m*y 4;ym long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bb g3f8,9kb w8ue.o:ouyz7qf tuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes ff7 8yq, o8:.b3zwb9 ouukegt between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la2*g/rq2tw2 fvb 4enkj9 wi t8irger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed initfknvjewb82 i*2gw 94r/2 t q a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 y3u90o./+(dagyorc.frk o pm$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. pwcxg:e /bbrs/r6 arf 4b4b55 What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30e 5ba/ s4br6wb4xc5f:rg rp/b $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to th 0s ;yqtls 382zs/4vtlo(vz el /hyg5pe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water z,rcn871cshz0efno x/ y , a1oat 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed inxa-vz m qga c2elb/7-2nb )z7r a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialhljja q nye4.c133 ;dukq-gl88 3frm bly one directi -c .ld3ajfh3 g lje8q38k;ybu4nqr 1mon only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density lv (i/b ;swhpp8v, :nw$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengnma2cp6*d k;ra p;e,v;( (w tfcisb p4th l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiiwf6cpa e*; ;sp, (k4pd;mca(n trbv 2on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr(e7imy7uol7( 3 wbb nuopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and m 5tf: exedc:5keeps perfect time at 1:55e f:dxt cme7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has 35itgn mqmh4(an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 h(54qtg3nim m5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindric wt7j usitfx(hf;mt-, ch6,2sal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlesm(u7 ,w tf-c;xfjst hhi,6s 2ts bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Ho xwr,t 50 kjy 4.rof1fe1d0tukw much stress is required to keep it at this length if jd k1., or ktf1y00x4f5eutrwthe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal ste fp78yo/e v u 9c39bydt8cpp.mel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134e4 migx x*ob1;ma fq(..122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thtxyj7y(i *, zse Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahr-yq+j )2yea2f dmi-qxenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the pegg( 7 t z5+i.gam0jsinterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aimut7u7 l4imhj7(y u) dr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature u 47)h(umdj imlty77u of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP f 1b+d2igu6-ejgn hm. using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 rkdhr g6jl5a p7(6j ai dkf,26kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitroge wp 9) hrppwclg*jy6,2n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at )j7 i. c*vwjmq10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10uu)a60ftkiy6 5.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?6) fy0k6iau tu   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of9 *cq+vzh3us is7r0pl $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside trxj/lcsd1+ ubm;dua 01iq. z0-e8lrc* ozd 0 hhe balloon, which makes it less dense q;c+c.s/ldzbuol irru dm00d 1h x*aze8j 1-0than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air e; u7ol:pnzzsn52bh*nqz:ws p.v 3 1y at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0till;a* dg/ l*iae*l . $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’z5xfwc mbb 9i 8293pcrs hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul4b lqpcy vki/((r4tt.;ag3 g2t 0bjjses / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole1z4tyuwij a:+ cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) msv(8lipa35ef 3m 4bn 1cc dp; 60ekntholes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5/2- ri);j pn4u sk zm5qh1dywjp-g x6z.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each4 b,kzxcj1x,m 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in thk4z ,x 1bcjmx,e last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy bggk(8dbk2 ,k2s+fm oof an oxygen molecule at STP? 2 b,okkg(fsd8+ bk m2g   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Szledi h .qj4874kbs .aun at a temperature o.h dsi.lab4 qz78kj4 ef about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe/yt qcf)mfl4*8 aybq/tl( uup1 9ee-ved of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frf/blp-1( yu)f ecm*qal ut9/8vye4 tqom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2 ibbiisa 2fhhtf:c5.7)tb9+a , 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a hs+bifh b92 iib:)t5t7. aacfnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iv1j ekju s /j/dt:)2qmn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, )ftpq8m:5 t5*)q 1v)kor+ktgl so kqrby what factor dr 15p 8kms)5ft g) kqrot)q:k*otlvq +oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu+a66tzq9gfc fles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatu5r-adx:z l5kv0cf kh zfhy8 ++re, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecul vfkz0x5c +rhd 5+ azly8:-fkhar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inj: ei2 ,bbyrd7 an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 06np1 38osj ysj $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet ,m foq0wohiu61qi*v- ween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculctj8taiv+ z9gsp -3 m)ar mass is 89 u in a living cel v+g)tzt3pc8a -sjm i9l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ+:gz34pp2u-yg5 crackp+ xrz ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura *4imfy;4 +ooybeg+minium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr h+r m/; tgeho*a.ip8iessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempera7ywl dfj+urbx81l b: +ture is (a) wl+ yb+7rjdubl f8 1:x90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidi2f i,b 42vqtw.jbuvj .ty is 50% on a day when the temperature ii.v2j4,v.q fbju2t b ws 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure abp1 zq 39y6/wjavdgcyu,c. f:t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particwt1e84-/nzkl +t m ude,grz k-ular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils w4rzm d-e+tnt-e 8,u gk/lzk1. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water 296t,yw bh k /j:soxk.dcrh1s is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isd h 6wrt jy2/1.bshc,s9kokx: 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25;-6p.8q( c/e pz ldn56uvim5dmqrine 9 0hkgh $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thee 21b,esu/ ouk0xn+ey water is boiling at a t,ksx yuoe0/u b1nee 2+emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofb3*jqrcgh3 n; -alq0m volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofwoti9cbxc 5, je2 5 g:dsa,1cp 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffus 6 lj3)dnejq:ye a distance of 15d3j jyq6 ln:)e $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through9b( ocej 6hm zg(./for tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abou .zmhoc(6r 9jf goe/b(t 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratvk z8lt85xq+d ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be 2 ;bllpq3jmh0en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calib1z:;uvz w98v xu*wi fwrated at normal room temperature. How much error will b w1f;z8w 9 v:zvuuxiw*e made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hfx *42 gw;9xt:vy/sx ive,ih bgb,vu4elium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballovb4w/i: 92si g*vxeftx,v4 ug bh,; xyons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mole:ekr0a0cei3mv h**8 m bet .jncules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the* ect0*rhn0m 8jbe iamk: e3.v temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about p.kj. rb.p/hfone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thejdo.8y 0vat )m best available vacuum techniques is about .jymot8a) 0vd$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sn99e7ujjbgz m1: k /)ux3zsju2s-l 4gvmsw h;urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to txkj 9g19ms)gz-eu2mwj njsh;4 s l37 uu vz:b/he surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spd 8k*kipn8sh *eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it 88idnpk hs *k*does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isi c;0 o9nc;egy increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume vya :gi gc/.i/of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E(gco y--;. +apncgi f xkh-/ggarth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.-(xa.ng/-;gc cgifp ho -kg+ y    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecunl6aibj9hpi :g1 s5i ;les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitalet)q r 5uki;kqn jj mm2+ l0*6s/ap5dk has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,8d5kel pnt*qks5i; qm0)/k6 r+j 2 juam00 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui/ v nhl)mgyvdcar( 1:8d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline+nrro :y-yf- c at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’slr4b( m0ig /cf yi/4mv equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighth,9kln7 lo4xifz 1+g zly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad.8w6 662xwp*tdpisum gnl*ox opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyifd uy :di3r:l-ez:8 s charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ir r+x2t;d tq4hs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against q8auh g9 (dml3gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastgad lh9u8( m3qically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fv f4hpo))ih1dc lj m37rom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is con p7)cd3 14vh)im fjolhstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the a4qmcy+1- jcisir on the following two days: iyqmcsc-+j4 1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is anmqbp 8yk5(5 v solid deep in the Earth wheremqb8y pv(n55k the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressuh3 j.(v:vb+v mew1rr lre, tv3r:ev.lwjr hv1( m+bhe coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constb)l5d)oxd4 tdw7ae: oantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a ld)7o bow:d e5at 4)xdhouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg