Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the fzg0.j-z6-l7qw u wqn periodic table or Appendix .0-z wn7qjq6 fu-zlwgB.

Name several properties of materials that r f,,na0v- amnc qdh+2could be exploited to make a thermometecr,qf2vd0,hm-a +n na r.

Which is larger, 1 Czu.8 ws/f v0(6hfjnwh $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in+r losylz2b b;4wn; :w-m.gkb thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abob 42owbl;:krl mnb+-gys .;w zut the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetedjyeis2 +k.z4(yor7 vk to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Whyji2k sk4y(v7ryz.+ oe?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie7bl8-qx3 b* q fd3t, zxktvpn6nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnat abe 4a09htq7ce (or other heating or cooling sy4qaa7b90 th testem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haq d(yg x ;ha.qgh832d*7dhwszve a section in the shape of a U qd*38y2gxwz d(hhqdg7ah; .s. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadpt / +*bki4ub ho6fyd2 floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gk kc,x6 x80kcilass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expl x80ccixk 6,kkain.

A glass container magblan(/mn)0f y break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly t b)g0alfm n(n/han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its co rdy49lc qnx*(/a: wdqv-,qxlefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). cylq-(qv9axrl wxd:qd4*/n, Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl,-)u u.k--3-,gwi n-ibb+ie +zqy ds tccxareock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to b/6cppld l2d4va 4s7cq ulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happel4p24als/v cc7 p6dqd ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressemtw v-x 2wm0nod4fh vv/3 dv46d (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, iv044/ 3m6ov dwd -2xvvwth nfmt cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere dit c+c8.z 5lm-o.rlhsubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incr-i .rc8+l. mlhczdo 5teased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati5fn l) iwc*ufoj0xk 93on between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperan0 fukjf)5c3w*x oil9ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin)8b:sma jxav* 6k;lcx etic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmo(e)tp fnpp j1(sphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedij9 g(hm x98ly an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon isli 9x9(y mj8gh about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ik,b zjg;s+i72evoze w b*a;9i sa8g y-nfer about the molecular pro z-ek si,j7bszab2;9iy8 e gw+g;ova*perties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at ths2aan 5vq)z4 5kej8lmx 4ar z0e same tempaam k0z4zxs r5nv)5e28j4qalerature.

Is it possible to boil water at i:fn21 i)t gl2novp 9we/ ghuo-x0e e8room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humix* /g 1nvc0pj3x55 1miyevdxkdity is different. Which is more dense, the dpkvg jxevx5 n/mc103*xid y 51ry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiato;-1k/r e8 pdsie 8ppwvr cap of an overheated automobile engv/8 sppi epdw;-rek1 8ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud m ;z9,00(bao h f hrz6y3dkirmin the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram ggm6 +c)mz 9g5b j6in5 hw;vokjmq5r9 copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grgsqr; 5 stfj8(am gold ring compare to the number in af ;r8qjss (5tg silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi9t3quh.sis 3fo)+spg a7 upw;+ pjs+ is on the Celsius scale?fwsq3sij shso;9t pa ipupu.++7g)+ 3    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record4xp .(z1 pfzwsxr ,)dled are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol zn /yb2k/ksx (column has length 11.82 cm at 0.(b2/zkxy s k/n0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs eoza( wuq0h-gx:fre 3i+0r(a 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximate;g nfgd ab 4:-m(y5tzaly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) anzb5t:(n4a -;ydfmga gd January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la )s bd+d- c*;ugvy edk+t/-akzrger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is co a/k+e-b)+zd*uks d-cytdgv; oled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 +ih4mu uje6u.yz ks;h+m7 ,eo $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wha 8k5z yzn5y6g(g42bjw bp2azmt will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3z2zgy4w yag k2565(bznbj8mp0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled 4x -2cjp9sk c(nfvro-r;di o8to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.gv/ 21-./ c u yfbobzx4zs.cce50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 pynrte8qe 5x.8.s9io $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can yh*n;kv5pj r+ js*ga3expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxir5*jyjg + ak3 *v;snphmately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density pc*li:mxy (;4 1o)j nmfmec13r2deb c $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate/k. su8i2bo in of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan/ ibsnk. u28oision $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop( -9usbydo4 mfic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass andflxq(vxt5pdj++nkcem ; 6; ,a keeps perfect time at 17 (k+tmjpd+v x ;ae lfxnq,5;c6 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d(k6 ,kvhh ::2bb rhjlhiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has: bhjk :vrkbl(h ,62hh a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whwpyo+2)q+vxp0+9jx xz8uogw eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angularox0v ujp++8gy zww)9 2pxo+ qx velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How m oe i)9;h7n8*,3gf l: uixkxy4pjrmifuch stress is required to keep ikm;efij:xon* gf3 ,lxuri8 47)p yhi9t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beadwon:xdhd ; 9-n ,r+p6w /aqqam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.h t 7bq.u 9ue-mpx9s ,xreqb,.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following wv ; u6+0o(i2,cnynoxbly ux3temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe9aqdb d cz 7ujl.pqv9*d 955lvny +ko-rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the E 02281r3op dlkcu3w-klskwg) ) cil qfarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and w idsq);qk,l-78k,j5fcosxna temperature of aboutl dfo,qcx w-q),5n8;ss7 i kjk 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP kx5xl62h vty0using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contair02krmjo o ok.nln5xsgu(705y 5ltx ;ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont;n*j3k uv h)u,wycz0xains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 wlwnm :vb*gx:+k1ch; $^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonbv1eq p/, )bmyfs8u5 noqy3 8x gas at 385 f1)exb p 8/3uv8 5qyqb ms,nyoK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 9*f o ;dmg +n g-idjxl2mgl:28 ijamh;kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air z62b-esy 7jgr m udf9*inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the 9yjr 72em*gf 6 b-duszvolume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 6l6ypwwd0yl(cpyim ( ysm4 18$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1jlx)sg(e h9z6n 50ta(hv ce9g8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball)*io9he 5e .m. mlyvlii3dt9 coon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mgb sr uf)a -4qxs1e*b/olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hoez u;ww;8 (qpqw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mee27wd. l )g esntn;+holes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumw57 ) y9dqhfzc3gtsy u61f ;pxe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhalem9x9j8q dz.cozs xu73 that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high andoczq9dsxu93x 7 z.8mj of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran0b, jo4mh 2 mfgx9wfsyag/q) a72faq(slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP2 0s aw/fgh(,mayqxoqgb9j2ff)m7 4 a?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium ajhu.yj;yk6c. xa 45k n xwh/m+toms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about u nah4 6 m/x.+kc.xkywj5;yjh6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas :enepixu c3n1:wv( b);fnu 5ot(noa .6hm6jv molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 1ov 6: fmou;iwpa jnun v56.3n)nxehc(e:(t b0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followi+docq4 qv.c ,ly+ udn7ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, oyc++,dcd .ql4uvq n75, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ino (rc,a/tha:lo8;d i smv64uf a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel )+k-d- 5hmvzxtu :1j pdsxz*ld constant, by what factor doe-lux*kj1) szt z+ph- 5d vxd:ms $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by i62/ f snns :s+qjwr9j iuiw-*$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tef8 8zm. ,q jk,4xkhezc.r:pcvmperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the kkxz 88 .fmqv z4,r.p,cej:hc inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molej9jud8rl, wzx 12b esguc;)n-cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0-s s4ls0ttgt.*obd i/ $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitr4 1ns6-g1 8z ygh yanfw7ztg5xogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spzrg-cy7ubsg0 rileh9s.7z. 6eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 c -.h z.rsz706eggir7sbu ly9 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can.03daf h-21c klbxhw t be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuy806hr (iwlij0m+ixy m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesjp+5r*/7h2v+ hgiy :(eynwz- ia pvsy can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0r bq9e6lu.r 5w1 atm and the temperature is (a) 905l .wr9erubq 6 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidit1x1wzul4vrp ( y is 50% on a day when the temperature 1rv4puw lx(z1is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where a3sefg.qy4l. b1 cy3 gwater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particula tcg ;m;ec8k 3y05wukelp4- sir place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate thle4 ukg80ptsc5-im ;w 3ec ky;e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 -:pnnzqge p8uf8:v /6ql3,+ njbjtvd Pa andj68 q :3t: f pj/q+vg8, n-dzbpvnenul the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure r;sf.q o2kv.oof water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prf7gvh5f,i z d7essure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperfi f, 5dzgv77hature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume xk.5ayuih/c. 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poz*lfr krm2goxl0.ht )hq3 ( ffst225wint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tab sw2v)-k xffv +fo2 viqbql,.8le 13–4) to diffuse a distance of w28svq+f) ff,lvv. qx-i ko2b 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the i x/kvre7,rm:oe5w mw- nterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abouerwx: 7,vm5 w remok/-t 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapep ke,ylp//.qfa+u ,f l measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at pdg)tx9gy 8r1 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibra:h)f -i.p6bqnblcf4g ted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water6fhgbq.ip4f- lb) c :n, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afterp;q:9xddx x vu*cl s)+ many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyliqx*c)x9+xvs:; p ddlu nder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecul b(yl-()z(wt enyd ai1es in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature i nbl(t1ia dw(yez()y-s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per0 tl3a(qo0o+;+ k h 8pl esiac1iv4oar $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vagpku4dgi/ )y+6baxf7 cuum techniques is aboufdyg4u/+ 6 bka)g7ipx t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cae9sck( wc v5p(d61 ukppacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungu9p(vw (ckc6ke5d1ps s expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmos+ t0hxtmq.)nh phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special0mt )qth+x .nh materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fry6df1p lo7 4ilom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ,pu w2d l.d cic;n qub 7fjm8ogw38+0g770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of 2wotus n,ml)sr8-be:sww92p the Earth, estimate the total:tlw2bs 8n2 9 so,pruww)sm- e number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules md4fs cix5;j2nbx.s 4hg5e a.vin 7:tcontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge8d6c -4hbi*qzyl6i hm voszsfge5 ,x.;)bi. b pressure = 2000 psi (b h s8vyd6sbbc q6oe. h gfz5z i4i.i-;xl,)m*13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryzuj) lcr8vlki hwfx+/ 6v+h -4 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolt)dr60 r.yxht x3g uz8ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuamxut x0clu*f 6 i77;dgly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glm147ti-klnqi 6a-ycw ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, awne +ud5h4 rm/0rtfe ,t en99zdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when full m1mw2 yb0 7qejqcje*(y charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thdlbapsd6o +e64e x9s 4e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity iw5oc29jr ,hayqiu ( 4by tennis balls thrown vertically upwayr (u94w a i2och5ji,qrd at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble oorwamd (t*f) ;f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temtmw;o*da )(f rperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the ai baeve5 ;x5i+j :3xpeur on the following two days: xv35i; b:aej5u e px+e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at*jgt9ijl3hnljxxo cl a;3 .9; STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth 93gl c ;l93hlxi njjoj .x;at*where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gah10mlz7lvpt )y:; oi3w-w.tri b0 gqjs law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vojt;lmi 1lq-03p.hi:vbzw 7tw gyr0 o)lume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people-h1 9mmz4mn7r5g;e;sqk :wow ev 8pi z:l3who constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the7zes :o;ge pnhz:worlhmqimmk8 w; wv1-94 35 cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg