Which has more atoms:+m/16t,sx jrydl eek2 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ojrmex,/ 6+tdy2lk e1s r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could bet w3b3s9clcm qb-5g5 wj, p.*ltg3ycd exploited to make a thermometer.3jl.3 gqs5-mw pt,9 bc3 g5l*d ctbwyc

Which is larger, 1 C chj32, v* b2q ;gbjmho$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrlh eg3*(pn.ycq e+ (erium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with + rnh3g(lqe.ep e* yc(system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When ;hq fjdmic-lrf99g47heated, the strip;gc fjlr- qmf9ih d947 will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line ;;ptk gn5.2csc47i3(mwbs3khpl ucj ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermit2h-:zp/;n dq e,t8u py v)csostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow t ;iey8tqp spzd)cv 2t-hnu, /:o touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havejbu)kp7 cw* zzj ygi bk3-a5;7 a section in the shape of a U. Whyy7*gpjzzbb-3kc)uaw7k5i ; j?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l8,ve, d(wr-)bss 2rio1az l wnead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firw;hqdt6 oy++kst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises.qdo h;wyk6+ +t Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly xc vxm 1s:8o/gthan adjacent parts. Exp:x1s v/c mgxo8lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficp*,-)2e olftljj-k jsient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this giv tl,fkl)p oj- *sje2-jes rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at . 665pawnqowa 2ct*sd 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willdqf93e i1 bh40hda5esedi-(:(n wipd cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not s( w3b 0p- ded(hesnif1qe:idi5 hd4 9atand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by 5 +3/hzlp ojoy;e vx(upushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Exvuz+l;o5pxj(oh y3 e /plain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on znxf- -p 5 f0j)l;mlyran aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased --5lljp ;xz0rmfn ) fyfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatib3s),w8zknz 5rj5 v rwon between avsrv wrjb3,n5z) k8 wz5erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s dz ,t+d;t7fsplaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the,2no (cz*nt5w0o/zd6wvj l fke+phg / ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for theqd lcbr394 e /l5hui95jfy* de Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity focfd u9yh9*535r eedb4jl q il/r the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wank ; 3ux 0nz7rj4p)tliter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular tpj;30z rx4nk) n 7liuproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more un8/;slfb )okgrcomfortable than a hot dry day at the sam8 /b or)fg;klse temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp+/jg o;e u;tfperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperat ,6au fv54eggcure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is mg5,e v46agfcu ore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automob* 5pzz14t, z9oatil n/ltst4lile eng4t*a tltol,z/ nzs plti4z915ine.

Why does exhaled air ap0i9v(pwouh4l+td e 8ipear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therhs/v3, :vkvu+m2bfa me in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number c a c(ok ssp.1g/,j2hzrgmr72of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sampsmrh2sck7a,gg .r1/ j co (2ze mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. tzophb1/z k h)jd89 3is rzjd:20mz/gWhat is this on the Celsius scale?iz 29/tzd)/3gozh 1b:rzdpj8s 0k mjh    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and .pd9kw, 6jknwlowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column mn f;mflogh f4ok6db;,5ec s6elap) )6f4 9nwhas length 11.82 cm at 0.0,ba6gfk;4ef;9) m)m l oflodnn f5s4 wh p6ce6 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of st(bg)ioh8ojk/ :owvjjj(:j- of /v(plabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apsw7(3pavlgi 6qil11 l0 v2 rwzproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) andwpl 7z1srla2vlv 1i( 3ig60wq January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oft0 /pdu3(muv :we0egzn en used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamev3e (0gpdumunw:/z 0eter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 cgsob 2q) j zrz(0av6($^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its mnh+w-u4+nzf zl x g23change in volume if it is heated fromf 2n-mz hz4x+lwg3un+ 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to6 waj+yb n6(po the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 i qv1n1 m06+ ;t esub)pdoptgyh8t a+.$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron+* o3m jhhgc,y. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrw, ltw4 so,gzocpm +6-ow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of o,p w+cgw o,4l-zmt6s linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density ns-hw2;b-vf77hm5 eu a n:v hs$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l ant lgxvl0+0hh -d width w has coefficient of linear exp-00+h xh tvllgansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic -ia/e+4l) ca.ya,vc kf) pfuusolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of btij5,/1 cubs,yvjq+g rass and keeps perfect time at 17i 1v5/y+qj,sg cbuj,t $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofeg;a*a md-*li c9exr3 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25eli rcae-*xm3a g9d;* 5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about izfg x g(5p80avts axle on frictionless bearings with angular vzf0g5ga x (v8pelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Ho de*unn;sj6vm:3e q: ow much stress is required to keep it at this length q6ms3ven*d n u;ej o::if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04xn nvm 1)tn2;y1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 139of vmzet +(e 5.bjto veo1h2,4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on themnoj/ s549yp o :ogw+ u6zq+l+ko( nzv Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur,s1:r b 4 -ud5iiwtoype on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofutw7fjl9vb0 4qnk.o,0wu )j a the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempexf 5y-yfclcvx.0e ,dz73(j pmrature oyxm-dfxz7vy.,c 3 0pl(e5fj cf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygeq;wjf18ax51a ql6 ny jonys90n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgfcp pbk i8y;(v6n: i9 .s:idqr:ip 1uf of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 s:qynbtnezv7.gu . a 3. z54y0 idaqo6kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gag2qmf+ r6 h*cqs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdj-zftf xj cfuwn43k32ov+) m6ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at ktw 2)cjx3n ffu6fv4 +3z jmo-385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 3kb,xf,tkq02 ,h+3zfif kl3 y(x ajk lof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the airnp)d y xi;r39*v. cmls inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.m3;xs).cd 9 inyr* vlp Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atxvt 68 v)n6;kidm b(fe 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18g1yhnynokg6 6:vjznk 1fm2n495, ku p.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leuqvcz5i ibf.9p06q(*2u (f+wbd wbsfjj : u8x vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molen hm 5kn3utk 59*aahg(cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are ther2kb tqfblgf-s/:o -k1e in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m/g:5hinq:9/ c zx4kmg3rk ptholes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5uah6ix8 i, 8ajrbm a(-.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inha/ : m2kuwg2 mmtvw)3dqgf4lo3 cd*2 nyle that were also idonm:mcg3d/) *m2tuw2lg 4 vk wf3 2yqn the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule a ghw/5xo hzc,i09a1;ar tq cn8t STP? q0 /cc 9zho ,ia1gax wtn5r;h8   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun :sj .hq w.r4m4.h hohaat a temperature of about.hrh. qh: js 4.4homaw 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculess2gxtsep+ awhg*:c88 +i 8 7u(hlql jc increase if the temperature is iulp8q+x(c2s7g88h gjt+ wa*eh s cl:increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol:;iu5ij )on3g3/pgb3c fgyi/ 3fisyk lowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4ff;bp :33ny gi)3/ygojg sc 3ki i5i/u, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleh v4utop5 +yzecp o5;k(uky(:cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is zf /m;)x2xpwgheld constant, by what fazg )2xw f;xmp/ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedf7dz-flcm4 4n d +c0we of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gase j t/ra + 3oyp5aa-8b6dh*lxysest6(ds at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots(*jp6ar+s6 o5alyx eytthd/3 b a 8-ds of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrog+f4 jytu0p5 t/c24vhs jan.nuen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol kda)e*o3r3h f uf,/xqecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen xr*y- ko *5 7yaqibndd2*;kns97kg bymolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massd-mo/t:.qh+jt5x *m jrje j5h is 89 u in a li/ht5jo +*jmjqtr j me:-h5d x.ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = rd7ub139a dkinn, 2g v$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura2r*7 qmpj, ) eqr1b-ti* upxsvnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p1l9wh k zyy6dc(i9 tg8*geq g.ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is ()cv)q2ds 2a n6v+aj 9 bhyq,gda) 99q6nahy)ajd ,22c+b d)svvqg 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when tb;sgb9g q er,4he temperature qsbrb9g,ge;4 is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place g,4ro.i5l/gaur4 h,kf8 c iukwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pn; 5cx y6pg() wkn*ajnu c71kqlace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa7 (;cqgkyx *akc jn)n p6w5un1ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a **iz1:lr2 qfag*2kyo/mteg )wx 6j tfday when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rela awogker2 gyf:mft1t*q/i*j 2 z*6x)l tive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 +fjo* u g;f6uq$^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a h*/j6af;ex)+0p i 0hjr vgxjrpressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temjpehgjrafir)0; j*6h/x 0 x +vperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ,m- 9qlzo lcyfskoa 52gvr/4 0room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi 7(rr; flfdt-knt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dif7+bdvit o5uw4kjnk .8/ o3r eyfuse a diokt4voejyk8d5 u+.ni rb7/w3stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior i6pg0mu:v2zoa. uaq6dg v( c 9through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area o92g pa idq :ga.uc6ozmuv 06(vf $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated rd6nyud 6xy75 at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me*qo;nn.6uod t 7cdmd-asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temmwkixm5r 1j jh6,1 a0/nblr i0bjd, o:perature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coo,o6i j:j 0a 0bkw jmr1d mh5l,/r1inxbl water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a v0rq400sggpn helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloon vrq0 0png04gss have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules s+hszw)z-w i *in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh +z*siwzhs )-wt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onewc1io :t( zz jev:f6si5qq5 e- atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t-*h*c+ 0nffn zz-vgy mechniques is aboutmv-z* znchf-ynf +*g0 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his l,s,6 ru+d:fgcx*ozfn0l ak q ;ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is g*c s 06nfdfrko qa:lx +uz,,;this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmos,uqjnezxk jo 37i85i/ phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vap j/q3oiuz,j8x7i 5ken orize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas6a b4uy l23i sz1pso8w is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770:m krg)q9+yodi.9pbx m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surf87:p9c;oookw2cil) xkn5c ak ace of the Earth, estimate the o2p ;9ckk)5 7ci x:lokcno8 awtotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen z4mzlz 99bu *amolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygetc2obd-81b 9x)nqlcnn used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosp921l8 cxbbn)c ntoq -dheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuzz6 g0+ hol z6kio6hz(ry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at h koc: eks-42gf 74ddg0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at *eh( y:y +lax5cy rd2p25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glaslksi qm.86hm5,qx,bxs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a*oqp ) 60bu+f3yav yoqdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm idj+p )vo+nod+s-q c7 croc ))at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear*; a+qikstgj/ th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throw(dit cy 0+h3pvjl+v u* hq9en;n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must re+9qye +3uihpch 0v l nj(;d*tvbound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aqjp )5:mjgfp1(3jw9pt ense8 v-) 0 :aw hogadir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bm nq8-pe0f)pwjoad1 ah sj ) w:g3jt9(ve5g: pubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onowv3 1 zrd0:i ,ygr.g8-qzgwa the following two days: ozqg. iv8g 0 z3w-radw,: y1gr
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a ilrv*b77rvd:toh ey).yb 10asolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000iv7d.r:*tro0ael7v1 yyb) hb $^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fow d3i 9;v7or:pj;ck +lkcr hy3r an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalrpi7lj kcycv ;;o r3 k3:wd9h+ to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prev 90hqmk,r1iv yent rot and mildew. If mq h09yivrk1, the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg