Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or )4hhobei3 h *fztd;z/1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appeo dh;/bzh*he3fzi t4) ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be explt+3tkoq+ah 5w zcrdlm/ /*xwx. y:b;qoited to make a thermometer.y xz.+wtwtxbkcdh5r m/q3 +l*: oa /q;

Which is larger, 1 C yorzuhi8h; c63 .) dar$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is noty tqfdtmq8;fe(, o,,*o0gv gt in thermal equilibrium with system Ctg,tv*gf oy0;q,,dmf q t e8o(, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cons 6efklnz3/.a;8xolz; el ( xs(gd0e llists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Seel3le8x /0sezz 6l(xeln do lkg.;a(;f Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff9atau/qlja .a es591jicient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaxuuvfq wu 95y;i0t- j wke;m45ce (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both con0 mwq yuv9 fi5-uk5tw4 eu;j;xtact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at (mw h7d8nz :waie( zb/the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.w:hbi ad /mn(ze zw(78 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury q 5ys-twt q06 cf339svpb -kgrat 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass therm idvsqes *a0+2g /m)krlykn,+ometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and ts q)+vimnl/r*ag, ky e 0d+k2shen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooleddoedxup577 a2lk -; mc more rapidly than adjacent2lc5dx; a7m 7doku-e p parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of t9iag40i4h ziz z:4we w m5g dk1/vbp9Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is muczew4azd9ib4w 50gm4v : z i9/gtpki1h h smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate :r:bt q h 3yy/d40cs q(pxrn1+jt0qvbat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottn xr) r(y7sm9z.;xd/yd m:k4pzzs d c7om and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What h (:9k/zx4ydsdxzyc 7;.nr7) z mmdpsr as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pwbp2wj43n5r 1 sh2 wmfiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mob5wrw p2 s3n2wf4hjm 1mentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphg)*t 8rm.k 7yak/ft) bksirun .m1- lrere submerged in water increase or decrease if the y8m gkk/ if n.sur)*k.mtrbl-)r17a ttemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory t-da2d 3lk nht3d 0v(s/ .q uq:dm(q.mxdw+rkand the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperat/ddmqsqtw3+ 3kk.(t0l dnx qru- mh2a :v.(ddure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folcv +4n5fm20 rt roe/3e k,hjallows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o gw.f7+ /pzl;8ez8x6xpa tuu cf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed a 9q+za nqus wu1hu/8+jn object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velo9jnsuhu/+ zwq8+u aq1city for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water )vn t 4aztmb*(at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propert*z4) na(b ttvmies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thnhsgo;f) g,p ,an a hot dry day at the same;f)s ,g,ngho p temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuf2y 8ye / pi(;yuo3plfre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dimnqh*1xv1ca; fferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or th*vq1;a1ch xn me humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousdz2vip id )n1kk3fy5ih4 wk:0 to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile 3p 5kzk iid4k)v1 :fnid0h2wy engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlnb 8vsum6yr6s8n+w r 5w58rwfm vxj -(e white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thelj hiyn- o1o,-ljlt t 8z,c;+zre in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to t 5xkp hn1lb sen7n7(u+he number in a silver ring l7bpnhe +kx 5u(n 71nsof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?8cmzw *cflz-*zs95p gmplg95-z8*c c*zszfw   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tez-iyq i 672ihomperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glasse kmx 1:wfzy(jx9.u ni4 c,bh1 thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0..,zxnc 9j41ihe1:xmu b fy(kw 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lok(o4h0xo* oaj wlu93fng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approx+x+ cq.s j6/romqt9a cimately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°+. tojcs6q9cmx+ qr/a C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the swi;yv 1o6auso aytuh / kx2n-s:(2 o9rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is pla/ostuu2:oya 61ys khox9wi-a( ;2nsvced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at v ua we,.h948(aep ovmy:a4nq4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm ijzu6 trfs *d*/ys *ed,n diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro *zd*,t *dury6s fjse/m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tt4+3sif)trgbbxvde2f,:gej)t0tpcz x )37xo the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat-bo /lldils 7-1,ehcat:3m wg er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madzrtw8-9sri q5x;8rh ce of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand i uu:.si8 xlea5hq,ff* n essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lineql a,f u.e*hf8 ui5xs:ar expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thd3 .mcy lrd n5j+70wl/lo v:gee density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widthnshbxg ;w1b*t c,2 e1a w has coefficient of linear expansion 2bc;bg*t ,n1 hxe1was$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, -+)sy )d bu(rstyk:ig $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather du3).y u,qes*ryw/zt:zz:xu clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1yuxuu r:.yez:d 3 z/st*w),zq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inshu/ ;huj7x 1geide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum; u /1gjeuhh7xe of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical 35y-a ax1qdv u u4t2mtwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on friyq mu1-avxta2 t5 34udctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much st1o 8:d7d.co(tf dofyh1o xi8lress is required to keep it at this length io :d x87h.f(o1toi1d8lyodcff the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stee+; f yl :xpmg-+m ,ts1vvc7ppsl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 12nkannll b g 94mb+fsfcbc k.*nu,*:20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: xj,bc t)v+ yd4
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturz im7a;pjg ea0f4w0w wt2+2yg e on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures fzab mw*yxa 5)):6 r0x )qyfzxin the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem 2di) ryg0bd;*ggc h:sperature of about 20grd0bish d)g2 g; :*cy$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas8w/wbqc*z-ej* hi2k5 .usmjp law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen lo*)jx h0 ihzdc;emz6 )j2)6/uglkq r($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cop8 x9k3nkxie2 ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gwp5v7f6dy 5g(tz 7)wqvlxi 5q as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at lktn5q - ai -lr7i/26r3rbcyz385 K?krq3y/az6 7ll-2 ibrcit - nr5   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 op f:49rtruk 6kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lwwj amom2egr 0 +326rpift by heating the air inside the balloon, which em 22 r3rpowajw m06+gmakes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with al *6*euo:riqy ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1afie/ionse teg+) iqk*51s1) 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0o(4bj c-9te ra $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules jy;bc mxif5 us.f4-b// $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mqs(myil 0+ vv2any molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole 0:xsfs 15.-hevhq5 thlwr1 4fueda4rjl2( po s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1ug2e*qzomj bf5w35+ p$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bres-b cfa9e n7y6ath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constantb7 69sf-ny ace density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kincn iem/k ec:.+etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?:/i+cm. n kece    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of theh:9m g f;6cjsy Sun at a temperature of h: s9ymf;cj6gabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecwd u 63, 9tpt7lb/rmj3 *pqfcpmq*d6w ules increase if the temperature is increa/q7l3 rj qtc* pfbdw, dpmmt3u69*6wpsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followingekca(hqf hx-xeb: y/2gt v/ksa+ n:64 speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, /b eety/ck:naksg4f ah2 :h-x+ (xq6v4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a 0wj,driyjwm r7nw 1xj. 1lo 1.5. )bxy* plneqgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held con5grro54t . o9/qkorcx 5 xe63)wtnz iqstant, by what factor do coxz 59 )53eqo.g rkw4q5r/ txrtn6ioes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed . rjodukis 2k ); 7a;v/1kbpiog4lhw 5of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture om ap:w/t6yckb.onu hv:8f 3 j(f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of (vj : a6f.o/hypwck: bt3n8mu the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculou3jash pv)7eelab15.qpo 6 5es contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anx/dpwa-t9qfiy5 gt)3 cx91j d oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d1 a4 hw,v xu8cj4l1m2czp veuat6.e ;distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ;.gv-yqp/j*1l4 6aod4i uilapz g.q san amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li1 4ljv;. ipsd/lqq6y o* g-iau4zpag.ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure lje 1f9c(kn*yut6m z: P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 8;ptdu*6h9iqlcw4 f5yp1;vh ci1o qp$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha5(ys4g8 ,gg yw znyw0l .8yaghses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure if in36f b5qdu-s 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 qd-fbu6 5i3nf$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% 7k:,swz b bm,zx0.k cion a day when the temperat0i,b mks.b:wzczk ,x 7ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place u+g hpeqvu4l1-ad6u8 where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placu o(t6b )h6jmne in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waterb6 )tm(nhju6o boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature o zycb 6pl+tar9 , ;lm0u/ni,nxn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa ana/0, lyxc,ti r;9n +nzpblum 6d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa vyd .rk6:fum*ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wate8kgav0 b0+iv jr is boiling at a tempera0+b av 0jv8gikture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumewqvf/.v /+bea 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of rq0c-id .i)us 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)zk/n4gy5l ** ppsk7: o;ga ifa wa6s8hjv s3n) to diffuse a dis/ a;i7khs*nv)jspng p w4o5: 6fksgyz al8a*3tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of 6+3pt z5 i 1ni5sqpsheinsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sep55in+i1 zp3q6shst ectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapesj;gqr;do k8n)c 0/gb measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrater5 5.b+tzn8knksb d(xd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normalo+gu4h- ja.k-yj5 a+lzb;bqa room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe c qk4 j;bl -a.a azjg-++ub5hyoalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in yt les sxv10zx)8 -8tza helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pvylz-tx0z 88sx1t s) eressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 35loh8;fl;)qvqezgs 79ll1pi m.sny 5wy t3l(.1 m, and height q(;vloyyl.gf1n8sl 5p93 w7 );mz ihlleq 5 st2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on2ga+ ,zwyw4/ rgj7xxj e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availablebv6 sj.9b ox6j2hx6 0your8wh vacuum techniques is abo89.26hubv j0yxwro6oj 6h sxbut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills 9vf q:erlf-1o his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expandflrfv1eoq- 9: if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the M,n*3o u tmyv t*tz1fq.2iees37)a jv myd:po3oon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecftepm:t 3u ymv*zit3 *.vne)s2,o7 q o3j1yd aules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is )2o k1 bib/: /rspjzluincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7;hx0xpwu rnh *.,8 ufx70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressgbwu g)990ak 3:iqa fdure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in thk a3bg 9ugfqi)0wa9:de Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molechuykx(fscf.-pmg5q-q g.ww:l2v u /. ules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitalmn p3 rk5e(qo;46q fgh has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured atn e(54qrh3g;p6qfk om atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq b/e a 2-y j f1a4as7ld2kpqmhw5s/*ltuid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline m2z)wskbhy 4)1n6 faj at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were t37xwu83qiq v*2s0o qt3w.abmg bkt*ko fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl-2k* ay-lghqin8,a lhjfr16hass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar+pc3 vpw*hwbsmj8) 1ad, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19 vcuq-wr3* uu*-bzr9 bh1gsj9 5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ish7 b69fvh oh*t $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravitt z uv3zbnfr; j29k6(yy by tennis balls thrown vertically upward6;9k 2 u(vbtfr3 jzzny at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sy)/ j3/paf2d; fi ohktpherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is ;/i ta3dhokf)f2jpy/ constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure i 8k9x s uk4hatz1j(ew,n the air on the following two days: 1thkuzke(asw8j9x4 ,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when dapc;2lcp xvs3*l v;5*g . bvfit is a solid deep ;c.vl c5p g*lx*s pfvd2ab;3 vin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at co-l im)2-j 0daf3ydlfenstant pressure, thel 3 idy2e)dj-f l-0fam coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellz- yv2 ss.t9g 6w4rtaqars to prevent rot and mildetz.ysga w-2v9q t4s r6w. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg