Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1ha6z9(edy 1ooe 89pzz kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Azdoz (pahe 9z8yoe 961ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that co i +d w80ddgja)ug0r*xuld be exploited to make a thermometexjwd0+*i )g0rad8gu dr.

Which is larger, 1 Ch o )lsf19 )nwh5wq, o4.zifa a8sgya- $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th8 vnn*rf orbgh1 czj*lk;+3*iermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A*r*gif8z 3*nj+nv1h ;rc o kbl, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ir93-,s5 fv *af:uohw0ycy dj1)mqqk gv on. When he aq*qy3o,f) 1yvhk- f09ud: s5mwjgc vated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansik-*gp1 c8hcba3i ef*jzs 8bx:on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (h((nth2wwzcyc u0 - e)g5y 2qbor other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vu(zyb 2yhwng h5twc(q )-e 0c2essel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often ha ho)*cou;6tc vve a section in the shape of a U. Whyouv*)c ; cto6h?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float 6+c)qka1n2 x;nzbyd ms in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed mmknrj+n59;qzwx1 h/ in a hot tub of water, mrhnnw5m/zqxjk1 9+ ; the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlys4pgq6 4 guwdbom f1+(qfn -o. than adjacef f61g nq- m4+qdb(os.uog4pwnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrtmdo/3wxh*m;o b4 js idxl3*8ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain8*;jl4hso 3ot b/ddm *xmw xi3 why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratef2vsyiyl -*:d 1xevv w8nk3) p at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bog e( 7r0d 3lhffpwi: js6xt09ulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hrd xts396we0 j(h fo7gf0i:plas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)wji ++jr3dm w. bo-2na, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the k+. i djon2bwaw3+m-rj inetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherevha5; rjz )rvpz1 e;(n2i94yp st5kw,*t xuoe submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased vneov;u95 ryi ;,k4ew5 z arxjtt zs (2*p)ph1from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fks c )p)wx;t.z42xg eqrom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempetp)k2 wzq)c 4ge.xsx ;rature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theq)d1 q c isyk5zsjo+7(ory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphfz ly914s7i6a tv tm7 b, zjo+wo7;hlaere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must h4d2ysu .di u :5j a*en 5tqz)yxg4c/jvave to leave the Earth and never return. The escapeu.5ac:vx 5 gj 4/idzyde 4tjqsnu)* 2y velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i:g1 pvp b )kouq5ta*g.nfer about the molecular properties tavu1g qo) pb p.5:k*gof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than ,xh lt57k8 oyn iayjmh- 8 4u-zpf.l2da hot dry day at the same temperatur24kl h8xjzf.5-lt m py da87iu-n, yohe.

Is it possible to boil water a-bj4vx10a u khhg( ru ip9*t8lt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t9k+k mpz/ t;s(bk k;nczx3f r,he same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the r nkxbc3fspk9 k(mk,/zz;;t + same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ciey)jj/l *a im-1 +1vtj;rdvzap of an overheated automobile enj/ irj*v+vlaz;ydt1 j)e -1i mgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1q.8ozr2b h5i i:/yfja3–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gr42eg 1vbu d j(*g.yxucam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram en us0uj,9wgrf +r 7/ugold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of th7 gj u9ru/0wfs, +eurne same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6(+wg7 8cepsjvy 5;; r khmyc/o8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?skgorhc p8 vjm+5(;7yc;ye w/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reckd8 ubl:ya, +lorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, t ftj)i2:qsmpene4 65whe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.652mft esqp:4wij n)e0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builtu m; noc 9.3jp6j7imoa of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is b95))r70s a eodl ji9rpeq -vgkuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperaturg5qrrp)) kiv9l e9dseaj7o0- e of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that arcd+v, v**zf g1u2hb )kl+iy )r*ljugqe larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel ri*f2*hu*q+v 1 u+g,bgdizyvj r l)lkc)vet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at kkbr 5/-95a fvo7s,e xmcs pt:4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wir gwrebn*y,9 .yzl8.9x*v-gat tif)j r6cy: yll be its change in volume if it is heated frome8*.ry ,cxzv)g9a9r r ti :-lbwyyn.* ygt f6j 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water aq :amq :2oi:4sb5fl efqg ;/pjt 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 u5gk)um j6qa4mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p 0:.p3c bq4rbkexuq4ulaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in-xgebup +9ic0 essentially one direction only, show+9-pbg 0ci exu that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density m3 qhefao/i-+xs1(;4 ogi e l6wb;p-jxls:cl$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienv*b, e)b8pxsji,o/ tgt of linear expansi*gsv8opijxb,,eb) / ton $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidt/ 3q4u8k8k3t*yari+ aauj ev, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is a(+x.0n gs/* f3r sjt f)dhnyfmade of brass and keeps perfect time at 1+ gndh/n0.3rs(f )fys*tafx j7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h,tg 5;ugxlp s;- s,w,+kiqlzkas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bu 5u k lltqpg ,+z;,sk;x,wig-slb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whzvu7h.j; ;jgky( w wa1eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle ; w(h7ajvjyk.;1gzu won frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dch s/u/ r4cl9m v)pr,sesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 hcs4/) urvp,c r /9lms$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional awh(ih p() uh6d y/9thjrea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1: -4vkboz a7sn)q qc(so cq):s22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingp;1;i0 ce4 q d6qkwb .uglqv+q temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu)7w+5s b2 tp nxdt/ojd gy18swre on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000 t--+ yhwzman3$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospher4-kyxg+iw,+ ;,-(kfij c cjb (bbnblkic pressure and a temperature kwbj4b+(j c -kc,lgix ( + ;yfin-kbb,of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usfsy enb,n- )0(1 gdxising the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg : urvtqco-8)gof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of(z4o+;ap58 p xhdd gqw nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuntkwb25x5 h.y m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 w,b(34 /c-odbuanmhv kg of argon gas at da, b/whn bovc3( u4-m385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg vfzu /d 720ixlgpt2s3 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieve vruo l82;/c cc5d7pdp:6o;t,zoftvvs its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less d6 7d:c5ttcof /,d pz82 crvv;vpu;o olense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 wn3/g1a,eewi: *zp fc5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at h xeny 4owpsvxin3t ;k.-//j .18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes qmghti1so4 (m 6(l) rm/s l2aoa child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mzyxv8jdo6k7 ;olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Lp/xw8) xv/da n1)q.zqls (y ey9ji r2rb(l fg6? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mm*5-hbk 2:e7.rpwrb .r zp zeloles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumezgbv i5jgo-) * 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-shj)p2d)bbu.yp xh ;oy;+ +rz0ui(i *(psjcz L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assumehy;ijppo *2 u)c j+pu(;hrxid0z+)bzb( sys. the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational i 65 limu:2hq zgkog8*kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPh65qou8likimg:* 2z g?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium a-.d- vrc(xaz1h +sp hztoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o .+v-zhh sapd1cr( -xzf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ga cgdi k9f0axyx69x4g 0s molecules increase if the temperature is increased froa x xxgc6gy0940fd9ikm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given b)j5 en, ,czjypo)0pmin units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,pn py,b ec05ojz,m))j 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecqr:0z*pf:wk1 dtwkb l**a ux5ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held co8 k/w;v3vuahyks2:c1+io lu*ra jl/m nstant, by what f/ cwlulahj*:y/a 832u i ;kmso1vvr+kactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gil)ko3m :z.: de)o/ckv 4xxcsiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two0nmo 9wr8yjx) gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to theyr 9xn0 om)8jw inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 5.qz2huvj;5wq0rda fg:26muykxap k +7rhu7contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an pq16uwjn ;; fxl 8qio8oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST70lmlfa;f2jhb* ) g bdjdp16vP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inhy)ym b50aeiygh5 (x0 a living cel(haei gby y00ym h5x)5l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be ;cy5a9:deqif written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 6 2ht hwd23ch8 iq7gpy$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressjr4l z t2r6oy(ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the ntsj--ik b((c temperature is (a) 90 -s-(bntkc(i j$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th swrbyk813 j+ 4-gcukwe humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera3uj ykws +r 14ckb8gw-ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure a) beeqj1c9xv j +)aas.c*j*jr t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in iweazymqw.;kjp9+ ( *the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem+y wm;9 izq ewak(*j.pperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530wxp4ln ou hc29j 773yh Pa and 7x9wj no4pc2u7 h3hlythe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempzsxrd:09ux s kwv5/ y:erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insigs;a5be4knq8/ p cn c-de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120n k /;acpg58c4q es-nb $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680w)7x,ytb+ xvz $m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin, npv hnxaxg-u7+8o*eo:f)ipt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for d -s8;nk6 bml0+hmgof2calsh,e r9f ;a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of ;8c -bg0l+2hno fmmsae;6lksrf d,9h 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thton k47ilra0.dvll4md32i01gpu vo- e interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lont1l- ngiau kv 3v.l7pri 4ml0do2o4d0 g and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali0 kdkjz3fr+/v 1 05xex5et6t-9ga de 2co bgiibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedp p1 slqxz i)3-mvtoc 9u288nh at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temp6 z7v2ho7b e -xh 2wnn4cglu.cerature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anz7lowe x ngh nc 7.62vuh-2c4bd the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. A9. dlpi 4frzra :p6h+qfter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressuref har9plp:rq .4+z id6 has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6gkp 1diny 04avh7q30c .5 m, width 3.1 m, and hei n70yg ikac4hv013qd pght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denwm56i:cvn t9 ssity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using 9y:p ,i6+wrz +okosyathe best available vacuum techniques is abou,zykpro6y owa+: 9i+st $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belotrsk-p1ov- 7cw the surfak stop-c rv17-ce, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fr86+;oi 1uxh5x edwdax)c lxf6 om the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle withx ua+e );66dfxdo 8ix15 wlchx this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrp ifh ;ma20 (5lygf0qyeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ppe;sn5f- be s2xx8r) 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estim( hhbc )jzpi5h;w;t - :tqa/mvate the total number of air mohh;)zcmpj(baqhv; i w/-t5t :lecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ;by*+ v5hkutd a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitavzkndb0 k+k tk*2c1;ll has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kkz l t0* c2k+vdb1nk;kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a ,b8pdldnz vy*li: f2n6 k-4vit 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0vlp8jd4v*cw bom- i*xi 0+he8$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatodlux ev ni8hz. a,p5vto(7.3 pr at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atup7d5sz30k gh d)0/mnci3x q;gppsg-3a tb6n 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa)g3gck u5jw 8crd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch8jfgbgry))htv2/b6q3 b6+urk nn8w narged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isjh)a6 ,ig 7gko $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is susper5z qh4o.6(skz1gi l : y8,y1m wonitxnded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Howt o(y omi,xy6qihz:szwkn1 g .r4 l815 many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ogs6gfmhq t ()+rz0uwu.2,tr9;jlkk m i4f j t/f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wswr0if9gt q flt2ghk/.m)uzj 6;, mkt4+( jurhen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vaporqau ff,(o )v1,e:ge *jz mkhi, pressure in the air on the following two days: zf mu,o(h 1kgq v, f:)eija*,e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at6d gf3yqqf6;4t2pu mc1l avz3 STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wyu v1g2aqdzpf;f m6l 4 33tqc6here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, f4xvlw4)d f)o for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansiod)4fwv l x4)ofn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.