Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumin8n bo;21bcfyo um? See the periodic table or Appendix B2bncfoby8o1 ; .

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermome+te / dlt+f u0m1/)stvr9sshkter.e+ 1dks u9tt0/f+ v/m )tlssrh

Which is larger, 1 Cbt 2euz9 rl*az8p/4x l $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thnq) 5 ct;9aoudglzz28ermal equilibrium with system C, whau ;)gqc8zl295z tdnoat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistig6x;ej:vuz2 b yg2 hier9h7 3h s92 phkk0y:es of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whicx0hk h e7jzyheygigk2u362:;r p9seiv:h b2 9h metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffih j.a.psqkrci ba60 ik4l/9/plmke i 4cw,2 ,ecient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controem6y-z / j*rbxl a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devb 6e-jm*r/y zxice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixgeurg8 / 2eujbn :6qx(ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Un:8r 26jb qg(/gxueue . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at v1k9lw n*u*f(uuycsa6 k+ rv.0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firso51fn 0k,g u) qetaaj/t placed in a hot tub of water, the gj5f0kana)1 et, q/ou mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated5j yjg;: fgbyt3.(xd22 dvikau1f n( n or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainy2 jkvf3 xnbfn;y2ujgad it5 ((d:g.1.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expobd- ac4l r7m4mvs rsx5ufjf2/so )-1ansion ) au- 1cm-mvs f72blr45ro4jo/xsfdsis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ats29nh 3 ir8lnn 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the foc0(ar.c+p q can will not stand up. What has happenea( r+.fcoq c0pd?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byzvw:u ). pb pzahxjyb;/g 6)9h pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in ah.zpy b: b6 xj;9 pwu)g/v)hztemperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminud )muzsy(-vb 4m sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is i bm()4v- sydzuncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law lc sl5-q;ba.i39zshffollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energ qa.lsbi 5f3 szlh;9-cy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gaylde db ph1kkq 6q*+9u9st66um+qc . rt-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea gh0r06z tl*ylrth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed +jzg7mmw6y:d je .d :pan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has przej:md6j y: +mpg7.w dactically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatunz ,wl.kaa -j 04ob3jpq4vo:tre. What can you infer about the mole3 z4jw0q,t-a.v:pn oaj4bk ol cular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfp* oxu: .qvu5wortable than a hot dry day at the sam:5q.x p* uwuvoe temperature.

Is it possible to boilgv x6etik r91*u,ow( 8cpmir5xech. 7 water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ai(48q k+ ume .ko2djh41nbu f9vumb t)ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the +qutbv 4 n8)jdu.b(ki1ek9mfh2m o4u same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobil4pi :4kwmt9f/ujkwrsw s i98;t)2m npe engine.kwjn4 28s itw)/m9ku4p;wpifm t r:9 s

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white 0+miwr,kw/r tcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4fgo7d): g)ox .gx +jqa-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goldr.qk. r7im2as ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?.m a r72.sikrq$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsh 8.bz )bht2dyius scale?y.2 btd) hh8zb   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a 0syccd h u 5ny:9uc6e42e7pnpre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at /(qm )4l3u b:d mpubdt0.0 md43lb:ud )tmpq/( u b$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1;0et2okw vn 7p2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wt;02tmhtw dk /nl 4;awrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Ja0tkt n mdht;l2w/aw;4 nuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivejdf7us cfgya/jd-kl ),h-48 mt hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed iy-8/dmf ,f uj4l-gdchj7sa) kn a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at,byp5xx g3meku 3269 w wz4bjq 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wi/.hxx(g : jzvr2yx2u hoe: f6tll be its change in volume if it is heated from 3rf2 6ghyxv:(/ .ez: xh2ojxtu0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim xp4 xj7ot8 lp6 o9waj uo,mx7,with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watsn42 pc;.8c jwklt/hg :c;mbmer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i. aib 0vq70w7bn67 hhr sdff1hrj+s( iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i3x xi /vlhs-8un a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equ/x i-slvx8 hu3al to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change jvz g- 4frp8o7t;j;jain the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l andv,h2o5q)c9i 9f e gaj(899 gy lem:6kwzdypxd width w has coefficient of linear expwev,d 92fgl8haxi m q)d9ye6( 9k 9gzyj:5 copansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroqn u -hb)5 q,woo9,k/hl0 ehgqpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand n2-ij ;kpq5ylmj (,nwfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17np,jljkm-; 2 ( wyni5q $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermbud8i20t9x16l cwlhpx2mu6* 6n92h w fkp a rvometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has w a l 6wxc6*upnt2vx l1k96ip dh9 r2fm8b20hua volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a4d*) r-aiuthtv97wk29 svbwnug /e)qanab. 9 bout its axle on frictionless bearb.-t)4ba7nwg2un 99we*rvqh)a k9vduis a /tings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whenv0gto bqz / oe;tfj:;1 at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length itfo1jgev q :t0bo/z ;;f the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelqr6w-,bd b fa1 lbu/l px rm80+go/r9e I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134bx1 ;1afg5tg3l: fjq u.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:b lzicf 0zu-egsc31;3
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the ofc7(,xdti5v;ua6*f j2 , n gxs-uqxb Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000rba9y 6bmih,asdr f .p;,zaj ,gray)n /0 c.)v$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatu s.cmg h ki,w8, tb;r9cytqf.;re of ab; 9ckwq8b ,t;stycgfhmi r,..out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygenx4q*jms 8 )2ia ypdj4s at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg om1yuo;,hmm;j f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogxex2 0xxx)4to en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 65 dz5.+ie:8dy8bxdtk pcaeagas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container d w0sy j3vp;oqs66eh,,g7bvvholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 v6vsb; 37,0 gywp6dqovehsj,85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 7 i:o1zztmjg(- m nv1msz-p3ukg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itebw 6n(ae.dukp /*i1tc. mh2cs buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.( awp*en2eh.1t/6um.ci b dck Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air f;;97v qeyhkx at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.lar :vyo6 y4z 0vr:j6l0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand atmo4 jrg)r+h9b sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number bu4s)wq 8ba m7of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are tlu-d1xi(ma 3v-5 u(5 b ixaa s5s:kqythere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o 9 40,ed;a3mxiet0xb:lj;wcj vn 3h cwf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. gmdis;iexr:.z0axk(q zd/v2 :-c2 g c1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in vdln 67c:ka8xeach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were alsv x6nlc8dk7 a:o in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetef .c6a / q ,mxkxzsk:5ghh1xj4jp,p. ic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?xaxfke: , p.6 q .hxpm,5g 1jkjsczh4/    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at i3*;tij4xy9 o 8-pnf-wl uym pa temperature of about 6000 x u98ip m4;pt*--iywlon3jf y K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ofz k(jyx),q4 e rb)au6i gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 ej q)yak 4uib6(z)xr, $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have iw/; cynsr2e) the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the ryn2;)ewirc / sms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules x7d w 3bob+ kldgblg2vm*5*1lin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itskpkja j9xb y) 4w0r)9m volume is held constant, by what factorkkxy)9a4j mjr9 0)b wp does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of: y(x* eyrra4q+vmw3hxh:zp( molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, tho*hv4 d*j itegd)v0r-e ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theirg0)v ddv *h iotr-e*4j molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr2 zu p2tlenpz;a*n l38ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen m uvy it d,v561nj82be8;y8gvda v jw6fhh37nyolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule s6arxg/ f kwp.*24w)(gb tyoes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleg 2f3tm )v-gja .3 9qdohzf,kbcular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 k,9of)azfb2jgdh3q.g-3m v t $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can,bay 5mwx/ m/n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,2gjf iartxlq2z)3wo 7l46 ynpa- 3 tg6 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what jk ymy/d6(dw(phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressu;a qm((k ,f vqz5+vutyre is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)t+qf, v(( yku;aqv5 zm 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if tf (se4mpd12n z. cck3the humidity is 50% on a day when the tnscfck.t3ed (p1m2z 4 emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wheree/ 75s9b blb9smduxt( xh (ue- water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particuhc) 9 jg mufw7298vmkylar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wy umh9vw2 k )cmfj7g89hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial press2p5priiq 4q: vnpcx 34ure of water is 530 Pa and the relat 42:pqiv iprp43x n5cqive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o0k h g,za97luy hjxh,dwbh8s)sna pp*1e/a+ +f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if themqao+9i +f;sg water is boiling at a temperature of 1q + ig+mf;o9sa20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rod;7 vz me* ;g+copwj5eom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewg-13y b7 o8ek(ca.gb sgtkul 3 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecud -:qxs t7q:qub/ncx-95lds5*q gtns:kdzf,le (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancqxt,/-k5:5gq fq c9sl*-qus: xt bdn7s:n dzd e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiortow6.uts0e orw *zl*+98 ardv through tiny tubes called tracheae z es9.wtrd utroo6l8aw0 **v+. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hrdu10v2r / ozlas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee h0s.zpd*k i3bve wd v2 imt)v2xd3w9(n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper q*ko3r 15kwnoature. How much error will be made in a recipe calliqrw15k no3* okng for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. j6ozkb iena (g(d,h //After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. W/g(b(ai 6,dzne h/k johat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and ;kn.7 m16x ao4zghxns height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22x4xh6 ok7nz;n1ams.g $^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one at.hz73 pbex;n58i3xn05zcssx v eevq.om per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques w4q+yr5x: 5)jjrlh9sga.p y jis abouxy)54h+. r5qprgjs ajw:lj9 yt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacitdhybu ,z788crsqat:7 y of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his luys cz8t7rhb8q7:ad, ungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eanfj)xux 1mqw(r : no1h5ema27rth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what t7m1o:njqmxer)(12xa whunf5 emperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an id pv, ma2afij-:eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of qj jq 3/:48wel :ofoiod3w i,c770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure avavyh+v , ogh2/nx+ 2rt the surface of the Earth, estimate the too ++v,/xa r2vvy2ghh ntal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7noo1a hue.u-2sc 7t f)u s:4cm.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of o0t-5 w2.rxl .tduyy ,madwx7oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the fo0.5taw7xdymlxw r t .d,u2y- low rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats tfqh8u rzt*dws 7f:f/4(+wc tin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliokyevkz/5m ztp4y 5*k mm:y12 ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e/e ta4 ypru32 kz6ljs g)0dib*mj o0m8quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassrodxda,2ecag ob.w c;736 0l4lf or:i jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stann cmv2llh;0j1j uicg;4w2* jldard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a plsz(/ l)hmcwh7uuk .* ressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the tvx83fhd/enx0i8 6 wu59ycqeEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against *dv; sfbcxkpwf 6bur5 s5y9-9 gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from t65d ys;pf vwr-ub5fc9s xbk9* he lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-di40hq9dmxnj vgs( z, r: n-avk)ameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. A , :vnd h-x qk()v4n09smzagrjssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folo b0b82 do*uj- ra;kwb it/4 q*hrgeo)lowing two days: *kg-/ w rb oaoi2r8 ;dj0u4*beq hob)t
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is5t ar,/fi m2: r en4ulcqsb-lvr +(4nl a solid deep in the +l s/q( l,rr-vfan lr4:nci5 mte42ubEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an id)5d k0 vr257oykg ctnfeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalrc fd) nyt502gkv 57ko to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.