Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Suca 2enaxh( spjg7m+ 7044zcu ee the periodic table or Appgn744cma2zpue 7 jx0au(s+hcendix B.

Name several properties t7 ycj t8cy )g1-+b 9niclnrn)of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet) )ltcb yn1n-cc7r ngy9i 8+tjer.

Which is larger, 1 C(m- /xlczqoh-y g*;/ c5,(dxoeqjpae $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal e :wx ps.eoj8*y-+z xlyquilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with 8yp* yjlxe wz. s+:ox-system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. W9h/)3ib d3m egynk:mrrt)fgy v82ib.fmh; 1q hen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the oug8fb v/3t3 i2dh1) in.rr9qmg)e khb ; mymf:ytside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li 9k 5m hc6.s+3rtnssnqr(p w/anear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a e bl) zok5vi+5simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togezi5 v5+)k bleother. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofte x95-(veq)fgy gx8mv u )z2ywln have a section in the shape of a U.mxqu yz)9- xwgv( el82ygv5f) Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in m-1ws4m3,6eldmuj txq i73wk iercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,g 3l3oak0nf-qj z o29a the mercury initia gqkzn-o2a9 jf 3a0l3olly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one sk *w3k1g d kg87hgqh-part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than8kwdhsk- gq h kg*731g adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coe59hlzck9;gy(bdrxjhc v;z s;qgx8 p4 + (5cimfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the iqykrj54x9z mh98dc+ p;gg(c lcbxv hsz ;; (5increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ( *beyrl:5 uqqe g8fesvk:7m4 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it ldcbn 8qf7l-/s bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up./bnf-lclqd 7 8 What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed ervs9dhk /r3 )(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum 9h 3kdr/ rsve)of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcsjazm jkq9 +-7e on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease 9s qjak+7mj -zif the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theoezk(;4 9g8zvg*ax emyry and the relation between average kinetic ener *m8gzxy9akv4(gze;egy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki()dq4s -n npjaq* ,x g9mp;hynnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 2h 5*+vxwsxfx6yc *r:uif6bg of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed6c6 dl8s0 z b.shnr2fh an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vshbzn 6sh.r8 l0f6c d2elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wk jbk2 09w4 ;oogd-3o vx4mhvshat can you infer aboutgs2 d oo0b9-mk3jh kx;wvvo44 the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor0q7pzdab5:xvh w8m9 v wc 5avsa86x7c table than a hot dry day at the same 59maxav 7:8s 56av8cw wpv7 b0qhdczx temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temcd+7si0 , vlm yf7nz-kperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity0 v on-1)zt4qw5uslb/bm9 x)he u g1eh is different. Which is more ohq-me1 /slvn)4wx bu1e5 gzt0h9bu) dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap orowyaf3 gg)s 3zo11 ii4k ..nrf an overheated automobile engine.rog.ki )43f wzgai y1.1n ros3

Why does exhaled air appear as a little zmny) 5m*-kmldelo-+ white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.i/z 8cal i69fz4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms y e3;h;ngq ozmlu6 as449qvf3 in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rq hm6z9;v4su4qa 3efg3yo;l ning of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is of)i7iev0 lt ;viten taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?it0 7ilei;)vv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturt2iyg/imsd-82s r0z 2lb;ep hv) m4nbes recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colp:m;zd yu-g+(arl1 lv umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 a :+l1(ly -; rpvgmuzd$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i:r-ivp8x fmm0jhk --ms built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buw, fan w6fpk p;:q*h,yilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°Cka,pyw ;w6, n* qf:phf) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lv;zqso,f 4w1sv2i .imarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in ;. 2mswqs z ivf,io1v4diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4- fqd9s qi+ipbdnv 58- $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumdszn:2gk 41 kie if it is heated 1zdsig4:kn k2from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 372l:; wi ,)5nluo l g2un:vx) rnfylas50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.a,d+v; 0fj9ien y872r mwiljt50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in ai,8fjl -ts 0y*j+hq lnq 0*;i:uavjlr ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containez towg0 r+33kvd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion iokw+gt0rvz33 s approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the j6 mlcesl7e:+v5rml8mw,g 8udensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient oa2ur g6w l5o -iwi:/buw0t/s cf linear expansioi6g25wucrlbowsi-w a/ :t/0un $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicn9chg62trci6j) ue 9t solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfec9 dcwnv l.+woi),cpf1wy4 z l+t time at 17wdp.w9+novywi c+ ,fzc)4l l1 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.3z+ecf/f4s- nra f9xwulv;6n The bulb has a volume of 0.-/ffls4 ;vze wafnucx39r+6n255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 mojr9+bzes8 bi ,5an/c is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings 89 zbb+c,5jrseo/ian with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.)a1:px8 vjfbb How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the te bx :)p8jv1bafmperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area zqid 9 tf m0ep/nj);:g0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1e-.*qn0f: llc 6c p.fr- lgoqme1*pd m34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on tjt(s167vcj fu/-ya5zm zwu. bhe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature* 2xz(h2ttt iw on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun w e5x 6 8o;84avzlskxgare about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr 6 hnpf-a90ga 1)c,w yfldfkm0essure and a temperature of ab-fk9g maf w0 6fdn1,y) plhca0out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of*wb8q bowe: 97a f.oju oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containk 3ijs1.wq 7a:csobt 6s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.vu4ee4t2;d q;rrch 5 w5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.is p,(y ug*z3ek2u *fj0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10r2,k efh,rcxdj6 6p 4q9m wc4v op+f.y5.0 kg of argon gas at 38j+6 er vpfcmcw d.9xh2 py,,r6q4k4fo5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of t6 mpsdyax1 3h2ov k;m.8, y/dsuas.p$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i wmfouw75 d r,jw,-2 -wicufy+ts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the aic- +,ff uj5rm2d7 oiw-ywww ,ur outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air aylg4.y33edzuoou/i +m/la 4p ./a cbliti ;-zt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at:vr,ru3ta8,m q 9fv gb 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes uzidm*y,5 vo()qwcp2sc(/r aa child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberw-pd*qifl w)/a ;,j nu of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecul*y dx9/y) qffhes?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofz2c86qt2 o ii3m9y ohy (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5/xy4j8e ocmksz:/ekh u e *g:2.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thbdqnca 8l**y ;at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu* lbacyd8qn ;*me the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetirq.e -qddsxwg7o21n/;; j dob2rcm+nc energy of an oxygen molecule at ST gcdorrsdq17o e/ nqmn;;w2jb2+-d.xP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf-hc8zd+wo/6qg l0mkia* ii z1 ace of the Sun at a temperature of about 60igzwdl zi6k 08*mc+/ oi h1qa-00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temwtym 6+d yn5x*perature is increanmdy w+6*yt5x sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of k qzt(zri k*woyiyt4)2s+ 8i) em/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cal)ttkwzqi) i*8(e 2yzs o+y4ir culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2l4j0b 9kfvmeds - s*b90.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is o,bi 6g4x u yz(ms16wbdoubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact b,1moyg6x (wzu 4bs6ior does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speeddlg-7n n tdt67 of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thtw q/9tux0u2m e ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio ofq2 09 wt/umxut the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ani2fm mpec 352dtv4yr. 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms-w/b ea 4ysugg.q),nd speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ato q( +u,wdoe6t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an arp:b;d 3lval7f;vif *mino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 fi;d3apb;lv lv r :7f*$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can ,c i 0o 7dsyr;f33d;pk9lapbf be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of 8(et3,gey,dy -c;cqjufhf ecv9/du; uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressub5zqco ;fu/yo,n2md /re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when 7d4/ :m lqks:r:xbvo0ltn qm-the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9::lk:o/0qbm-dx4 lmts qnrv 70 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5obr-budbt hq8m.o; )*s2 aa/h0% on a day when the temperature is 25 a28b.mb*q -otb dhs; /) hroau$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wate c6:n m;1ih o 2rya1qsc-rjnz0r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is wd, cwxpu )*ehup4adpt;t0, 0 rdg-* l0.72 atm, estimate thex* 4-hup)u 0dwd;g*pw,t pr tl0dc,ea temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wate e91md( u8xnjzr is 530 Pa aneuzn (9 mj8d1xd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial 9ut5 2 07 uzivaoa*yqeic4g3 bpressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insid s9b5gi 1 o fh6i1jq-aaov,k;beic,2pe a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tboa h11igcp,, bos6 e5-kjiv2i f9a q;emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6qq;o6 0wcy;p(bu b.ia80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin3zkw+n,s g662sge m k3vpga0g t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusx8 d g,(gmi:z:7ugcwf e a dis:8g7dw:fmc zxu gg,( itance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from.dmc - b 64r4qe ggee.ht.a b,heisb.4 the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andgeah6 .cgqd4eehtib4b- e,. b 4.mrs. has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure q70d624 vlijl 1ax zanhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape melq8* gc+ k:ae0unk(ri1a oc,e dn p-g+asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempo9(g8 i6ffamm11lb vcerature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, atmbvo1g i8 a1 (c6mlf9f 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliuma blyq -g8)wfa4 8k;om gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has;l-oy8w faakqgm4 )b8 decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rob/celp,bg9c b*k. 2scom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ic92lbkpcc,b / ge .sb*s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about oiz-ik6t +*(qu-vtxvj llxk +. ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecmf*d.f(4j./nf0 nochz by y 6ihniques is abouty*.m n nzidcf0 h46/by.oj(ff $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m93(qbuv gzxm7 below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he m 9ub7 (3gvzxqquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters 9 hz/n8:l-*ocw(r 9neyaz kftEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special matt:lhcoa(/ -9n9*wkr8e nfzzy erials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incremy9b 9k:r ue .iabaauv7z88o ze:84t vased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7+ km,gid8 z4v3wwca4b70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface oyu odj2yjl,8w/h3cu:f the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospwj j,:l y3ydu h8u/oc2here.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculezxk)jq ,khl8lqc)a) :u qu 7n0s contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitwlw6 .wucqwk)7/2qreiv ;h: s al has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if twq.7w s qe v2i;w lhrk:)/6uwche flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc0nfwd7jsk( 9vi*.uo .2ykayoury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0og jfrw2ws41qny -a(*$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s r/g/;ax(. hww7dwwfc ek9u:e equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar tq 9q:0xv/j/7 1n* w3u**o4kqyuu ttdhj zzabat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopv) +7 x1yzzwydh: yr 4fx+u nn-3c;h.jr.syvi ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a 8q)o0(zihvnn*ds r/jqz,or 3 pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthvzjch,at+c+ 2 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ve yuv:e:s,jbr 4hb*h4mkh ))gsrtically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown ghmbh, )4uj4e: b*: k)rhvssyat 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-di ;m1vo8w0+1 dvg g 9emtr1elmaameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cons md1tv+1leove98mgw; 1amg 0rtant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air 5 f rnim2 vjtqug5 5hjvh(674hon the following two days: hm u46tjhjf7 5(2r5q 5hvigvn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of nsz/1 d43dor(p d6 il;vt j2pgx mf2p.iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tem pdno/tg;fx.mp3lid vr14sdz 26 jp(2perature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurjc/g+r/ wr* es-f6 sivsp4 :bze, the coefficient of volume expansion* v:erfb wzj r+ /4-sgsicsp/6 is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pxp pue /0ps+)ba+wb1muj 9y 8yrevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house bbs/0 +um+yupy8j91 ewx a p)p(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg