Which has more atoms: 1 kg ofp *iubzhm56(ybnj i-clpt 3fk03ft7+ iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenh 6tfnu-*7p b5i3mfjit ly( 0bz3ckp+dix B.

Name several properties of materials that cod+zv-xf1x mxth en39: uld be exploited to make a thermomet-n+xz teh1xxv:fmd 39 er.

Which is larger, 1 C d6.r c/f2w om* iebp2f. :jtmy$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumuy5;+pr+ xwsv with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, anvp+wrs +5x y;ud C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe 0bk*ogs*x6rqg ;u;b+c w) sa w:xr,qrn heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on0* xr *w;)aworc6 ;xkgqu: rb+ssgb,q the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearai 9n59comr5u expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram og r2oj7 3oeaf1ys1 dy/gv8wp3f a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togethe/y3 y1r ga 8jw7dsv12fgpo3oer. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that aelpn+ -ybeyd bqmj704p-*a w:re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a bendj: + 470yw-mqa plbep*y-U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury afi* 2hh0;y7tq ibs8art 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasstz7l8 6qj2suji y3 :w/k(-.h 2wb yn1fv wnowg thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and th zty-bniwwv6 y22wq /n1g8h:jkw 3f7osujl( . en rises. Explain.

A glass container may break zhmdt vx-b9e*1k ,df/if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.b efx*k 1zmhdd9-t,v/ Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficgzpb(3/ spd h4ient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increbp/3 g hspdz4(ased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo8zl0vbvp ax +g38imqgggf1:9 ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its 48+u hyxi8sna bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not hx 8+8yi4 snaustand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say2 rugjmbb0g8cfy60u3 , by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it c0ggy2c68b 0u r3fubj mools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sp5 4r.sa dxos8nhere submerged in water increase or decre8.5axo dsnrs4ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fv97 ,ne1fgg .uobyic0k + brf)ollows from kinetic theory and the relation betwb)gy,+0 7.in rkuf 9bc e1ofgveen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki omi,qd ue5u, ;3md/etnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph jwe +xg3e1il4ere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an dy;);o o4u afzobject must have to l;yozf) dou;a4 eave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wh+c50wp+ dia* diuts9p at can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative ts+i +pp w 5i*a0t9dcduo the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hotl cuh :zktfvnn:0e+dc-,d4f +e86gfx dry day at the sam xt+k6 f:: 0 +vdfe,uhlcczen8d-gn4f e temperature.

Is it possible to boil watnx0c5/ kz* o7cldz9r aer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the h l9 aefs8q-cp)l /xt*bumidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at t/qbex8- lct 9sfpa*l)he same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an o5xh0q)fsl-r ixn 61ug9 o7dk sverheated automobile engisfqn k9iu 7l6rd5ho0)-xg1sxne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thsxym mifbx-1 ,p/i 62fe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.8t 7gzxt4py +7 bzhig)4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in ahg p(;x(cm,mw t2n*tj silver ring of the sameth j pgx*2n;t((cmwm , mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What m9uj w)) k7djris this on the Celsius scale?dwk 7m j9jru))   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowestd6e8 .nqxmcyg 9mm*dj qh640be xa:0o temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cy5.;e 2l .ynpn.gsi(vt0 l6 vcttop(column has length 11.82 cm at 0.ptc vv 0..e i.2ly5yn l(ot;sg(6pnct 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buimgh9ogz:ohaped4 x . ;bwr653:5wdj ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxijd(m0p/30t yypwo (qhmately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 0tjdmy (hpo3qyp/ 0(w25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used bm5in gp 5diqp1 85fij50j a4nand the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in n 8d if0j 55p4bm5gpaj5 iqi1nthe hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atqa+tckzud i7 //q+z) f 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will beg/)-q) /owhc nqhx0z j its change in volume if it is heated from 30h//c) z jnqw0)gqx-ho $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water aty n2j2(y/bdfmu1vrcg r2 ic .mj6:ho, 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate/ rzl syili)f3:jts7 -r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placymwq ;qs / ,6 mombm9rh-9-pan37uewled in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall dtke5kwg5gr8 -jj1/7h: jnwt y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion isw/tjrtj:157d n-jewg g k5 hk8 approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi2m4lk6imkr:n/ bs,oj8 umu2 ao5qy4f ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lic9u6) c*tmi3qq *umn 17pr )x wl1hzvength l and width w has coefficient of linear expmv mrl*t c 9pi1c17w)zh6 qqu *3iunx)ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol+d5 4n :-yhi/oojaemuxr)ni 5 id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps p1p i :m:db- cq;yw clv2wape*8erfect time at 17l1qip2c: ep- wv ad mcw8yb*;: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dis7 i,i obnk,*jry*cq 8/ meyv2ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o yrsvyo8b,,/c 2n7em q*jki*i f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrizrw:: ;e,0idrf hz05cwic6sql/ )iib cal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity i,cd fsiz:z5:qh);wiw6r 0 i/0 eblr c$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is reop s7: qlm *jppit7t03quired to keep it at tst 3 jppt0lo pqi7*m:7his length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofo p1aeagdh bl46,;rz9f+ pyp 9 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.9jbhm , cc64v4xefw0 i122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur p;6hi5 2 5ez,gu 8u,adecnasbes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature eg/ k+/uul p8xon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesrw6jqv) 7lug d u7o1wo om2p 97(.tcit in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a,u 8 c*ys/:1afiqm)scx7 *8ffmod uz c temperature of aboutud fm:qa7m )zocc/,fssx8uc81**i f y 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ix4l*ic a pz,s. t3x:ktbyi6tz12g ,codeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containih9l 5u:lcegt c*+c -ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen a3)3qj5 9)ofqvzgyx c($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli8e1y)nba x1l pum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside ad4 maa95xu;(oy y-a ch 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 -xmo 9;c a(5hy a4yudaK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0: ys5iy x s e*,:vaafc:y/w2sst vk+,u kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the 2k,dd)ya)6/et y voc d rcwbn22 k0na2air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose taed),6 y)kv2 ac20kw b/r cd ontd22nyhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 r8iy*yr9g; a l$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ez7vi8nc:krd //3ohh $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.ylnua c7.4s+ wd6qpord6r/ p9 0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number .fc c kln*g78tof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? ag3 tcc-(u :8v 0l, gpzqh6ota   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mog8pcb *2b,q yl 2wy;ioles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum*opwix5: tozybk 9u;0e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that 4hgt8nk n,)pf2lgknu;n+k 3vmz 7r x4 were also k k n3znuf,)+247gvknh lrxg8ntp;m 4in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinet e*ifq7v,b c yg/jas5r,b,4hz,o /uxmic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP,ar,mbh,i/ xf u,*/jvc ey54sqz bg7 o?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium asehxvs j n5+)ks268k:1 bmnx ctoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 ns1b5 )cv:nh mskse6+jx2k8 x K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of g y+ice6m2s(vlas molecules increase if the temperature is increased ms+6iclvy( e2 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, pv xesg,*w ej*i(wk)- 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tkeepw* ,-*ig)jv w x(she rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas o jjz/jcevd*2-b)0 jwat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wvhxblpm y jdb3qy -)w :j3):6zhat factz3b6hxqy jp-:3b:ldy) )v jw mor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isz8tm,a 1znd1 j;wl ls,k-ah/j given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s ya5q))p6)5ps w dxhc1hxtk a9ame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of ahq)51x s9 xwd p))k65htpyac the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed 5co oazu0n6g4ib9jz+ of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen myci z:- e lk83gu7la0gllo(8z olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules aev n6hu3:fg b)t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ax a)m:m(8fa: gr kvw1wn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinwawv1xmfg:)(r:8k a mg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P o6r+bb v)ummzf9 s2g7 jf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uram u0o5/b5bi 5d4u qy6cnf )kqmnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in c)lvzv, me**c (l hdn9what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturg x4owd:l ju0b6b-e+ .m)a qe7jc)hpye is (a) euxmw).y 0b)4oj qd-+6bphg e :7ljac 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is fai(fl px23s3a m4c31ex ocs*50% on a day when the temperature ifc*aoc41 ss3im x33x lf p2a(es 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereyh+pd9; hn s5ua-e)h5qp /jk a water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in th0wndx,wbpu zy d/28 wu:zb57fe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wd 0,bbyu7 xw8pw:fz2d/w5nzuater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water iu *+gnnmwc qe)iq2;mbf8 i.d;s 530 Pa and the relative humidituni; d*iwbq q g;mf+n.m2e)c8y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure q lzwub:o( d1u/ls+obd kib.3/m0 3iqof water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boildjqw;rey 96 e sep x+49o6w-lsing dy- w6re swej4; es6l+pxo 9q9at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v9kz3jf/dt7j) de71e bt/ wcgholume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointnhb 1n(h)wmqq /wp4 l: of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule ( ov7xf-r (b2w jq4j1m zw7wmd.i )qnv+see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disjm)(-w 2fb 4mx1jq 7vn zd7oriw. q+wvtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insecto )dgb7+akpx1 t dw*6ws to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea p bx7a)w od1ktw*6gd+is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu4z kj-lg3,-cca 2v1sqy hine,re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calg fqxt5mkp/ ;+ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te /bfh wglx.ow:7 w*h dt;+p,pxmperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watert7;dw .f,bohw : +glh*p xp/xw, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bt s2z i: mq1ccf2szd+wwh e7/o,-4zofalloons have been blf+c2,-mqs4oz ihs:wo7 c1e/z fzdtw2own up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6nqzl ay7*vg. oc3h5a2.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2n.3h7*a 5lazqgo ycv2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom persv nt3g(uxci(k2j-tk *s3s/w $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesxw )xr-kc. p2c is abocc2k -p. xwx)rut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ful b+p5ya0hvbya m o6m:3l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisa5a 6o: 0 bvh+3ymabmypble?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp .6k+dd; g 5o 9vl1rrascwll3hhere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be m sa3;1lc9+hrk 6d rl5wolgdv.ade of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11ian (l 07,ep ub88i5paw+cxtf0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of k;m+ qf9 ina(p79gkn c770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph 699pjj9 gpgmkeric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculep96pg jkmj9g 9s in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a/awy 0et ch96a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pres8pci jnal9d.s/ us79rwjh 5a- sure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric presaw 7n/lijs. h sr9-9pc5d aju8sure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu ibhkuxqft ypb p6+,hk08b989 id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ajb:b yz5a)l+f8mgxsa 5zhkgg 3.g ) 2mt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around t6-cfcdjl hbs9*9di9 whe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl3 3xbh-tm 0al5 sjj7aky onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopteduihp8-;m cu,mm pc*+ v:ko)um in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, q1d vig s*e/y)c+7s + f),bz3c u2htzyckb :tvhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earmb+g0av hxx;2d(ow:uld;s0h vx2t2 vth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grdlraq4 6z 62psr+zk5a-e 2jcs3 2ihe xavity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls pe+ 6d xzs5232 2-e slkhrrjc6 azaq4iper second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dea5q18ut z t;j56ql(ianr i i3mpth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?al(ziqt;1 iua5i3 qm 8tj nr56    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor p45r/n,0 hzk vj.vhjaxressure in the air on the following two days: /.kvzr,a0n 4vj hxj5h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wp scgb4 8c(+)g fg.ujghen it is a solid deep in the Egggf s)u. 48jbg+( pccarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show tha.3c h7dg*e2b pn fd*hxt, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equg7ehp *d2cf3b*hdn. xal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot anh6d+vmt tyw;(nwxd( (f 27lvxt5 vp9z d mildew. If the znlvtd h5v w t9wfxxpt (y+(d62;v7 m(cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg