Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 ksm59kedb 4e,u g of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appemuseb4e d5k9, ndix B.

Name several properties of materials) dy6x7hndpr3 6fmb4d that could be exploited to make a thermometerndd6xm 3p746h ybd)rf.

Which is larger, 1 C a 3hpvavke/58 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in t 0gmdq-,yp ;r9ld p(aehermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about temqp (;09ydp r,-alg dhe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strit*w-r- 1 m gahlq)v lv nvd3oa6p*s((np of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 1g -a t1 ams*vpdvq-nl r*lv3(n6h(ow)3–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansi7:+lh krrilcta:/b,as7 x,zv on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used lfhc.c,bs v9 5to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flb9h v scf5l.,cow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are flq seb/j4 xr89s(mv0 rixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Uxms(eq9 jr8sr vbl 0/4. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer yk*7 vugo,it/cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-e u5;qa9)jfsn pn- zc5glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the me u; j zfsaep55q9n)-cnrcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is : cr ,z( unj+8jwiokx2heated or cooled more rapidly than adjac(wx:jj+rcuokn 2, iz8 ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue orw dv 2mc0g3m*f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistan*wmrm3c2 0gv dce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac 0;fe +.x3n*vwj ,dgxrmdq.p z fq*n1ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause 4) 7 o*aqfc1r ijewcp6its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeneda 6cfore)7p c*1iwqj4?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a x*v1ho)w +hdapiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what hh w1*o +xhdv)aappens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sx( aj5b gc+cdjer6- 7jphere submerged in water increase or decregerc 5j jj-ac+bd7x6 (ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Chcu8 + rr mwsz;5(9vyvrarles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betweevzy8m c srw rvu5;(9+rn average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follo-sln:7xi 4f emws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of 2kb w+vvj08q1 n5h tx3zwbcv ($N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mu/td/q;xis wuwz v11g)st have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pr1)v 1d/qxw ;iu/g swztactically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at ros hxh ei 2laz-* b-bqa(.b+uu.om temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relati2 ailq bzb*.ae . xu-u(b+shh-ve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabltei )ae qb4oro):1db 17mzmm0p tt;4oe than a hot dry day at the )r ;14b 10m4)d: topotzm iq moeebat7same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (n;b- ki)y4 t,cynxr;xoqr l;w;a3sd; 20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dlq *yv5/ ac(t g)ln8zkifferent. Which is more v(5knyl cqa* glz8/)tdense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the ra j32xw8jbk ze,spb0h1diator cap of an overheated automobile engine8jb1xkzwb ph 23j0,s e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fi:oj0-zqd4m.1pfsn 1a lito x c;/.ixwg. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra a*o kge:.qc,)k6wbti m copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparegdh9 nr; 9o;k-f+*6cr3 du2pk jtfug/xj g-cv to the number in a silver ring of the +h;/* dj-- c3gukfn6jr 9fvpt o k2g9 ;guxcrdsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce4ya d5zlq3vc* eg/ydu;x a6b. lsius scale?3*d4qvdg a axyc 65;bz/ e.lyu   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest an-7u v3lvn o,jv qn5k;d/m gix/g;z0x rd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol copxu oktma; +wmmv(k t,8(.yo)qlm y. 6lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0a8xo()yy l pt;kuoq(k. v,+6 mm twm.m $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12p 7elm(wehb19ya.r1 k m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtgvf4 ly31cjua-;l(i i iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betw;a-4vl (ufc1 i glj3yieen July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger7esf0f ez4t bd7k9i *m than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is plaid07 9sz4e kmf ef*bt7ced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4. ff r:d)wgt xf-l*sie57,qhd $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametyf6++ ys2ybc8r :bpp.w:r mvter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated f tyb6byfrp2.+ :sv+wrc8ym :p rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brl.,0c py josx4im with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ai2 ,r w66j9)deqahce of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m:5tjt5bw/0a.vexl n)o 1 yjqbade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exn*i u td*c /bj/emr1w8pand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear ** /cmeu/ j1ndtwib r8expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dsu p5tam m(3+4 cl;pievwdfza 8 1*i )aj-d;lpensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length,xxj f(k6fpk9 l and width w has coefficient of linear expanp,kx9kxf f6j (sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic m )/6qkzpq oo(anf)r;solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect t0f4 m0m ot1rgm pp5zc;ime at 17001mc4 fom p5trmpz;g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d6d0si;v zvfth0o i*1 uiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 0htiv ; vzd1uf06io*s $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.:dlo5mf+ kz;vt+u rhbljl*9 0xh*m;q41 m is rotating about its axle on bz;m *hh9j:lldqmu;k f5l r0*tvx+ o+frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenge l:xjd1ewosg s34z99 th when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasese dw4so9:zlg391 sjex to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectixhhwy+pj:3jn7 ng:stwg7z pj9fwr13y-q ;/ aonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a7um3l.gsajq npw)2/2b w t+wvt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tejruk;z6*y vvvafytd 8-ap 85* mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit s8jwjil k5vhvm x3k)1gk ciel*)r;/q9 cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the i fkgs o13i:i)jelf u;8nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospherice (; t6f8aoqnc pressure and a temperature of abouttaqo ;e 6f(c8n 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. :1x91 8hbxppl ux7shy   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k+o tlg )(u+bdjg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen pq0mot+8r ,m8tis 2c7xg fvnb -4pr(z($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.1.isdr7i c0l6i lhx,4rb p,j9/glhcf 0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside axycg ee4 7ijbbd+4 sa+zh*l// 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K c4zg+i/*eej/l h47dsabb+ xy?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k 50 tze7hl0 fvmen;g7,bpa1 hued:ii5 g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatt:88n bf. gvt:jmo(dbing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ounmb t:b g8v:o. (dtj8ftside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1ks cc mprkn5h/ nhz,. v)9xaa538gor*5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen pky1 g8dru:y;wbt. j4at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2g oft7n 94-zox0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesei+d*e.0ed h, 4x5tsg *elfml / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manys8rw;q pzg4:s molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o*1 q2vt a*3fq nh+neilf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.f g ahpn;4bg3nk+r0h 81$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are indaeu;f)p6 k9,x +gsy*6zi5gv/pit zuq ws4m6 each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityiiv 9 qx*udema6s6u/zw,sg+;p) ftp5 4kz y6g.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetixxq74s3 e6cs5nd l/dy ;ww1c ic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? cd/ w;x 4 1w3qx7c5i6sy lnsed   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of x jx,4 y).c( zg-eiuoai(o0x6wt,q cphelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6epx 6co ota 40)xxywcziiu gj ((-q.,,000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speap6lo kht3z2.q5l 1wxed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrxl p. ho 2w6l1zt5a3kqeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fk9 /y eafb(z67wmq hh9etu.3jollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed wyk 6ue(a9./3f7bjhmqtzhe9. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a8ni,0 we;3b axw jh7ait 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hktvotzc fk8j.:: uw.g+ -z/. oj7 hsyteld constant, by what factor does:z.t:v7uyjkh .8tk-.t+ / wfz ocgjo s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by )caza/1df 834 80jsdukr5nqh1x oezu $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rkww-n .8k,qv3fpq/sg *hbwu3, zx2mqatio of their rmsunsqwfwk p3w,-3q8h* 2qmzbgv,/x k. speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inpw 4 v8dlc/g17 b,dymn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed aaiq.g soi:(/qbu: u7u) wc*xof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog37zo f1:o 0ykxr :xjdnen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecula h;q*1dvs9feyr mass is 89 u in a living cell ay1 *9v dqfhs;et 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrbk + )+bif4bk -cxf 2p4ahvdex94vfz;itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu f.x44fn1;ly6 qcwoxbg y-1a klb49rc m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phf q *doo un/zq,+pp89aases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the d6kj quxlnyc 3 4f1r* x1o:jm0temperature is (a) yqnl1xrk 3c xjj1m*u0 6fd :o490 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a ugp1l l35:fiiag-i)b day when the temperature is 25 p 3i1l l:ggfabiu-)5i$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9-27qu ) fyyehc 1f4fsy0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a lhymj8l,3 .b jparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watlb. ljh 3y,jm8er boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure oegsd7ok1o;) + vb8vgpf water is 530 Pa and the relative hum7 k8 +1;)svvpdoeggobidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2nh5izn(av00ud,qsv- lk9 ng9 5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wad a7dzxwak:euy5t)6bzrk ,)bnv,u: 6/vgm4 fter is boiling at n:5 edm6/ bzvvku:4yaa,rf )g)k6x,ut 7dz bwa temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in as5 5*jh/ l vbiim+ykl* kfed,9 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of l/6zukv.a4n) 6v8 au5cxg2eet +q rut 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dbp4a7zu754r .pz g4ma hoi*b ziffuse a distance of 154mz5 hazpbuo i*4r gz4bpa 7.7 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inrw73ba g):cdvw,nr:osects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cro wao,d7v: w3rnc)r b:gss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2l +d fc)gd6a0 1 qgr74y sjbugso/*mz60$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur yyvkf2,h6* t5kx2t ele has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How ehdap (-ej3jle8:.n 0u*+ f6v nixvii much error will be made il+n8uivijhjfeva .x dp*i:e-e3n ( 6 0n a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heli2bhy zf :s0zx,dh4y i2snlesm.8.0m uum gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the by20hx n,sym . :4esld8 zsu0fm .izh2gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of len hilr+fyc3- (fhu(rm1gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 ur+r(c hlh m1 -(iffy3m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterx *ktrl/ 5)qqs- 3xljm is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t.x-ewau 7qy zpkrm9, ,jqzg3/sa w6n 2echniques is abox-qw,6u9p, n3asjg akm.we2rz yz7 q /ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity jd6u2 xdzdd1d / uukrdpx 51sh6sk-34of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose t6 dxp k1x41u ddzkuu-6s3j2s h rd5d/do the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of .b i8yw9br/-nvhf4p vlrb - r4about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperaturewb4rbn ./yibvp98rr--l4 vfh ? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isjm3 ,ok;1sn-3 khthe o increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of lcyooda40i sa89;66 yr*tdtx 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmjw1g pn,vno4 (i/ afx1ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a(a1w nixn pv/4,ojf1gtmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed6t)e9mh+cb2 fd 8emmzvyy l: . of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure -zm gg8(pf7*/ di6qda xqc ku.= 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurucmi7dfk-.a dzg8* 6(g/q xq ped at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercu7 8o;vt)drc ss, qm*oary at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline u 41gs,dzi6wgkblr5/ at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly a6 acu:of1 zm98ab fdx-6yi6elround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass 1vwcyc :l4 a af.a;wp)jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,+pc9iua-oqz- adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at e-olv0;5gdznv;f /m g20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro501t8wo g rzye y0ic vi):d0yxm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended4kg-uh vl w)1ewv1ty7 against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumwg4-1ulkt7e 1h) yvw ving they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0eef6r+y0 g 9tbal (kp60-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lar+ r(6 kab 9tpf0e6geylge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two daywx,xq w 3amp yx +i(3d12zf/bzs: p +zmi3xw/xz(a1w32b y,f d qx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i5mzdjk 08*5vxuqc/,hj +vkdv s a solid deep in the vj,+ch85mv*dq 0vkxzu k5dj/ Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show 18 ng ox*k1f2-rik ajzthat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of v*o1r2g1k fjazk 8-xinolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.