Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alicyj) v4.ia 5yuminum? See the periodic table or Apvjac i5. i4)yypendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coulyf*2(qjr s a 524rvzj *y9qsvyd be exploited to make a thermometev5zsjs9r*4jyqr2qyav yf2 ( *r.

Which is larger, 1 Crxusmc ;l:9y 0 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th4dx kw ct ra+(ng0e,4mermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, anad 0,ctgx +mwe4r4n(kd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to dl0xa5*p-nv0pda v: )yhvqyj3*sq y +a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend:p q 0v*-+av5 y0dxlhpv yadqj*s3y) n. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiegphh090rnle ) nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diar:h8)b k4k8jsz1tng ttvt *t6gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metalth 8:nk bjsk* 8tt tt1r)zv46gs bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secti774hrhrd 5wuk /)nfrs on in the shape of a ruhhf)7rr n dwk 5s7/4U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merci1 br2pylde05 )bz/qoury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in 6o2fkt nu-k t 3sooco;8/zo8n a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explaiozook-/sto6 2unctf88k 3 no; n.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more raztqqmq)n)lvf wa, vnu5jvhq :j1jfb ;l 4 1-1:pidly than adjacent part-j15m1wavv4 tf,j nb:l))uqhfvjz1l:n q; q qs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ofx,f5zfqn-e :+vva/ gr linear expansion is much smaller than that :v /,gzer+vf-x5q fa nfor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate 54z 6rkfdj-vtat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wwg x;03ew,gs(ifuk1- y oik2mill not stand up-;k0w gg( kio y2iu3f,1e xmsw. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidlwgi 0j ssx lkut4(/u.49.yp5wcw*oe qy compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in parsj e(4clow w4i5p9qw/0kyt*g. su. xuticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasepr9wr,uh+pey1( rom7 or decrease if the temperature is incr9ypmwr(hr or,u1p7e+ eased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kiq 1l4p(,g awhenetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute te p q,ah(wl1g4emperature.

Explain in words how Gmwy8xiucc,6: ,y 9ghnay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rat8ql y8,z1hr cy 5nwi+r10djfcio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anubi q e7pgk7q1exr*qz2. k3 .h object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosph3ui. z7q1.k kheq7 x2qrbgp*e ere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What caz*9(sa)w6yr 1x mohco7vg( ofn you infer about o x 1whma(fo(r csyz*v7o 96)gthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable.frcu/- :+d0fif7equyum c+w than a hot dry day at the samredcu /7f-y+wu. +f:fqu m 0cie temperature.

Is it possible to boil thlfi (w3plnj , l5+i-water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the h2+9r)ue hp(cqyk9d hvumidity is different. d)y9(pk9hvur+2h qec Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is daq/smw7ca 7de*x(xb d7ngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.s7dcmb qe7x 7wd/x *a(

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintebo 0ryl ;(ubb;r (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram col*en x (j(i4t zu0,agupper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gdtbe79 ;ra7j fold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masfb7;9 ajd7rets?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takw4 vg . )j0udriahwe0/en to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ahwi )re /ju.40gdwv0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13rgny g.r eow7*39ymq ju) n(b-6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,ar3szda0 6 z8f n2uol) the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0zdu 0 3n28azolfs r6)a $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 3 t84wtldpp9e $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300h( 9ss+uam f)a m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tem+muss9)h (afa perature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole aq1 i 3 w4f*w7ykbxti./ 2krfuidgp53mre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hpw 733 fk/*.mifb5g 42dyi ir1wqtxkuole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at )g uhx :hwl7gzfc:7b/4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamet;1w1ixd si d(zer. What will be its change in volume if it is ixzd 1sw1 ;(idheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.w:*a:gueor4mh ( m )7tpuq ,od0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 0j veu s46zfj429x 3 u*wbaep;jn9attmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mas(ve7gk ffq 45de of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cax,.:( ammg mvan expand in essentially one g. mamvx:,ma( direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change, 9jfn+x o;orp in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient g6vj79aa9j .+ndhsc n of linear expdj79njv c9agna hs .6+ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solqilv4;jyl1 rqp-s :. jg3aun/id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gran jqd*m;ov;5jtdfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 jm ;*jodt;q v5$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomete93 d8af td28 eypmr8,ydd*iof/ (ytxu r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has 8ad 8t /mrto9*p ff2yde(d y,y8diux 3a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a9c)p3kz v3 lol+:h drobout its axle on frictionless bearings d +oo3)c:kz9lpv3r hlwith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stresfz1e:(i aguo4h w47tm s is required to 74(wfhaiz:1etm4gu o keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio zjuj9fgle3w w39of6- dsf:*j nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atvt nm2qlivi0e -;ym2q/fv *4 l 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempera u/m 8r;zviav0tures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit 5;nucgjub)m payf2fn 4 -u*f 6scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inteae y 1;vozi)- jacu28xrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem a2 gm..5 uni1h+bwyg/g q -x6rdssdd2perature of au .sna+6 gw2dhd/gm -d.g br q512iyxsbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the np+c2z v/u -s:edm,9yiii m0c ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro:xbtm9 h7 hcq2ga: feo0sl y;9gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenlyn4fq-yie vx,0 z(09dzcwyph 7a;x * ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i e leq80bxmq9,s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0v4 f r8z0b vpg9ox+*pr-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K xoprpzb v0v4gf*8 +9r?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 tanuw,*- 4 xtekg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves iwf qjl2g2+t:;du, uhits buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo2jw+q:dht,f2u i;ulglume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air o+r) qawfhv8go /(j)nat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0fl 4x2ca4 ou 6:tj2rgl $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cheg,;j pnhn-f ;7m4pewild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / tr 3cg6,s:.lxfhn1u n$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watavw-mvzj7 n j-j a,qd5z/4 7xber are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o .8)lfhos1bxksj t:p-m4 lqq: f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 gu6y.gcnlm f3wh(sm 4yeugi-0uz0*t,alg ;3 $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that :mo c ld22f;h flvg+s,,,ohwr were also in the last breath Gal 2chw,fm: 2r,ol o,sg+;vhfdlileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kine jdf nx*kfi 5eb 31f81b.ct yl:bld(6wtic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPd * fbc :lx5jewf83i1 kntdbfy6b1l.(?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf+2nht j(hvqzokt1m 5(ace of the Sun at a tempera htqn(k 5z(1 jm2v+ohtture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculekg(zxb5 4 fm9ms increase if the temperature is increasef xmb4 m5(kg9zd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sppgl-8s b* b odn31u k8yij:kxx*-ihx (eeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, n iyk 8sxbjd-pgxh (*k8- i1 3lbuo:x*0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.x / 00nxasa3rx0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan)a lrfksz*.0wt t g((*lvj8)1 dqfuclt, by what fact*cl.z ) d1ttqg*8((akl)ffswvr 0 j ulor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gawasq icr1fq ryvbl; ++yaa; 6)/2afq9s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rats5lcb7u/zb s4io of their rms speeds is equal to the inverss clu s5bb7z4/e ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8z3,e4qr .tsmy p;.snm.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul(yv 3exy6 oz1(. pqjxsiviq: ,e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen 7qlwu30 8rke4fi99s., riuvj prfq j .molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of g .,rx5mufr, t/6 kopxan amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell xr,mok gx/5u, t.p6rfat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtj;ade urd/a ch+y;(.uen P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium ia-f2:9cn j dqsmb59)j eali jukn1-;, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, qbbcjt cz6 1jo+95-ps in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase ws+s-lp+5 wcbajab3 cl1(t .rqhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9c-t(qlw s 3+j p5lbra+ac1sb.0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when ttiui2m;fa +6 )u my3ethe tempuium;t 3myt)fa+i 62eerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watombt j08:pah3 ts n4kdg.m8g5er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.ruo o8j6+hvav8,qv 7r72 atm, estimate the tempv 6ou8qr,hj8o7av v+r erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatuep9os b/n7,t5qs 8cb.bnec wkh1 y0m1re on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative b1.p e1ks n5h/ec7tbysm wbn q809,o chumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is -gs6crrdxrofpf5 t0 z4,p 57v 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside m ;i2t-5gnd4zvpl gp +a pressure cooker if the water is boilin;-g5i 4ptgdmvp+ 2l nzg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu*sf) xlas1(9o mv/7 wlxqfhq3 me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oft9;cqhlz9*golf 2 nc 4 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fdqx(4z/z vg5s or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a diszv/g5q4 dx(zstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tifey esbzp:/(-a)i r nn :to9l(ny tubes called tracheae. An aver se:/elr( p t(-f z9o:n)ynaibage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate *hyxiu df8i6kqm:9u0c hed9pb .u(b7d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measo6k 5ttw t(b4jk 1kbt.ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tew:r/5+o*n98jgi biu iek2d pa mperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 809u e/ p5+:a2b ikiw8do*ignjr$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball2rbme tkilm,9k ls / 0hrx/umvj 3j*0)oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrkru/ l)l*jt m0029vhesk,mj3/ i mb xreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air m s n9iihv*qror ,9z/hd a::h9iolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t: :h*n9q9rdoa,i/sihz v rh i9emperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density dwln*iw:h7l x1o ;w2e of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the j1995fkha:vq3g16vog p xlh h best available vacuum techniques is abo1xv 63vg1h: a9fp5kl9oqjh hgut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills*wvl2+ -hd n:5k3 gk 6e;*mstsaerzsi his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?d6 **ra e 2i+5zkk;tes3gsl whv:-m sn Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphgo3i wg r+;do+a2rob3 ere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a go+rod+2 ag33bo riw;bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of anz(dwyt 44e +zb ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of tad;-l9 ns,mky9avi/+( wmqk 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphe i+p* c*t0omliric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numplc*m*iit0 o +ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in aa; (m3 rx;8qj/cs jhth 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder ofvj.h j*we)fsgf +04 uf oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and a hv0 fewf )jjs+*u.g4ft T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0vbt.5*h3uivz aeq: o9$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin2 jpw),agf +809gp8lsecwkw/ +0lz1t ii k qese at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’spi .+.+isauo c equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atb)2ow1,qhw y4 ,dc yr 15vyeg0)pqt zy 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aauft5g9o+b 0 edopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has at*w 1l 9(qnpe3 )wb5(ata bgyx pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from1q/dmqpz fl2 kjsk/)oi2+;ws the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te,2q)gx1 p e1f5akbypngtz1/ znnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secon)1gft5g,x1zne p azy/ b1kp q2d must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3bct ,wta v- j q74vx/1v8kp3qz.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth twk3- c18v avp vq,7x4qjtzb/ of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two te kg,4+u2o frdays: f2o4 t+u, ergk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent low+rpyt6724ua e*thdifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200al+wo r6*h u4 t7etp2y0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga*l(pbohxxjnl*f,4 c6 l4*+ k ;p ivltes at constant pressure, the coefficient of voevk b*(4h,jl6p*t*nlx xc l; lipo+4flume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent qs8e ljl/w/f2: r lrl3rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at :fe/rsjl3 ql/l w8r l220$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg