Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminumxhcik: c509lnj5,k s, cue0qm? See the periodic table or Appeq:0i9kxuc5l, m5snjk ,c 0chendix B.

Name several properties of mag 48 bxc+fjw/kqftj 1.terials that could be exploited to make a thermometegktx/j1 f+ bfj4w.c8qr.

Which is larger, 1 Ct5)3jt v fiph( $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermaluqg/,;hs/-5wh a nxgc equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of casnguhq/ /5wx ;gh-, A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rvw968o /iruvl ph 6ih1 yvps.;iveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on ths6.9i8v;wr phup ov/y1vh 6ile outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan:3j2e7 kpoiwdulp m20sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control x9i sxnqdv -;.r8zds).lh 63iol1;- o mbszf da furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electrid -fszhd) 1b3. v -zs9m6o idn;x;lx.qlsiro 8city when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in7*ziw(-xg9j) +po ns2hikxw k the shape of a U. wwpkozj*s+h-2kg7) xn 9ii( xWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats ,d ;le ksdi/m4jgmakb;oo46 )in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gluxz q*ja/ 91fq n6o1wjj(bu( fqi2f8rass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, th6z2r1fj(aq( juo* wxi9qfuf8bq1n/ j e mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hlancn ,* 0e5w11g rvyoeated or cooled more rapidly thaa1 vogn0r5wencyl,*1 n adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass ig fr ahoe- qjep+13 (o.qnz:jfyko.+5s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much -zkpo3n5h(+ :jqy1.rf+ oaq.ee jgfosmaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac -b f ohb2.kzyt7+clum:)8uez curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgr; 9qb4 w9f ordicgy5jt1e0 (ie so badly the can will not stand up. What hrwb0f d9; iyr 9(c qg1tj5oi4eas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatuo4 +ev5+ bx+9wryp t8lvwo +mnre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules xwo5bmo++py+9n 8wl4rv+vet when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subme )kb:3jo adtf1rged in water increase or decrease if t 3kjf)bo1:da the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and rt: s34 t--hum y2wv9y:krska the relation between average kinetic energy and the absoluterys:-wvy2:k4hr39 tsm tu- a k temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from q1/1x tw g*jr:l+ elomkinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o9dud0e 7k mseef79t6sm;lq8jb5 uj; cf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have t:) x.f5ipa2kz ai;p m:qsjey 7o leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pracie.ia5sym27:;pfzq )p : kjaxtically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water ati/p /.ypdh :/:g-r-f.g 4 gnowzgl(hy* dhshk room temperature. What can you infer abf-gyg whn.lirhd:/ :*-(zsgo dh4 ./ p khy/gpout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortg gg. e,97h-cq yt:u2l2ysh vf( vbtm,able than a hot dry day at the same tempera mue:bts(v.,,q92g 2c yh7-vhgf g tlyture.

Is it possible to boil water atw7av hfa:5,fn;hh5 or room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidi nnoqavb,*t+bp ny )),(ftx g/ty is different. of tpa,b /+(t)yvx nn,bq*)ngWhich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thekq ujn 016oc)o (-v qv-ibpw:p radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.bu- 6p1 -q wc(0q)viojvnkop:

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterfe:0h kfv h5vw* :lux: (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pqr6h (i58zs hu38ah tlenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comrjafd7;1 cz+ opare to the number in a silver ring of7fozjc da +;1r the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiuse xt(k(0:e rn0b9xhzf scale?(fb0nheek r :zx0(9xt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136m1)/v)b8dm7qztr83k gq,)8 y u o)cnrar tqem $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column pfemm e.6jjh16y+n*h has length 11.82 cm at 0.* hme6jjm+. ey6phfn 10 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo3idk : ag z )a2-dwfjmo6l xqv2o71*umng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron km pt4skesth5e ;p0n;iu 4 :6sapproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temspu450n6ieekstt; 4 hp:k; smperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ai5 .5le u4bhq/lp ,fqjq*bz5 tre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry u,i pq 5b/jbhq l4fe5ql5z*t. ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 41(s)dx h 1l5k5c wkdtw6 dx6lb $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whatrzflm;l3 8 fa9es-rbp; 8vl2es pv, o5 will be its change in volume if it is heated sl;es 2,9l ;3f fre8z l5ma-pv8pvbor from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t5jg0a3(c(9u mwxei)x vq0 zb 3ill0+zuzf+lfhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5,g8 0pfu: gpn4dx+hvp 5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bf h.jj6f:/wfs, 9s nxae placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow9hhipba+g7 f6c zmv:6 b*nb;o vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is ap; gbzb mn+hov6a6*c i7 9bfph:proximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in to7buoi cs*,w8b4.ofdhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w 5jx(1 vcwbdn4* kcsu) has coefficient of linear exps)4n(c x wc1vbujdk*5ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solimxa4hdb3 :d z+d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tim, w- zttf p43.m k*o0vo*:gza pxvsd9te at 1fp9*,odtokp03zv4w xs -v. at:z*mtg7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercusc u+:u0 pe,rxzqv i(-ry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumqczvur- ,e0(pxi+: use of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical y4fegfj8fnj: ;21 nnvwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocit gf2vnj jny1f:8f 4n;ey $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the di,5p- g9) svpws(epwq esired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature5 (9gsew vw ppq,ps-i) increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ( x+:x;:rrdggaf8kcuxj xmu1w/ k3b .of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter sovyw z4)0 7el134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur+t2i7dwm b9xj+ b9sxh es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale7:gbdt g4yog3 ?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesc8wi/ kqs: af+ in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr.k t +jrftwo8.essure and a temperature of 8otrw jf. t+.kabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using lmq( *hn9mfk w0xvrmcc4819qthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg3f-mn-q 9b gtw of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coo)u -r0jk mbgn* :wb.bntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at t:( qi,si./vu+wmtfk+es+l 0j f+hu e 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a *4wj d;*q4a43 yyc w rdqt 1if.ojtzt6 nfo71a35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 q4w i3zw af.*atdc*jojt 1f;r 1q7ny46dyo4tK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oo.r3 2uu5krr)mt my kkha-:l h oe9,m;f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insideys 4smny1 :zgs (nx-p* the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bal(z1nym *xp4 sg n:-ssyloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a dpbk -i 0fl)1if;xef2m-wt/kir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 7o ;8 j jml(fx*deef-j18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes t(kfk()n)owp itqu a+j:*p p2 a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules fa y94u p2xvmb/gu;c4i/4uuf / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar oo7mn.:jrej c8ma+2a e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesxc8. u*+kuteq 1eru 8e,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume1nj g2*yo .psx 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you /2shhp xud jp32zs5p(inhale that were also in the last breath G35p (js/ 2sh xz2dhpupalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen msvdhi54fy-c 8be3xy / olecule at STP4y bvcd5sxi ef3y-/8h?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spe)yi:lgdvr/ 9ib/ev7uomxdh hl c2 ,*+ed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about m, e/odill2 ih r)ug/dh+v*c:yvb 7x96000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa)t/u wacv8u h ;tc+gn9se if the temperature is i9+)hvgt t8 un/cau cw;ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, wey-c 9zv0 e2w6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, w -v0 y29cwzee3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gf :9byz:1 pioh/,y l e:)nix8jhsyql-as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while i, vk.8jok;lpldy q6*rts volume is held constant, by what factor dopok8 ;6dyr.*v,ql j kles $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed )r/ac 52rbs6jclb dv1of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temp3s:.by1mb/phv f )*bzp +d;,y plxsxkerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the s,x .lkhpyyp3*)sx1bbvb + zf:m;/pdinverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contarm4qv 7n vlfjc 2h0h1dh :m*:4ryx,aa ined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 )p cpkx :5ebtish.wvh.f2c(3$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog 8h0kkw6ifvh24 u uc4ven molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mol9 ky09eqkrg 9oecular mass is 89 u in a liqo g90y9k er9kving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can fp 1/p m9k95u1kjuwncbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranirobjz :h,/h,), lplf*s p)/bi hf5huuum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w1r6cgbvm7(6i em,q dnhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure,6foc0wqgu . t is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 g.t60co uw,fq$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity s-3nds)2zr djuc ) (mo- x si0pdp9m1kis 50% on a day when the temperature is o)dsiur n-s0m-kx3 p1cdmpzsj d) 2(9 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waziwdc,+( myw,,:vmb- 2mto xnter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouwy5f/uvvvnzb 4pv 6y6 b+t9j0ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the t90yvfutz4nj6 vb /6wyvp5+bvemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressi70ur4 45yto-isf ev dure of water is 530 Pa and the ru0d- i45ryvsi47o f etelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is0uw kma ;7mrvgpw2;aa: (r. u;2pbkra 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure co ru3e it:2 rl8*byr*bxoker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 8* 2rbeit*x:3b rylur 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r4im k+ )ezyrp(oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de.- jdbw4ob,nuw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule ()e 1z 8xjy+q,bho( acysee Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist b+hcxoy)(aqz8y1 e ,jance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of *ub,3pxh,1,-c07hj oss uzb czrd a:l insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec,bdhuzac,,71u or:zlsxc h b3- sj0p*tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been 0lkcq5dp, gk w3p9c*-zim si)calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali6 8su2( f2uoymg4r s;6s cnwjebrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm3;yszjv)l2njs* cp5nvx., a jal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water an.sljcv y52 v n);ajz jxsp3*,nd the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially *w civ;5hru lu uv(+rm6)liq 1h*kc 2c28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fri)+*lcklh v 1r25uq ;v*hic 6ru(cwumaction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wida:yx7 jtwt9:bth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te7j:wt: b tx9aymperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom z .t5vw zub;m)kcxx1;c o1n/cper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuumqk5b:xda28c 9v)dwon 5 9xh n1mll0bo techniques is aboutoxh kdnv9b0ac5 d n)8:oxwqmb25l1l9 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 11qqw 0f;8hi zho/nb74 +bjtfd0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qud+ f1io/h4 bb0jt wzhqn;87qf ickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’k , c(fnhr5bkul.ik0wp6 n0 3rs atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space knk pwhbkiur n,.3 (f006 lcr5vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas j6 jt0/orvw4p is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofy4 o ja4.dwx to 4s0o1)ee-ror9muk9y 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface 6z w o9mt7q:)xm d1sttof the Earth, estimate the total numb6ottqdmz t7 :w)19sxmer of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of+ z)hqm1qv k, z*rje-viwi+ )c nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen .9jag d l41bxtn6pkjnk0 *vtou4/ps 4used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, xpln/ o6vnjs da4k91*tkj4.up0 g4 b tis constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in *edh+tf0e xd6 a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol 6rs:zzhck0zxr tkpbr 0+r/-i p/:k7iine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s 73 kcar9)smba7a, ltuequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja1 ofirq3s ox: n we( 2ri,nfgy;4e0d-pr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inuz68 kx i/ie u4dfhc33:yw uy) the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,z4/br) ua b. dv)yw49kfpz+yk .(opct has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart/xfy4)-rv lgm3cem1xh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertirvn3nns39f:, : kaabncally upward atb n:,asv n:nnfa933 kr it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) buu6 bbiltd47xde64g m2bble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, andu2mgd6ebl 6 4i7b4x td the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on 1axu qu75.b0d.fhai;amr*0n( zkkg c the following two days: d0* qi gkuukzr..m5(aahf x7 1nc0;ba
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in g+5 hl) tejfy+rip *a4the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperat g*aj) +rtifh4y5lp+ eure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law thu 29w3+-fqrqv)p umjo show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expjwruu p3fq+vq9 h2-)mansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidibf: nmrel t5m64 z2p1ofy their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in 162nbprm 4fmote5 :zla house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg