Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of fi5(52l o*xj fzp0 vmmaluminum? See the periodic table o2vpxjzfm50 l * (im5for Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited kp*tb0 c(5nlt to make a thermometer.lk*(tn 0pbct5

Which is larger, 1 Cguk/+ rn+ h wlrj)t,4kg1ituxfy 9 3l+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriuduivmq)l 571am with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abo 5umaqv )il71dut the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stri-r r z. rk(70knig(q. 7bbeznup consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will z(bk-7qe nrrknrb u g (7zi..0be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa c fg3yii4vx:e 1xd-qz7q;u 5b3a6lvfnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrh,i0 y482 xi utemt6 5q-4gs(mfdxjcxam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatur x0c4i(x emd-2iyg8tmqjft xus6,45 h es.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sl(-is+ n kka, 2o2qtmmi9zy9v) na+ yqection in the shape of a U.t -nl9n ,+oy 29qak)2sqm mi(yvzk+ia Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder r6hl 29t*qdn,o:mwu(jb 0k yrof lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watpyo pjm 3 -e*,he*lsr3er, the mercury initi,3e rpme *po3-hl*jsy ally descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of ifzea eu0 *+u -lpxi/27 imy*hpt is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai*peh p -lyfz2u 7x+*ime0ia/un.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear vf 6 6zqoy u,ii)iaf/n5c(+ncexpansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise)f/6+iai6u( fn,ovcz q iync 5 to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acmd;z4x9z)e 8ojvc d l(curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t:3fzj + vvmfh8w 96ezyop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What 93 zw +j86mef: hzfvvyhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperal,pwd n6: osqv)1oc7nture increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these cqc n s ),16lwdvpon:o7hanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr v)ggn )yg3ey:ease or decryg3))n: gy egvease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thtcs8cc: umy4z0 ar2 w3eory and the relation between average kinetic energy an3t 42cy8wmau0: czsrcd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fromw+ rgi: m9s+dq4wuyf mo,8pl5 kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmo5 v0oorjg4 ;:wx pcy2gsphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must hst8;;ib. nu tm ikao2)ave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Ms2i)mtt u;i.b; o8ka noon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatureve*h2/ rxxgu smbqkl .z wn+9)3;cntz.7*olk. What can you infer about the me7h+;rzz lnm *o3vu.9x k*k)st nxwg.cb ql2/olecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morem9fqg5-x(b81 )c upq edl5 vbe uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same telv1) 8bbmfqu5 e9(pd-ec q5gx mperature.

Is it possible to boil watet9)(c k jom ..nr:fmccr at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffu 20a nui/n,ppy gc-n9erent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air an 0cin/2ypaupgun-9, t the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of auh4 grq6g/ e-b nag6i );x guwve7xf85n overheated automobile engineb-468ggr ;qex)uegw/ gnx7v fhu i 65a.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)5hxa f4x 4n x2*ouf/vk?

  How many atoms are there inxq21*pi q t0sil; q,ulwjqo 3p-,pdg + a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5msqf /l/(a)gf pv *s-7d*m*e3pmkhq b-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the d3gaqs * *( lf7me-b) /q*s/vkmmfhppsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often -8 i/ c*ldyms)4pcnge )vas9rxrbn 6 7taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?a)b4d i)vc -e 8/x6g9pnyscsmr 7n lr*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures r h 6ci5cvd 7tb+6rni0(gdrvv,ecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column h+r 5+cktj2syves ldoqmi3+;)as length 11.82 cm at 0.o3dtivekq mc ;lys +5++)2js r0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slan, yric-6jung28* tz*z lpm.o bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appr f pz7il-cka3-whb 8+( z,ikwxoximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and -ab w7zw3 z,+8x (ckf- kiiphlJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often useo l sn52 7rz08x*3gpfz*mn jjwd and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in zn80 zfrng w om*s3pxjl5j27*diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a/ i2tgtfgi.l67x*dk h wi4 hn3t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. rywtl8-n7 nl,cxus. ;What will be its change in volume if it is heatensyntl . c-u;7 lrx8,wd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watz pwypbj4 .d-3 tb24hy1iy.r8vp 8cya er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50ai5pp09kfxwifx1 y zs1 1g/ r8 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of e )f2.*hwx8)ck k/dqtrg*5 t6be mhfm iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall8nks4flb kges3-/l e s z,u6d;y one direction only, show tha;dsus,l8ge zf 46kbks l/n-3et the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tq1 zo/jeho d2jwe+y*o3yzw-t +de*2x he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear7b r/b;k47i+ bm5ags1vmh yvq expansion vmi/q47g b5 ar;+1ybv hs7mbk$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid+u3i b1oi4foll p0;um, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra4 (r7c:7q2 r+ned7owpqiug b4qq n-mmndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 r4wncq meo4 :nd-rqq+7(pubm7 q i g27$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.h rrr 0,x u*uk0gk+gv- The bulb has a volume v0*xr0uuk g+h,r-kgr of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whr7jalq3syis xbbc, hrb + x*9m;wmp uf ,,p,*.eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless i,;x.p+jysmh3,,9 l rmbqfb*a xsb cp wru*7,bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired le xw 9rq esd-a)d9l3vkso0ec29ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to o se)v2ar9l03q9wcx eds9k-d 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofxb j,5sksj r7s -n,qq- cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 9y9 rz9li 3m/xaemz z,4b0ikvd n/ue/20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following b5ig7ya c/ztgv,ru kh()x+l;temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhwti6fua968*rcoqi 3q , p db7qeit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arei8 (um)cr e ,qbjgz*b1 about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperuuk5/ 9 :nziybature of aboutk uz :i5ny9/bu 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal sdl 9i4h,:fx l r;em2ugas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai (e2if)zj eil(ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen tspert7u4xc ) ,k5e9s ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga1xtm s+ 6sfhqnb 9o.4ks is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon vgv/ 8hr,2 qfqzw0sq./jvh*j gas at v2q/h ,f0h vw8qrs* .zvgjjq/ 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o he8xh-dgj6e *f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buozwa8za(:- p /g eixb; 0.au-bgo 4tiemyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsz0-4o gb.w-u;t :xma8(iba e aep/zig ide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at p9 skcs442hia)jcfd j, ld.o915 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 nm -)8bdxwe svq2n2x:$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s han7bcqljm8 acj:: ut,u 1d at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molgmgvmnukcf w33p)(c 8 7*8 wklecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t-q2yak) xmx, xhere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, btf;/2 )klqtynvr.t.   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume4c *6drq/wl r)mngbu-0dzf m* 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath zy p7xj6 slk/c7tj-s7you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consta p7x7lkj-/ c ys76zjtsnt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average2ou6hosp es- tx-) ,he translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? h 26t-o - poxs)esu,eh   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperak+4m6ut7iucx7fbcacp/z 5/y0l j c5ature of f //mbuk 7tpccluaic5j7406y+x z5 caabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will th4epq wo)/sp na ;7kctd5dm2*le rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa no /5 pw; )2kds7q4*dmactelpsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followin rfc)fcfr w+(h*r m7)wg speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcufff7crrw* c ))r h(+mwlate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.awb 539r-/fzf6 vbyfy0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its g9 dx.mcba*wxd83sx5 volume is held constant, by what facto.scb3 mdwx8gx5ax*9 dr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mw(mh68jpr p qvixxj/ fu39k+7olecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatuq-4w*upcsa :dre, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roa4w-cpsuq*d: ots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr16a2 glczqx( xogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s8.ajb5sg:4r ,8xs axog wczn6peed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen muduky l/f( f7kfsg+77olecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in fkrehv6-q dg4vp:0ptkq,0t 5jf3b 5 ha living cell tqbk t6d 5rp4p-5 ,vvkhqf:gef30hj 0 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gy a 0s a3*mhfq3,kps9zas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of mqlzij ksws441;ib: 9 uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press-f )4kbuioy 5kure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t eay:m3 tz,+ +adk2muzhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 +:e ,3ua mk 2z+zamdty$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ifa ,m7o5mjdai8 ; 4aipu the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat mmdao7a5j;ii4,8 ua pure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p1i+q ktg8mwlqnz 8w71lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mz h3ynwf6:cq(ountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boiq:w6nf z (c3hyls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressurej7/ki qf)5 2sk ;b t)5htxkgon of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidit5jh/ 7xkgskk52 q ) nti)to;bfy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2rshj6lvo 3 (.ncq1o* ,p wy;zp5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coo /ka ; mkhln1f.n/rnw;ker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1 mhakrk; 1l fnn/n/w;.20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6qsvo(sf i6), o80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point x-l )+bdxjslf: ujl 9/of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule ( rdy 2z,zgyk3b*-h)uzs: z/gp see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distayzs /)zhz gbkd *,zr3:2 p-ugynce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface tr;mh3l5 hh1t of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm5 1h 3ml;hrtth long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib5 fdm(,qi(i)vfqy 6dtrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has6-zq h/ix3jifv 2u h3/njc uh) been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erroh7kv i/0omi bkvs-,a +r will be made vbsi/-+ vkoha7 k,im0 in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder v+ )z bj 8nedj85 jl5kq3i,ccvxp)v5f is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the , f8j+jzv)vnck55viqp )38jlebc d5 xoriginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length deuhn2.-aam67 xbhy. l 6bju36.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2bjah.exh-b. u73n u 6lam62yd2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of exx 8-wst;8ayp+g3pelmfw,5 matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attx g);c-.at5ipbah b8 tainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abop-);b.5b it xtcaahg 8ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.,i. nohj ont :4szip6sitc6.,5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the s,ptcjz.in 6o ,is:h.n6i 4tsourface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fropw;zq3ov y,q3m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40wq ,; opvq3y3z,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas i7l n9g,oh cnv;; e0rsks increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumee 5z*3td0lbj s of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value 4/a7d6.tw- pgu cdqzv of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimatewqv dtuc-da64z7pg / . the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained f9fz-g bq,3 kmin a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pz*x 6 i:ml6c/+onbf npressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric prebnl 6o:*x/ +cinpfzm 6ssure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at :nlbd3i94kvt o v+x8x 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a(alktku vmp-0agco 8/ le:fti u0u/+*t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu(vt 1 q62zhh *.ztve) h6olzgpo5: ctegly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass no6xb+ +9q.i qpcnb+kjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18 i ) )qaizli:o3uy.gv4$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressumbuqe 2v1d7x *re of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i7zxo l4r6b-aos $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennisv 8t idzfv7abi-h g8*2 balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a ma-vvafi7dt28 ihg*8z bss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deh+pt 8.pn3pend5t9 hnpth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and thepp8.t n+en 3htnh9p5d air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tw78+cno 1 z3id (hirfco3eyi, sxv,6vio days: vzi o7+n,si 6irex3cv 1, ohcyi8( 3df
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is acfb0 kzbis-)3 solid deep in th 3izck0-b b)fse Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shfoud + 7qntc :ppl8u6-ow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is +c7f6nd uu8-lpptq:o equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellakt ,cy*) f*4tlqm+3 niclmpq4rs to prevent rot and mildew. If the kfnil)+* cq cm* p4y3t4t,qmlcellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg