Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofcxma ,oca.da s6r8uf,wfp , 1. aluminum? See the periodic table orp.d,cxm, r. fs,cfuoa1aw6 8a Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomeb:p eq5g;f w1ks jcs9b p1jgq49 f-.psterq.1sgbps 5- ff4j9c1pews:bgq k p9 ;j.

Which is larger, 1 C 3jh7:4:ta 8dp6 hkdprle+4crg k.gsw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal 9,d d ssro8,xi:py oy0equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, Bypos,y9x,:oi0drd s8 , and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumadwez v: y)a,m4k2k /zinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the striz/zm 2awevd, a)k :4ykp will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficq/ 6w3x/v6gfi f*st ngvk 0;irient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a ./bbbimrj : 9kdiagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this debbj ib/.k 9:mrvice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thib eh-0r*- -tat*vffq0xt zlk9 j1 i;te ends often have a section in the shape of a*91 0-t0ztibfeih*tf l k - rqtjxv-a; U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder vftjh g 3n9361m hr zvc88jg:gof lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in rnc,+:g*,r, yt bw apba hot tub of water, the mercuyac,,nb pgt rr,b*:w+ry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mx.q i4vep oxvxbim.i58jcf ta*1 .:o( ore rapidly than adjacent parts. Expb:xim.4j.*5ct8 f.v v( 1 axooixpeiqlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exjz)hysrkdwd- ,v9m5l l*..lpxn-w g5 pansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thsk .-5lh*z,)ng . 5m-rdp9jw ldxylwvis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura3ba8su bx+37sdh4f ufte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bott3v36 5aihwn hgom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeng3 nhwa6 i3v5hed?

When a gas is rapidly compse/j f w-xlq a h +879sc;9flmtl+4vlgressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to tl/9 lcmxls v wt;s a+47+g9fh-lj fq8ehe momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alump 6h*qlvb *4jeinum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaturepqe h4*6l* bjv is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlee3c w9g)mg8k.yuu w,bs’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy uck)g,8b3um.wweg9 y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s laocmp6qk f tq,,r/c3(gw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t8j;:ht3c8p a/wnpbo, i; bokche Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the m; g6q(e sq 0s(nijc ezeu:,kd9inimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about onngcsd,s ue6 : ee(z;(9q jkqi0e-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whf loo5c+dcwu.i3 5 wv8at can you infer about the molecu3 lcw.o 8 5dvfoic5u+wlar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable 4 /rdv.a;sry3arr *6 bnik n;wthan a hot dry day at the sam wykasi3; drra6;4nrvb .*/n re temperature.

Is it possible to boil wa +zpswtu6d ipl 0.i1 x)x3k* pmv0mc*qter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thifywt9k b:m -*x f8ew-+h8yy rtujo11e same but the humidity is different. Which ibf -jt ekr1y 8oi-wwy9+8mfu*hx 1y t:s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open.v7p .8dzkqmt8i8 nj)k9sbcw the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginet9.k8pciz. 8 dbs k8j)nmq w7v.

Why does exhaled air appear as a o 4li4.oew-iflittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny:ez 47q l)uzpg?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparel(pg;c:z, u/2biwziq to the number in a silver ring :,ug;2 ip cq/zlzbwi (of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What ic0v 8 uua: reze9*qp8zs this on the Celsius scale?9ue8 r:0ceu zzq8v ap*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempa37 nb*cb+zg6l ixuw9eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermompneq*9 stso1);)4yxrhrm yg; eter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0o*m r 9 rehgq)) yt;y4p;xnss1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 lc:ijl4rik4/(z5 xs3 tnv qc7 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is b5)tu qgqe2ojo+ 7zh,xuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much iteo 75x2o zh jqt,u+qg)s height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riveb el6bf7d(t o)ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter 6efb)tb7 d(l ois to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ifn: jnbp88pzts8 /1l$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan yv87sfj/fg+uy8 xq)8khroa/ j ;*syege in volume if it is 87;yfsofj v8 * y)+uq8ryjke//s ghxaheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi+w1* iyvam7neqe8 +vhlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 595jqo8 p:gbl5elu)ufl+c i cof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. a+i3 bg es4ay5y;3b whs-ahg3At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow d6 d7mieje7mfa)9+ vu vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show t 6d7ja)+ emiu dfv79emhat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denno3.e4ncsqvf 0/a(-sorh s q .sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficies9 xhh1u4ubv2gi c 4eaf*+e3sr uv96 bnt of linear expa1h s+r4be 63uvf9sg*u ce 24bhv aiu9xnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so3hl1w *+x;x8rmps boilid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 w9k7k(7h;sfdonwcfyh0fi. .e0 imd/ 7 .yw7n0dsoi 9dwkfkm7h e(c;f h.i 0f/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a memt4or8*)8jygsb.ue m09 uzjdq 9 n a;hrcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v9oqtmay8dz;n9 esmjh r 4bu. j08u)g* olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ab- d2j4b vaq/hn43-gkrz4xecaout its axle on frictic- ex2 / q3avbkgzjd4-44nharonless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 8vh7 d pvrnb1/-,a:jxnlp 4ev15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at thi4bd:jrvp1lnx / p av,-h87 nevs length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I- o7c w28vflcw2beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1346;+fr: u w1k mrdzewf9.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the K7svqp/1 qgs7 gelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturepmfaq52 y-6eu on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aree/o/evfey 2(m about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustsw5alds99 wr w e8 ktrvt6c039ion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 9cs w5r 9 t86sewkdwa0lt93 vrabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at y9)e2*abv 4nf:ub++c wrpvhg STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.m vn8v5 pd3tw/6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP*7idkc4b 9-a vuj6cbwir4:rg contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is amu3 3 dfro;m :j;cgg)bt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdtco7o/m7j( 7dicx gd: uhe33i ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 3od 3ici7ct x (/ue:mo77hdj gK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k mm,w;(cc6ewi g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its b/uh,x-y e;tby5 kvc7 ukz,h. nuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose t;b/n u5hkh7.evk ,uytc,y -xzhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air apjrj ez5/q0i .t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen js,8in7 pr)hd.ll -mlu i0g2 gat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a childi2 esftfobsh14 bay*0.4 kcv+’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec sv uy)w4 vb* 205m7nzvjtrd q *eqc38j/dtmo2ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in jw2as 4ye/g8y1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moliv a hgw(7:gioj(3 5iges,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.i0*n fs01tixo 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-v 0, j4y;etjomua 1wc5/ gmhx0L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileog;e yoxj0jthw4 v,1mmc /a50 u took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic encg,rs 4g5xhr 3ergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 3,4rrgshxg c5   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium ato,m-h lkhvkmj a7pzq287)n zd 3ms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of hp3n2zqmd 77z 8,jalk-mk) hvabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speedgi t0k-o:.n py of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas 0tny:.opkg-i ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speemm(f .d z ;fb(s;h7cmxl6zbn /8+he bsds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, f+nhsdlcb(/z6b;fm(hs8exb .;m7zmand 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0ftvq eh124wiw5 8+1enmutq 6q $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil-vu)e:c d7vewy(+c2 x (weotte its volume is held constant, by what fa(7cv-2t(otv weeu)w xy+ :e cdctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of momxunpyj8 pw+b4a/j1)o a/i v.lecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thhcad *6)g;ily*8qr d eeir rms spqac er68**il ddh;y g)eeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogffzqbk,;mq( 1 en molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo kw z9bib,6xc(lecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwee 1rvt)nukb6aklja4cz - *1 b-mn nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a +kfomv6 ac)hosj6 n+0n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li6 )afn j ovcshk++m6o0ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can befw q0;h8mi9 ef7 i8tbb written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani 3voir.y zk xpa0(kb).um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what r7gs;+ ubzd0 gdrdbz4;)sy:aphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasnhyb5 :(o*gb je when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) (5bh:jgby *no 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whthog 3,v a eg0j66ttvtwsq1):en the temperature e:qghw tv6 tg1,o s63t0ajt)v is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at :-xp 0o6huvyxa place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est plgyra*xl3q-)m3hjni: 8j v1imate the temperature at wh)j x p*il al33gvq:j-h8nrmy1ich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partialg; lyeqw,d)wy*nv:- ;8smnkc* cm9if pressure of water is 530 Pa ancqs)*e:;wl-cdy , fng;kywi n vm8m9 *d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prqb tp. iyj6)l3 +tpuqv7a 2b:x6v/plqessure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressu- x2*gmsvdiazc o4r*9re inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempera4*zx om2sca g* i-v9drture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu p3+4wu qj1mysme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5d0a sri.g9 ,sy $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to d*mfa.fax o4rzg ,i8d( iffuse a distance of 1,r. mx*fiag 84dzo(af5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from tci - vqcj6kteyv/4o23he surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about e6 yv o 2k4cctij/-qv32 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratebpe8;3r f-0/pckz ,.creo)skzat u0gd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal7tsjq+bew:8r88s zd3j .gd,c- wx epfibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatume7+k 9bfb8xmre. How much error will be made in a recipexk7b b+fm 9m8e calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 afo2 eih 5nqki8 a9oh9/sr2lh-tm. After many balloons have been blown up, the i5hro9elkna-h2s /h8iq o9 2fgauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of- zky;x ;wm/ua length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.;-wza/myx k;u Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou 5mctuvq/rm,8o0 xwz(t one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainaan*t uch/6pj1+ hjr;nble using the best available vacuum techniques is abo arn*pjnh 16c/;t+jhuut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacvn (cz:8ii g86c59d c mot;hy5fiqrm.ity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if h8y6d.c :n9ri 8 iict5zmmqc;f5 gohv(e quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atm -e-e5wt) ge luwhl6;qosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking let-qeu-; )w65hweg lthe nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increase h8il05m ndqu*d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume w2lj s f(4oeu aa6jn(4of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of a 40t-ggot1ru0 vg ka8:zm7;lfdt 4ct atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecugt-c ta401uk8raz t:gtv;mf l 0dg7 o4les in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaikoaqljalwn1sv .5u9m3m b q+t,f31h7ned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge / bl8thl1 om3fpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lat lf8h/l13 mobst if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq2ii: :* 7jkyth*jdcakuid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a , 6qym1r grnfo)m9ey1t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartz-cvjie g/ba/09 nq63xppo ko+bp1+eh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar /iojo y0l* g/ekg8;xoat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adod//9jezje ;me pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c,1 92evgnjcy+ vpboe;harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 2f. ep/uc 5 (ztowmd8nthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verti iz9o.bw-iq iui 5/a5em4mysj*)och8cal-9s. b q/5iw)io4m5 ichjy8mie* zuoaly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fr9mt.r l-4 ;grxl9lkc7hi:nej om a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature4lr :jnx h7e99gllk mti .;rc- is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total waterisft/n:6(h yq vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: n: 6ysqhi/(ft
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ua plb3f,u; )u-fawq+iron at STP, and when it is a solid dee3) ,ualf;bpu+qfua-wp in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show+x9 yfp .oc5fi that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expcpx fof9yi5.+ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.