Which has more atoms: 1 (j 7h: g xxr9rq0upejrsqw63 9kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B 9w9uh0jjpq3rsr6ex( r qg7 x:.

Name several properties of materials that could be explok9bhyj(;( i)j9yi cff ited to make a thermometer. k f9c y)fybij;(ihj(9

Which is larger, 1 Cnai )hh)az31zw/; oc q $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equil4hs6z 1fyg4. 2kr(xm a2eox xcibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wsx mgca2x6oe1hkx4y(fz4 2. rith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumion/,- q)tj+ f .ujibnrnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the st q.+ ,boni/jr)-ut njfrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientn2(za*ymmc eg( g3j1(p o jd6j bxo-e)-8ipvn of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat w;e2:l m4cf qxused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this dwxe l4:cmfq ;2evice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hao:qa-2rroi 6o at/s d+ve a section in the shape of a/o orti2ar6:sq do+-a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in q77*6x k 7f(dnx wjpftmcdp.- mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub3nacce :k9 y8olg 7 4wze x.ocf,p7(tj4 kbsv4 of water, the mercury inx,by7kwno: 4jf. c8l4pesek(74c 9ct ozga3 vitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mag ub+0 p,r(;y wqie;kby break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa ;,(kqgueby r bw;p+i0rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coti.f2j*lj i/ y)tuvk 2 2p,olkefficient of linear expansion is much smaller tha2 lu,.ltj)ktkjyip vf/ * io22n that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockj 4hv 0nh6qi2b, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgeg jq1-yorq kp*u e+;a):goe.zgsyfyi5)z. 9n so badly the can will not standi uoq g ky ;j os.fz+yr1pey:. -)a5g)g*enq9z up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byx/ *k,p2 gdi788-ppmjael zat pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, inpdzp/8e-ljag * it,k 8am27x p particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force25h ag xq f5+blsg4wjkm)mon*nb 1p14 on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 4wm 5 ph1n+o2*nbl mb5k )qs xjag4g1f20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kin wvpzu :(x)*k,auisvgck -z:;etic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t pg(, ;*uux)iv-:z vwcksk:a zemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu 1o(yfzgg4p1a em43ug5otb8w ssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratisd.u3b5e ac42awy iw 0o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object k, ti0 z-l:wjjmust have to leave the Eali0jtzj-w: ,krth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qui)hj7 nve4er 3jckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mol74e j)3rnevjhecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far qxbu(dml,03vqk ) rs.more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same ( q)vxmu.dql0,s 3r kbtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2fc ;nu0nsaa*kr)s++ x5mk/ fz0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempera7 *. h8l4ukslmk zj9jtture is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ai87ml.4t zhj*s9kl kj ur or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r0i l7, yias; 2g1dmwycadiator cap of an overheated automobile engindy7 miawi 02c;gy ls,1e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white9 ,w7t-gse .imqqgu:z,cn wdx qwt 72) cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper-wji9e u pmxt; o/fl44 penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr1/ (x9psl)r afwefo8gam gold ring compare to the number in a silve1go ef9psx / wfa)l(r8r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i mor -qxsy;ynnv b( 4c0xq*7fp;j. *hss this on the Celsius scale?y p-mcjo;x**f q nyqnhx0b.r(s4 7sv ;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest ana7dz mr66v6 b ;q 5w+ptlo+olmd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoh 5oja9q6:(czt lz2:t;nmk1f tdlj.ukol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.dlkj5 a.1 9ln:;2ztkqm6 jt(z fco tu:0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buivzi nn -1hw bhs-rv:o1z* 6mj4lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) i2ueu8tz qx+3 qs built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°8uqu3q2z+txe C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ot m l d6pe(j.53h2wuimften used and the rive3iltjhwdm6e ( u5p2m. t is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at k9 ubg40o:jyp4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wq-4rqv; 1n 7x9ayxkpfhat will be its change in volume if it is heatak-qf4;9xy7xp n vq1 red from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL +xq8 mnlw 3gqq,myclc1x7 86b of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL86 1xczghjn/x b .6ays of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made 5ckt pnwdj:6( of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in i.a,e5nv*y q pa long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only,, i5e*v pq.ayn show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityp7sc ::dfz0aru ,mafe j7u0b4s2u8n a $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l an7ye/b+q:xj2 f kv+xhy9 7ba htd width w has coefficient of linear expxh7y/7bbq:hxf t k9 ye+2a vj+ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrov e.a2ys4w;r bpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfe g4 ao; 6)hkq/yb5v3mf frrr:ect time at 174ab ry6/fgfm35roe h)qv ;k: r $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thee9sk vpk7/kdb,ykn:+ y bz8+ xrmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bunxk9vp z ,bd+b+ey: 7/sy8k kklb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating.-6j qhnz8yu y about its axle on frictionless beari-jyquzn6.y 8 hngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15° idql2ku4wgwx;0) u9 mC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases t4u i2q0)d w9ulgxm;w ko 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam o .7)d+a2wxswxm.zt;8*ejynnbn - ihjf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134 ,f6vc;vs( bk+ysy* 2blz+x fz.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kenx)t:kl,q ir) lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the9 xizo8o(rb 9a/bodc*xq ):pn Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are a8 8qbnr4xaehrlz, 6w. bout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engif s:t*(pgoo59a c+3eqdbo vc6ne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of*fa bc+so3te:69v( po5oqgcd about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingl;/3yg.gvlaq v6 2-unf,f cck the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenbsrb -.ffp )w; ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.wn t ep0th4071.utx1wgxk,qd5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i /r*8ceqvundo ;x.4mes at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co w1(vqhh3pu-8zfr/ u8 .qrrqj ntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3z1hjwv8ur rr p/uqq8- hqf(3 .85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg jqqyg3:aren ux /m394of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifuj r3gbg af j7tli 37it;r7:7rt by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thea7 rr3:i7b tuf3g jjg7li t7;r volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air (g hntc8(k5vh oo50twr efn)h .s3s4 yat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 7l(pxc..f:eaum vq; zat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand ah jvj q+t+upt(l,,2iy3q 6fqz w+gcq9t sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number e9 hl97mhbx2w9i1e9jmxky s4u6 :nz zof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there,56 g azyst0ngfmqa+ 2 in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, ..q:pzb ) oy)mvi fca/   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumc 1t3fxl4ahvr 2 x(zda3xfyzy0nk ,1.e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thbuief5dnuc(awz3 5z)+s r1g1 o.e0qy at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10351rf ewo+cbgqa u(u1zesd. yz )i n50 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an 1x7ax/m tzg vn9bq( q0oxygen molecule at STP?xa (m791tqzvx bnqg /0    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tery3:2m7 zfsxjkk w s/6mperature of abousz 3m fxwr:s kyk2j/67t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molepvq:ixio- qj hl1(0.r,5kr ercules increase if the temperature is increasedh 1.roq (i e0ilkv rxr5q:-jp, from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the foll 4q u;tmna,i f xk:ssa/(;hngk5+z; adowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rzg+hnn ,fxtq;5kd;;s ia a4/ ukma(s:ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at k034q yr0j nsu0gtcs me b;k(/20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while it5 hpy 2h )h1we3c/pexts volume is held constant, by what factor does )wpc texhh 1py2/5e3 h$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules i3tm04 rcljrihjkp89:.jj56fp j*zggw)0y m in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thxfwg 4*ig5hhi z2a7kb ;y 1b,ee ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sqg gh5bwhf,ki2aie;b*x 147zy uare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8er xqug)lv 6d9iowe7)+w- c6i .5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of/-zo0xo/:p- j rf aspf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul9ta;gw6br) m 7iqbj 1ies at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an elkoqay; a.4n093mnr u;7kqt amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3n40 ;t kk;erny l9oqu 3q7ma.a7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a udqj ,qqy k ,c*fgqzic6. :6m6gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u 9 j3ycebbh/xyc. +oxjhz4-0 mranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pres x x1vb7tz:qidi1go 60sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurew zc(g12az .d:vbsjv 7 is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 .17 z 2jadswg(bv c:zv$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daymuk-2tl brq.6kyz, 8 )y60nf7ltvlys when the t.zy t 07bt,k)2 6y-8llyflr kvsm6 qnuemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wobh*e,;v9y .(6gl d sutefn) pater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moux.jdfk:( tt7kgo i9 *rntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wxrg :idf7tk.ojt*k( 9hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of ce5 ljlz4 h:p2 e9vsz61pwpb,tvqs,-water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity zsw5vl2-1pjtep9h :4 e, b,psq 6lcv zis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water 9arr)x (+fa mpon a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is a 9skhf5ko3b)exya1 8boiling at a temperature of 9 ksy he13kab8foxa5)120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofi2tjm tg*u *e,:pkyn* volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinlmft(m( h29(bqzl:hb t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mol)dh9p.x4oy zoecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancp)o4.x9 z hydoe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the *95leatql5z 3lkq 3*salzst2 surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 2eq z5393s l*alqt5stla z* lkmm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuceki5 ua .l*s2re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mf8 *usxf6tzd *)enk4.we6ny 2 xzr8imeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wa47ib iu)axp a d/s*iu-s calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cups4 a idxpu)/uib -7ai* are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 ksv6 qc4cofyvo;)gx7*h3le 5 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the ga6hls feo5c) c*v yqg7k 4;3vxouge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthzdrla57n 4. om 3.1 m, and heightm adoz57n l4.r 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 3b(dqev gf3mc u5(jmwafl*6;atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best z(u6p;w +r7vu74tmbca)d f +i y)v kbgt9yg.bavailable vacuum techniques is abouuitbc+t7 dr 6a );9ybf)7vyz gvbgk.u p(w4+mt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the smn6j:54 mkj6b a rfy1q .nz0ynurface, to what volume would his lungs expf.nma0y n6jyr 6j5 4 qkbzm:1nand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninh1z:lv wqf(64q flam.g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials;wqza v.fq4m h( l1:f6l indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ind9i4o 7xz:u ik2 j,yz2cdf+mtcreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m derva764smq +$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphnq-ol8 dgf z7pb: mv+rkf.3,b eric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in theknro l-+ :z g.7bm3vb,fq8 fdp Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mor0.x.m;iii1n y )yga tw 5*xxklecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pre92pmw(s of vm 3p2u8xrssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, m8s o 23wx9( vmrp2fupmeasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury qrp5i1+k ,whz at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ksfi32/pmxq b0 21r0nviey- qat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl9gs+uapzx ,u8yw q-c( y around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar jy p8ohg 130abat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptmd1/v e eb;rs.ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressuren m ws/xq..3 dfd 0iv(q 24vw2eftosx2 of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro8iab2jy ada k g43z(/0 v8ldfdm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwphdw*3oodgs 5aw4-i1 9 , 1pue1owkfhn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per s ahku- *1wg hep i4wp1o,1doows95d f3econd must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter ov-(r5un o78ax gx;m o(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a u 5x8o7(-oog ;manvrx perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure ngkqnnf vl; skb/4 .5:ppr9b/in the air on the following two days: 5lq4b;npgp k/ n./9f kn:bvsr
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densia/ nb wv:w/k9kty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the k/kw /n: awvb9temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,fi lt06bc h*yt)qbza 8(d-x js +5lpv .xcha4. the coefficient of volume . s8bva-ba+d6z *p4)th(.x qhycti0cjxllf5 expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and-7c8 iibnd /xcnc+z *n twf;d, mild* ,ni cc +-f tn;78zi/xbcddnwew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg