Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See t 2kp f jrz4n/yfx/,j83tv-gdv he periodic table or Ap4-tp2 fjkgdx,n/ jyfv/zr 3 8vpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could zt3u4y --n )6mxv : fh pwx.t+sg1vksmbe exploited to make a thermometerkm .vtv 6: xzf--1xt mny3+hs4spguw).

Which is larger, 1 Ce1qcg/j4p0b t 1qamd- $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal ewgp 5a/iq nkb1*5fs1 er /2ojoquilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you saa2/j *5kq/iofbs5 ngpwor1 e1 y about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum wnmo q 2rclvyrm3cc9t:8(q+ :inum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table ocr 28lct 9::+qmr(qvym n w3c13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ofga z;;5k1rq 7t ,hnmcu linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagra:z30l-kl uz/nhef8 kr m of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. eln 83ku0hr:fz klz /-Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tn6 bhk 6hw-am5 gkqni:h6w1 7xhe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyk-m1i hw:nqnw xg5h h6b6a6k7?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuror7g9sv2vf;xl; eo 7ly at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plhn/ b6 pv(b4dtzvo *d)exto5( 4.ejbdaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ridho(5pv) ztt4d/b4x*ed .oev( bnb6j ses. Explain.

A glass container may brea wi34-f xks3yh8 pbf6zk if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.3fkz3 fhxbw 48p sy-i6

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass ircmldv3b.e0 )s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller t3)re vlmd.0 bchan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate dc3 0l kj14/yuifh kytj 9l.*1a uoqf,at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wzmj+j dcta48h9 3 uyo rv+vq8 op97eg1ill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hv+qao3v8 jjmyd c9+rg7 1po8h z e94tuappened?

When a gas is rapidly colhyf dm8p :0q8mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these c80pfy ld :m8hqhanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerglm*slgh/;wco) w:bs3r) jh1ued in water increase or decrease if the temperatu1cb3l m*w)so/lu: )h whgjr;sre is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Char m yh9adei:3lb bm)d/ :(,vocdwdx lcmx4+2e:les’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation bet:y+mmo ew,a2x/ (c4: :m)xliv3l d bd9chebdd ween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin *seiqd: 4k0ubw;wo 0yetic theory.

As you go higher in the nqq 5ajrq+l7al:c25aEarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speehipt+w (n*r.nd an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth duht i+w.n*(pnr e to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cah r,vnl;u-d( giz9;c5tvp:ykn you infer about the molecular p:h(9t;,5vycl vizukdp g r- n;roperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tnpn6ca ,6s r;rhe same temperature.6rnr6 s; a,npc

Is it possible to boil wategp z7q5g58mgvr at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidic oj5 o)jz*wltb- g91gzko3 +cty is different. Which is more dense, the dkb19gtcz3j 5gojow o -*+)zclry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an o2qk*g g n5 ;1 7 lo24yvm;bib3cygnbemverheated automobile engi 4n*y2q2 mvggilnbmbce;b5 ko;g1 3 7yne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lite5 84w fa ;vqwtnc+u;y 4/*c;ppeanhq tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there u qb 94d wp*2a06t 6f-mwe7pg )wugemgin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparjeang+; ) q3ayu(gi.se to the number in a silver ring of t)n( qy;eguj.sg+ ai3ahe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on t4 2hsqyd)xbru3v3i )ohe Celsius scale?o4d) srbxyi2uv)h3 3 q   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te(hdf uj tb,x, 2/qy(bbk -m6hmmperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass the/w3z wi/n(f,h (o eovxr7ka x5rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0,o(53v ex zrhknfx7w/ao/w(i $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of p o2f ktpxgy+y,o:(zc.0(l yzslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately he y j6rhl(a8fer .;9t300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between r;jh8(rt fh6 .ele9y aJuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivef pu 2)g9/u:awkret/ ygogz1 9ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diam:ro )2 gyau9//g9ketfzwpg 1ueter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at4p tfk**w(x/. y h: sgjvv6ywz 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its .9ra3/)da6m7 jsq z o)drfrjp change in volume if it is heaaoqdr pz 6rf)r39 dm.jj a)7/sted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimu; *jq,bw. enavjt9- y with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 :m w0pr+o ;fejc1mu.t $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of -tyv: h s)rjnm-9. hnppg0+wq iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long,hy jik0z+ysu75:v2 ja narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lhz 2yvj+yji 0a:us k57inear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the ymk1zh7, dxz6density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffhza8ub+n;(c /onv h7zicient of linear expansion;h+z7 onn z8/bu vach( $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solqm:l)ks5 vmc a (*c3kbid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ma, y7 fyuwi1jb.g, 0hntde of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 7yh. gjyb10wftin,u,7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of87brxvf shgj wod uh6: 4uru6g .1*dd7 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume obwr odsh8.u:hd6 ug4g 17*f7 ur6 jdxvf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of )siyf dhqq6(5radius 0.41 m is rotating about its 5yhid s6q)f(q axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is r- mq*x 9tr xlqz8.lr 23)eova+8ej k3dgsttv1equired to keep it at thmt ovxez.3 3k 8g) t8+ l -92qqjr1dxelavrst*is length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steed2k- tfq,g;p. z/ ljtll I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a: mbje m)8.a*xk yz( .t,simcot 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followihf4l8 j-u ot9jng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitsf7rowwq *; .em 2v3krhs21xv scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earrdc)1 o ze))orth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressureryx9h+k2*wmr and a temperature of about 20m9 +hr*xkywr 2$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ide/irryd5ip r(ruf lk yi:4);w)al gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ku3*a. slf*r;k o :wionitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o or fxa3cs:a6ub)phr2tp./ 1sf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas *r820 jzox+j h7ix eaois at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.vp.cdk)a(4 jm*ph.t c wh+v2v0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3*hvd.aw(mhpkt+2c vcj p4. v)85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of33t2ct:nijtraqa2 k +9xxaj2 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating txmb bhkz+9;9 the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ok 9xt9b ;b+zmhf a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air yw+(f,. -ls9 pbywoqoat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1sqyde0wz e36e-* 6 vzi8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sec; vzxf(ls3a:xaa5q g x2./exa level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules3plt1u t, 1xa7w3c hao / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.5:exgn ;vh/kf000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mqp 7:w.b8v)su7 nsabuoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume (.vv:wxqrdgv+j t 7 7mc4*xrv5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wv *xvy/xv+t,o ere also in the last brex,v xvvy/+t* oath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energyv8)d ;mbpk z8u)r h)i9+qdn mm of an oxygen molecule at STP8)d)+m9hrmu; ndi8 b) mzvqkp?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface ofuh fu :gm. 8w:jorl53u (7esfw the Sun at a temperature of uw:s8. 57rfwmul(eog jh: u3f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rc8ep 7.qdh sd 9dgs,.k84ut dkms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa,.u c k dp9.edtgk7hddsq8s84 sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, (5- ev mibjs; gku qeiiovr.51uh):c 6given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,)ou(hgic :i;j- kire5.vb u m5q6s1ve 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas h(d+k2 ;y:lh2yy4cqhm : l czgat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w7b1d v9 +taq1fd, shhghat factor doeh7q,vs1+fd t hda9 1bgs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given07f5qfsx5wkr by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature r24 : :3ccbiefb9fqnq, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverq3b:f ccf2:9q4i nebrse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecl,q*atp vwl+vs :3ui .ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0jqge pu5a 0d 8 50maa2cy1nogjsv;t,. $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeh:(olrs , ca wk):jzv3n nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spgv)*,t bm6r6 hj-hpfzeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lij-)6htpb vr m, zfg6h*ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr4 6-3qofebfsy;y(av t /t*t pvitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of /ibio ywd ,e6rm, fn**uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuredx* 0k 6cbk;pl, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure isc15x0unhf3yn(u fy 1n 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)( u n0 x1uh1ncffnyy53 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatelybg z-bi0o /p*+k lf (c huy)l4(f9twbz) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperal0h)9i zpw-ygb ob4z(+ft(b u*kl fc/ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9 rnqrl ) xgv39de(tb:6tg(p+ g0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate3s;qmymxsz yq*ioy/8 5i-4yw8bc; zu the temperature at whio*c; i-x 3zyyzyms84m bqis uy5;qw/8 ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when t-;wr9k4xv1mb8q zr eghe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidwbmr-8 kvqe 4g;x9rz1 ity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure7/pzho0js1vu ) zoiou(6y u 1nz :pz-e of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pres 3+mer /wltmud7 +l(sqk9*zwbsure cooker if the water is boiling at a t dl *mm rb7q/9se+3ktwzul( w+emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68p,tj8 6oi 48 mxrkt1cm0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poince(g/vi76mv 6k hien4 t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuxy 1:ez99k eluse a distance of 15zu99 ly1:e kxe $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the suzv +c 9450;9tcg eaywx yrst5urface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long an59r9z+;sgy5 4 cw ext 0tvcayud has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib./ 8,i cdxhc)xso)og crated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali/ f d7wp;r*1gwie1e q8ffi+gibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was zp6 utoyuvnxb743/k (calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool won6( / k3yux7tpu4z vbater, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ba605r lxtxz uy (,b;0wbsx rc,llloons ha;rb5xzyxs ,0w,6 l (utlrb0xcve been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roo)7she ) 5tf6im0ztof vm of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature i07e6 5)tv m)offzthiss 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityj1s 8p6y q4h uf+d/ina of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure a v 2+nsbs+wq 7xes(p.wttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou nsqe.+s7 xb(ww+vs p2t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hislu eav( pcv82 w q:9cyzqkk4q432o1ui lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicklycilvyu qakk2z1:8 29 3eq wvqocu4( 4p rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphei5cqh/ z 9z4svre at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehic cvz49q sz5hi/le must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of akw/a f xvr-1c plm6g* vl)-le6n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770o+05ekj dz5l9 zbvm(kr4,g+bc tp4fqm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Esonjijeje 1q ty--w:;n9:qxn2 g a,i(arth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. q iea9y :eqsw :-(; ,otjn-nxi2gnj1j   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speeso n8qjylck10 8r5n -wtue(6 dd of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000*ilw52tcx+u *4mn(v vx0u img psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 u vv(itwx0nm+c5ig* l*u m4x 2L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl hy7g2+ r.kuwlof liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ats xw y l9+uyve37y-3ci 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equp9w2,9kmn,j yr5avq u f s*0sdator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass n t-r z+,hyp1 ilg*k- ivr/y)ujar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length staua-/e* plb nik ea55v8ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at)+ qie+b6stsjbtw9+ k 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the (e7xs lq fx *.: 0jyxwv2h3nqpEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verz gue d4):gijz3/qb)t tically upward at it. H gj/:ibz)4e )3qtug dzow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 1ey)3hm0i zk w3e psq( uae0n+3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in n)0wep3 i (ke3 aqs h1uz0my+ea lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two 60 5 nyl)w7ho k/iszr8v5 vkxddays: 5zkiokv5rxdn08 )lvsh 7 6y /w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density fvzg3h u )9m:oof iron at STP, and when it is a solid deev:fhz)3 g9 omup in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con6-z a.yi)8(piierjjufy s g2g.- j/vbstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is su)e pjii /(yr-vyi jf86g..ja-b2zg equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify tmd) *d6v4iq qiheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kedqdv6q ii4* m)pt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg