Which has more atoms: 1 kg oy0a)t ,yr1v/i q(eimm7p jqp05zvt w:f iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appei myp7 m (:e ijt,zr/1 0)wq5tyv0pvaqndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomm5e-cz6i g0 kj52tvhx eter.xg5v kch5 jizme0t2 -6

Which is larger, 1 Cszly2fv5:9j1p8eq hx $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in ther i1ro bd /pdz fd)59kj37g0lhxmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the t5bgjl3kp0 7 dxhzd 9i1r) fdo/emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strcl,m2eyhhkvud 9 (b4e bj88. pip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal 8behy,ulej b(k9pv4. c d82hm will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienttq3llb+-i2g u of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostac+ itd-1i *gust used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnatgci1 -i* ud+sce and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section ufw /sn7-n cu8in the shape of a U. Wf c-un/ s7uw8nhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of yf52 rbkth+5b lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in ag1o ik0i,bto3x(pa s: hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen:i b13(k0,pxgtsaioods a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it iirk* /h6b) fkbf g++cms heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacenk*brf)kbc +fh+g/ i6mt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itsy8 gw)ko+*vao e),vdf coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat *yov w+,d8 ag))f vekoresistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock4snxuo:jk5za emu.* 3nz ,f5 g, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bafn-:o kf; wv0,xb(tbl dly the can will not stand up. What has h (:ntlxbkf0 ;vo,-bwfappened?

When a gas is rapidly coffpsi t9s rwmh;-f -;2mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temsf hwfsf2-m ;-9 ;trpiperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incre v1odqcl*f/uy: 5o rh8vyql (2ase or decrease ry c q8(fo*l1o h/2qdyvv5 ul:if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’ 5znv*ed4n3t, bsya x4s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between avert 5nx3,eb v*z4s nd4yaage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.xt84btn 2(m cn

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph23ov,drxghwr6 uq8 0 tere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to zi7ngfe2 ss6 /j9k1 xqthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity forq1ji esg29fxz sn76k/ the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yowku y: mfxgu ji6c xi5k4(f;*6/go.sl u infer about the molecular properties of one relativk;iuyw(ojk: x*usgc/ m4igxff.6 6l5 e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dat6 u2;evqn) xbd4,a pk6wl.nfk5 8o ary at the samvbr5da u6.;xke2a 6op8 4f,nl )knwtqe temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature4c1jvmo x1a0v (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tjock* y 1o/ym7he same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid ai/mj 7 c1yyk*oor at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an over7+ssv:(ky 5 sjxjvn:uheated automobile engsu svxs5yk (::n+jvj7ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whb3kg1v2xvuafde +, 8 lite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3m jp8r 63l c-dgruin,).4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compareguab* i. 9u p*gwzga/7 to the number in a silver rinpgu iz7 gawaub **g/9.g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What -sv: (f 4rcaom72tbtx is this on the Celsius scale?x-2tmbc tav(r 7f4:s o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures r5u;jeys -is e5bl4. tkecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82kcpbt wv6i 52u8cd o.- cm at 0.0 5 6c-ubd2ito ck8 pwv.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of k5i z+la-tt ;r2m cinr 3*ifu9slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxiu-st16 d il8gimately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its h1iu s8l-6igdt eight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often use. pqs/m6x xvib.f9,9 v+tceeo d and the rivet is c.x+ xt.fp 6b/s,iem qvve9oc9 ooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water abnq9;cq*77qm(va :p*o oau 1.qvz cyft 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diaq7(g1u s9hhri meter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro qhugri7(s 9h1m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thcbdy15ke .aman54kq8syud1plg p 4 . / af4kx9e brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.x.dim1zc f1 5qbub30bg)m x9 l50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a/ab8)sz :aeulv7tk o 6 ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n tqb8(hy33xzk(j8 lnhp/rln ( arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directn3rbl((hzxlq h p3 t/8ny8jk(ion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change weq tj- nes-jne- (+(na4u .vain the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e 7h.wx9h3 tnopxpph w9o txn7.3hansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotu 4 ;;hghcjthflg gm,1dcz (26ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathew gu (-9cvdt/xr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17tgu(vx/ d9w- c $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0. j.l(:usg c7in140 mm. The bulb has a volume cj.7n:s(uigl of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.o/r6 */ unnlvx41 m is rotating about its axle/ 6nv*rox u/ln on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1s.vk7)jcirzp4od h qht 81-e,5°C. How much stress is required to keep izjoq )pihs k e8,4t.d1cv7 r-ht at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosti,bkz6h mqqe yw nw7hu:k 7ty:; 629vs-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm ah) 8)9w-nqdl smkhx2 zv dg+m,t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures q)(:a ho8jfnc on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempegs7;f8glxi a r;lco+( rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abo3wf dz6jz2st0 kl -2*vsc2ubfut 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio997nl-+hnz hd1 rdj.k-tramx 2jw um y90)fbln engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abom9hdzf9lr.j7 j2abwmhr 9-0+nnx1-lk) ty du ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas la5 hx5v:pk*ox1 lyh(lmw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (76nuawl uwn;6 )g -llr$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con 43 m1gf0hhd;pvvdf:ad6u6 q,3hfjh n tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atnw:i8q n3 twyuo 1j*3i 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a x .yyic v+vf4 3emvwikdr(a3/ f tn2hi-2v(d235.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ktv /wdf4y ry m.vi fnk-v dh3a 2+cxvi(232e(i?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oucmaw 3l*2,p9m shel)( d -btkf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lw6 z23nj vg4hyqn1y(oift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume4 jv(oz 2yhgq3yn 1w6n of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai9 llmm z /;s9eoqsv9k,r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1n9nr1uhb + l 5),+lcagguwo-b 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at tqn7vo)ayj) )h,mr7lnr dy,t8 vtw-7sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mwz// be -csk,volecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mankl 5 qfuk-7mez7 z:2omy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o k bz c)/oqj2 rn2/ vd4-oxav-- g)ks)3gegjzdf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volump)tt+ 5xvt vg.8n;gjhe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules q 3cd-juy mhfd3hv +04of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in t d33-4hvu+ ycfjqm0hdhe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagrb:) +yodu iuc*y2pb;a rmm k)5 v)2uh;e7seoe translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? )aimk; u* youm vd orep5;u2)b)scb 72eh:r+ y   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a jbv hx2, e9zl7temperature of about 7zlebxj h92v, 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incre l7a6zjl 1+sw-0b +9uhirxyhg4 ;zakdase if the temperature is increhz9srliwg401;+d x + 6-lb 7jayuhka zased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, giq:,29sw8yd0blr jhkn ven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate thbq9 kl,jrh:8 s 2d0nwye rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ( ffiny5,9w) vw)7dh1hcx l hzgxk9j1gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume ry/: aw4yaz4ysd9l: uis held constant, by what fr z/::y saald 4y4wyu9actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesz1) hw,p0;cf ae.umdb in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatur*cre n6ejk;47f/r bg je, the ratio of their rms speeds is 6cbrne;k g4f/ e*rj7jequal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8. cqh( cqmlrg0 i)x:b125$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 ;v4g wfg tu4puukc +t2x43 0.x +uylv qjrk1i4$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mw)k y-ksr c/6aolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amboc 78lr*ec 9jino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ocrjcb7e*89l cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be 3+ wvww xy3xdn(w5z3iwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u;td z(r1 qm ,+ulf/vfaranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas+tfd7c(2fp;q3j g6d(ou o fa1 y lk-rtes can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pavz00x 9;nzhn e1f fpnd:h,5h xm (fn1ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 x a z,d051mhf:vhfn(fn e 90x1phz;nn$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately)fsu/: 1 uiv4so7t va-o if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature iu47 1v/ofvuitss: -aos 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure atiuo *pf/.mvqh 67et3i 2yc ;fv a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta u9/juby8d s9fins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils9bj uf9ds y8/u. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of waterrylx4 ),j3rfr.+b xvd is 530 Pa and the relative humidi xj,43rrlb dryv. f)+xty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of way0 jt: 8ew8a7ni, ugpxter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wh28val+( vst nb5t4m jater is boiling at a temperature osjathv( 2t58lm+4vbn f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumsmpg4) c .(xg80dhyu ue 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew posu bn x 0qhn2r5r,o95oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)brp:om1.3:e8ctxpo b ..n vsr to diffuse a distanc.pno:b c8r e1.rxp3v :mob.s te of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sub 69jbf end,6r h gc;n57rss.hrface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about.7fn;re6rhs, sn6 g5cbb jdh9 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraa4 1itg wp z-9dq)rt0x- ybw)ited at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra y:;4e/ gcndg7y4hm rcted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nze*(q26v ul6(.q-1 vuurod i9xb wu vuormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, ato (uvi6vz .6r uwu9vl *bq- ue21udq(x 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm3 -cp57 qcly) sn b.a,iokqk,p. After many balloonspqs-3 c.,ik ylabc5,opq7 )nk have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,y5m1l um;qz tckg d* h(+y-ov7 width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the ;(kv7um-q o l +hztmdy5c*1ygtemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato.z uc3-:tvao e tn0e:gm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquei 9dlqrm -kdr78y /wj+s is aboutqm/ydk+ w-7rj 8r9 ild $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh ku;j7ugsi ou4+2zsv;5 rat1oen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this1uz2k uvsru7aoso4i5;g+;t j advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fr-apjtp u5 s )wtni8x,9om the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strikipws9atx-) ,8pt5jn uing the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is i bnwck0 edvl87,) f5rencreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77ui2zn spu e * ptc,1t+e-3ah;j d9yoo)0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, es*; ap- fyh6na, pbaw2ctimate the total aacfpw*baph2y-;n 6 , number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.en7kaczrjj5 2*r s(1t6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitaz-zcwlkpxe. 9,i c2l+l has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmo ,z9wc-plc le2z. +xikspheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ih-stf 7k)n- vqv7jxo q03e9e r.9rqxen a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0pu(fd0osz 4a4 m46 vsacls). v$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25emyd,meoa 15o, w3 :d7;iyry *ba ff4m$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar if7 -lz7fr c2rkm5-he.gqwd mz4k66pat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,xg)p- e*adu9i adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressurejamkpn . mvo sbg*1x,k8bc2/0 of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear0l yrpu0e895abaic + sls-1cq th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid isycfh76l7tb/ 1 (wsaz d suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secondws(d717h /tcy ba 6zlf must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases avrt +)yrj t4ot/5c8 kv 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the t+vjv8tt5t 4/yck ) rroemperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d*y9pnb0+ ryg -5dzdgoays: -nb*gdy90pog rz+ 5yd
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference(izp,5rqd)/ ly2l 5h 7 ppozur in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deepz57 zy2pur)5hq/l op ir( d,lp in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas l vnv5z(aybnw;+k;,,w kecn5 paw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of npvne55w+; v( ,ywzacbk, ;knvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rox:j fm*i*az7s t and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kepts a 7m*zjf*ix: at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg