Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See 8 c 5hi3gs+i8rpqry 2rthe periodic table or A csy +p5iiq3rr2g8 h8rppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tr( p25viy(z cxm421eavg,e6 q ca8kjto make a thermometx ajq26 c mz veae2,(cy84p(vkg itr15er.

Which is larger, 1 Cry j( 2ae(,jl-cdod,r $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriue2 uloo)(n wywg4.v.9ivt7 lh m with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperature(egl 4uhv noo .lv7 .)y2i9twws of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alsj5pq 28u,:6rzbg h ruuminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heagjr2s6h :8r5 puu,q bzted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of2, 4cs-yk :k6u kjj xlp;ekg.7wdw h5k linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fu6 +:tmbs0yq8 as n8rhb .fq-lvrnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetr:fbm0+6tq-shq .savly8nb 8allic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofte(e-i-vzhc(n a n have a section in the shape of a (-i cavz nhe(-U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylino wh*+ nsf/;ujder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasecimt6hm9 / ;9y,ahun s thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ris6a,9t cmih;ye9muh/nes. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole2t rx*eb8,t) uwxnu-md more rapidly than adjacent mx )2-xt8 ubte,*wur nparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expaeq:zuc8u hp+l ;r*9yai -at;pvt0b 0 tnsion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rp;tz0;0 uya-p aelbtt9 :qv +8r*uihcise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,g fcbnjp :i73)qahu58 accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wiekb tls4hr (o+d+qsl02hj p-l4 uo4n8ll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand uohj0 ek4 l+p-2ls(ntd4 8s + lhu4qrbop. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperw+n;l5sj sf p) xt:5stature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting wsxs t5:+s)pw ;tl5jfnhat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increa 32us*el q/gmese or decrease if 3mesql2/u *egthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorytoo8i ilm)r 8 q56njsiz+cm(w16ow w8 and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaismo8z1 + 685icrmiow8 noqtw6(ljw)ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lusax;* fb+ck8v4fevi*z sac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thzpq 9.(ju*0etp9j jdm*v wq- ee ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obj*(m8ai yc-fq zect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practi8 y*zq-(amcfically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wao0etja, pqy2e9u e731qsm-xgw xw1, hter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of op9,12weeg, ea7 m 1uq oj -3stwx0xyhqne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry t6(yvyjzn ut)f8z-;v day at the sameynu j y; 6z)8z-tvv(tf temperature.

Is it possible to boil water +; l4 l rb5 tbdl3irft/bvo-7lat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatc1)u xwo9 vf6dure is the same but the humidity is different. )f1 uxw69v cdoWhich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open th f.79,bolkk:fkfz q6qe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi,fqkokflb9 k z. f7:q6ne.

Why does exhaled air appear asqe;rk;0c4yks dm2 q6s a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperz * /wlkgpylik71 9,nb penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r o jtxtugg30:gm ljc5 501ummcrf9k7:ing compare to the number in a silvt r mg5luj 1ck370cg: tm:uxjm50f9 oger ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the C0j/ 0 l, jyv8 ykylx08brrrw,aelsius scale?a ykj,y w 0r0,yx8l r8bvr/jl0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 16-yyy6bh665b i psq5.3aj nrsikv my) 36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cxq; z/ u0unkn*m at 0.0n0kznqx u;u */ $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs -g tzs+)sq) lh12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appmfxt k*3+ d +jey-kqp0roximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes *p 0 kytj x++dkqef3m-between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole guh ; w5k74u-hp zv.gmare often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ihuh. zu7gm gk-4;vw5pce) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ;z3bitm gi aj09a4(w n$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cs(ghu r43luytc,e qwdf 5y :(0 w9xrn7hange in volume if it is heated w yu3 wsq(l edu grh cry04f7,nt:x(95from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wiu: we-zdp7iqm5t, u5 xth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watzvp:5y 22; bpg)wank mer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r- 1+ht:j7 ocj1.nr2oj y poorling made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sm e b1;hbth72iv3 hg3iri 7p4bo it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the i3;h7rt7g bmp 1e ihiv2 bh43bcoefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chah6jkqc lxh7 fqjr9- ym14t- 3nnge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt6/- zqt.h lb6sl vpj5th l and width w has coefficient of linear expanz hj .q6lvbt6 -ts/l5psion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrokpmt 6 2(9t 8*sjsbshg 0rvrhs-lwg+ 5pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathei2n wqrl -z*+ q,.u 3gibuqm9or clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1u 2.lbqqw-qoim zrn+u93 *i,g 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has a.-ofy;g jhsqfmo*rg:; 0tf 0 hn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255;jsg. mr;hgft0-f* yhq fo0o: $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.fexh i2w,o3s 9w25rcp 41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve 9fpo35xwc s 2hwe,ri2locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much smp1tqg x ;7,)(f1icotj*z kui tress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in(7g1topq x* ,cuiz);1jmikf tcreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arenawi.0ybiz9 a*apz7 : a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134e-oswf0oq2va 8hb,*b.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followios h .2;lmibzk:tf, l2ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sckw 9kyh0r3 m2v )k :aghh-fjf6ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofk)(s6zpi u.0 fix f*eo the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and eg2tx v1(-iwuh+v 4fl+ip+ac a temperature of abou xv ( t+va -i4w+l+c2egfuhip1t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg5dr*hg o:clm 1en at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenlwqnfr2h:i 1 s5xr5x mpp(d 7( ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont e0 qx+e /biit e0j)wup58w-zvains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaf- gkp,xu7nh)m5f)teu prmk j*:v/c- s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure1ly,jmwur+vi)cn,kf,i y dtfa7w 9-5 c;ymy3 inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3i-3a,5 r; nd19w +twckm )7ufyiy lmcyv,y f,j85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kjsow/ps7: u-cg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hea2dtucq8;rp(m . uzlr- ting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposel (8c;dmqz-2p u.trru the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a)awqob+az w: xvds*:)t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a7ptuy zb.0hrq oaq7ikf/7j3 :t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapezp: 7zog1d8r 6dyv,yp s a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /lg c l uao*gimp79e**/whi +h7 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculesm6cvxhm;nt b6y4ypzp33, +rm?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)ejzp5o 4q ga(c(fc h,0 moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.oi.2 onmf32v72 ubic iy l6ya0zp1k-h1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arw 9mc f0; pxe6l)j9y 4uum3qsde in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath 4lwxuq9d) 3c0jmy9 m6ue ; fpsGalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translation umqy;n g,la98al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST 8,;aulm9n gyqP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spel77,hl k4bauk812 1fbq4 j d k9uoekyjed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 607l b944lo,2e1ak8ubkqkfj h k yud71j 00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ldt5wlssdz )ak ;iu8 8i3 u6t mplu8nm( 3a))gif the temperature is incru ;)dtdl8iummz sw nla))5( i8368lg tkuspa3eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,w ebwga1f j,r,l-p6s 3 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speedlw sb ,-w1 r6jgf,3aep. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecx5ba3le4 q9jx ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas isxxh (.ivs x4xdqj3y:.jz:bd 3+cow. h doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does:zbyd wd.xx (3x ohh:q cj4i.vxj+3.s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuwxb oqg s23x( t7s6p)lles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samhxn*jq z3o8o* e temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the in*x8oh z3jo q*nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speec 9t yne9 m1m2 q5beted3 o-p/*jyukk)d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecujc zs22 /o) )ol0kn8ye ,mkwwmle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dim+og/l/f g3esstance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is +nup 9w ah(is ng6l /f9ammt+qusj:;189 u in a living cell at is+ u n9ulnqf g:/ ts+1m awh(j6;9amp37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pk6cl8e fr*4yk 1sgh/f of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of vuzj/4e *j4bpie .s 5furanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, qan2 6dam1+f kin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurq3dv ig827;gq;iej /h)glxgjbj sw 95e is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9eg ) 9jbgs378 5i gxqwq;l/;d2jghjiv0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whe:rsvq x:0e6yc n the temp xe:sq:r6vcy 0erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils a/w.9jfq ab0 y*je s4ly16dw kst 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulg/fb3syrh *0yxo vg s1v52irk 6-bb9x ar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which w *1 r 0fig3 65rb9byosgvxb-/sv khyx2ater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressjo) ol fc4dc:d7 0r0 jxwy p;shjt c1.03u(qfwure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is twdoc 3.lcq 4w1 fc:j(fpy0x)rosh 0jj u 70d;40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wacw:z coh8b:g7 ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker3:(m: dxfci5 chz-cxs if the water is boiling at d( -f:scz53i:xhxmcc a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vor)t4gvy2qc6fs k6 .a klrt85slume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew j2 gvsw++hpc6*c1 g/bfqi- gypoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dyu+ kci 1vy::nx4fae-istancee+-1xnckyavu i:4:yf of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the ld2 evm9 1fepv n5g *dda7-y1esurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long 5gd1endev*l 2dvye- 1fm79ap and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measf0 k*qus,i4c ture has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibb0 sjnj1.t0d i/nj47q l9ks:li ivj0 a(9q tlorated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. efdkj 8.le6 , 34fl9y8en.y rkkg*dr tHow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wate 8d9 .y*ee fk6y,8 gtfr43.llk ekjdnrr and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helir ,i wk j;p;t ksci-2/lpm3bp;h:4 cmaum gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloon mh ir-i,k3 2 labc mksc/wp;tp4;jp:;s have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length fmzd v78j w5 zg:2nbh/z3nxc0 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andgdz75h 2v3:8fzjmnz xwc0b /n height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abv2x.o-o+xbf *gii-cmu 4qvh0out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availaesda4v-b qq6/ble vacuum techniques is abouab -/q6evsd q4t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillsho8lf6ma3:5g 2s/ aoz+h0b ngx k tzy/ his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what voluhah o3:g5f g a+ z/0blz62xo/ktsnmy8me would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon en j,mo-7vtp +kku2q4ww ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a spaceo 7jk4 ,+2mqvt-wku pw vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inb* wjxgi wf5 3g13skb27 7jtvlcreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume odc.3f kdc-(h 4-hfyfb f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at thek kn1)zx1jy+f* vgzuha0;s ;q - grz7jx3e2qf surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’2fjzg3 1xxfz*1nsrgkq-hv 0a;y;u +7jk e z)qs atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol r.bc hzn-sfef bbzn*u*8)( 7cecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hos 6z9h 3rvz; cqc0hr4mdpital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,80vmhz;0d3cr9 qc 4zh6 r0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atg*d7 vsv .q8wi 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolince9swh i7x 4 j)1os/fle at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eqay)vf lni.vznz 5/tvnaa .* 6.(4g7mixfb(lz uator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jaa/eb s7 qpylx6+whx50ov()i hr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in terok;6 t; mor6he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, 0k/ o(s pdof2zhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is i 4ug5 *j4p7+wqmq3k 4 gdqelb$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls eww(8s+vvo gs1 :,s 8kvq pnj7thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuminkvws,g+o v7wj esq8p v1ns8(:g they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofwp2,7e 5:i0 mttktmypt) ve 0v(pkq6gdyw 4*r air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature p, :tq740vky 6 me*dper(0g pt5 )tmiv2wkytwis constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foq (g*: c 3b.jipoj1kzfllowing two days: *g3jkjz ofq c:i(.1p b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenigze.ve6znjl j +9,t4 ce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperajvezn ge4j.+6t,z l9iture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,;7apev0z*( /xjl -6p qyzw vay the v(ja-z67;pwzelyp v*x0qay / coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their /672j*uo:id jymvnzl7v:ot k af 8od 0cellars to prevent rot and mildew. I o /ukm0joia7zdjf7n yvt lv*26::do8f the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg