Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per pngg; r6qjt1id:b+ q1iodic table or Aptgn+ 11;gb6qq j pidr:pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited toqlr3q./wmcy6ft) h1s make a thermomete ./ tsclmw6 qrfq3)h1yr.

Which is larger, 1 Co q;qsp84ral k5cov +1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with- wkyfsx u:/;n system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t;s/kyxfw n-u:he temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of 6;i6is-rdzmoq: l z3valuminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the c lz6io -rzms:qi3 d6;vurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear e0 0wqybk6we41 d m( dapop,t7hnmm 61qxpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat0* u h)nq kqg6/.tcdmoa)/u8 4lymjje used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that6mc ahgm ) .4*yuqdle/k8/tn qu0)oj j conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have gthjb*+4 lm1dn7hmu5 a section in the shape of a uhj4m1bh 5*+lnd7tgm U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatfflx3vm(i * r.yk83ba s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu/ t(z muuj5t g8l7cr(3*2(8x vld1 jvpbcffytb of water, the mercury initiallu2gl1jctvd*(p t5 z3r (u8f7(jtx c/b8 mflvyy descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or covc, 3oii8klnhpcz: 5 :oled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exzc:8hivklcinp3 ,5 o:plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that i,3x6+ j ;zbb lp29zaats0mgxnts coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat rez9 p+0x2 s3,aagnb ;btmx6zljsistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate x 68( 8rlacaz4+ m5 wuqi ktky,;gv1wzat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly th br3wgi.2mliw4 s(w; re can will not stand up. What has happened?ws w2wirr34l(bi;m .g

When a gas is rapidly 57sy/ -n e7fqr jtjwjdn*l7e* compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pistonrlq*/-ejjs5jn tfwd77y * n7e.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergedt( 7aqje98 :rut3kobg in water increase or decreas :b7 eutqr3ojgka(9t8 e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesl )+.m3u2*4dx8cq q xmg pc-jfd q;bonn)ft;w’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy andldcn+ )pmo-; 8wm32xcf.d4 utq bfqjx*g n);q the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from2a8wuy 6s f9t+uwq urv/vn5vz-e4*zi kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartha+w3;d ye+w8wp9 ekcynz kg*c x/g0t )’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimu cf8tiqb0+sa-m zhqpaj x3492m speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abou8p ib q 3fsja-thxca2q0 z+49mt one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanqiy .72ct pzqk9/ zzq- water at room temperature. What can you inf- t z9/zi7.qpc z2ykqqer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dsjr:d) *k 9+0pm 7o jqlfq9sp19jxl aary day at the same qs*jq axm09j:a j)7d p lo1sfl+pr 99ktemperature.

Is it possible to boil water ap clq:9a pg-gc +zf91at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dich33x0r -b itefferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? xrb3 eicht03-Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ove,wbq fxs.3oix y v:k8/ka1tl9rheated automobile engin.it:sxf,3 ov 8bwa/kl kyx 19qe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fs l9vgg93hy vyzy- *maa)o)t h l/.p;n;fhq8z ig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ;19rbtgyb4 +g 8hi .z)kk, mis-blqkrin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number infbh 9e*s9b)id a silver ring of theebi h dfs9*b)9 same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°r xbi(4z1 vo0aF. What is this on the Celsius scale?ao04x(i1 zbvr   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a:-e (0earmdg .6a hyco g9i0ua,t9e hmiv6*fcre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11xw.+ u x kotq69.6fjwpez8l8r.82 cm at 0.0 xpj+88 9. fkwxe6tzwl6uq o.r $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway iaa(*pwnpf3/bo k lk;ij sv s50c* .hr0s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is gmg7odszhx i/ hg+)2: vg-3vibuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturg-o +7digs)v :ghigxzmvh2/3 e of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thk 0z(gnpl/bt pgcwx09+30 pd tan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in /cgnlz(bpp twtk0 x9 0d3 +p0ga hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at-dym6 b -gkqz0 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change i-dvg;)4bvgy o:8 /mf3s krxnn n volume if it is v;n yd v-ro bmf8:3sxg k)/ng4heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled :s/5v zt*lg,kpt 9rx9hj w m/rto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 ch( 7fk3skon6 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in apy 65qz ++htr9ofa;tdkk . t7c ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow v b roh:-u-5l(b0q vyxqessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective- obl(qvu:qhy5b-0x r coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i*vc4cj4c i7ekp(g.1mk tp t17nq7okd n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeff h)hg;5bcz p5bicient of linear exp5 ;ch gzbhp)b5ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrpuc9xx02d5 ji opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandf st3/lh,;q sjuather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1;sqj3/ luts,h7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer n8*lk-e tg+cfcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hfn- *kc+gel8tas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi; .0w4d j,m7sqx,mv bbyosih 8num cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlessx .jymo,im0ss 4 bw8qh;,v7 db bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the d hop*:1-sb -ls - 8kg*csxgltpesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at l8sco t*gx:k --spp*hg1bl- sthis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelr*3 b/wm,vtw4/ rn)p- klltfp I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13xqc4rr:k n6xh0wm u;34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatujusg tz0kl8 ::res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Ftm/3u0dl/4 fj .zm qcvahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interi8e2i61d f5 g larh7apior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheriih me rjft9 q7-6n.-rl9 df*cxc pressure and a temperature of about-*9 ife9xjdh6q. -lf 7crrmnt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STPlu- q hgiz )+.dwy c4b95lmnb7 using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen rgyn n90w39oj/;wghg m, /prj($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrog j;qyb73vz oh 3s:qx9he jo-0een ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 7lmie0pnsn04yk /k)pqngf*fv s z:+4 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 (a/7(ychhyd+wis axz*uo a- 6kg of argon gas at 3*-cxuay ds+i7 ozh6h /ya(a (w85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kge48.-macm- kb cn s7g6u,seqz of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ach+wlkt rb7m1a 9ieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the airt 7kb+wl19mar outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atg.x;f* :odpll klc24-l/ euk j5z.oit 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.e f67s;wwy1.j w uyf;a0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level n9qa4h7 7b +xo8xqpeaqj;;peand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecupui.:30dpeq-y9vj rn fsm+ m+les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 o hb1kf;uxeja6i913j L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of x5k3vqbyw 3e5 (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumq3)srtje9u5 h k2 c0a) i3xvlpe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t4y-t6wp5is xr4mc0f phat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Asim4s f5r6 04txpcw yp-sume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an a3smfv c.ej* xwk3 :.soxygen molecule at STw3efjs km..av* 3:xcsP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sz5s 4y0zcidcr15e zl 8y i 9,vrd+eyr2un at a temperature of about 60008r 9l c+z0s4v,ezr 51ri2 ezydycyi 5d K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperadl06k p4epc5m ture is inc lm5e0c4kpp6 dreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following70fkxjs s,-hnl l73bbj3 g )zx speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,7xj,hl b33fss knj bx-zl7 0)g and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole(3q1 t v*nly3s1wsjvecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas )c2ubf-)9tzw4.ojj e j+om xdis doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dobjto24e-) 9xu)jw.mf +d c zjoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeuyfk2scy xs0sj+; mh 6k,2 r2as in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases )mm )u11lk :p vodu6bg)cr lb5at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootgmomu: p bc65l)bl1 )vu)k rd1s of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo:d1 mkjd0 9zrrlecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0:6w6szwy;llbe que d3 8 vx,p3,weg8 g $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distw+o n1m8.pukbbx1u i1bu uh,i)wj7 j +ance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in2oldw,wl8mai,; d5d n1w t,qf a living cell at 37 o dm,laldfn, d;wq ,ww28i 51t$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = fkyf8n kc88 *g$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu2zlf2 1(gn;si+zu 2 l8g z3lrqau;pqpm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whce.hei()j8 mebi)ks2 n hbv6 *at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase lbpm jcnb(j27p5i+t , when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)5bm p p7 ,(+cijtlnj2b 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the t 8k+/gjxeu:aaemp:a 8+u/xekaj gerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where p0u5u 1niten6 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plaxix;/jq njiyjq /n/;1 ce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whichn/ ix/qq;xy1nji/ ;jj water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatureps30 4 l3i6yo c-oaa.2wilngr on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anlsioairw3.02gna - o lp6y3c4d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wateyix9y1n8-io0 -fzdgfvj o; +rr on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure1, tb/wk8 e+7 oujxy-fvto7a d cooker if the water is boiling tw,7ybfx7 u-vk 8/oe tdaj1+oat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volud o4i,gb0j qx;w/o 1qime 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p)bd y:o4zn+ ykm6u6qioint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time newj;sb32)wf( b dizm) 2b-wzmmeded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1zj-) b iwbs;w(mb 2 fm)dz3wm25 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of iaxd3+x1h br/kr-a2 km nsects to the interior through tiny tubes carkk1rhd3a x2x/+a b-mlled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beep0cuk67o( rk cl6g4rw n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratepn) pfqm(3+7.s k :mguuudp8p d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated+ k3+n 1n-gxd2efkjk/ rw(fuz at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cog nf+1w -j 3(u2ex kzkfrd+nk/ol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindev9i 7a7hlxdr6r+ o -wvr is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyrw 7x -hdv i9al7+vor6linder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in jh:as p.y0(trj/zoqiyn 10 h9a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height :1/iq.0 oty r0 9j yhhaj(szpn2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on))3*itz ;yr zumypg x3e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techkhdrjwm 8tbng3h ;u-54+t /ogniques is about h- kwg d5jnbo+ m;48/tr3uhtg$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below thzm:0x29q9 mnz4qc.vptv-bus/ wb ,wm e surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfbtsvp .-b9m,qnzw: 9 wq0m24vc/zu mxace? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a hs*;-vblc q3nspeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thqhbs3vn-l ;*c is is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inrgc z0 m.s/yfg7;ld 5ccreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofyy.k5dn ji u4x4:cn7u 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thvjj iv)h1,pk3gi ; oa1e Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmv1 ja;,p)ohgij 3v i1kosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleckczwaz 7c w7nsx 0h 8:*0ccu+lules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in 7gbdi*6ipl;m.u:3h 2a tyldj a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if thdi3bmlt*uiph 6dal:g 7y2j;.e flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid 48vv m;vcj m,,c/cubbmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline9 w f.frahln f )s+q)je71+zjvp,f+kf at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sv;6y pa(gi1pe.: 8fjau3 giwq nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightljj ;z7hsu79 xl 9o8jypy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the js su pn)4h 6ow c.whwq;7j42u18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of s96qpu9o 7te ),ivfqq 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is r( h0g:j0xsze$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis byklr 3d 8i dkua3m7+1aalls thrown vertically upward at it. How many umaa37dk+d l i8 ky3r1tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter ((:-mjt e(p4 9qfb sb*dpazv0 gspherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is thevq -bd*p:(e0(fm bz4sjat9p g bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vl;g/y rk,ty)phmqqrr (fo1 .+apor pressure in the air on the following two days: /g k1ry. f(otq)+ qy,rhrmp; l
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the denswjodlw:aj3 1 m /em w,(/5i0s mrshm9xity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w/(09mwsoamwl 1emw5 j:jhr3 x id m,/shere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for* 1qkzm*h toq 4iz3u6e an ideal gas at constant pressure, the comk4q6io htq*3 1ze*zuefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.