Which has more atoms(-a/vhkl tx a;: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Aha;atklxv- (/ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermor)s(gs0fr qzz+z6 /msmeter.s 0srgzf+rz s)/(zqm6

Which is larger, 1 C s jax me1b/h2n1(n axj cs46q8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumi3+n *pt3-sdw lqw r* ix0)jui with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temp u 0dxlp*w*qn3j3 tr )i+ii-sweratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum 25n2fuut+kp *b p cg16y.el9ntba ( 5u vsfy,sriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the sspl5 yv *bufe5gf6pt192 sycu b+t ,au.nk2n(trip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineag05y /t6.vz81 pbcxbaa- okyvr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furna ltq) jojs1wt; v qa;89z2wa*g,+ olpkce (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetkl+awsq, t8*;j2 taj op1;gz9vqwo )lallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftenc .5a0afsu:q a have a section in the shape of a U.0 q c5ua.faa:s Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of ln;0n mye;znr6+gib q8ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a ,4 -zohz*ya3xs bcj,thot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exp4t3zcaj oz x-hb,y,s* lain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly ah8( ( 4wlip:qswek0qnv4s i5than adjacent parts. Expiash0w844nq5q :( sv(lkpweilain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its c:)hsemxx-wpj42t5 .o apm 6th oefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this giv5tx a .)6mtmhpowjhx2sp4: e-es rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuma)wd78k ,g72amat6jjzms ;i -+ ftoarate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top3t ) *,1wmmhmmcuz uny9 9f*+iuv 7hfy to bulge so badly the can will no)y+ntv** wcmhm1hi9zm 7yum f3u 9fu, t stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by p(+sr5 8 + es(uvdeoqitushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theorues(o 5+eq dt vs(i+r8y, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere sub q1qoce d /qg-ut4ry*:merged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased -1qqod:4tr*c/uye qg from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law xr*:or b80 ;ixkv/3ua e:ul4yinn q/ lfollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperateau//k;xon *ql 8r0bi :ur ynx43l i:vure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic th 3d-q:srs qjs 4- gpv45u,vtq99ibxo heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ar iae2+ah)1)atm dj4ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for /)f::v:vhedho g8crz s/6 h-zxq9hda the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically seh-hz :) dhf/q /v6:zxoc rg89v:d hano atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qs/p kw(o;m0sg uickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of ;k om s/pg(sw0one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot ,pk :4ke43l ezq si.-oev40s.bmnel hdry day at the 04qinzessk:l.k,le bvm hp e3o4 4e.-same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water ath/3 wl8or v e jjnxxv+.qg;;x( room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature iko qwnbuj(.tj ,(k:, l0ynia5s the same but the humidity is different. Which is mo:jy(kj a l.n,t 5w0q,unibo(kre dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator caxi*a(b kiqu,5j0 np/ t (nl8jd u3q2txp*nip 8p of an overheated automobile engin3unp 2qn/ xapl bxd,5t(*ui(0jii8kt*p8 qjne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)uez/uc*9,;ur; rgqr o?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp .yoosuqr o zk383345s qn7hfmer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cov:qk a/rf2 b+;emdq9d mpare to the number in a silver ring of the ekd+ rvba2 dmf;9q:/ qsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scauexcinl0/3 yf m7nnh6d e2f79le?3h2xmd unn90l7 fef6 7e/ciy n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 bg iera-d)o;9$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengt1/al*io e0h bdgh f9*ah 11.82 cm at 0.0di*al *9aehh1f/bo g0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of s,u2;am)ys fib) krx9ilabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Figqe4) 8ga 2cxdz/o;mik . 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaek4 oq8i x)g;m/z2c dature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet uxau cm10m,1r0yni .4yd 0l g5kek*fphole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be1a05p, ig m.4c*f ylmyukxe nr00dk1u placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water o lz+ lzy7)o45rly mo/j.z py9at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8ca2i w yl9fhd87z r/7u.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fr7wy/hric 9u78dazl2f om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0 t/:fr5igus :(l snu4v3c1 scn$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watrogycsz:10 th,ld 7n3nk3e0fer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac-j pdfbkis 0-m7vu/m6ed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expah*4k1 lhz)bci vb8 a+: okxfa2nd in essentially one directiz1h obch2fblx a8+v:*)kik4 aon only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ches:sr2/j8 x1yi6j2 migvw 4mcange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient+l7p+ujcb94p8tf pz*r z ir1 w of linear exp7bji *zup 894rc tz+lwp1 rfp+ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliv5hjv.)e w bs7d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gr(gocy;z 4*zi k4jf(;ekok*l ygh35rnandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 f(*;z yi3jy k5g oo4nhg4k k*ezlrc;(7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dia bk 73wgq)8d*e;ya gk3jii8v nycz 6k5meter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofjzk5)6 3knbv 8 a*iqeyd3w8;k iy 7ggc 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheed * vmd;;,v1noi3htpjl of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictio;,dv;dio3j hmnt 1*v pnless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when a*4xcp/5gg*zl4wzm k v hr,g7g zm2i 3xt 15°C. How much stress is required to kgzzhcp,x*53z2giwg mv/m xr44k *gl 7eep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeljd8 tih)2r) oy bjatn6(6j2 /p. bmhyy I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm yq40 tkf.ww,yjz dzmt+k/ p3:at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvq phqj+ikg0sr1(3 ers8+w,zn in scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperi p2ep //nzj8z5zehw28 bwx. eature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the fe 2r*ph ckl9 *u(3oo52nimtcy. so/a Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, am9*ng2ua-b/*pz i6h nzk.+m mbyc;1rw d3 he tir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 9 z ihm.gzm bay21+u; h- nc/wtempbdr**6n3kabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal : w+5 a7nretigr5ncy(gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of a/cj( +xw ui4gi*ryg/ nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai e 1mcbef,yk z)xy),s(ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.i8-d3fgdm ft/da -ou20$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0u4 ai/(t aao/8o rtjv 8rc0kw/-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K8o w 4atva(/rk0 c ur8oit/j/a?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg (f c,nho:u+zoof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyuf*k3:d3akf t ant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a b f*: dtfkku3a3alloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air yb5e/4 un+0k7lzse gaat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atxs;u 697po+hdl rh uw/y87x tu 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes l) qbd7 *s)dca:g9z zva child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec7g p(x 5aax1e w/ey2)bu 5fpcvules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000x hnbiw06;n br *0jsg) L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles ,y ld;-ezcs 7nxo :r iqy 215j,1ztdlq/aa+mg,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume s6cs l;uq jy8n.z b/g,5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0);j5 1zpr/cym+g*lq 7l0j nc ln ela8b-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gag jj)ell5; lrcn8m p q01yb *ac+zl7/nlileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average traw wh:+sed,-r:a cti3enslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STs-a+r dcwhe:,e:w3i t P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms vbo: d0z /0hmc1ku w0pnear the surface of the Sun at a temperatu0wuvdm ocpz1b0/ k:h0re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculespv1z4;nn9l gmd:g c5 g increase if the temperature ig:cl 9 dmngv;pnzg 145s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spxb*l ok4-w (j++0f 5 c/imyyza;hsvqt eeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms s-vfklqi /+ 4 bawc;h+5 omjsyy*0zxt(peed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0) ul8hsaq(x/a $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held kf*-)7 jny4z x y09ahjtd9u kcconstant, by what factor does xy9z9ky 7cdj0a*)jh-nkf 4tu$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecun(rsu)cfc6 ihu7 x9 79bn iu/ales in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the l)78sdtd qhbh (wg6z5 jgi.i8 same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squat (68 li)d5zsjhgib q.7hg8wdre roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an ,;i+5cj. zb4 obqacg +m+lp ik8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms r86o zpze3;rot6lzl; zk zy46speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dis w;ln;t8ww i7:(bzgn4y2 x,yhyunt2htance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u b02ok;jl5r6 y vzm av(in a living cell at 37 zm6o5yka( lv vr0jb2;$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas aeevz 0wg4x6 4vvh4o5 cksrol)r *w/;can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u-l1vtjha pqjm-3 ,go ,ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,yott 52ld81ukbk 7j3t in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase rsv rffc91e qh-6b+-(am jfa/when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 q19br/- cf emf6rha-(sj vaf+ $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5)7w , a)-syfbjkw:1sww4 adw u0% on a day when the tempera) )w a,yw: 4w-7kb1dawsuw jsfture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9 ursv3x.q/,4w5vzp:fk)o jya 5kamw; 0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in 9qz3f/6r zrav the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the a/zfvr 936zqrtemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial presd7,jp;3ikc:eq m)c rv ,t xa7asure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidipaxaj,)miq v ;k7 cc:3e7d,tr ty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial p:l3o56tyoe v :yfa3 hhressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pr0 d7 m0m6muh0a,q vnhoessure cooker if the water is boiling om vdhn0mquah0 7m,06 at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of+didntj lc477lp h34 qhecp p042lf-a volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew phq yj;v;v(w:goint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molw.muj -.8zfh lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancew8hlz -. .mujf of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects j+nh 4 fm--c.z8sx elw+gus4rto the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm loz+x-4 s- nwfmhrgjc ue+8 s4.lng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measur/fn ,3az-e .e9odrzk mpael05by 0s8ve has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib3d 5x(v/qs8wu ;+y a vdphz(jyrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibras r1o-t uqg*cpd:),rjted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 30josqdp : ,cr)g1ur-*t0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helie shxy 89pl(,.luscb3um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressu93y.l 8 (,ucxpheslb sre has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, u (u kpx(ehz7, l)oa5vjst50wand height 2.5 m.5vltha), ews zj x(k57uo0u(p Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the drbzw,j ;h9 ht n(:; *gdhzuoc2ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure y ,dh wsk7l1a.attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about hw 7lsya,1 .dk$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below theo7 q 6mvru3da.w*k0go surface, to what v 6ookd0w7*a. q3mugvrolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning z 7pg1zl-;4w1ba ruucqniz 4,e /:shdfrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright beu4dhla -z nz,:z4u bsc17i; /r1q gwplaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr: afsyis1s f0*eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of1 bkxy fp:*6sr 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface89 o;t8bvc nhl of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earv8no b98hltc; th’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conl-d-b qf,/8rjdl5umo) , achy 8 zvr2gtained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000n 3 jrdl o(y6(33w+pb* . ep9dsmljyym psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pro+yy6.nw* jm3yre 3(bdpd l 9m(sl3 pjessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of ln 9 blx:lbor,6a2m n n;7 h18s.saajveiquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atpvk.rb*ac0s, 2si3jd 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu,gx(pcb2u m(90k u1u w:hv jeogly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glme8:i z:vza3*4u zdh yass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standare tg1t a+nrtf,(ya49u d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a nv 10g.ei1malqqd w1g 5uyv4: pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t y8w2l+em/p( y rfg7tghe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenad(ugu) d7k/tnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumi7 gdduu(/kat) ng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver release z;igz5f2o4 0t,smcwidkb:8e s)zt 3i7w+n x ys a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depthzwm tik2se:)d, s c5yb nw0 o;xziz+84 7igf3t of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor +: mtsfu-h/egw jp:k7b;igi;pressure in the air on the following two days: 7+ih t;i/mjbf: k-;epgu g s:w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at St. 8gnuve9t tisv*3- 6rpzrc9TP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where3-rir* s86tutgzn vvct.p99e the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga1 ynk)2p;v zgds at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume;kg py1) vz2dn expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.