Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic ta2hr6,vhw n esiye2ifj*c)j65 ble or App*sci6 v5)er wy2ein,hf hjj62 endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be 6yfqzr7*typd8 o8,m vlimj1- exploited to make a thermometepm8tr q7j8f6,1 liv*dyzo- myr.

Which is larger, 1 Cd-q+7e )hgzhj $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syv.yz2fma,ov5h 3qh c)stem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what c vo5c)h h.yz, m3fvaq2an you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted2ws p1 kj:5ybmp q**dl,tetd0 to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will beb:,j *kpwd* ml dtt52yq0p1se on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expaesu88k zgh 82bnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosta iof/pcv+yce,lw/6vg 2o+cj,ux)*q bt used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace/e *+vo+2/xjbwyg 6p,)cuql vf ic oc, and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the5+2k1ojm7 cdqw lcv5r-e4buzlk o;r5y4) zsy ends often have a section in the shape of a w rdo)544lje5yo+lu1 czc b2 kvr7yk; m -zsq5U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of(uj e 8apybxhpqx- +g-se 69v8 lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watet rsikz55w1cyd *wk 3/r, the mercury wkr5st*ik513w y z/d cinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated orfe c 421d)cpxb cooled more rapidly than a14f deb)c2 cxpdjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyr/drg e7+kb.us7q 7std ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary g/+ se7dtgb77sq.udk rlass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 yad-sjj0ynnv u 2 8/i 4ns)r6s$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the canx,* vb. 4vovnuw6 2vsm will not stand up. What haso vxnv,sw4 .bvm6*vu2 happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing d 4)p2,olmqrycn xmo *;own a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noticyo 4;omlqm,r2)*px n ng what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wato 0vs:pbo- g1xgj3nt )er increase or decr svngogo:0p-x)j b1t3 ease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charls2o (ssgi 9nnlq0(fn gus3:x, es’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetlifg sg( 0onns n3x:,2q( s9suic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic the0 e zj0aaky9wk5evw.5ory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratioyr )9yg/*j v ot*rm3v q2l9yuy of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustt3 nhd12 rye9 yz*ds;v/wie8t have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for yy9*t2ds1 /r tw8 heen;v id3zthe Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than w 0-r5e4 l(amkdduj fw5ater at room temperature. What can you infer ab-fdje0 (d4a5rwk 5mu lout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thea e6bol-;b d/yvw6 ,qh same tempera , 6bvhbl6y aoq-w/e;dture.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempera+)i m7em8vcp ) cw3oukture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humid-/it29(x wh,mxgjq 93 o6v h wpsp -y8smre9wiity is different. v2jpygs8/ h6-m e9mwtir9s 3p(qo,h9ixxww- Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cano ds 6qec/(0b1g sx,np of an overheated automobile engine(cgnsbx on0/ d6q1s,e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud ih -;ezdhnz6l4:vp 6rqn the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coyrq; 8 vno*9 9akk7cutpper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms , : wnj09ivmj54 wvwntin a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same n ,nv:45wt0mijj9wwvmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this k epnn0b/.1umon the Celsius scale?e 1.u m/pknb0n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13ql2;)ph9 0st m3du crz6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colp6ulv)k :qu,x umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.l)uxq,vpk :u6 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builts6- q3,hn*khnhqx+-* ake;v e sjun s- of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron 7hki6isogqz.02 y0 v capproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (q2igv 0ikh.s6 zc 0y7oaverage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thanz6;rj2*u row7d,y y e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm ino j 7r;y *w2y,azrd6un diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at )c v(kl9bjaz: 4 y5wntsod0:t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if in6:gb8x f*sfn v 0:ecezpy*0 ut is heated from:ynnfcp8zs6g:v0*e 0 bexf*u 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled z 6+lxrlac /8v puv7m:to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofx r i-eu64ej;l water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rin2-5s hie v4j +vqk/pggt7 om4gg made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel *h700lay rgo nso it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expa7h*0g nayro l0nsion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change,hl8a*na 2mlw qk6(m,bk ru+d td.vs4 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lge)+a ubb(ezsw ,7ektc6 6 4ky-8dqfr ength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansies8 rk6cdqk,)ea -6wtgu( y4eb zb7+f on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso)v ri l8m+t3xj*s7 vzktropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pj8: rzlq2 v1v4ga0hnu erfect time at 17 8vqjlng2hr au:41z v 0$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomeztwkitgd+l:mc21-hq;k*sx 4wc* n1 h ter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbx 4mskztc ;+h-d kn wl1g *1iq2c:ht*w has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotafgv .bphs(o) 2t302le qi*npyting about its axle on frictionless bearings withq) hbo(fp 2g2v i*yt3.eplsn0 angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dgbn0++lkx2a d r(jv p-esired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempera +(jdkbxlp-r +0avgn2ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bea8 gzmj: 3m-jxuj5a6 mpv wlo3)m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 8+efr 6q bl.zark g1(tat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempea4 ji ai)m g*3bg9x1lzratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature *cg tjeh 48l) 1-g w7e7) rrab)jwrdyxon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arnpa;k vjh yjhf x 1psvv8404a29iet/. e about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion ejyvh7zy s3 /n(ngine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofzvn/jh s3(yy7 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga*eid:bym lq +; 8vdd8as law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 pzx 8nbujv)* +iqg)7hk1 o js1kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain zvheoits 2, mjjchi-:(0uf*):ncz p*s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0f u2/,)x:ob7n ecqdx c$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contai gcx; xhbez-:0k1dfdc1-9/du( g vvwrner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 d r(;x-bc- k ggc:e1vzfhuxv01dw/9 dK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0)0q+ rp p.xm,zy eb8i h, 3zxylthb07c kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bal8dei)xm+ ta,l-d f( qsloon, which makes it less east mx(qi)+d f8d-l,dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withsjudl) 4 7s+dv air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 8jt11 85a9* ytvximmhos 1 wgpat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon erph pbt6 qzh20g ,vx/8scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /*+w2: dpagjo5 /hkc*ekrc *oz $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molebgg hj o8m2l 7ws)r+e.cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a )h7q0y bmp7 cx3( yfagbk3gf() moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 )yvxo52 ;unwst*agqkx5)czx :* g pe($ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thzv: j*(t9*dmdl4 gdd8hi-+ smxs (quoat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint:*:- x4z8s(dhov9+m(dj*u smdtdgilq Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic eng-sjlu1np)( iq1; c yuergy of an oxygen molecule at STP?l)np gyjci 11-uu sq(;    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ntvw ldimc/el zg47 050ear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abi/vlwz50gl7e cd4t0 mout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increas47b7s0bn o+p ffi4pdtw0w/es3. dq n be if the temperature is increased fr.bb d esdiwp 3n 4q4s/bop7t0n0+fwf 7om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units o,o(:pc8 rhnbi mqwk0, f km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, m ,0(brckohpq w:in,84, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculzn 8b5( sq,6loai f(ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant g5l.7f-xw tzo, by what fa gtx.7fozl5w- ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofbzg ptc7v*r7djt .)gq8uo7p4ei 9ut+ molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture)h*p5+-0etfb bkermw,r 0vc q of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their 0-0rreq5)k+f*hw ep cvtm bb,rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculxujq:w6.h r+tic/d3 dv7tiox ;-z3yves contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxz;mt 3ertt/p0ek v8z g(4g vq:ygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen3 6cf v/h;6dwxc fthf.b)9ngl molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino gkismutp z2 x867x-xabph1i+3/h c m6acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell xxzh it 8+3g1bi6mak/7pp 6sm-2xuch at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas caazdjg86 u /dis m4:.nx3og-v f0t urxl+y-co ;n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu:9a anw91b;njrx, iyt m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,w3 zoe9 fb85lb in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature b9.myn//ry s ii0r17-spfmq u is (a) 90 m b/ims0-q uip.79y ns1/frry $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is qbax98ja+*nx uzxm+:7 r; plr50% on a day when the tem7xpaz :j+xum an+rr89qbl ;*x perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at z ettyk:sm7zu+q ,1a+90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular9 ,p-5 w l:rmjy zxsaulo9n:7z place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whioa m: l99zu-5 npjxrly7 :z,swch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatl)e , jl98z yh0xt4qt3ktc ig1ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?cieltq04j x)tz3, l9y8hg1 kt $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature : cb(etbc jd7eu v-/6:emx5bjis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooxub75s g8euu*m46ztc uhk6t:ker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12 t*7uuezt4u:h6s kb uc6 mgx850 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6808:mc1 x oirbw53c :qqjgtq+r4 w8zi y2$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of izxp86xb.s0p- h,tie5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time need- /m xq+k/r mljg:3xlged for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15q3g-m rl+gm/: /jxl kx $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior:,, ey uw/dgdgqbam2u+lz4k / through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averakdewgyalu2/ 4z,,b/q +u gd :mge trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bew/y7pe: p 35 kssogea+qg)8gy ka36ih en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu.719sxs l rphqiy85dtpp x2 y6re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tezaoar/t) h-1g mperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of -oz/hgrta )a1 cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a h se;ba ozt;5w2elium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreas5z;e w;2 stoabed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, a- :/jghivj/ 04wo k u2og5olalnd height 2. 2jhijglv/k-50ag/ l:4wu ooo5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density o,( sbtz4xp1cm7v*dtldx mz; -f matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bldf rwzs4 1z3)est available vacuum techniques is aboutfsldw )zzr413 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full caparu -ntj:5i+piu 7gzk 6city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ad67ukr+ zjt :nuii 5pg-visable?    L

  A space vehicle returninv7ezw.x3s;* x mmq0 hlg from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correshs*mx.xz0 7ew m3;l vqpond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaseje*j3 .c1 4k;yhiqxny d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 2es,lm3j 4 eaw,3jjko770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfzol fn 7*9mh4kpb74g sace of the Earth, estimate the total num44ogkhm f9bz7 l*spn7 ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed7 dlz eo p.dkrw5unmt.0:d i;2 of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder o.qr14s kq6ep yf oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at Tpy1kesq4 q.6r = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryp0hkej -jtzs; lx 6w*0 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atj wp ur)p9/;sy 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eqnv(ve n,)g-+ jzcou,k uator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gq/ ex)f)rq1 wulass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a .joohq6(c w0f7ghxni3rmw8,dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has ea vwh:cxtz9t+ti.yk3-13 nxa pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frorcjf,/q (m,yx xw4h5 tm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown wb2)kd ;t-hdgsm;yq+vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid-d; kg s)hd;my+tbq2w elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamete 6q phkw:8.kpgr (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whenwk8p hgq:p 6k. it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapc/lvp6;q3mva)+axt eor pressure in the air on the following two days: mq);v3e/ptxc a6 v+l a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percentz(0:xxcy+9 ,+g z gl:2cvm v-g9 ne) xurfdmao difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where t2rf ,c ggymg9zvc-:alxo ud:(zn+ 9v+ex x)m0he temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas anq8tg tqq9 :z2t constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansi9g:ntqqt8q2 z on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.