Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron zsfacds :z-roz1j;+u m41n 4eor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.4nejc mos:- 1+da f z;sz4z1ur

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometlv(w q,u;aovdgo +.x09, i rudow9 ido (;u+ ,ga,v lqx0vd.ruer.

Which is larger, 1 C ub3jw7o p38m p$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not ko(h0 0v.* o+a ldmkatin thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatu* kd.+o 0aml0 oha(vktres of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of a yvze+j5n0o, /(hyaq hluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hev n(zq,e0+h yjoy a/h5ated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansv2,nh 5zi* 2a9uxx m0htzjpn +ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fn -hxuh)j, th-urnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devi)xunhhjh- - ,tce controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the-/5o x7o ;4n1 tmtkbcdd-jefh ends often have a section in the shape of a joet-- c d47xh/m1bdtf;nko5U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc0iaua:,i ps y-ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gp+ 5paqbca4n za a9urt0 a)1z0lass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initi+zr5p a40abcanzq 9u)aa 10tpally descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of ite* f/q +mg 2(dzmzkwpga74fh22bkb3r is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaib 7gwq+2rz( eb*2d k 3fp/mfa mhkgz24n.

The principal virtue of Pe:g (vmp;2a-3any ntv yrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thi-ve2 nag;:3ya(mnpt vs gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac9cep +o;r eq a.v f4z5ugzy):- lvxjxxdl: 4u:curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bult1/i9o/ emfcybsj.*e u lk9x/ ge so badly the can wilcou/jsx l1 f.b9* /9 myeek/itl not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, .r)z(fqqmi *gxc(o( r cx9*rhby pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules w) *c c((*xmoqr9xg zh fr.ir(qhen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alh ;ztx na u2wt vhq91s g if38:xkty3+)xy.7uruminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if thew9 x.i+7 1ga:hy2u nxst zx3hyt3r ;fvu)tk8q temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the fkab a*k27h(fj9k3n*vkz k .drelation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempk v7(*a fzjkf*2k 3ka d9b.knherature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s l7 4 y ,956pinwmwxy))bszkuh gaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospher oiynla ;x8+c/e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum qq3rf -1tz)hw9mukq /vihi -/speed an object must have to lqv th/f)w93/z1 qir- umiq hk-eave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tem3/ 6z 6ut+ hwn)0z(x jrkkqhizperature. What can you infer abor x wk 63ji)+qu06z/ t(nzkzhhut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at n)af1lb:r 8ze the salbz8:1n ar fe)me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperl+ ,l oxqhh(m,ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bum/z* rf;fgxi(jhyr h.8k ld;fhb 6)+z t the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the )hbfk xd/;.y(hf frm +zrh;i68 gzl*jhumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhep1u0fu +ph uhpk,*.lq ated automobile eng1q,* f.u0khp uph+ pluine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w9r* gpzetx u yrop8,ksy, ,+c1hite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grame7afi0g2i7212s g 3 w f/mz esige/hcb copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms ij*8 d4 *2t5nq wpw 1awhrvvh-un a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring 4uj q n8wdh5pr *21v-hwtvwa*of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thz7+*twzly si03cy62 kxtug*dis on the Celsius scale?yctsk7 z * 3uy6ld0+2iwt* gzx   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 q vnrub2k9 n-hz+3(zj6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thep3e2ej-;o,t n cdpc+cfl)lw,b , m9nc alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 wbelc-o,2)pn l9ccc e,mdn 3,f tpj;+$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs b q23*m1hmv 2,wi)ahpe utqh412 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughhb6j1 t( jhr:tt iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature oft:(jhrj1bt6h 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used +:nri4u qz /edp9(ze oand the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in9e(nzo:uq zdr+ pe4 /i a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at nr; kp/4/bd con2 jc)f4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changeai.j thn/2+yv in volume if it is heated fr htnv.y +ji2a/om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled 9xf*fc7px6lk*pwl :pto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 d5 4ksqlrwr7g y0kppcd.w9 lgjslk+)037y8s $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A3tq:1 lzexz0ozm/niz3 rr c1q00h8jst 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained 54 7jugy0b +uaa. fheain a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effjebag7hyau +0 u.a45fective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denp ihz/ouvk:03/jv:wl 1 nej/osity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffici6g ikmy wuz84-ent of linear expansion mkg68 w4iz-yu$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotodjm;f+ n /y-(jo-.jww-z+e xq* yj lcropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perjet z/04 t0lscfect time at 17 0tjesl 4/t0z c$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside i8phtu; ,aj(ldiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb haj h a,i(t;u8lps a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrbpe0 sh+zhnd1 qt/jg* 7l/z+ aical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v+ z hl 1speb+qj/7g/*zdnhta0elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has theh)* i 7 wne.y.unw1agl desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it a1)lguww. an* ei.h7 nyt this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area nf w /f u;/o.l28ldewg0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122o gvv 54;sviz jbm7r.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturel7 *wre6l :p:lxl4 bdsz (t)nps on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatureupi (c*.ih8gl3qb3 u7hgin+m on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter-zno9gj r; j 4d lahi,m2-;dpmior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempey4+kran ( k3r28ndyqwx ne8 9 tatja9:rature of anx9y9nt :a3aqarey4k8 rk+ j8t d(w2nbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP us6j2gqez 9ysx,ing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogzy3r4l) r5-vhq;l jkgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contqr2nrzg+ 41s tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasnm.u,v nm47dvjn : il/ zg9q-y fs34kj is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contq* e.nboo7vh /y.nun;ainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kqeoun;b*.y 7/ hv.onn?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o0og 9g07m cd5)b hyrqmg cm/ lw7-uwk2f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant pab iegeu(pu 4on01m9;qy) i7lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the voluu iip7gb)10apmune y;(4q 9o eme of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at xk 4v va)2 by:ea8d1ix15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atinw) tt) gm50t -co4 plucp78t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chil9mz42xl7 qw +pbwl*5z lfh5at d’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec5 r af6sqz .e:2cg(utia t4xp+ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecd ftv 6her6w53ules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, jz3+7 wptljwm,6m( /i-dn; mc 9dh bdi   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.+4nc+ +(2s;vs-ptljr oy mzen1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inz* yyt(eea/r*oj .zx 3*n bpm8u)4bwehale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km higp.4*3b *y8(w)xe uy/rjzn b e*zmota eh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo98 l jnxee fki *9mchwm5g(9w4lecule at STP? w9l8fexnm k4hjwi(*mc g 59e9   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of hr;2g q*,aehfa elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abou fqa*2,r;gae ht 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thpl)y1o e j6.,m6pq huhe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 6,pmopjhqel 6h) 1uy.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6 l93 xyh k5z7rl,cp: gj)g2xdk, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.kcx)9zg,7 g 5dlx:3 lypr 2khj Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20d+iv+n/l6 xcw f5fdp:.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wer. ( azpbc 0kd)5e2mne,(dinhile its volume is held constant, by what factor does b )c0endzmp(i5 .kera dn(2 e,$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bcv4o2 e a*k-)* tdl/e* hsmclay $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same .p;7tl0tif )sihcq l5yee34rtemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molec.yi 0t7ecq3l4lh5)si;tp efr ular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in 00u+fx cst;*(rbj kws.f/jwdan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed zdb ncqxf *e i 0p34.ykmk-f*:of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? vge cpa.uj/ t: tf01l8   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid f sn/axt28uc:f lb0z: whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living x2 lnc:f:80sfb /aztucell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressua-4qpg(, ppqg re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani5pn8wh+k.ph r um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ws+c8 dk1f .es6fz .bbin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the presse-gij:lqm z4 1ure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90:j 1eig-m qz4l $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day ,yw*ozc1 uc ;su u/es/when the tem*/ / 1w zscyuu;s,uceoperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boeivsg , *24h qq+zwl(dils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in r 4hv a 7diknojm)1l.z+p7 8iathe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temlr7vamz)k4j h a ip8.oind+71 perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial presq0 f/-eu e ti ttxqbj,xui3(*puql*4w*r f/q+sure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity i0ruq itf/qip*bwq*u(,x l-t4eq+3xf*ue t j /s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day 9p-cgi: :-w/ tvowta k7viaw8q:;l ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if qf4zf xf7r/z/ the water is boiling at a te7qffxz 4r/z /fmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume x/qnsm0ljw9k l2e4ew xud+*7chq +0h 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 e(l4l - ve5vqdx/ rt.m$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculeg :-/ys lmfztirye7(stt:,c 7 (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan: yt te 7rc(i,tls7yfms:/g z-ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfas dq2bzeri b5gm6 )r;sib+.s -a-+ ribce of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 sa;-isiizbrrges+rq5 b )b.-6m d+2 b mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h5:cu lwwet qr eh1-(r*z/u3bs as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure 3u.9e *n ybyovm) 1 ocswdb5x8/l5elk has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal w:..che 2si(3 bvfm tua( mvm:room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thtmvu.(h(:m b i2sv 3c.ef: amwe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After ij; +eg:b0a1gjr in xyv0en6h-+8si zmany balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyzj+ 1 ;6gy rs8:i0gbaie0n-xjn hvie+linder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules i3-iej 7 rki;r:zvg31k :rk abun a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2i;3kv3 bruki1-rraje z7 g::k 2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isefy8mx0 + :cvi about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqibs/j2yod++f dp bt 7p+r.at0ues is abou+ +s 0j/d+yb72rpot.id afptb t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w1w evg7gyqx6 8um(jvfa-b* 0xhen 10 m below the surqavu xm(y8ejg gf6bx0v7 *w 1-face, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthobe woo8s x e0; 96wp4asb6i,l’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be madespseo6ibo8e9 0b ol46ww ;xa, of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas9hafli ;aj m5/ is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770r yxg h3 h;2j*p)kpwicl0qexl t :c2:.m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the/rkx2 *yy /ev j1qc0ge Earth, estimate the total num/0kx *1eyrejcvyg/2q ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr;rn 8 uva.f/hbogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospi al0omzs5crbhq1u3y6u3w g *y )+rz5atal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will 35o53z+hqy1rsyam)clz gabu * u06 rwthe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurydd7 /t0r:w nzm at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atwpa 0d8on5 hv+ 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator atja, xfi3 ap8*g+x 1t3lska,vz it6l0q 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass dn5kb * iktf0*lx)eeysl9)i *jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the1 q)ddcur sbz/:hc3 1u 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cfpr ig;ak2 6kirk*uvh 7tf581harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea+qyc dhd4-)ay e)6lgnrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity p8gi i21 cwjcxho4y61 0fakvvp z-r++by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and arg-+h 2kw1 6 z4iv1ar o0ixy cpp+8cjfve thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fr-m i* ,cqhiw-xom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How x -ih-c miwq*,large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurelyynk,6sjb :+ in the air on the following two days: 6jyl bkns :,y+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference d+wgk/w 66w jyx:hmffq j)e +9in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deekg/6 qyjwwe)6 j+ fx:w+ fdmh9p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas atr tv/y; jho5x ox1:rz: constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionz/x;xr:hv5oj1 :t r oy is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constanq;eg6q f.jhpc,1 b9lel e6k *ytly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housp ,16g; qcj hql e.by9l6fe*kee (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg