The process shown on the 0zn;akwwv54,aeq n, k T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no cham9eb-l8,ts+ gp(mrh m nge in

  When the first law of thejwc;b 6,hea v04 t3*m-wmmpyhrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its temperature(5/ns1 iocs,op gggh( 5lvw f/. gvco5o,l/giwh ss1( gn(/ f p5 This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally fr v( 1c p74e/pi *wg0cqtonn ku2n0i87cfjyfc6om 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that comp/k *cfjwn0 248pi0fcy 17untvin o(eg76cqpcressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half))7i)4jdp m fd60md p) dp55y uds qegwdy+a*d its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of th5)6dfpmd)pid qad7gm*jd 4+py0 d 5)wsyude) e gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Duri3lq v2ae5 0qfmqbw36 png this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Wh0f23 qw3q5bpmvqea l 6ich of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an 6l -jp4w *oktcl33q hxisolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat wi3t xp-h3*j cklq6 wlo4th its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynam;hvc)60p k/ z*aog xliics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its oriifm t,hpre35e,0byvo0s - v c,ginal volume during an adiabatic process. The final pv hb -5,0pytfmi v,r3es,coe0ressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contaf8 kj; ;.rsog b2r6wxnv3w7rx ins o7 fnkrjxws8.gxr3 2r;6;vwb$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in 7(a/lbl8o2 x f4eg uljall respects except that one contains4b f/gl2(aeulo 7lxj8 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV 1+*sn(yxms1qw 2arx fdiagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no rn5t6fnlo) p9;c)jpbchange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics87loabp9ls5 i, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressycau dra7q0sgudd58ijv34vn* /t :1z/ d ub) bure as heat is added to it. This process 3vzund qu)r8bdb4*: 1sti /dyajcvu0 dg /75ais

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constarlax7 ra.cn6 ov 5c,*ljnj23cnt pressu* cvcr6 a7o2nl.rcajxl3n j, 5re. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PVbq *n9b j,i6id diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there ibl jyfl*l 8.7jx) v9cxs no change in

  When the first law of thh8huyokfo *y*,) )eq(p lz f3bb8exp/ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container tharqzt 7p )irz8;u*9 cnt e.aen)t cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. )nuzipar7 .)9*zq t8tencre ;This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constan::h rs1 m9wbayaw8g,ryf zbely k6o3z-; i*9nt volume. As a result, the internaw,s*; y :o8 g k-w1rbibaeamyy96:lnzf3z r9hl energy of the gas

State the first law of thermody,f . 23w bgsv(rosw+axnamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?l9 c , ,fwg1:l8bw rwycsetoiq1vf*3/

  Is it possible to transfer heat q:;;9o yx a5k d mu(rlie+kw7elu6:drfrom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of ther-w 5wlexdh- grlf(c, fx,hp,+modynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how mucf, scmd9i)mun wpoc1fa7 9*;rh work is done by an engine operating on this;c,mon dps1f 9i9*7 um)frwac cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rati/74m :.u vn 9w+/t:ormnkq9 dusa zoxuo of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat vjagn8wj jahv 9+.r4d ch g* 0.si6/aksink must 0jij.arknhv.hd 9wa* gv a46j g 8/+scbe

  A Carnot cycle consist/w5 q8)bvfy- n-qsa/vl6uj gxs of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the secon(v4/unjv31kt f m4k ogd law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defiklw+5a mlmkz ;m i29dacigs .d(:/9 cjned as the ratio oz 5s(l iw 9ja/+ck9i ;gldac: dm2kmm.f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a0 s) u67dj1z at1sdjfo heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate h9:w wikf6ns/r

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any proc qewa1d33s, yuy kme:*ess that may occur within an isolated system, whic*y1um3ke 3wa:sqe, yd h one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of tnye-lp.f 8gth -qg2o7j+9kl s hermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude theuyt i-7 obh ;)9sq*tpat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from sg9bx(-o wy ioos0l,7 an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energo7,owo-ybs9( xils0g y?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wh,5gara7rrtx k4h ab63at is the workk,r3ta457axab6h r rg done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas ; y1k(5m j :w8f*v2(o+mmcbnxowa :k tsjx*slsystem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the chann 5 x (w+ljx2v8:basfoyscko:wjmm*t (1m*k;ge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas /lc +0 i t,bsp izfut)u3c6l9vadiabatically. What is the change in internal 6cc/3f9bzsll+,0p)t tiuu iv energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of w0 2t +5nr7xyjgjfyf m):ck b;w/qs/syork. What is the change in internal energyjfgnysy;5 // k)tbxsyrq2+f0:w 7 jm c?

  In an isochoric process, the 7 ;w :x/mep oa0v)ajppinternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What isv xwo7)j/paa: pe;0p m the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system dec us:q6h3ubf+ijciw /9bf h yw*h9t/9 greases by 50 J. What is the heat hcw i9/:tfbh3ijs 69bf*w/+ g hquuy9 exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomhcy awq;7fhn(b i(,+2(rfqf pic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accoifpchnf(awfrhq+2y ( q 7,(b;mplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831gl ) z i0im9pt8tvw17y J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sam9iy mwt18ivzt p07gl)ple?

  A system consists of 3.0 /z x9gjpzo3w15 m:5f0x,r eh qb he 6k+dp,dunkg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is t8 pcq9,hkt0o mhe efficiency8opqht9 c 0km,?

  A heat engine has an ( ofvbb3 ewn*2a/v-k.aol8 xh efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform-vb/*nhv3k oawfx.(boa 2 8 el in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receivw :eog,f/ k* p7dlqp2jes 150 J of heat per cycle. How much hl , j/po*7gkfd:pwq2eeat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eachr99+,dg9lfd hqk .vum cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of ed.l, fv99qhgdu m+9 rkach cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cqxtclyelozz.a4vp -0q3,i2 /nr:k 7a alculate the 0 a , ct43q/krzx2l.n7ivloe aqy:z p-work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the f(wm.hf42*cab h sl)k wollowing characteristics: combustion chamber ch(4lb k2wm hfa.)sw* temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fol 5fm*6 qvnvrl52vqf e7lowing characteristics: combustion chamber templ62 q5*mv7e rvnqf v5ferature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foljphn.;fl:7 tntq g+pw w8(h w0lowing characteristics: combustion chamber temj7tlpn h+ qh;twgp .fw :08wn(perature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW8h+9bqoilhz vem: 6 x92rxes + of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 Mi5oiwkxony/bl at l9 +-w +e2:W of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genet4lu8l )hl0gy rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates bekp ,l1yawe )x9tween $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoreti d6w/ap*.hazd ezza:( cal efficiency possible for an engine operating betweenz6:aeah/dd. wz*a ( zp $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is7cnppxz lzyrezj+3e3- 3xa. 1 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temp.zjczzax3 3+3 relnxpy7-ep1erature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating , b ;;pwzw/b;yt 2kswjbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20*fwha5 4i jje; kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is requirefahjew *j;i54d in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at g/e0jsxk- p,o/- wxqa the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the xgo q//jsp -,0kex a-wcoefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the frxj2 qmvf9( )jheezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How m2h9 f)xvm jjq(uch work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice me 4con,/d( g4gfxafwq 0lt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in j2ft oouncy,i;*9w l; entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion fvgnw3r:qvs c mi7a4tb;*6o/ and its entropy changes 4f gti wr6vs cn7*3m:;bo/vaq by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at vmrvi2pn922w $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.