The process shown on the T-gds*/m9l0n *ppoh 5 dgV graph is an

  In an isothermal proces5je4t z or00ews, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicshyxz*yra:) b8:jq 0 kh, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no ch2 ssf9grco ,/tange in its temperature go t,sf/c2sr9. This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During6uhc/w)ai3 :2i+r bij6rcke 4ey ,xkc this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that i66kbxuc)w/:2i e3,ecy r4a+ jkrichcompressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal h6(-;tl,s0q oppiwolh6vrs.process. The fiph v06otli.hwl;(,sr q o -ps6nal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally fn6k -l5hs lb.5di 2oxjrom 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Whlj65hx do2 5.-slbnk iich of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in amf3o7- ofbf,5 z7naatm bk8a, n isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat wio-m,,b8f3 5faman z7fbkoa7t th its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,46j sq izb*mfz 1h /4i*jrdx6u $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its n dh8dg-yrdc 39kt q*4original volume during an adiabatic process. The finad4ny q8d* chkt9-3dg rl pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas ide;,/ic4ip,o;bytwben 8w v x1izm4oi :ntical in all respects except that one containsyx m io84i;wpnb1, ;zot/ e,b4:iicwv $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in alj40btfugu6+ ut2)jwl nz6/ i pexx;b.l respects except that one containsj ue0u; t g+6.)pin2 zw6t/x fxljubb4 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagramqwp7s4kbgh 4z74jz c()gy2 vj is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chane 7 /km7d )mada2uol/uge in

  When the first law of thermodcubfc/;nn h3j ol90q 6ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Thisypa i//.o;e)1st gilj process gayi1l;s j.toie)p/ / is

  Ten joules of heat energy are if wl0.hyjl3b7ux.r +transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, j.f03 ir+lb.h x7y uwlthe internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on thee73by mef* u)6qch ih/ PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, t0s5wj(cpg kjc;th/a iz*x t,e z1 cb33here is no change in

  When the first law of thermoci t;x79gdcodd6zk -mp3.2z j dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat envxwir nh0 q9tsu1yu(lx70moy -3m)l 22dj v4tergy is addev yl n4x (3oitq7) jrv2d1ut xwm-902yh0m suld to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample ofsdieevg6m,, m2:svo*pg2 y /x ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the int/e6dv* ,epgm2m i xsos:g2, vyernal energy of the gas

State the first law of 5gjqnt ea 6amzj1 66h(thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to trj+0q gq9d h)fdi3174bngd xq+g 5ykuoansfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat w*-tw-)lem ez1/ nson2 2 ljisfrom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics 0oq)cf2 u7wru0 e) ojxaccording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cy. jits -m+,l*txrne omnr1, t;cle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is do;t ilr1,j-mt.r * ,tsen omx+nne by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat )81(brv y d1wwdkk.fp engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the hea vr /mz9tju2v, w+f8hlf.rs2 pt sink mu.rf8s 9mf ljp2rtw v,2 /zvhu+st be

  A Carnot cycle consists of7a*n va-9o -owo zt3gw

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamicsfg ewd t5tcy b/kjk/3a(+; .bn.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratioy*+aj my (yg2f)tzgc) oyj (+f y*t2cy)ag z)mgf

  The coefficient of performance49yy5asw3nf z (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of th,kl:gtxdoop + ;wmf1v 04zyc 5e water

  According to the second law of thermodynamiic4wq g6j4w k3 p66rtucs, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the chi6 w4jgruc 6tw 6pkq43oices applies?

Give a general statement of the second lafybi0*z qjj+2 ym;2oj5em0xrw of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamic2+geyr c8x+gkg.gt 4gwt0 5vis leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from y 7g1clc:n;qaqzm+ y 8an ideal gas. What is the 8ny +g mlqy7z;ca1:qc change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wh* p 6*ssndvk58vc ;satat is the work done in the pros* t*vd6n5pk sv; sca8cess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process bi x35* yypuf*ssb1o(k /vrrfv 4h 8)pis -400 J. What is the chan*vp4sosb rb1*8(vpf fkryhxi ) y/u 53ge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the -:)hkji+7ui s1 syz bmchange in internal energy of the g7)+j: ibmsz y-h usk1ias?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic p6 prx-hmx 8w6trocess while doing 25 J of work. What is thr t8-mxph6w x6e change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systeqhd5 5(cniq, wm decreases by 50 J. What iswih5cn5qd q( , the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 i0::yt.b/tbgt3-pk2 d fozkaJ. What is thef2aobtt0iby3pd.- ::t kk zg / heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic ga3m ujky1xcj+7 s is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K.jc3k7 um +xj1y This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J9k+ri x.bpg sa*1)ph b of energy is remh.sbxg ip9 k1)ar+ *pboved from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wateulvf fgr1fg:*z/4 x-kr at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 Jwm qjlik69mk4-nk,s) *n pne8 of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency?69)n8ws jm*nk- e l ,nkkmqi4p

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rera ;l:/nml7hv8( g 1tg/yp2 gxjx -inpceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each pv2l( / g:p rx-7ngga/8ijh nm1xtyl; cycle?

  A heat engine has an effiz3a0-v 0it8hg9 cukeeciency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?gu kt 08039hvc-aieze

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcgf;gda(c1,m + in gd-k(ydtk0al of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate t ykncdfgk dd(;1+-gmi0g a, (the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal odj,mpu 4ch wo2ur -4(bf heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculat 4mw h, u2(ru-bdojp4ce the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following gj 9i22(uu h r(co10fn-:z9ph bxakwa1pvy-tcharacteristics: combustion fju(put(wr2ynaa9ipkhbc -hov g-20 x91: 1z chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines bzr7anhgvf2vs+2 ; r 7cuilt so far has the following characteristics: combu 72v7;gv czarr 2s+hnfstion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines bui(ek o,p j;eub-jiv l,;lt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chambv;;ji kuj( bo-,elpe,er temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electricy w-r(w. s(qn/8l sroj power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant us lhs,u4 0yz(kxes $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates do5gi z/ jm+9oiq:1c z600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine wh hy wnh+l)-/qtich operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an enginvs/ lbjis *fpl6+9sg8e operating betwe+l s 6vl98* jpsbfi/sgen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tepb-sk y/ip7 rn kgg5/7mperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir 7prykgbkp 75-si // gnis $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating 2q 8c.vg6 raz3k 2 *ihtamahgq:k ,6mvbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmj1xd4coh 3 /( hg/p/+ox9th xk*wev pxent at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cyeocwhhx1/49k vhj*/+ go(pptdxx 3/ xcle?

  A refrigerator removesf3.h gddra3x3*yd,3y(b gdd x heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the cg.h3ad3b,fdgr *3dyx x3( yd doefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator4bjiq s im6 1mdlvn,+4 absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle? 6dvlm 1jns im4qb4i+,

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice mel(j)pg- 6 qympvt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy is6krp0shkh .1s1b8fcroav5ii0 *xqn7

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP underij(qxkf b)1..lw 8bslgoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changessj qf8wk)lbblx 1(. .i by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at di z 5fond;i 8-k3p2+h-vpt cb$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.