The process shown on the T-fsxln u- : 33 t/ x opdz4wl1vn6-mv6:jcjebm*V graph is an

  In an isothermal promvp i tq f/6-li077jbtcess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyn awi8wmkj-c5: amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded tohcj932o5sl om twice its original volume with no change in its temperature. This process is9oo2h sj5m lc3

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Dutj4pd- jz6h,yring this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas? dtp6hzy,j4-j

  An ideal gas is compressed to wfqe+ h9td 9gc i(x+ wya./w(oone-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The wgd(fwx+te+a hco9(/ .y9wq ifinal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During n l2mzkt)hs y kfhqc9 ;2y0c72this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism thn;y9hcmt7kyq) zlc2 0hk s 2f2at expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Dubr: n)*jwmqq6 4 qjb8 lr q9y9n3npe5jring the event, the gas exchanged bp)j5bne8 *mwn 63jryr4:jql qqn9q 9no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of ther3ur)z z,m zqp0modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an(qkk8rzq 8vmq p 1c9t5 adiabatic process. The final pressure of theqpq 8cqkm 59zrvk8t 1( gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respectrv ecy kvix3i4ewk2wzv+e xv(c5.s3s41;sd 1s except that one contains43e1d (;3vescyvik14xs x+ se.v vkicr2zww5 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identc53yqy;r -ptmical in all respects except that one contains r y3q tp5;-ymc$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diaguk8nw5x2 x ns) a4-ukd6ta wj:ram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chang2c 1ff ruu98w;;8n3jwv wwydbe in

  When the first law of thermodyna9fgo7 b ,q-ycsmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressugk9gp:y5c kn3aj*l pr3db63m re as heat is added to it. This proces5 gdakkg jp363ry:3*mnp c bl9s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pgzx*kkbc ,c; f(rmv: +re xmf:gr+* c (;bvk,zkcssure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram -nklrzx3k3x q3ja0w *is

  In an isochoric process, th:t)y4*tdjkr d 3;e (9mbuxk xbozq4 u4ere is no change in

  When the first law of tj)e 5rf) gc+nx s-3bc-oco4d rh;zfo+ hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a6r. 5opd *nbol rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Thi6rp5 n.l *bdoos process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample ojbn)g m (z+bc)f ideal gas at constant volum()+)zmbncg jb e. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of th7 4zcpdn;/22 shkl-haz58 s )zskzjcbermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir rgtr2 g+nku l1;-ksx 5to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot re/ :;x c7nu1mexe:( kfsj)gd qeservoir?

State the second law of thermodyna8wip(yn .kg:umics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much2qxwvaitvm4+w g,i s sk,182l woramv g2 qwwl4 i+,x12ts,8s ivkk is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ra k ;be+1ns eq +9/amcn:4qc 8ueiansm5tio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 1dr /(ie e(l5aa00%, the heat sink must beird(e(la /5a e

  A Carnot cycle consisn2gw4l0c jk v7ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of the v;l 31cf,n)v.lxedap rmodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) ovjk nfhut3x09*rqv e9+a +wl*f a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofjuq0+*vw 9vn t+ar* e 3xklh9f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defini6yapbg3 y:p1t .o1g ned as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of .k9 iq .a ph:fy2jmwh9the water

  According to the second law ofxpl 9c/ka08jx thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which8cx pa0j9 lx/k one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second lae * s01fun na/v-y5oj91furasw of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us tju4f/ eb5v mr3o conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat g9 xx+i(1 swcc3i5y gcis removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energy?w x cg9xi5s c(i3cg+1y

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removedmmtn14168 mdi34i m2o8h dhrv(flxxq from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the6m8n1o4dmtv 4x dhr21( h 3ilfm8 xmiq process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 Jbz3(u nke1ht2xue .-p . What is the change in internal eue2t-3enkbx(h 1.zupnergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. )s frnf jc/o4,lb ox63What is the change in ,rlso nbx6f)3o/jf4cinternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatxtrf. ck 6,/nsic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal k/fs r.xc, 6ntenergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of ar 2 7a5z5)o 7s-3elhxeu zrfln system decreases by 50 J. What is the work 7xl-r)5e ea u3fns25ho7z zlr done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a sytv(j, iwt45n/gugp: wstem decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange4p( gng/utw:5vti,wj ?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at cohc:h pt nd6 uoj-vq;.8i lv15 j4s:ogoqm*u8onstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas jv oo15t48-isd oo.qn:*pu; hjmugh6qvc:8l?

  A monatomic gas is coog 54gtcal p.hwo+1w) bled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How mahg.)o1gpt l5+w4c wbany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.07zid p6. i4ku9ic c30l7ngsir kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What i*g kj7.v*euh 0kxp v7 *qjlp9os the eqk7xp *k0 .ljo vpg 7*vu*9jhefficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. p ::5ne)exxl . gn6pfsHow much wore :nlx5gs x:6n)efpp.k does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an e7w kjx*hq9(zyfficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. Howywkxz9 7h (*jq much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle anzg *rh/6.f3y6khug 3skl rld* d exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of eafd36g yl.hgk6 /u*lhr* rks3zch cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat ey. dk7n0m nf 3;mkl0cein9x f6ach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the wm.e9d ni0f; kc6x0yln m7nkf3ork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followingf3xgzdw6sw8)(d dw wd2 )k5 rh characteristics: combustion chs8 wf5w(hxwgrd2dwzd 36) )kdamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient et14ubq r(z wc7ngines built so far has the following characteristics: combustionzcqw7t1u br(4 chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followiq; 1z. kt ei/arj)anjg(*3lcq ng characteristics: combustion chamber temperatun.k/j*ja 1)eczq q(;li3ratgre = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powerk d *bbh0-+ dplcavx-enx :.6v. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric +88 jg0 gr*+vigugpf7 e4fhubpower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pow iqh+tg- j,2fcer. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which ywqk8i 9*4cx,z vy lacb9,tb,4uv)qca;t2sgoperates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating c0m1(f5nd qhy between (0y5chqnmd f1$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What n 6tb vz 8eqz3.v41 si2qgq3+1ogceho is the temperature of the cold eo2v 3s 3+1zgtghe6boq ziv 4n q8.c1qreservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatin1b:8db6 *zu bt lb4dzcg between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from p3+ fqy 0fu qcp48nwgw5pjer82xn*5r the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a wpqecw+p8rn4pgy*f3 5qj2 u 8 r xf5n0room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmen-j/ uwr yk9i:lt at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects:9- i/kujrlyw 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorq1s4jkm 16i9p2sf xd (tt-okuu(bq.a bs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the ro(tdpkf.q(4io u2xt11 s mb ajs-k69uqom. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whejei/z2tz (f kif) ,8bkgs88 wwn 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change4,ylhrh 7wj )lndt m;hz+- :y/xo /mee in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermwe0vwrk jt)f:wl8 *r4 qjrj20al expansion and its entropy changes byer4w) f0rjtvk:wl*wr02 j8 q j
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at bavwhd6xff37a/y (h72 khhe m-/-hbn $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.