Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron zzv+;8lf y;ay ne/w 8aor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe;lya+n zy8vfe;w8/az ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that cor 8l;v75 tak6dl5 x-qerox+h buld be exploited to make a thermometer5ebd h5l6; r-tk7xx ovl+q 8ar.

Which is larger, 1 C:n25n-l2 vlntj7y v(zw8lca l $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B 5 9a j,meisvq n62cy+gl130g1sze x cjis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tj z2g3ec 9 ia,sxl0j 1gy1q5cmevs6n+ emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whec 5lrbs /1k4l)qrsgy u7h j37bn heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wil 7 j/lhrgucr4s5l3k7) bs qyb1l be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linexj xekwm )il 1a51v8f;ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostas ,8xd8q lld ymk6p1r/t used to control a furnace (or other heating or cp s 8 ,dxr/yl16k8ldmqooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that y17ijvn6yj8hx b /z edu i1p/5d6 uu(xare fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wuj1 dd u/ye pyi/i66 b7zu(vh xn1j8x5hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of5 ujyw q3h u0je1-mr4m lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-i7ehm;zn) y nb/3sov8u 5ck wq-n-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desc/5sn)k7h;u qco8mew- b 3nzv yends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bvf+lob9nh9cnfd(zmq v(7 f 6fkv*w9 :reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacentfvn(+fq9 9k wzonlhf*vm6:fd 9v7c( b parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrexnr vk,vzqek366 6,pvu glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smp 63knv kruvz,q 6ev6,aller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate gw7gtqxdi j*m +:(kk+ at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the mb *bj.(pmsgffx47+v zx37/6t e3g jh d;fnhl can will not stand up. What has happened?m 7jmz bejn(4tgxf3*h / 7.f3 p ;v+xhlg6sdbf

When a gas is rapidly pvzl0q ol7.d:) yd+m ycompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pistody )zyp0vl: qom+ 7dl.n.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr qf/ kvw*-ctq)ease or decrease c/-k*qf q vw)tif the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thej ..-hioucb0 8ukq4xe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temp4xj u.0-uieq k .hb8ocerature.

Explain in words how Gay-L m upoc*,g9.v h:fpvc0ussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio t5wqx*nld/p c6 l2:veof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havejr mim3lec.5 6uoj 0)a to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smalla06 ij.rm c3eo5lj)muer mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can;ip 0nfh e rgq.ndkz 9h5,y7k( you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othgqkd,ze5hn (0i 7py r;f9h. kner?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mufm,6dt 5q2 -a6ehuseore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same f atm65su-eq ,2du6eh temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat rxckak4kwaz5 :9l7wy.2ps5e ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is th: tgws1ww8h)wkj- q:je same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T-1hw)kww :sjwj 8gq:t? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an;xju jtea,+hgl onh +j6h5utn0 ;f4j6 overheated automobile engine,xj5gohnfhuj; hu6 n;6a4e0j ++ ttjl.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the 2at8 * 9xo ec9us-ldbuwinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t;zggxvm x;vd+ bt/ *o:here in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number orpvt+ xjf+.mgu-0 mn:f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of th x: mpm+tvg0fnr-j+ .ue same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What isynfp.t*9chv , this on the Celsius scale?tp ncfyh,v* 9.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andqmq24 oh*cza6/w y; ww lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0s2*p)ilokhaqhlu5x567 2w3mk m fthpk (9vk 1.0vsh2qmm2 i)96t ( 1ph5klho7akl5xw *fukk 3p $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m9n vrub skh9umg5(q,+ long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough)k1g( xqpq.n8jj/c0t d p9d yfe8 yju4t iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatuj.d9ypfq/ ( 8u 8jcytk)jpn1gd40q e xre of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thangs. bmu2mds9+ the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.m 29umb+sgd.s 871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water +clzdsn-d+ 9jat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in5aim2 tfd4 )gkyne: q1 volume if it is heate: t mgad i51e)n24qfykd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water ah,c2j)pn/nl6fig m;/ jz *64fgqdu fet 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50.o5cda1 widv6 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madg)k+ ha39nnm 1o3jbp a;h (ocqe of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cap cl:: ;eetzyx r,*uc+n expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffue* ctp: ,e:r+; zlcyxicient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit-ipm/ hb7t ,e,xt+prny $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width s,3 bbv0h*w7n4vpac tj +h 4yiwss4meq 6 e:w;w has coefficient of linear expansio m4q:4 jwn4wyhv6 7ep3vbtaeb ;,ssh+*ci ws0n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso); aabosl x,*ug) ib4ttropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made vht.pl)(n5a b of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 tbhv pn5().a l$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercutxl8t- z26x wury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 l6-u8xzwtt 2 x$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is xyu04/c ya4qw 7w u )p*avb.d:effk1drotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitfvy0/d1xky .7 u)w bacuapdf4w 4 *qe:y $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. -.6:jjzycxjpl* upq9 How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the te* c.yl -p6zu:jx9 pjjqmperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bu. kgxkkm5 l8-v; 6ux5yov:iream of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12/ki)- 4tktxvb7 wxct 32 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:o6 e563st mbtnmr-5m h
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheipz0al+r,m3ef io84lo t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboul2g 5w+ ck-2bwsl.la lt 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric(apu(xtcn(0jvnf b6oa d-vt59e j42 k pressure and a temperature of about 2no(xe-fcat 65(0a9njvu vbdjt 4k( p20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usineo -bo 7iq cfx5o/q4+y)ias6y)kcv7qg the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg oflx cy /*ip7u48 qunjmkl7lz/ 6 nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitroge(ox +.,+/jtsg r wuusan ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 8rql); zy z-:8wy qmvf ,v9ba3bbbpe )at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding f 83f+a uocivb4a;qvvv3 au 5:105.0 kg of argon gas at 38: auu5+a4viq3cf af o;bvvv 835 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 7mgiczzen)j1of s/ f;l 2, cc)kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lilzij/dctx8j9-n;( 6hibic j. ft by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume;jij.8hjl x/cinc bt6 zd(9 -i of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at fm) g9 y)4:anjtntmv4ay3 -dy15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atr)v nn alru,(*o r q-i4t,,ixsdmi jg75x:)wk 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea1brz2:zh t3hlvtc*/b level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m-kha q;oykx;sls-2/ molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar r6) jja: h6f-)-lps)cjkytniowl/v9e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles8i m7 huq-fgk8bcor9 ;,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume v6yriz;2+sb+f)li + xlanqb.5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ea)wemau oz ; . g6+lhieq)fp,/qch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint/zfl)qwe;m q ,oua g.+h 6i)pe: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ekx) kxno+bs/ud 9 yg6*b*8ytwnergy of an oxygen molecule at STPx *y8kw gxn*/ yubtd)+ko6b9 s?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Su:l vh0q /()q embrb6)*duxolrn at a temperature of ab))oveb r6mu/0dxq b:rqh(l*lout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature 6/owdl6vv .3zauvb9t 92wdg lis incre9 o6dv w l6.dv z2/3v9luwagbtased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, z/n6,lymak r. 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7ayn,./kmlzr 6, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol1rcc;2m/w t wkecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its p6j ue8 9ak7auvolume is held constant, by what f ap 9akuju8e67actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given4 9ud t84tczdc by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same t( .sbjk3 p-sxzn6 th1sqk-a wr+.d5ji emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rkn.kzs rp6sw ta(h1qsdx5-i 3jj b-.+ oots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec(7lbau1q oi-k9io x e4ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms 9ah 0nzs; kfd;speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitro4 j9gavnfcv9 ebk5/ f.gen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speer6edp1u p*cry e, m;5qd of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cm*5qer; p6e 1yupc,d rell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gs3kirfji) g/ ax*e 2j(as can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urag1i dja*-4x /r+.4u8 e78yzkrkzk:vhtek xbb nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu qi5y :eqp a97n83t.c6t dy/p forhmk:re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem-hhu yc9+:(ohrnp c1yrb0oj:-eo y j+ perature is (a) c+1yhno:r(-hh oy 9p:eucb- j 0r+yj o90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprmjxhij :; +ze4oximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temp:jz m 4;xhij+eerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bko3i1b-qrldb2dse5 x6 -zu 3foils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulr0.os vfu*8 lfar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wuo 0f8sf*rlv. hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day j7 2pfuplcj kud*g1r0v0t6d mp-ja(8 when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativev1(jg7*u8 ka 0j r2 ppu- cjf6tddml0p humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressu/f 1zb 1ismk.5 mqr5faz;.ecere of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coh1b*7kdsrfd ;p zh6w9 oker if the water is boiling at a temperature of kb*s 1zfphhr7d; d96w120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a xg3z;h9dtcx:y4h--yy ;* irkkxe u/f room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewdd;gcxu+ms yr k58)1 x point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabl hq m myw0(-n v8mvc:*rkmz4.ne 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 18ym(nz mv4m*:-hc 0 nmk.v qwr5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes cpxwh: vaby t/ejq:1):alled tracheae. At/b:p hqv aj):e:ywx1n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measeda) :/rfq/ 1 ip8lngqure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cff : a93aj0pywalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempe9s ;n*brau qrrjq:n 2,90jcfav- c2hqrature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the watj2-a2,r;nc0qvc r9hqfj s* 9nbu qar:er and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28nfbd/8f.r +gt+t ft)u atm. After many ballongr.ftb f)t+8duf/ +t ons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wt0r t2k wdbfj63 n*;dfidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume ;t 06d2*rdtf3wb jknf the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densi4i0k 4kqo(ujaty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum te 7e q*ukjwcwlz(o54ij/3gly,chniques is aboutg/54ijwy,zl euoqcjl7w k3 *( $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L ouj3r f9l p4, etq2u7zwhen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hlufpj27 qut 39ze,r4ois lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Efw5n pum5+bz6;6 bjwparth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatur bppz j 6umw5;f+bn56we? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gayas7a 72s*y5m kqe i8ns is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77w-) exwjuvq + 5ono9.c0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at txm,a le bja0. jz72sr2:fxmop+ csgx6.4j l; bhe surface of the Earth, estimate : o.ml x+bzer 762jxj4b,jc .fs0s l2; amxgapthe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o+m(u;z- h rdk :x)pp /ugfcms5f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a,4pws8gk bde g 4,/a4gt,az8lz e)t bf hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylindek8gdf g a)gb8z44s web /e ,p,t4t,azlr last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid+9g t()d hdjwe komm9- mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline azrhmv7a wvm3j 0: fc(0t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth k: ie6pjbfhls7up 5)+’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassdqa*b+rven-* krehflut- 3t, 9 b*bm1 jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thegd: vh3 -yhg.s 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of8hpgx 4f;jb37 s og*lf 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t(m8kryy c(. af*i se.onz1mg (he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is s:dgz9i/o5 hzz4. l;:ew nrxp jb,9vx quspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/sveq9,.b lx4 / zzigzpxr:wn9dho ;: j5   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frin2x4mvfbg67j90nmk 3 0kf sbom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the7f0bnnvf3 4m92sg k0kjb 6 xim temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followinfczr p)u ti.de7 *01lsg two days: r s1d*.7pzclte i)uf 0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densi;:p ubo;a3+-fept d-wcggi p0ty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where th i+pp3fcwod;ega ;-gu -b0:pt e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant lqac+jo+ h,5 apressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is e la+ 5caoq+jh,qual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constante8stc0p;ok k4a d/djd51,cdr ly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept 4a eokd0 dcs1jtd;8dpc5 r /,kat 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg