Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of al1yvw/;s -ip 3zx.ngs z*mvn s2qel:0zuminum? See the periodic table or A z ;zpn/*3: vsslvg.z2in-s10 mexwyqppendix B.

Name several properties of materiar1a4s ,6 :v p,j/juhfmrnjwc0ls that could be exploited to make a thermomete wsmj:, vr ,a1h0j4frpnc6/u jr.

Which is larger, 1 C,kh ) gwo-ib3y 6t1utc $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in ther0e 6v3nf 7jo1i*nfhzv mal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about o in*13e0zf6h vj7fvn the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strift1jjsrt w9d/o0n(h,-5 x*gys bduw* p of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: t*gnu -rj5( w ,d0bdfs *s/xyw thj91oSee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien 8jv lc) sxn2r6nnb 4olre9a6kg.wj;: t of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostalsd o.y r/*et)t used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric swi l/d ryo.e*st)tch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shap1bk9c, p1 ehfge of a U9kc,fh1gp be1. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats itltuh4e0 j 6cgwsgi./2 tu+ p9n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer+u ;e qwnak-hasy8a ;m2gzvfk2+c; a/ is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuy;fmea 2;hsv+kkn/caz ;a-w +qga 8 2ury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part oum(:qmg /cqk *f it is heated or cooled more rapidly than ad/(cqmugq:*m kjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its luwx2kqv;ue4wet8) 0 hby// ycoefficient of linear expansion is much smalllyvyb8e /2eq0w4;k )xuhut w/er than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ahw9 kfkna*a77sz e+p +ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wilx jxk n ga.7v/4gxt9wkp5z*2 ml cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whatj kk2v /5 maxg.ngx wpz4tx*79 has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pq + j8bmvslzo 1pml349ushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,smp3llmb8 vjzo1q9+ 4 it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasl9xtsmefcwa k: )+xo.5 7k ystg+cn8 9e or decreasec+c9t8gx)+:kw.ol as m7fe 5k9tns xy if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl a/ ;5aux9 yas0jkk xqm4iny59es’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energ/4y5a9aqky590i njakxxmu s ;y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lawpja*nn+0uj1w dwq;.58(bqkxzmz *f e follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosp/tpt-m:;p djvd,1iam here, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sp 5zbjyhy;e :z0eed an object must have to leave the Earth and n5yb;z0zyj :heever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room te 6ys qsuj;:e3yw clz3i,6snbf-mi x79mperature. What can you infer lz9f;m6 wsui7yn b xsic-,qejsy:33 6about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot / .p+zv-ys sdbdry day at the sbsvzysp.-d/ + ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempjs/xs a :d3z4c xym-v5erature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatux jp;wft-:v 5ure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or uf5j-tv:xwp ;the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of j ,r(grn:)g7qr2pgfuan overheated automobile enginef(pq)r:jrgrn ug 27g,.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white jr aigr2:g0 ,5wre pmr5 9*h9kiw +ys/siffd9cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gxpl hg02*(co x*8xjqgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r0w go *4p2vycmz,3cyq ing compare to the number in a silver zcco 0gmq,yv 423y *pwring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tag a tyb5l9x6(tken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ytl(6 5bgatx 9   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t/2v3lipe4esbpvjg )6 emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alc/(b jh ,f:jqqdohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 b/djj: f(qh q,$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ori8 4h6wbqrp*.bqi0ahc)a a+d yjg:+f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buili1a uu;j+df)zxz,d f.t of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. E,u +jufd)dfzi xza1.;stimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holkyi/jpkk4 0i/ e are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole ykki/i4pk 0/j1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water zt; cda tda)*+at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vo vko/9hu6*y8 zsavk(b lume if it is heated from so6h vkkzub8 *(/va9y 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ofk -w87omt i(4yu5vc*uag: f by water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50c+ lbwsfx5xf do:t: m 8p.re/4 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At -j mgya:ntf1ws e-zo8 d5 6k-j20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it e4i,5uqnzh+tz)/slz can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume e+z,z5t ql enz sh4u)/ixpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitynm q ;w)u)(wpnwf1h1w $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le6uqz j*c+y*y6kn zr2 nngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expa* nyr+qkcz *z6 jnu6y2nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solihn-8 .fr 5hwstd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee8) k,vecd +t -p3eltmbps perfect time at 1cmv )ptd-t,kleb3+e8 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury-y cp a.;ddyuil; (*sv thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 asc; ;ddvi( uly py*-.$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrio3d*q -m iilxmo0 /-)gyavd 4ocal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearind l)0mom-a/igvqooi4 dyx*- 3gs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the*d9fsntdigh )(a,n w- desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at th9)wng,hasd-(nft* d i is length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area ; etw mi2:;ivi0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 z.1rg1xfrh; )3pwkd cw (/se f/+wzrecm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatureb+qh70e*i-t 92tl i3uhi ghuks on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scc dit tzh/-d((.t(rms ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a3ho5vqsso 4f )re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp7 zolf6s,eg .perature ,76.elfgs ozpof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at ST/z0lze9siw 3k P using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6i wz3+ xbiy,y1-cw2ij kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (b5 q:be9/jly,;dn0dwj 8k swe $N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.zd )yt;y +a2yv0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insx*s ih:a x51xjide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ksi*a 5hxj1 xx:?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 wus2q tj.+ y:ykg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bufqnm,f *xk4jluh +0n)8j gt/r5sma 3soyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less den ftm5*kj0+mful8snax4 h,qn rg)s/ 3jse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atyw qv 9lx4+i/f3siec; 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18+5rz q0pj k2qt.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon e. gqo24 (mucalor 8m9vscapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculerxkj7kw;ow8 ab62 qv tl(i ,7zs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there inqr:ui 4vr -oumi;/k,:8az k sw 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a6 fpd iaw,at6qtv1+1r) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumn,( r3f/aadu q g)ia/xe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ed7vchm,((4raplyv: m cxu1q 3 ach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [v(:x7pc,lcmq34 ymrd1u ( vhaHint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatioqvwq1v-x ()ltq )p(k snal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?slvqtx) p)kvw( q q1(-    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near xzx1tws)5 ux tt q mq4pf q5q,;i8)w3cthe surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 qt5qtpqx45) x 3qsfm, xw)u8t ;w z1ciK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temptol*bvqpi 4lmri+/ak5 3jg; 8 zd-vg: 8t.tanerature is increaseitqa dovlgg- 8: 3z5*kit8+nt/.j mp4alvr ;bd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,vaeh3wnebleu;j 2 :.. 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate thejea:3hnbw;.. 2 leevu rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ipcom*f8/wby( lj)7 9ra c.bbsn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled :*zk jxqt 2ch c:gv)q+u -ed6dwhile its volume is held constant, by what factor does2 6hdqcxducz :t:-qjg+k*e) v $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in l j*yqtc4.7dxa gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thtr nv g;uoks1+ 6j5fr7z xt1/ce ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.n6 7st/+ 1rzk j tcv1rufxo;g5

  What is the rms speed of ni. eapxp z)o2b;trogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox) 8t nypiq;*saf+ol9lygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance rxe)0 sou ze1c0l6kn 3between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass y r5 -vru(vtb,(c2 . fkgf/egeis 89 u in a living cell at 37 / ugyekv.(rc2r ,vb5 t-fe(gf $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writt gw llr.pnuo6x/a* h 3ayxr0,2wuy-0n en P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumxz5oo1ukwbtrvq d(/ 83koq6 ,, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, npx1;6a vf 8b-0twp esin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.4pdmv: +emp7a )m;ayq01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 :p ama 4q;m7ydmv+p )e$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point*i6uk cdm0d,r /be yg- (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the t m0,cu6*rdi/d-yegbk emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressury s-bffsf*r;+smnad0w3 fbeuh+;+ : w e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7j2 t ourhb055m2 atm, estimate the temperat m uo5h0r5bjt2ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on x1n wv:h w(,oka day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relk(ov h:,w1n wxative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial 9 hn y24iifzm9/ph6yppressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pl k +exx b*m(1lybpl2.ressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of lbkxx+y 1pem2(lb.* l120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of4+leopx*2g q2nqrd g7 volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofr0 *dkit tv/act dg3,7 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff:rq6+m9 es wfbfj ji95use a disffw9e56jb 9i+qs rm j:tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects ,iiq 4kg-e-tdrp l 4d;7dwiob9(6o wdto the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cro9 ;krpdlbw(q 4 dwi4oi--ie6tdd o 7g,ss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee/lp)o(p gn h/bt-hz r4n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measureui: a8,m r-xk70umbko has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatdnatpm* u5 (+qure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and 5a*u md+( qpntthe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium66w-2o;p lm*l* tb mzscxvb.n)z sl foj),ri. gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What frac )jlm*ow l6i corb l *,;.-2stbpzvnxs)fz6.mtion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.58i qsg)5 x 3offxhfr)( m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumf(rh i fo)gf83x)sq x5e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt fw8:t ckw*8 hpmb0f:p+ei7m()n gl)qbqtdd* er is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the i h62v/6 u cm2jvm+iijbest available vacuum techniques is about 6m+i 2/h vvjiuci6m2j$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lunvw+(3 +cy4wco c nso7cgs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is th3( cc +ycc4+vw woo7nsis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed oillynl,4s0q;6-w e vx f about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of al0w6xnl;seiv,l -4 q y space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ey,01 bdbkqt)increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of q2unu)85yl o u770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of dr 5bt6y:itn2 the Earth, estimate the total numbb5dyt:int 2r 6er of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ;cb tje (qpwgpf2(y0(3yzyb ) a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosppa5a f4 y+snh1ital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long wi5a+n14asf hy pll the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats io/ hp8.b z;+zlp85tbnfm igwx ;zb)z:n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline mer5c-x eqo;gk:79wap k8 xn1 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth0;wsued;v(7 esh 5+*buah7vwb t2jrs’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a0 v;1 n+ps0p(ym 8mjkj7rycqk glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedo1ll0l16kip9 bam7v c in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at d n w iim6e/:0wk0fyr,20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isk.z6yura z6d x/xx:wci mg;ee9d:0 q ) $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra2-8-.0p wd uikysmr divity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thr0dmr2k- yuw 8isi .d-pown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericaq6cf5j ytl:m+b azx8 t+-5 xcql) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, anda t lj+ 5cxtmc6yz8-fbx+:qq5 the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followinhv-o*h:sog x8ofjb* . g two days: gb* hh8xfo:j.o*os v-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ir 3z1zjaw58pr+m 3yvgeon at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wh8ermw3zz3+gap vjy5 1ere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal da fzjhby5+079 c i.)te,wmg fgas at constant pressure, the c7fdg+mzy ,het .59fcw0b j)aioefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.