Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irp*my2n710 tmpx) wqlt on or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenmpnp7y)0 t t*w1qlx 2mdix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a ther/5vkztw bng;3g3 wu 5nmometer.wug 5w 3g/n53n;vkzt b

Which is larger, 1 C eh:219, n xes5qcewvc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wbd: /4 : g 6q2igynwsg1la1uxdith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the te1b g: s4qyug ddi1a6n2l/:gxw mperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When94m/engaxvc9 y8, m cys)uw 3o heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [H)9wu 9e 3a/o8ys,gncxcm vym4int: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansypbdi * 5iykce:m)v(/ ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controlw b6ev 8rn(ow* a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic stri o*en 86b(rvwwp consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fi6ba7jr2p *bwuxs+8p z xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U7u6 *82 abpjxrbzpsw +. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury.sa3lehuo m3oy; 6:cv at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer isxa()rs e; u yh0p +ardx2ku6,f first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explaie 0r(phu6a 2+),ruxxs;dakfyn.

A glass container may break if one part of i ,()t 2hb)y;wwtx0 wbhu-ox xdt is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacentxt)d;tb ,(-bhh2 ux0w w)owyx parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glan u lr23xkprj: d:)e*b,guc bh5x1pv *ss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise3x bdurj*ulve)p5x, nkgr:*:h 2b 1 cp to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acw.j mcrj.(p0g curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottu5ywcv)8)qc iom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?)8c)c qivw5 uy

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a q hq1:nqu,c t;piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these cha:qtu1;qn,c hqnges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an 4c8h tpz o )ff:bxja1/aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is io)f1ax 8 4:thjzfcpb/ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows cjne )-- ,ludy r;uzp*from kinetic theory and the relation bz-,d)unrl ejc *y-u p;etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussa * .llus5tlc2klfdh6 t ;3sys8l k6dq9c’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in audtt5.rws 3 e, 2vdj/the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refev ,7;5 pulttrd5smaqon8 g6k2rs to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pv8 2kn7am5up r6ttq;ls ,gd5oractically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you imcpon5pi i74(nfer about the mpicopm475n i (olecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid d(12wzi y6jk2bq3/)xabr vn)fqwif tu695kli ay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same ty3 wrq)6lb f)vf z 12u9x2b6ti5k/qi(j akwniemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatzg*+na* m 0x 2qmd;9qkqrcj/8t3v ftbure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sem3z*p wps.2bb4 c ;blame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expw;c2pem p l4bb.b 3*zslain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radi 5 *+qqlaj(hnw+vdvudeo .4*sator cap of an overheated automobile envu(wdv+a5l eq d* .n*jos4h+qgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13gw /l1 g0*gpgx–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper 711tu wi:zp2u)- n,jtysubgqpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoo.de;egp4gegr l6 9m+p+g./i;:t qyf /fezjzms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same 6 zof;pqeg4;.gem9.d/ el/ryi +gpj+ ezf:gtmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is tc,ap-gx az(: shis on the Celsius scale?x,s:ca gpa -z(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andz6l* mcbvf, t2(( tyeb lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.8pnpzn dxw8;b2v9nc e1 z/4 y*j2 cm at 0.0 18z9jd c v4 2ypw/;nepz nnbx*$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 jf5v o0e 7np3w7; watx$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough). lgh+-w5iaeb4vso lt iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag-ls aolei h+.4v)5gwbe temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are fjah9mwk + 19ioften used and the rivifm19 j+w9ahk et is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at5);k :zha ,,wogdn2rn* cysz5xrr 4jn 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What 0p* w:+4q loh st+dgxcwill be its change in volume if it is heatedx h*ql4 w:0tco +gd+ps from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass isfdg1v6fi n0 m; filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waf g4w enz 6mtqlw05xpnqw/5h49mc 4n.ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of j vg9/, i0umhmiron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ca2xqp+.mc5bqe, r yo 2vn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equx oe.r, 22 p5b+myvcqqal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in5/ e/tftcaav 1 the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear eqi /+zfu .bu obw.bd+9xpanqb./9o+uz+wdb . bifusion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrx8 . afo-j98llzfr m:lopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a granurhp9qa3 1 1dtdfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1d3hq u11apr9 t7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in211qzjxlczso y4*m . nside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255lc*s2n.z1yj1qo 4x mz $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatin3fojx 2p(b4s vg about its axle on frictionless bearings wivo xj ps2(4b3fth angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mucrwkdjol . 8t*;h stress is required to keep it at th l*.t;d okrj8wis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arean0v i3cv;n w/d 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 9m 0lpx1h*o tfn 9zk*bat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca -3yl3;xb y3 vwtacvv4le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahn(7kalz; aq,g (fev4jrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth an*i/ikn,fp s 7xd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo7oydc 6(u-;q e9mc dy)b zkg*nspheric pressure and a temperature of about ky n g *ocy9(-bc7mz)q;dd 6eu20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal xukvp ipd(/ ,:f osi;+7sc e2vgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (qyc9ojg0g* c c,p:h u 14dp8zu$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro+/izaj436 hxu i k33jvxj b;wygen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 ;t z.6r 2tjfrvcse*x0fov)d:$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arg;ioagpd 3 51 (xl:i *ab(qtcauon gas at 38aa ob ;iq*u3(cai dg(xpl:1t55 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 4 ww 0nut2jv.jkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant z( n+-ehmkgs.mi39 qc lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the qm n9gimh3-ke(c. sz+volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air au m/af3gg 5wz,t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen aozu,46:trhz g t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level 7/8t+tqng yefand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules :o7bexl*tjc.sxd(-89tm7ot) (gih9h rqf gd / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many5h r.9dy lpsm9(emq u+dyt7 y, molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (b 0.w4nia spe, 1j f *zz1p)sqkzzb(-ma) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1311raho ctl:y$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arzd7b)kix7r) l0vr y,he in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo toobz, rx7vh ) lyki0)7rdk. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kin)u z3rinnhls(pxv-)4etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STl n34s)(iu)ph-xv rznP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun (yuknaj6 ,c k(hq6hw dlf71 d4at a temperat4kdf6jw7q (1hylk6cu(, dahnure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ofnfk0:6e3nlvm7z sw hce-a:0f gas molecules increase if the temperature is innk:me 7v 0z3:we-fnhfc6s l 0acreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spe jcs3x f ;nl ci49bg.n6pmb8:meds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,n6im;m .:9cnbx8gbf lsc4j3p 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at,sfy)ru fjy ;7pudfu p6-rx4 v36qcu8 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume luo,6eu8a49 tqe jp2 his held constant, by what factor does euqh,284p t9aelju 6o$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in apce 7 f:6 imhhp2e4od2 gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samef3jc587zf z mp temperature, the ratio of their rms speedspf 3 zf57m8jcz is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of8 x6x yq.yyc pr/.y7mq nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of v3z *3gp8n qrlan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole4hm s oy4hftd3(bk +kz)v l5s*cules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed ofka*cb.xfukc hlbz2fu* j 99-( an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livin(*ab kcb9fzk9. l u* hcu-xf2jg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P 3t6td 9qjmoauy: 8/ 1;jwzj)jvke :jiof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, a/nk/7;tv6vcy 5mwyt $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre)vs6gvtwe3tqdq:-8 u88,s4 l juli j wssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm an7e ht 41z *rt cf,hf3ouvzmx5xq1k*w6d the temperature is (a) r1mukxcxwfhfe*h3 zt7q*1vo5 ,6 4tz 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is c5l2f*zuhzii*sk 9a/ nv4cz / 50% on a day when the temperatuv2z/zzcu kn5 lsi*h*9 4cfai/re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bo y4xz jtsww499bgc9;r ils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is;3) mbx6vhm yq 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b 3 vm)q6m;byhxoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu/:qy,dft. o un+ku-a mwamf+ ;re on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative huo/m,wffqa+t u +;mdu:- nyk.amidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on g*w;trqey0p,gk;f,k a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is 18jwjadq 8n36pum)w mblay/4 boiling at a temperatl m4awj/nm3j1udba wy )8p8q6ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vh:owb-t8cjxz9f tw.ei8 au1.q:eeq 1olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dez2 eur4ng5k0l w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec zjv9mkplv d/9x:n2c 1-fvtr/ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 9dx:9v1vl 2/vz- p nk/ jrtmfcof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thruf7p39x/eefgp d23y3t pw( cqough tiny tubes called trac ut pyfd27x33/wegc (3ppeqf9 heae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr(frqbo ym6c* 9oqw9 6dated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrez1xe/ed q 2yb)2;. p.cehtdkated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at n)cd 1f*wa 1bpps- 5ilcormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifc 5a)p l bi*-cfdwp11s the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gasiqnm25*nwx. y gaq. -u cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fracn-aim.2qxn5*uw.y g q tion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengthl k,c;si3 xp0e qn:n509*xpjtwy ywq5 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22xtp*en:w pi q5nlxy9cqsj, y3w ;0k05$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo4o0tp y:jil8 dut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bef ybslr a9l8.0st available vacuum techniques is aboullr .9 f8ys0bat $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h2u- 2a-qmm8wm5n pvu tis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the survwu-at8mmm5q up n22 -face? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at;cs;g mkzgq4(mosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a sg;m 4cq(s ;kgzpace vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc*4jbb5u1) *y ;l:zkv taxyst 7)hd eyoreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 79zz)qdw4uiz ny+u4xof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of t :*+2aaqotb(7:u m wpjtads1g he Earth, estimate the total number o g* pmw:2qtat(a jsa7ob:u+1df air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spees(*o:yfxpt p,ufl 6t/d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressqpo x8 jsae.94)l y-s. u-uviture = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow -8u seql)atjyo v 4xu .9s-p.irate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a 2d,hhbvg; k+chur nf+-m 1q,ht 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline eax6 kf0z 9m:hat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snug2zn,h- vsy 7eply around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aty7kkut u e h8918a*ecz 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted (d0da e)e8tghm ho ;x8:9efkr in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure2,edb4 g7n vlnt7x: y(khpl*s of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from kq6rgs /bwfeg 5.um7+7d6op g the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lfsom8/z c 2hzve,ras pf)+,y+id is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrm,,sv 2per cz/y+hf8f+zoa )sown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diaua sir/gf ec4 .gg15/umeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature ise1g5a/iu/fcrg. gs4u constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dayrdjpy,8e(/l2se/h4d(t m axasy a)8pb+q + lgs: may8 )d8be j4r/ xl2p(+typh +gs,sla( aqde/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and0:vug*wb,/- lcfz w tj when it is a solvbf:*j- wuwl/ gcz0, tid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure2 r:s.6bt.p j+ urzhkg, the coeffhr.s6 2kgu:bzp+rt.j icient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplezh ak63srj.g7-:k vh i constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hou7kvgs.ih j 3h-kz6r:ase (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg