Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the/ng,y p,7mx kh periodic table or Ap/7, gm n,yxkhppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could b dj,2so,acuj/i9gs p :e exploited to make a thermometer.o2gc :j s,uijda /9sp,

Which is larger, 1 Cm5o / prjoy0dctcd q.-a (,5, bkb+cai $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is nk-gp3qc; r x1 byo4-vsot in thermal equilibrium with system C,kgp4qxocb ; 1r3-v ys- what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu6y e .ev ++70dckyexjpm riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the ouy ++pdc6e0 ve.kyejx7tside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear *v2m elss7p,rlgz6 +b-*6q dxx wb.cxexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therm 2a*u(gswj l8costat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device contcw * 8ulg(asj2rols the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in yc 2izmp/8elda*rg. 7the shape of a U. Why?z/m. 2ap di78re *lycg

A flat, uniform cylinde.nic) tn,i6cu r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plyq2)zwa2e3 m6m-ly( 6azjurfaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riuqe6jy(6fam -lw zr2m y23a)zses. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled afxa 44paft 0yoz )e:,more rapidly than adjacent part )4xy fa:z,4 apfoeta0s. Explain.

The principal virtue o(8e: rhm zf6eyf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance 68myzrefe:( h of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo,go-kaxnv; *ohyim )a pm4+9 fck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad29b9mnzyqw;w 9fpf xjsgv k 61 2;5qmvly the can will not stand up. What hjk;bqxf9m2z9v6 25sv9pq gn1;f wywm as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tq v+pgw17)wna s-r/cm emperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory )mqww1+- ar7vgn cp/s, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aywsvk; +t 288 8i9iip/osjkqrluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frj8siis 8k;9v qt /kw2 or8+ipyom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and0ol b a/v .1x mzu:0rb0hykf8p the relation betwhrubob0ya 08l0f x :kp1/mv.z een average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Ga0b4 ff ibl,1kyso 5/o4t fyvi3y-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at8r9p01y prro bmlx:* 9pp ;bxcmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth ref vrbj,7c3j2 3ccp wlb/ers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is fwclbpc bj/3rj,v 27c 3or the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water a fv/xx:8y5 mect room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othe 8fm/y5xxc:ver?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more untiub:e9 p 1y/mcomfortable than a hot dry day at the sam/m 1pie9uy bt:e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at tf4in4w,6gk+6issu 7 z4s l gtroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hu -6sgtpo(df a+midity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T6+-( og dpstaf? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overpxn8r;jxu +aa--3, aod;hy zcheated automobile engi a;xu-n +jop a,ch-;azy8d3rxne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white qzz/*tly8 -o lxe a0/wcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thereajl* 62v/ onof in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparet(z*iy; 3zxt3 ghfvh 1w +.toq to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?v ttwq+(if*o 3gtyz3.h x 1h;z$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tae)wf5gqhh,p kcmh /42ken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?45, )ghqhp2mch/efw k   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowes vg9wqx7b);qb btt7s0m -y0kst temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alh sk;pg47*vq -nek w,xcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 qh x4nes,p k-w7vg*;k $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2 8 yopqo2u-ea-0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) ixrg q w)t3 st78uz-.pys built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Jult tgwy7 8pqr-.s zux3)y (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than t 0cg/u hq. g40n3b,fk(ocfy,b.ew usv he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a holgb (wkcv3u f40osyuen..f / cq0,,ghbe 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a06fro gxvtl rao.g403t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterjzmaw*(w r 0i8. What will be its change in volume if it is ra(wjw0 miz8* heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thexmo9t jm* n,2f7 av kux4xqq hr+71u-v brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at1 ;m bdezb/i zjbphg 1y:g50x/ 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p);6ro a88 w/ -fxd ghyjfvfvv)laced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expn-j bj 8gim 7znk.6p em 40fuxt0:cb0qand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume ex.pjge 7ji-mt c6z:mqk084nnf 0xbbu0pansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density );h6v)o1avwh(f1-taw f bfvt $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient pa kn)t7/ z c3of5ft0yof linear expansioz/ ctfn7 tf) 50koap3yn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot; b6rx ll2,cepropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cwlven;hy ;, :f f9ok.80z nctdq9k4allock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1kow:t,f lly0nz;ef ;d.na 94 qk9v8ch7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diqx 4mm8 p gg qaatt6/-cj9d44eameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo84 4gtajx pg -c/m6a 4eqt9dmqlume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 01t,q4zyu)t( v xjyzx 9.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wi94q(, v) y zyuzxtxjt1th angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at :f;d q6ghi+itm ve,r2 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengtie:+2i6g;d,rh qfvm th if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beame *hc,x:/ tadx of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.h -ain.t 0j8 )a4zgrq+cu6k6x6qa1qb9c a ffu122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures :vl* zpokq(wy );kn5znw /f7don the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scao:hvxm 7+q5 yble?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of tw+ z: urv/tw)g3cp yu4he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempera b;(:aj8r cly-5er lx,okv yi-ture ofrl vjcy a,-:oybe;k85r(ilx- about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the *:ucvz*f)j,egio*puz 0 u da:ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains(2 :mu. m 1,2s ifriy5txcyafjgu)4ge 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of1b)r0jcar7q qiyx iqr.1:xnxgn3 /vll,9 i )a nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium k0r+ h70.yoautxqs rc03wwt0 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressureg mzc 8sp215h:krg.ggek 67cc inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3m 1rg5h zg8.pkgscg:k62c7 ec85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofytl rfjx9 a8)y:b39dn,kz1zb p*u, d0snx 3gk $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanvnw n)jpp9c 58-l2no kua-:lnt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whaj oln9u2- lkcpw)pn n 85n-:vich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witflb lr)hb (0 o.voo4h1h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.pf-/ 2.df exyf0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a zkfbuo3ph*g 428t 8 oxchild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number (up:k5 p;fdv gof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleclu). 02yali p o (di8v8pjqe2xules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)0fhy a)0faw j6 moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1msbr y*a4)-y7ia .cpf$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air l y;jlmtd1lg-93 amvtb5k 1 oz8g 1o9ware in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the ;51wjk llmmo19 o1vayb td-3zl9tg 8 glast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen modoy 6 vrur(hfz:4o c fp0ql179lecule at STP? 4:qdcf l97pr( 0 r o1oyvfhuz6   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun dehoq )ho8-yiq(p4k -at a temperature of a-8 (o dkqhi-hp4 y)oeqbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of j;y)z7 aoy/yruck -4 mgas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromu4;rmo/ay yzj7 )y-c k 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/ pukyv5/i i7n9g os2;wss6s;bs: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculateisgi6w usn;9kpb52s 7v y;/o s the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules wd./t6.lw nad30s bzm-kq.e jin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is e2 a :gtiq,9b8ddzu/theld constant, by what factor u 9:d8e/,2 tdtiqbzg adoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in8izs9*n ec2o+ or upl7 a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samefupw )/rfv7t0 temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equ 0pf7wvu/ r)tfal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speekq-*sch0kit 3d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen x p 9dnr,(y nubqal :c7f i+qnp.)(d+4kbyq.p molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance mlc-x m,57-10qw3a yifmu bbn between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of anv1gpav ;sysi +rpmc4*w4i/ m8 amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cellvw+pypr4 vc*s 4amm 1gs8;/ ii at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenmvkh0 e -ybj2kc e*t ms* h7lkaq2,/v3 P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,usew9u/:0gh6vb f n v) $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presh s vd;og3fr/4 m57vzv)yl xx*sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure 6-m4b k+ilmkil, 6h xsis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ki4bh66-mmkl i,x+s l $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5+k1q *lu w.;4bauqfbz;ref4b0% on a day when the temperature is 1rl +4a*bquezfq4b ;b;.ku wf25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watere(u8gu6m; a 9 5jisvol boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mount: s, f7h3vllwlains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils,7 3wlv h:lfls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water r4iovd 1n9-vi is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isivnv1 d4 ri-9o 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tva80*m 8nwl8 q.ezducemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insidegn/4,kjhg4tt0h 6m eb a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempegbgj 0k4/n m,h6tt4herature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vofsd0(. u5)* . r vyfowk0gbmsxlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewyj2h ie3i+h2e point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table ulor6 zs*d0)+7trr yl13–4) to diffuse a distance oz*lsur6 7+ )lrd yr0otf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from t ib 3d5pm35/f rbj(mee/iai u8he surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of mi(e3uj 5iedim38/barbpf/ 5$ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali3za 6: duli) avr zpb; w:/hfikz::24ii.dypybrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali:m5-jmu+-k d: mju h4vo+mol5e)tdovbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaty7q rq26up: lyure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 ypq2 :7l y6ruqmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a he)9sn9 rqz(pzc,f/oaj lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has dz/o nrc9 jz9 aps)q(,fecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6zz zbk23f;b qq.rx tok 4 h+4p,vv8z0g.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heh0qkx . b ;pz84rzzokvgb 3vt,2zf+4qight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isa. ,4 2h2bk tn b4p+cb;3rkntipsqd/ q about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable(c6x 6rn6wb fe using the best available vacuum techniques is abouce 6rf 6(6xnbwt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of1 8yzh7:8 /svlkeua*je atm) j 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to 8*1kj 78 z:y/es amle)htujav the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spe9h:lq5zyv, jred of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strz,vyl 9j: 5qrhiking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frt)mlo- jo;frcr45fbj5 g--wn a,p o v;om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770xo.h.3kisi g2 gni4,sm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface ofkdrwg19 lmf3ka (l4m11:w ny t the Earth, estimate the total number of airna(m3:g my tf111 4dwlk9wlrk molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni)ewzt3p t.gt jcd+kj gw6/u+*trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of on:n9cxu7c+sxs5 q bx5xygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = xxnnbc:+ qcu7s5 5 x9s259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo)m+nyaay q) 8*):r jejigf fdmf-e, z)wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 5* avyq/y;z6- sn jm6l;rb issvyle1 80$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s efp 1 yx,vt jjp0:6q,mnquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl j27j1 r5kzdaeass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, zhi9y- dv;cosk3i3j4u52 g xpadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19r o1sfm);p oy*wnm) e.5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frojc69g -pgwvs/m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bh/l9gi*8elfod o 5; erw92ktgalls thrown verticallg2/g5r 9 oofehdi9 e8l tw;l*ky upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air bo h7ev2 ym+3e(o izd 1lwc+c- kb2n6qfrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reacc(z2bo w +-c7 +onbe vlmd2q6ei3h y1khes the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water h1k gx qdl0-fj 1:mfw-vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: gd x10l-kmf1f:hq-jw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenc, 4:ybujqyt ,vydf78ue in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in ty t ,,7jyq8uubvyd:4 fhe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant press:v00h;b a yitcw t6r*pure, the coefficient of volc th i wv6pa0b0:ytr*;ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars pogl+t3d -*oq4pnkcz6 zgw .+to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept qz3p.dw lgo*ok+z4 6+n g-ptcat 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg