Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table85m e2s)(eo1uzp o vwn oz5mupese18o v o)n w2(r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be 4kj+ a,j) a- av .ncxcid-pc6bexploited to make a thermometeibn,.dca )caxk-p +jv4-6ac jr.

Which is larger, 1 Cq3k(hm4qgon;mr,y2 n ;3:ormx y 1 vve $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal el5b:kg0 y ibx)quilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures ofxl0g 5k:bybi) A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted toa,euu 8h15) dabn c6xhg6k3kk a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsik866c,k ax5e dh1kn) baguuh3de of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans5kls2h+6ow; uwo:dxs;yd r. tion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaceldz eh33 egr vtel ;.v)3l3:v5o euq,e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electricq;ev ego l35tz3r:,vhd)v l eele3 3u. switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fbpuidf me,x7 f6j+r;.ixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wi6ef+m ;jr 7f,.ubxp dhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of ler4,,nmd,psy u.o: ecm mo1 w/ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th sz- :7i0b p)ow8gyf-z6 oo*rx j6kwbtermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury init ik: fz6pj7t0w oy6)8x *bobs-gwrzo- ially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooleg-:hhc d, krzz/rc2 q)d more rapidly than a)k: rhc/qz,z cdrgh 2-djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glasn5*fst57hht ds is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smalled5f*sth7nh 5tr than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at rxzgwp x)af)xyh( 6,. q si/m 3v+oc*u20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge 1xgal 1xsc i j +4;ip.fvq;5oeso badly the can will not stand up. What has hq1i1xga 5.;fple+x ocv4si; jappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing tur) ,p 82a, tetyeyy1down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperat1t tp 28,yeruy,)ea yture using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wx0 ye-e zgo/zwx0 ayu0wzm47.ater increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 7zy0z/ 0-u4xmwx w 0aze.eog y20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’9g hli6xbu )o5vbm:1i s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy a6bovb )gi:u h19lm 5xind the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gq2d, g;bf5:u gvm-v8jte1s zb(yq 0b ray-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rtie3he- :1( d ffvjd,tatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustcf7) - rp3vng4vxa2 yz have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for27)zg3 nxr v4cf vp-ya the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whai +n8xreao 4)rt can you infer abo8ra ie+)4oxrn ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomf( k1gu0r-r:ms ) ianflortable than a hot dry day at the same temper(:-l)m01 k irsnrgf uaature.

Is it possible to boil water at room mzw-d6(guv4f swj j6, temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidiay2s*: 1xgzgity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hg:2x1yg az*is umid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cs9uy;d+ww rp*c6pz kq.bb n+8z-g)me ap of an overheated automobile engzr*qm6-ws 9d+)8n cp pb+ugb. wzy;k eine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13ul3o5b:c-i s t–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram.iw5k d qqnl 4s+j50kb copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in 6air)5rb:ezq: 8t dc y/1 *thjww.y;kx:wytt a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silty qkd t)z.j/1w;e a:8twc5 r bw:6r*:ityyxhver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this ig olp 98p05hqon the Celsius scale?poq 90ih8g 5pl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 6 ,to ptdv3 nvlk)o6io9pc6y8 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alc8p+)ovoz:0 wvhmk mq(ohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 v:m)w( qp8zmv0hk o+o$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ow7 u3z2eklv1syr(qg+mm z)g -f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builtenf 67twp;ab ) of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (av;nw)a6ft7b p eerage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are o:*l4 oniw /08ogb da1d vlc-hnften used and the rivet is cooled (usualddnc/o8vlb :*1 wn4aigo-h l0ly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ata2cmbqk qr+ypde*/ , 0 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75i 2c rrskb0)e tv:8o2o cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heateo8rorctvb: ks2e 2i )0d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thehc*0 k*hj-ets5borxu4yz 5u 9 brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 09 drxe dtfrrf+4 fx10of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron j+*pi(kmssw.. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, na)aiunn ved)) k6, rhl9rrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expali)6 9 narkdnu)v)e, hnsion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i8i x,h- ipptu/n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linea-c :w l/wlgu4er expansio- w/u4llcg:ew n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic 6kxc 98g.jl9se *g jnnsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bras2bn9 ur(6cftf* fbb+zs and keeps perfect time at 1f (ubcb+b2 6 ntrfz9f*7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thc0)hj *xoe8di e bulb0i*8) xcjohd e has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cy w9+vsn, gegkx)cp 6g+5k.mft lindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle o ck9gv+.e t+gf5g6p )k,nswm xn frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desire;d:zi;:1jvp .ix6lrg c/ gdhgd length when at 15°C. How much stress is required t :iz g.d1d6vr ph;;cxlg i/jg:o keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beau+kyg,i1w ni:m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134lu4dl3i0vd x 2.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalepi*a( z254 8gqdsk8rzx+uuc q:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturm+ wtpa0 d3.bh2gh) cae on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earrx hf9,i/ o-.o8vs*( /kjj orm:cvsjoth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion a b2sm (sq7-gnengine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature oaqs (s-bn 72gmf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygevd. (91*qx ncc1p7 eexhdkr+rn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit s;.q7j5aegah5:9g f 5mropcprogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains6.a r8 w ji;(nyk somkwlb8o78 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 9,me 9su6 tg+g 9nk ge epck6k1bed(y7gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure qw,6b74 evtbj inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kb7vte 6j, bq4w?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg offplh1u 7 gtk9x f wuy./+zup;+ $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyafp o*d gn7ob,t;hr),au3q tv, nt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of aop fbaq,)u nrvt,;*og hd3,7 t balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 u i8jn8+joef em+:o l4$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen i8 yq )(tfnap6at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon eswl0z r)gyym00capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeppv+a q f* (54xwb;fips / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ars)ubofr28u4*vdr u w-e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o7s2o2)b7hlu xku +v dxf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 00v p4fuv,/iaqbaw j ax oi5.55.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thrc hxe3 n ;+v1)aev8vbat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assuvrx)a e nhv;e18cv 3+bme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge8cvm*;um,q37a6t v l 8w zfrkun molecule at STP? mt,u 3;al8v87kr*6zw fcm uvq    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Su,t;xq xta i2r*n at a temperature of abou,txtr i*2x; qat 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmsrdz*7zs t4ye5go ch75 speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasezdyeo c47t55z7 *gsr hd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followiu-c t6px,5; ))q:iqozwn pescng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, pew) -c uqspiqt zo)5,xc6 :n;8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g ocq8v-6up2ap as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wmi-b dldh: +y*.olxts199gv e hile its volume is held constant, by what favog91y hb.id xl-m 9:lsde t+*ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ogxth,q8jex0*4 q, 5gf+ 4varm6x/x9xe wessdf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s f9bbt35c18sa jc tv- jk mi)42d-mlyeame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratia1-5v jctb yd 84fltce2)msm-ki 9b j3o of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8cv.fff ,z0-jp .5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spil 5id,n5 +jytju u64reed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe qbo7 .k7 c9f9gz)yveuen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massxwtta1fc4 k;) is 89 u in a living ca1ttkc4wx );fell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writte 1cpgh-oj 3vgjd0,:kb*awusv 8r94v en P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniucl)s-2nyn6ic d,d1os8 gw;5 cjyaf8 zm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presabt ke(q;uez /k;j 3g9sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm aern-eut2 xzu7 wa t( .nwx*u1.nd the temperature is (a)nau e . we1x2.ru7-(ttz*xnuw 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat *8)e (ogkrgueely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2gr8u)(*k eego5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where3 cen prqcs396 le4bp* water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is pb5fwnio1*u8mu/)v pj8dh: / pr g)ub 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature atpwmgjh ub:f vi/ 1d8 /o8)5bpunpu *)r which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial tkf f -qd ein-d:(wt;+pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hw;fen(k if t+d-:tdq -umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera njsd/+.ixh +gg3/d fpko e v)-re-6tzture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiltxzjws:7l+ukl y0p +k8h xd1lae+7 x ,ing at a temperature owuk+e71pjy x0dtz xkx7:sa l+,8+ l lhf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol mt0a2q 3ebk4kn*t9tt ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi)yx uix+but6tief (vr;.,/x znt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4iy rn ::xovru:3 eox(7) to diffuse a distorei (u x7:3rov:y n:xance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through ti:rp9 5jh1eml/i9exd cny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ofpc1d5j m9 :rixle9h/e $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape dc+ jih 8+y)y/af+(/vp gsjk hmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuwf qod60-wd-vx3 zm1j v0;kzure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at no:e0e g,b2-l zcc3iyg vrmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a lzc2-b3y0 gigee, :v crecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Ar mkn36e7uzd/ fter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decz dku/me7n r63reased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ai;j68 k1wdv eo3kh. yhtr molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 me vjh.k8owhy6kdt13; . Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of t2yuug0rp8e77 6mui/rvyoq- v; xu)dmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bvffo(6qvn . g/est available vacuum techniques is about qgf(v ./6fovn$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below l9orubyt8lc-50a c i(the surface, to what volume would his lungs expano r9(a58il c0 tybcl-ud if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spew;5uk8 gf*; g qxn znp/2lud(ted of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a5ulwg g*fd; p8 ;u2kqzxtnn /( bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal otx i ;caf;io c44r2b5gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume uhs:4nan bvcnkfn9s4h;1v4* 2fuevht.k :d.of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure/x, cibrxm: k: 9:5ar6j wlirk at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air :wmr ij,ar9kcx5x l/i6 r k:b:molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in 6)ljg:mdp,zx a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used ineb5.) eip v-hi a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosi) bhv-i .5eeppheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurk6 irz( , tfvq1p))lhpyy bh+1y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin6v9iykl ek g+3e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s edwa/u6;cul 4dqup d +;d3)kehquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ad4ns 90: mjmjrt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,iaw8 6,m7l va4aoe vf7 adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charyj j10-cypta4 axf6q*ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the y0 :f yud 8 qfuwugk/*6kc4q6bEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertin73dm d r-1bcfcally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are t1b d3r cn7-dmfhrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air (ysa ,jyb+g 3ij;k)vtd1m:nw ),hbr b from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the teri,d 3n+)bvy1,bg:( t ;ajk smyjhw )bmperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water3r4p+ ctzu tosk e/ 13jsg.2s1l6wea r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: sua+ rzteelw/ cjkt41o3p2.r 3s6gs1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the 2z fsfi:5l7v+mz7+vn wo, koedensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deew+2o7fof5zm:+i, 7lv v k enszp in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant press)es2my6d1ilb* y s0xjure, the coefficient of v*x6yy 0isd)sbjel 1 m2olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarsyzwqf96d -,:u2yqbnr to prevent rot and mildew. If t,u-zwb r6y y2nqq d9:fhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg