Which has more atoms: 1 kg of7zc8 znk481p9ix8vibqurgcbw17d 9a iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendikq8nzci8 czp7 8x71ibb4vg 9 wdra9u 1x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exp3o+fu6x20x11 p5lnhc ooucznloited to make a thermometer.l xc0xzoo5 onc113h puuf26+n

Which is larger, 1 C0hi mkph3+keb3 ye-rh*sk o. . $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equiljg s8o;s, lj2se* dy-oibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equis ,2j;sdo y8*josl g-elibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aa7jv)50 i iqdb6enl-w-n28 mqr s ,lgjluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which mw6b)a2q- idnnj rl5ejgs7vm l-i 0q8, etal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linmb r:kfy)l b*1ear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of1y q)250)uz ulow5.zow*2bleiw eh x9jx p9se a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain hw2i ew)5z 1ebo5ylo*wjhl)xs u xpe2q990u.zow this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section ;s/ld0z i* ztxkebz7/r. yq)z in the shape of a 7ts lzd0iyz)/q*z ;r .zeb /kxU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floauecn4. p, pk8kts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-ktt9;zb oohh 4qa0*x ,glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a qbkoh x*zt;4 9ha0,otbit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or 1xn3te yjx 2qgwe,q,.cooled more rapidly than adjacent parx.,gteeq yx31,2 nqjwts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineawi7ck.;i2ni .cp ggk 67w7zgn /r 3rdkr expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased 67/.k7n; gk2w.rgcp7 gcwik3rz di inheat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cf 9 r au4(n5klj iq*qfz5mu5a/lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgeymmgd go2r)ko/+n,z wk7; gv; so badly the can will nmr ko; dwmg/go7zkv;gy+ n)2 ,ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a : rb v572wk1zrvkt8 zipiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usingi1 r:k85zw7 zkvv2r bt the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spqjvu2dn-* :ko kj:n/r)jxl n:here submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature lkju qk/*:no::2- )njrn x vdjis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinet6)nx4*u mtuul d l41l:dd; yenic theory and the relation between amx;d*u l1dd )4ln t:eu6n4lyuverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory. ap(/ gr *yv7rqb.39ax n6xtxzfxk8a ;

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherd*y :wf uwd/5g1s+js 73b cxdte, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objectbozvj4h*, :vl s8f t2l must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller2lb*stvl,fjvhz48 o : mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thq:awnragtl j +. 80mz0an water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thmgn zat.j+ q0w8l :0rae other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morepr pk0+(5r f6ttlvhe 1eph69m uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempee 19ter mh vp5frt(p+6pl0h k6rature.

Is it possible to boil waterpmt 2jlcnvr6li7bz-3 e- n9-r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but t- dypcqbp 4:5phe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air opqd5 b:p4yc- pr the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an 0,ibx6e(io +/.aqjm.vtqoxl overheated automobilex/a +.qeoo,.mlt0x ivq(bji 6 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter2f(1 sgt z30 ljodmnr7qy( *eu (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-1b-:wf0w8hc zc 1w5za s:jp v0igyar,gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n0ubgqoh36v * gumber in a silver ring of the vb36qh 0go*gu same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isr; q umhc5*(fj often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?f(qrj5; hucm*    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera;9z7/mp +-swsuv89ws wihiev tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass y2fq 4 vsj 8dd728jhvt83bu vtthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0248t3vdj d88ufvyvt 2bjh 7qs $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway isz(nw g-cb wwe99nr)q 0 built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3 (8qn9h*t ,rhogmecn 7b,)dxu00 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temp,97to bqer)n(h8umxcgd, h * nerature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riz )ca8n g0.lmgvet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steegcgn a0.l8zm)l rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at3bs:z)ak4v5. berq mq 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 .- dxeqsytznbebui w-+8 6j71cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is he 86dn .zwbt-eeybxs q7u1+ i-jated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3lr q7ylpn8 g.650.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watd 7budfrwx*so*7-ve5 uu,kl a *ru6 6ler at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. gv 44ocaf rokl;,l1.0)wepcqqz 1 d)hAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it crh9,esd ) mzu,ob+sz3 an expand in essentially one direction only, show that the eff z9deh3 s+mz ub,,sro)ective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dec;h*1c2ql .0 oih wil-d;q9d(tzbamv nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le,pch ca*35zfia bn7 9gk hi-x/ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion aichi pca,/hzg- 3x9bfn 75*k $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic bav o dvz3i,elo bmdjkb:()qd-: :).ssolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gri b) cwcy,s1+jandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1y)ic b,csw1 j+7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameteur) 1y.gzqv ip20xl *gr of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume og*gir2p zuqvl ).01y xf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyliv:m4m ixew9tfnd8w01ln;,q z ndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vm ti4n:; w fxwd9zqv0 ,en8m1lelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How e43e jh t tdk)ky/5+enmuch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases t5+ t ky4jee/)ekhtnd 3o 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of; p36d2al vzi,p piwb2 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm adothaf g+u*3jl3+58 k; 7 bmyjg 8aucwt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur d o2ogsxp ogz+;v14+kes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temper.c k7d-+ lwkfwature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000c4i)) -xbh fe5*asfbk$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a fi08v8piy v4*3fyx rvsp(4jt temperature of about 20j4vpy itrf*8s48pxvi 30( yvf$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the iwf4 ms*/ei;e s 5muw s1;pe2vudeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit ggeei7bwad b8z x* )c:3uq/;jrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k4;1*h5rdhuw*swgv+ 4bx kvw tg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0aews *kk-8yf6$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0u /7pmby3q;*ct .eowdj;fy u6-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3u3;jp ybyf.w6;7c */mdtu qe o85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 (m9qqlp ng 5c)kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside(06+hrj bdbh w(e l*zaa5mh (sx9jr1 e the balloon, which makes it less dense thand1(b r+*hwl06e9z( hmbehjr saj5 a(x the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 tfqh,0(.usq p $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 182vrvz/jvb*:( 5pulp)2fs ha h.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cm e 4m-bmz+)ighild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecf( xty+up3/lfg2 a,x zpeux)*ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.a.h52jbtctw+ 000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ox-10pv nub2s35,ej awi. zonk f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume*x5w5vdr mvcfpfb:-2 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air 8l) qb (p9lltaare in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is ablaq(pl 8)9bltout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average traibq42 b/dnokw 3(gpu (nslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ipbg 3qok(/w4du2( nb   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near a gj :k3,1,nk0lcx wjathe surface of the Sun at a temperature of abowag l01 ,kcjxan3:j,kut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturevlg+:)znq y4 h is increase+:yhqn)4v zlg d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given i hj/a91q)if gdf.dnv )n units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatei1)h fvj n/.dg)9af qd the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in miou34t 2mc6e a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is +lw w3yzn.vaup /g+,cheld constant, by what factor z3avwc.gl n + ,pw+uy/does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by 3rlmxmv7 4 u:o*h vh.c$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ro yvw6(hb 56ppatio of their rms speeds is equal to the invebp w5y6 v6hop(rse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen 6zy(w( ) iaw6ln egpi1sv 9.rrmolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyac-ak m +dyh6p8od/u8, 2s pgad/c9akgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betre;di+ m xi2s8p .w5xjween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoshotimvv a8,)1 e molecular mass is 89 u in a living c hav)8v, 1iomtell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writth mjxn 3aufqs 1o)g4pw ( sx*5sr/ p07jz9n*jken P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumob,w5 x(uo mvd 7r/ho e4w: curvc e;dkx8*8z5, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric preszrb:9jqe+zb+j izppxb*6.3 zsure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0+n-d-u c9 tuz*zyei y5.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9u5 y+cziy -uez*9d-tn0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wnyb. yf3aq n-a6ab h13hen the temperatur63byban.1yn3aq af- he is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pltngz 8 m*xyje ga2b23+ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the sx.afllvii76rg *;s6mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water. l* l67 sxsfv;6iiagr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat;vo mw o.sc4 / 8mlekpi9da6h8er is 530 Pa and the relative d4c.pv koh8mi8/l;6 w 9amoeshumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2l-ud tw g6o07.nwa7ar 5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if theny,d9byxs 1p )2fi .tp water is boiling at a y.sf1 ,n)9xpd by2t iptemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo rxlh wp,s260 4,uoqtzlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofo;xwzg -4 27/ob c+h 6s 7eunmn:xyoaq 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mo7t0ubi 7/io0)v dlz nelecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distiv/oz0)dli7 7betn 0 uance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the su kg)t.t:x5vsdnuc i *+d o3g+crface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheaet5dvc* )dg io:+ku. g3stxc n+. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure u(yh.:l ty8gc has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been6ba4ehz o2. ax calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo y 7d:ndra3 l:8+;n3t6avnzbmdhp. fsch1a z/m temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the waterad 6n/ zz :dy7mh13nbfsat3vpc8h.:; la+drn and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bpt4b ,bvp q7b4st1a*ny +y h;balloo 1a;7pbvh4bnpqb *bt,s4yt+y ns have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengtss:7q6otfcn4yu(/ ar pr.r(hl li48p h 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height riorl4(py4naf8u(qh/ p7r.6ls : sct 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densitydw a2/ hy;p mx0ld.qa7 of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is euqbin9h 4nmjcmi62 y*r )l:j y*f/u6 abouti2mm/cu6* ryqyj4fn9b:l*jh n )6e iu $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca :qez(jf.ieju k1l0* gpacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is tj ej: 1k( fgeziuq*l.0his advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphep f7zaafd:s.q-i9oi7 re at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of specialf9.-iozdaqspa 7fi 7 : materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrvha 92ik5nn;uysgakw7 0yd/-eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume nv:cby 1p7tn* eia 3 xngpwa 5hdx*-4/of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thegh et8) 0lvfc)rcg64y Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere80yg vc lhcf) r)g46te.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen . -e -cf9r3yr5afmccits60dw:ia ad,molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a i (fxu/ c v7m+o gr8 18y wdc*()mluh7kwdbk-mhospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rati lfxho d/) yu k*m vw( 7ckmd7+r1mub-88gcw(e, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bz:5e5p8l4iu os clx6a owl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolidj+;s v;f(tfvne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at y470 zefh4yye 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontc0f kkv957 nlj6ln(w3j anp)ao a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the ,xy*8* dto1f hu0ansn 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prel*6v0,rmq 0e luo/w k)jc9jon;kjnu5ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the zv1(. qa/f9co m7gko eEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis badn5c rlq+odn.4s )x8a lls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throws.8c + a4 rqnxndo5dl)n at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases irt)ogb3;l+tnxw bt,jl/o1,d q/)b v a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake)lbtob+x ,d,wi //g1vljtq)o;bn 3 rt. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presam5yb 0/inlb*b8yd3 jsure in the air on the following two days: yb*5 d/laj 3n8iybb0m
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in th*c;zp o3/ff aee density of iron at STP, and when it is a so*ec3; of/ fazplid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,15shwer.odhr. sxr* 4 the coefficient of volume expansion is eque.54. * hrxssh1ro rdwal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplnvp;logsc 6 8 n-sb60oe constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a g6c0;l8bsos -v6no pnhouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg