Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periozp l:,yrcl1 1ndic table or Appyr:1lzc l1 pn,endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tojdty/q( 9gt.e make a thermometere/.djgt (t qy9.

Which is larger, 1 C 5-9scr/t 6a ifm5hasb y8kwe*$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but ewpg- 3 z41tpj) hxot;B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whtwop31z)gj- t ph4e ;xat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted gob.jx ,ye7k.(;ha hxto a strip of iron. When heated, the strip w y,b (.kj ah.exohx;g7ill bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa3 5 n/7/+:lyi7jeyc 9 sniz2farnyvpwnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpyw udu)5bkm3.+f w cee9nvt5.le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wirk9c)ftvw nbme .ew5+ud5u3y .es. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed anzs96 ia1nvq 58 qi/,vqw,bmx t the ends often have a section in the shape of 5i ,6avnis9w8bxm ,qzq vn/1q a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leanf7te w(;4,yr (ifathd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waterl) yejqre t.)-wtvj-(mv*/g rx5 :lf v, the mercury initiallyt)eqrx:gwe rft )-lvjjm* l(v5yv ./- descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pagn4 hze+j 2(o-kiu7 rsrt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expo4e hjg 72si+r- (zkunlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is th(.6 :.rlw,nrhn kfnquf ,ief9at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. un6 r: nh.freflwfk, .9 (qi,n

Will a grandfather clothfph, df-0c,ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cmvy9+j/ av /), ; z2nnpebxtfhfaj19ean will not stand up. Whata1he+pm;nxv/,b f fnv j/az2)ye9t 9j has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressewa.md22s *5coh9hlz fd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what.h*hcs lw2mf o5a2z9d happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or d 51bnz+lot c4fecrease if 1tfnc+4 bo5zl the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro8fi0 h:.n;vj gs7pmk vm kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.i pn gmjh8: fk0vvs;7.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic1yhhu7hpyzh ,o; 2tf9oq 2vd yf89wt0 theory.

As you go higher in tq9 b0s*t/ cbbwhe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed f2 zno,0hd w3xf2pp1dan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Th fnw0 2,p32oxzp dh1fde escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatr8gao*;z 7:n) 9y0fb 3vh qfeqe bwyw,ure. What can you infer about th:zn r, b3 eq fveb9wyq 87*y;oga0hfw)e molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry da4ii 4g9 vmzf7ay at the s79m zi vaf4ig4ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roo -n9-kcuhk kz 3 2d/o5sj*j ,homu;ntwm temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempetjlwqw(3lpy1a6 /-4 o lp1mrzrature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi(pay1pjwwm/z- q1l3 lo4rt l6d air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhehv4 nl jf4p.lu hbu-:)0 h+lllated automobile enginlu0hnbll:4p+uv. )jh hl -lf 4e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter h; nn):je*va lytrw-/(nl s3l(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennyyouqs+68 q t,p?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of akjr2r9, le q7/jw) ic1m,sp sdtoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvec i12r jksp7es,, wm9/lqrj d)r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often i2bu6u*0x3x 3d2oiv.ltyjg ctaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?uo*uj2xd .2c3il v0yig6 tbx3   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatg5rr,dwp.s t98pekwj 0-n)rd ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lensn;k9ehl)2d3- o ) nvgl wv e(nuk*nh5gth 11.82 cm at 0.h- (d k;n2osn3uvg n)kwhe5 nlv9*e)l0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs wr w0u1a(9hl f )ej7mi12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatelyv 7yy m+0;rxj8 t5pjdn 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July mr p70vjn58dy+ ytxj;(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larg v-zg,jl nlh7i ox;uqd.na52.er than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamete5-hl2q ; lv.,gzojaxdn7ni.ur at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atjjx ij+:ilulp(qnqxuq) 0+m,lvq -9 * 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamck f j3zcdp/r5,* wou)j;f)saeter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fromr 5c/ so dj,f)wa)fpuckz;*j 3 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tqee42f9 gs7,wus42bv ,m mflshe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 3hbex 5sq)m m 8;.x(8zxzzwm;,j lhsm mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring /r-;dz-gt jgi made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cal +anx.skn+ p/f g*o0zn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expan /+n0kxfpgs* alnzo+.sion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in txghgmft(; j 5,he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widf kvjpk ,ez7;0:n )/swgsu1ngvn /l8dth w has coefficient of linear expansion /sgn;dsgf0 ) jn7 e,/8uzvknkp: l1 vw$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so2:aa )qms j2tllid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect t;fwo yr+q *niz+r +q7jime at 17 i ry+qn ;r*qzjo+w7f +$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diqz8iq66lut i agsa:v ;ha60l5ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2z0haa8q 5i;u6:qi6tsal v6 lg55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyue1 h(b.z(v: ij kr2zklindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloci:( 1.zkzreh kju i2vb(ty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when u8c xw:ucd 2h-at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at thish u8x wudcc:-2 length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-xn: e2 eqdtdnzi vbq4+w -827tsectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122bn4xx/b 6g-oh cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: ;kk5ij/j * pksk *w/qh
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhee - 45yfbrt0oyit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures injcq*j*d: s b x191nmxv the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatus +tr7nh8 pq6lre of a r867hs+ln tpqbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gab h8erj*q46:dmkq3vv*ta gk5s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containsp*nhui0j+pv-kp* b / t 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit i1aq no0 ,jusj*p+bkp .1d*qsrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaa kf-+ (0q)er41yvc cpoa 8t.4o zvyuws is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas/-w 1 wrqo akf- q2m,5pnzfq6a at 385 K?q2 f/6-a1rn qa5k, w-f wpzqmo   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgh5n;v (jnwgiu: 9h5h q of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by(y bz9 6htdve; heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon (b;dzv h te96yis 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 a2ujs se,9d-fal8z*j5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen nxtv g3 xig6,)iw1 h8j*avg t(at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hh yle;6;kk(:r56 vnlvs ,x1d xt8hegvand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole.8tb v.;3sr ke9ec:zywj:cvlcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many 4v.;91sysbbl;mso ;seq6md14 l fe kh4o+x no molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, )l *3cs: rzqre   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1au(n 7azrl 9d) nh;it0$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecule 0, 81v acng3zpn5fplos of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileopog , pz5 fc301nvnal8 took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecu9-p,x6lrh j ry jia*k,le at STP?-y, l,xr ijak h69jr*p    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of hlk+y2xi uqm8 :elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60kyi28 :muxlq+ 00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules iikgk scdfy9wvc;1qr1g 4 u254ncrease if the temperature is i svgrkyfu 15i2;wk44ccgq1 d 9ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the foll53foc ae yrh* wknw-.+owing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, ayf wn+h3e*kr-wo. ac 5nd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec/mh*pg v 1urz+ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held inmh /-(+* g tswafgf4 eln1l37zj0rlconstant, by what factor donl 3th r anlm/+zf(l0gg *i-s 4f17jewes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a t7ek6h+k6guaf1f4 eagas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempepbd3splfzw +0 u l85; aq ve;nx.,f1qsrature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootsbqfs 5+ e; l qppwflvz,3xa;0ud.ns81 of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain0y-c, zd fw(cded in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0y;b er k.icj-105f ciz $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen77v 2qpawa* yyw ndjkvu43 1y( molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ,6aeq62x46a 0q n2tnxfahxjl mass is 89 u in a living cell at e2h xa2 xl,anxfa 660q4jq6tn 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cannv e nt1 2djd8fyj4+9r be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, /v+ jxmm r49vk$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases clnrq(q1 r:.8x rey3ocan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempe-i r sfpfskwih+4i9 20rature is (a)4skwf9i h2ripf i 0s-+ 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat 3s gcuj:1u1mkely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera1m3ugs :jcu k1ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plack.cppfme/ e 2hm58-ime where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pouvv:q h0 *c)mk .p+++ gysuzolace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wo+cv.vp+u*suo+hyq:) 0kgzm ater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a 9anr6 s9n ; nnzqqt,.p1y vq8aday when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rel,nsq;9nt8 .6 1navrnpq9 y zaqative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the52y+g* ufumsbg(4c 5 lin 3z-*xobuot temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressfb4kyhib+i94 wh ad3b6+u. gc ure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 iahy+.4d+bib43kfbwc h96 gu $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rowf+c.w1bm*rl n 1df19e,kvjre h8( l xom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deo+cj1 hqj .:sew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fawdwj k7bxw68ca:)w lw; ;mi*or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a di :akaxwd6wl;) m *;jwiw87cwbstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny o4qhl+69un; g/ qqngjtubes called tracheae. An average trachea is ahg6qq+n n9gqju /4;ol bout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape 5vuu7k7, w rso ybmt,n:v4mr 1measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuryb-gfu(*r7 fa e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How 2,r;jrr z3r1;o2fte8uvfx zcmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cu3u, fez2f1c;2 xrt;zr8 ov rrjp are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballxrispw5 *7mu/bfu (3uoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreu i5prw*sx3(/um f bu7ased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room 0k5 b e*c-5 bxtmja8ehof length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 8 0b- x* 5hbtcje5meka22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityg9by (ni tn;6o1x ;3 gxzg:fjk of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best ayx5dgo (;c loz, a8g:evailable vacuum techniques is aboutyex,g doo:a5; l8c(z g $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 an ;yw:r02 simy 9lq z*-y0mnsL when 10 m below the surface, to wmiq 2*ny00zy9 ; r:s msw-aynlhat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a:m0 pjs5h* tieu ))z)bzom5 js speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed cor*) 0bm si s5p:z)zemoujt5)h jrespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increz:80e joqb :gdased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m3y0eaas . q4y/v9mhdtrjy5 1v$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfa4 y hzkww(5s4qce of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules zy454w ks(hqwin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molef6h-bifv4n++ kvatk .p 3l)lvpiy/.d 7j dak+cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press9jtv-ec4qjiw9r ov )/ure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa)tw9c/-r4iq9v)e j vjo and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bow fd;oia cp)s7r)kcn 9,m0+vt xl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ai qxmal6z)9d -mwf 0;et 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around i5 wzgkxv;60nthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighxa9tgnv( 4r6 ztly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standij:zh ya yi/7) 7 qb*k(soqt2hzxg.)t ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmzim/ 8w(zz8:u;rokav5 iywl1 at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthz7.3aczk:jwt ; ek puz b q,v/iv2i-h8 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls z:czy0g f0 kq ou5sk(jyl):ck-4l.cj thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elas zofky4s lkjgukclj.5q z(0y)0:cc- :tically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamete)olhxcw4 -;ce r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behav)leocw4-h ;xces as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air l 98zx40tl4w ih2seqhwn 9f of678hwdon the following two days: wl2i d99wt88hx f46ln4hehs wfo0z7q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ivq7 p6u:b j+ctron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in :76qb tpuj+v cthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant p ir ;)2h8 sawjoi-t:qg7gmq0bressure, the co;gi st-ihw2:morb0 q g)jq8 7aefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot/ esh2ifosk8x k1 l)b: and mildew. If)k 2lse8:ski/xo1fb h the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg