Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See te*jj5u d5uja4 y 4e1tjx5ihp(he periodic table or Appendueptiajj *( 5uh541e d54 jxjyix B.

Name several properties of materials that could a1m0:x3dp4vn6aj ck cbe exploited to make a thermometer. c j4aa103ckdvpmx:6 n

Which is larger, 1 Ceb1rk,(xml(53 ;af .igotvsd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in 0l85f uir(ju:8d6umqi* 3 xq /fcbcp xthermal equilibrium with system C, whb6fx 8uimu3 d/px0qcqu85cj*:r( fli at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists ofhpyiiqwke/9( +f/p77yhx; uu aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal heix+iph/ ; wupq/fy 9(y7u7kwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion p)m eco96 tbi32rkh*v8cqj 8h$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram vdh g 5*8r3 skv6iczj7of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mer8zc 35g d sri*hv7j6vkcury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s jxjo27ngs/a* hape of a 7o / sja*nj2xgU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of +i3s2m(nj5 6 ;ry gkgiy d2wptlead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first place mj3u,dj:)(n wa. gvh6yss0hid in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desce0y,mgdvu. s(hi sn)j:wa6jh3 nds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container maye2st fyq)3jr1(f wf- y break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p(y jffs-ey)1t32qwr f arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thae- x-/mmb8ga0rg1wygm g 3d h4t its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explaamx8 mg 1mg3 hd-4yg b/rweg-0in why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 lrvga;n. c(k3x8; j jt$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda ;um xd (85a lc5sx3ahcwill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not acx(5 lxshm5 3ad;c 8ustand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly c/ sl*yg8en0ov-l mekpy w m oeg l53jvj*:y*/)ompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. mm3jv *w/:o-*ee) *oegljyv/y5sl0yn k8p lg When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminuq.(q mz jc+o;im sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increa(.oq c;z iqjm+sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorydd1u v(ivxn*i0 v0k; o and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.kddnv ;x0 (iv*0o uiv1

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s 7ow ;l )x0bhsxlaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s ath6q 0ndt,lv; omosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earq-8fvl8a pf(e -:krveth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain f:v --vqpk(8 af 8reelwhy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than vv(wg+myxv l(8il-u zy-,:jn water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prop (yy-vv:x iw+lmv-z(l8ujn ,gerties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humk ajly1 7t22tf 4zvc qb0;8xuzid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatuxal4 2ztt 1 ufqc02zjkb7y8v;re.

Is it possible to boilhdp3 gn p.z :cq3/ar4t water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but t4thu09q,ake khe humidity is different. Which is more d uek4qh9, t0akense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open tbj.gkt*d5kft 3 :g.gghe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi5g3 gtk*:fgjk d.gbt.ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fi---rs pirx9ne b9t dat0fc18kg. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pef*0cemvub 4,tnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms inu(fbs i 5(-z q1fsdxth)ca6k j41 2gpn a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring od6bzs(n- q c4k (1fp5atshgx u fj)21if the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale zdb4r0k5et 3o b4apo1?1o0a3t5b 4kdz p 4boer   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest3eu f*c f35;bw-vib,ww) che x temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohok j xl * pdc1cm1n3fntyp,369gl column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 j*p6y1dcf3lkm, 1n9gt xn 3pc$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i al(ep/8u iw6* lh5 6wuud/bjas built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroufht -0gkt(4j:0vwf m cght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chan t ff-(h0gjw0mv:4tck ges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are l9mkcqt(g :3mvqy59w i arger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.86 (twkc5:9 qy3gimmqv9 9 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at z olc8 ;;j1kgf4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8;y aaui wj wm)5*kn+2.e7f cddy h7*el.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30e7m y);iawda*y *nufkc 5hj+ .7edlw2 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tocaor z54w:x :q the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20(2out7ux y8ie $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rofo:iiw0 siml,w0vqz*sxr+4e y+i czbf 5 ,*3ing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can mda nahz*e5u, 3h lc/0expand in essentially one direction only, show that the 05c dh3 eaz,*un/haml effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi( xif rh(h4e9uty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeff bf8(*h 6lh t.utjo1(ka- pzjbicient of linear expao(l-z1 t pba*hf.kjj bth8( u6nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi trh4-8.b ,t3 uopfawac solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps8 :j(yk**rbx vhp (lupc : 0wrzja.s(b perfect time at 1bvyarhz s( k.:prx8(0 cl*p : *jjbwu(7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer k)q67n p2brwu :l)u pwhas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bul)7bp:uwwn2k6 u qlp) rb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about.b/p fj87108s/cowg pk kcqouhuo y44 its axle on frictionless8hobpf0sug8 4.woc/q 1poyk k/ j47cu bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strgv hs +-l /3avwwz5p;)p cjq;tess is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3glq+ wpvtv-a cp;s/;whj5 3 )z5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crospn gw9n qa1/6os-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1.l)pczl- ut- iah yxe28ub8b (22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaxqn4;c dh*np :le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahra5 +zmg92uan d3 vqsu9enheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40:s ctmav*mju.m8neyij7q; )9m9pte8 00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engil+l,v1s) nvpw q :jl.jx(u f2tne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abouvv)j:2f p,lqsl j lt1.+ nxuw(t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of u:tdm:9mgs h l m3cz)3oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( n/wfsvy je-i 53h4)xll*s4nh $N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP1 k w 7a(9o:8tkvus ge:mzc-ut contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helio1qu j *r0.d9ighypf+um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaiwd*3ciu-opr6-m ep )pner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?p)* mor cpw3dup6--i e   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k1wj/)o3xx t7mobz3iw g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the airbh/y 3 9nm0lmtodxd66bf 1k )g inside the balloon, which makes it less 6h mbo y)t1df930kgdblm /6nxdense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air dcn*5vl-suz, at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ao y+9sc8bi7m41ajex hei*b o ecu35z3t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andhitq .06nx qa)/ 0zpbv 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o0 xg:8yoqfcz7 f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole,t o(o2je a ysnbh+uu-j.qkq9nk4 .3dcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)hvz0 ql).*z-1d a8 qd-ha kshp moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 4874boqaky3 sfi qw2v.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of uzkd14sn/ laj/t. nj8 air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breknjtl/ dz1a u8j.sn 4/ath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational ki4sjy)c k1jp1 .f a)bzwnetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST. jawpj)z 1)fcsk 1y4bP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tem-rbi7:sq 6 v onas(n.lperature of about risnsb:oq(a 6.vn-l7 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if gjvuyt1q + e24p 3ytj0the temperature is increased from 0vy+u3q yjtp g 0te1j24 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have tj9ot 3no34sk xktpu;79 p e.rthe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tjop 3 t4n7o39.txspr9eutk k;he rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules 8 z s cfic+ 9y.)b3(s vsg+ncgg/+aiztin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its sw,97 kxi5u 8z4es zd11tiwi lvolume is held constant, by what factor doz zkui t1 15,w9wdlxses74i8 ies $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol*k8j i gtwg.s+ecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratlemymcog41 x1; sdi)7z f/v 4 b6*tbyxio of their rms speed4s4l bi7x6)/gmb1fczd;e* xy m1yv ots is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrfaf hq49c4kv2d c.u9s9 uq.1uor+q km ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule k2sr4qolg c w47(wh3hat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d5jl+(r - phrndistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass ii 8ir m*(+ec 25zcatbos 89 u in a living celb8*5zcorca2it + emi(l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a goncp2n(rz yd oyp4a d9(;pkz*v5 o70aas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranxq3 l44x2 itaaoqzvfvc6ke 54* 1 y+leium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, xoq g7o/m0 o0lin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01rjw:07bv3- jic g9xmm yyxj1- atm and the temperature is (a)mx937ym 1-:j-ry0ijwjgxbc v 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thez )ob63pwq+i nd8 nko5 humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera )+onn8oqik6d 5bw zp3ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place r(9ed.byj0k.a afevu m t,m78where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pamys f;ls5c 2xrhebuw56g+y;. rticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wr.bgl6 ew+ 2smu5y;;xyh5c sfhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watnk5hu 1xqv6m(er is 530 Pa and the relati5 xn6k h(mvuq1ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a dp3y am3e uk unvf4ovb;h o.78yhu3z3 :ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wateeax 1v/*dlv;e r is boiling at a temperatuvl *1xda;e /vere of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol6vgop wb 1qu+ng1-(gdi sp/7tume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dignr+.4fcnrb6wn p7oy0c4m4 :9 rr r vew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m.7a47zhgs l j)9d/x.ps(b t s wpm+favolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distandj9+7.h) 4zs s asp.mf taxwgbv(l7/p ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c1y aig;kdg;u. alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2gkg1d;uai. ;y mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat)zf 0m*7 w3xrn dsbo5s )xdwy(ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has ber*b tpn k(o,0zb2badcnvq (30en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup ( dh hexg b:f2mip+*:r.fr.y iwas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cooi( b:yh.rgi d+*p :refhf xm2.l water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aft i ))ukhm1*dbm 9j yad9ec8cs+er many balloons have been blown up, the gauge presssd9h dk)*j 1e9ia8mcm)ybu c+ure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m iq8):1 hqw n vjz +fcvhhcryx4+a9)d5x5m9rt, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 221q)x+5 9 ha+48t jxd5 yzmrf : ivnv)qrchhw9c$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattmd. qr 9/5 ziq;ajlpl.er is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avat4qjb xsd,5(/ hc2*vm bozi0ailable vacuum techniques is aboutjbm /q24oa b5xvhds0( zcit,* $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10de qcg9e)-f47eb fnz 1 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicke fd4nqbfg7ee91c)- zly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a xqt157e9zc onux2q5 qspeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)c 552qx1 u 9q7qzoxetn    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1nkdfn(a+e9s i /-ratzoo) c(-10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume odpi n2 ;wd6w3u mi 7e9dd.4ropf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E25ziqr6fqo+ ha a,f 5parth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphe,o+fqiapa5qh z5r f62re.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecpomd/ g 4a 5(jqd,i2fuules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u1:xetfv,: h tkm;v5.r pmrtp0sed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, ;p1tmvm pe frr, 0tvxt::hk.5is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats w9, dgeze1so9 y8 sh/uin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline htp9zea2k/;i, weo4j r 5frr) at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit l0 t n aii,5lf 4t;ekfa-ffn4/snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassh)uo b19mwpysr*8t 6o jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1a)hj;n -lzf34 j najah,vl71k8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prejvx 1kyuexb/ ed;;* :xssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from wjzm2wub9v*z pyujf1 l)1t29the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended srgq+2 ;ow n gtru9s6*against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many st ;9gsoqg +*2un rw6rtennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00wj x( vodt. 89l;tdd/d-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the x t tl;vdo d/8(dwd9.jair behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure inpe6e.7)g ;hid .xbojc the air on the following two days: xgcd e ..)6jhe;pbi7o
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differegbd rw52 nxyw p mc16s.c)8zw,nce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where y6),wpbg zdx.21 mnc8wsc5rw the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at conso.q)oa95tel;8p2 s e1 yvdqs dtant pressure, the coefficient of volume expano2 )dy18aloe sp5d .qte ;svq9sion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.