Which has more atoms: 1 kg+qx+bw o2x0 4gjvckp 3 of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe+v+40 3x gbcqwp2kojx ndix B.

Name several properties of matv13zlaj5 j-au;/ye x ;xdncmee4 q1y,erials that could be exploited to make a thermomet31e-j4 xxeyn e;/mdz a5jqclv ;yau1,er.

Which is larger, 1 C fpq/py:ip u12lbr li9v2g-:m $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syqjt ,lwep.2)0xweu :rgfo 56/ss il- jstem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures x.w :- s)2qu 05jegi/lf sjter6w,lopof A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stripr+d8i;p6a.2kz mdeym consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside oaem6 d 8zip;2 d.+mrkyf the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linv37bvth j-zm3jt w).aic 1) udear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a2iwa; e8gc 5yg1 dxi+mwrm,: j diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel :m , ig8marjeydig5 +w1c2;wxcontaining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed 01q;vf mzv5ve d) ukag4r7en.at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Ukqmv;1f7)v5. a ez4v e rdnu0g. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsv7l*.t rm45fxch7 j +jh 5 ,vvpnunwa0 in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first wu u+ox+o z.*splaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a ozswx *u +u+.obit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if 2i 23p+jbbdjk (5bvcw one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p c22 3j5( ivbjwdb+pkbarts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that it m3f8v l:ae6k+chf 5tds coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why tc:mh+vaftk d fe5l 836his gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockem9s0(fjt t( 5fi vw+k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will csm4g ,r++*sdyj)hga72fi ctt .aw re +ause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wi g,y rmg42ft*+aajthi+ .ew7cs )s+rdll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatu .*a*yd)ndle8 heu( zrre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in pa) rde8eydl an*h*zu( .rticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminu4lfx 84tv1fl * -aysr-dkkh1gr0pv 7 qm sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatdpgvth7-*fv1l 1sq- 4fxl840rak k y rure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows m:sh7r/p+ mbtfrom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperht/7sm +m p:rbature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thd75datg*iba, eory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at1s,oednyf zv*d,nt gvm-37 6amosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mqn ebdpf0c5 9e7o6t0gust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escapt6de95e7g 0pb0foqc ne velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whwu,6wbdzl.d v2.n e b1e)h1qm at can you infer about the molecular properties of one relat1wd6u2 b).dem wql ,nhvbz1e.ive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dae( wve:szbal n 7-ym2:y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temper:wmnee a7 s2vly:z (b-ature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu1d2vgb31 -v9heu q;;)w,p fnr kahsmnre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but wnqr)/ da8*fu +0bxvn the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drqubn0 f n*r/awdv)x +8y air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheate5i* i7s:u.yp o;vlyrod automobile engii7pyo.iy:5;so lv ru *ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–087xeun ;v jme28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennt3b iuzgd(2o );so7n 3tdg8qey?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold u0sbdi kke:* :s z/zm9nbzy3u; gt; s(ring compare to the number in a s(z;u / tu9s 0n3::szmgk;b *k isdzyebilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be l1 a;yofjxnm238 jl-o 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?8n12;3jm oa-loxjyfl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a:9j +pdr+jp0h 9fdmzpre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the a(hdz2*caa+..vii(-f( c hgo n8yp -j b:iweublcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.bvn(iu*be fy-o(ha i:.i p+ zhdc-jc(8 a.2gw0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m losp,tpd73zz0g ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appror 5 )ixsouq 0xr 4r85e-lnr o;m(pplvcd4k26cximately 300 m tall. Estimate how mucdv l0;lxeonp uio)54-rs 54crr 8 cq6mr(pkx2 h its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are :ca+p+ w cv-u9ai-kodoften used and the ri cucaavpw--ki9d+:o +vet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water * 4ayix)b vdo-at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i*8ro*)jgpi;xw omu z6ts change in volume if it is heated froig)o *o8zu6rxjmp* ; wm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wij c;pq vz;z0q85a58 a.re,pr,nhx6 d.zptdegth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55ee*aa py;feq)f* *+rl.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ringzc( *1wyhy9fc:e,niaik. t)l made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a r/bv+9izgzas8ihi r ( ; zh+p6long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directiz +i6v9hrbg+ sp8 (z/ri ia;zhon only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denscqdh*:peqof)1/0r pc b9 8)jbx8blesity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffip*zd ,niz(ngk dndr;z ),rk(0cient of linear expg(*n,dpz rniz) 0r(k,; dknzdansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ez2ywk:p:g0 l(gm+ vf $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anevlfx 9 *414pu y)di9km1vzrtd keeps perfect time at 17lpv 4 r4*d) mevk9x19tfyuz1 i $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury o,0qcu1env(obniw - ( 9plrq0 i 5l9ab jk)y+vthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o5pwbvvn9q-u j y an(eo0ro()l+q clii91k 0b, f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatoubablhd , d67 (*dde6ing about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulobd6d( 6aubel7h*d ,d ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isi.; et2(b i-towvzk f; required to keep it e(o iftiwk;-.tvb; z 2at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional 1qr1gswv 29cfg*:a d u4czxl4 area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atfw 92nwaeemve 3:quj6im:( 1k 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin trntf((ryn: ;:apjd 1scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale:srb 21y,pafe0+a j1*sgknhsoz. q3t?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about df4678p (/h4cv as6nd/;l z oieci,bzeunv1f4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric mf 5.;rl+i;qvpcqr*tpressure and a temperature of abo. qtc i*;vrm 5q+fprl;ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen au wox*wao+m/5hig3+ z0sauva* j 9we 3t STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitlp:0k :anlg9y wnx6j:( 5zyg jrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.+uv6ma ;caqki xb( 6b35 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas iq-4 o5l;ouxdx/qo; wrs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holyk3b6un h7e 1qding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?73uq6nhbk 1ey   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 db* x0l4/yutk kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the aiixj4a(8 6yjzxw+)l 8:shy o hqu:e j+fr inside the balloon, which makes it less densei:)8 z6:l(es+oxy4f wuqhaj +8yhj jx than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15v4*x wdmhr.d-qen /(+1rraz k $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1hw -vfq8tiz;q ;h: dx/8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levv(oki) t3o ,x s8d4g6. z lrl0lzy*bfvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule7jwhi (, i0 u7c6jvj jhq-pl,qz8b4xus / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there;.s pr. p)dxfwa psuaqvj:r7*r- pg .1 in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles*b3tsyq*g1ib; v + lpd,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume-x u;ha-m5g8vma b3qt 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werblqw55y4s3ths t ( vk+e also in the last breat4bws (k+q3tyvh ls5t5h Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyp6b-icx94k;i g b fsjb:sd15zgen molecule at ST:jig91 x z5s-c ksbb bpid46;fP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun a 8h41bcr8bzbut a temperathc8br14 b8z buure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molec70 ly/9w muxepules increase if the temperature is increasu/9 wyemx0l 7ped from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given yk.*uxd57j *mkufo7kj 4yn(c in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculay7 u*x.*4oc(kk d5fykunjm7jte the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleu7m3n erja5xzo nv 1-3(ni9ey cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub;lynas cdimu*h)r g,o: 1 o*5xled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dnsxro c ,d:*;*1ohumg ) 5ilayoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a vfyg3 q9mc5.1zdv+f)u tu .lkgas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the razr1 5vih5gyiyp-p2b9 tio of their rms speeds i59br2 15i-v ypzyiphgs equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain)a tge4 ( x4,k,ardhj:)rcmra ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo64fin+jwgr i b,-0ldblecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen m 6( qdid2k3kv 0egg:isolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 uf*v;ws) -xn bv in a living c)bv vwxf*s;n -ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of d3neg ;dh+(xca gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumm :;6xkvrk*era + k)bs, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuv0+qk kjll. pdk,w-,xre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and thrbjs(84)cou k e temperature is (a) 4krj8(uocs )b 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humofr4oyxy48 ao2qeo4u5 ;z a .pidity is 50% on a day when the temperaqao u4a o84.rx;5 pozey2oyf4ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wher t,5zayn3s 1nae water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at aho vp.j()r4w-z3tzc g particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturej zwrh - 4o3zcvt.)p(g at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial7 8g1rptvyw.y pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is p 7rv 1yyt8wg.40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperas:, -)n 9xx1pazmtq)k5 sews mture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximab-m0bn. rwlh f h69qou1e ;/mdte pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at ;6.u n d10hmbfrm /w9elbhq-oa temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol;lrg8bhp( 2 ywume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 3alxwe qrla9e1 i,j 8/of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mob .euu0(eou94f8a8rz oc:vt mlecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 9ubcza8o veu fe:4uo(mr.t80 of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intuvb3l*n i)d .xvzfgj/ g/ 2q6xerior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An aizxx)b6n vuj/3qd2f v*glg/. verage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has)gj ekrfe.+g1/1nqk i been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur eu hd:d(bcb2(e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How m( (x8g1(erovpc+.w 9 gflf ziduch error will be madeg 1+we.9gx (8( pvfzd(liofcr in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindeb 1,j b w1c +agrg yjqzuv6rmxz;27p*.r is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originagy 1,.cqj xrbbp z2ujm*gvaz 7r+ ;6w1l gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number erv j;r1af27 nof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thee1rnfv ;2r7ja temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouj3(ca8 f o6xtippaw qc;n s*m(e7-q*at one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques i4o6 /i ;ql*d ikow3wfys abouo6f4 / 3 ;idkiywlow*qt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity o4-s c v:febfxg+g-n es5giski ,a;5s5;fa2 qpf 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfac:s,i5eanspk fs5f s x;g-q-ve i cb2gg+;54afe, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from tzukcrgs*9p + vkg/f8g t* n.p)he Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space.*9c pz8*sg p rkg)uvknf/tg + vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1 a ie.h(rkdp f-iq +5sims2+3f10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 6 9m lpi(6taqsg7) d,r4eqmsv770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prey r6 5lfv;xb1jj)mns/t7m 3npssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total n s; y1pjmjxrlnm)537vn 6fbt/umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules coq.gci7 hcukpnqy23c)vj 2 6;zntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (tyy 5g24dnc*t6v rrjju.. vg;13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.v*45v tcyt. r.jd26 uggyr;nj 4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b96avddz 1) o5hplcr3bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0y2.fp b1 ;fwrj$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eapm5azd i*3e 1quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassat ;+v-2ym76xfb zd lk jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta)c7e./b9p0sq+u ll q/nt h faandard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure f7+. j,tuy pjsof 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from:g ;mgc27ax8ikqm5 ud the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is g)993od)fueg 7vu eplwi0 q0 vsuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, al 03uu 9f ig0)gpvwevqe79 od)ssuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphe4 ricjxlm-h6ha4e a00 kl0w5 erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and thej w xe0lm5 4 chea06a0i4khlr- air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: t f2eu;t y,k7r3b7rrk ,2yfr ek7urt t7b3kr;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at.b* nly e4bw;o STP, and when it is a soynw *b;e.4loblid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal t3 ll vo)p vjphe:):8ogas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion8lv: 3vlphoe))p: tj o is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cell0 6s-poexx56umlv p2 r(j;s5p7u yyeears to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ix56;ejpopsr0lsy2u75x y e ve-u (6m pn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg