Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum+tmfctg+8 6 eb- 4alqyinum? See the periodic table or Appayf+4 e+mbg6qtc t-l8 endix B.

Name several properties of matzj,a;ff,c6 dj q4bqk1 yc7f 2terials that could be exploited to make a thermometerj,2 kfay7 f fj cz;1tbd6qc4q,.

Which is larger, 1 C jpxb+uwyn n.3 js(.za.r7 gb v::9ujy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermalh 4)oe0, ibe.jtfvj- m equilibrium with system C, what can you say about j,4bj0 i.-tovmeh)efthe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminundi/-j .oxk cd5v :1pii*lbg;m riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will beni*d oi1bdp/ kvg- i:c;xl5 .j on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coek i+0s9olh4l mfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacc +2t.t/ 3x4yt:ay.ei3e(tzsco ecng e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity wyztg3/sctn +.o ex t a4cyiet:2.ce(3 hen it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a82y tnywhnv/, section in the shape of a 8/, ywntn hvy2U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury tak 5*egp : 90 /jarz5ntxh1rdat 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in:vak4progb9s ei k 5zv*2(m: e a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desz ek:(i4mbp2*vk ea5: o srgv9cends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is he-.(doeu:k:db *hs j7xl : ynbvated or cooled more rapidly than adjace vd*dh: jnbx.: l(ob-:7yuse knt parts. Explain.

The principal virtued8st1ok*j 5 frhfj3b; of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Exj *t3f 1dhjo8brs 5f;kplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cyqvsjmrg,5/rpfg)5 t; f x*h5 y+iqw,lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andy **ir7n7i fpzflvq)6 top to bulge so badly the can will no7q6l*)* ynff z r7iivpt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushin pff/5seof /w0g down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pis fpwf /f/e5s0oton.

Will the buoyant force omnk c(0y++; zdo2r0z(0fac c iq n6ybon an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decreazy6q;0zc(anc+crym o+ bd00 i(ko2f nse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows j.ij3 t/94 gtw cqetqw5z:4gg from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energgi3ttjj 5 cq:g4/4ezt w 9.qwgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how j(7 k1i*kl*kv7pbostGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of le9fi2qerzlwevgq04s y)nq ;4-9 tf: $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refq)q8wh i1*vo9 z(cmn si0x 8lpers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The es 9) qh(81*l8xpws0v inzqiomc cape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates movh;g+ ;bbw* u. cdjrb3re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properrj bh* vwu+c;.3gdbb;ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortazw eco1/-su13r4orj.rc;k 6 csw;q erble than a hot dry day at the sameker;jr;cscr4o163c-ue. wwqoz s/r1 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water d k6 i2vbk7fvyg;f-y; at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is 5)m2upr fbbk/pt 0iv*different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.0vtfp) b iup kbm/25*r

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedo.cxa vr rj 4/wnvo59r l1k( g4aru24o automobile engine o1/.vjarr4ou4l(n krwv 9o25cg 4axr.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tco 5(qwyq)i ;ghe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there inqo3uex*u3. nx/ s)zvu a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring co- nch:3c4o iq 4bt no9nk*oc1tmpare to the number in a silver rk1o9n-o :hotb n i4qcct4*3ncing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tho , 3ep1bzn/dse Celsius scale?1zps n3/ebd, o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lown1pr2x/i qssr *i l0q, y0cu+vest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, theh:*lon)b c upu2cp, h/ alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.b upphl/h*uo2)c, :c n0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil+vz. tyq;-ehf q1 lh,p -a:epwt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought cxsr i);tm+rljy.d)gt /px*7 iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and/tg *r.y) sl dx7xp jct+;i)rm January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rkqk58+ ;zik t .fuze* zpt-7mjivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed i.;z+ikpfqzm*ezj- tk t8u 5 k7n a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water g j1i1/gzc qthg.g;i: at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whatpxdbo2 3n(s /p will be its change in volume if it is 3posnb/2px(d heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille v,x) +9 c/gccc+dbjxld to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a6ohjx2g) 39iy11ows c febfz.t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironh(yd y2gsckrtc 43(4y . At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contai cx7v vt.;g-vjned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient oc-j 7vgtx vv.;f volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changevu/tde 3s4z e5 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of li3ycy kw8p 4aa:5ig1 mrnear exagw 3ap 54 krm8yc1yi:pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr (jjxn:8r(k6d g m7oeiopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brasc 0q- kfqp43f 1cg *vbcl(oak-s and keeps perfect time at 1731fv4aqpf*oq -- kb k0clcc(g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomet fa/eth hw/86lpqb 3l3er has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb haf w3e3lp/8a hqh6t lb/s a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiudln7w;pv:jl*/kz r- exp+8fb s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fri7/:f-;klxwjdz lvp8rp+ *bn ectionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muche :vb,1-a m p3xe(iemf stress is required to keep it at this length xi pef,eav 1-me(3:bm if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be296xv9 l4blkvwg1w7lfjha+ kam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterwp+jnxp *:c p+ 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatbi0382 dd+, c3h ey5kn (xhafhrrvo)nures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what p4w76eu t9gs(xukrro4a u/y , temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the ofyf9+dq2y:f+dto .t interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempox)r-o91ud wyzp tf bbzoz88o65e*9nerature of about 2o9-8opt 9 ryzew o xfb)zdb581*z6u no0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idee 1)rj1u 6bzz*a7 6 avavvfom/al gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6uj56u+vg2 cvc*n9bcgdh p5.j kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogkfc/ xjp27*)kgj+i eqen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atu+h :63u l/h-gmjihc p 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 5n4w:iko.p*k nm9u d j1:caeu385 .dm jnec::14kkn a5i 9owp*uuK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofo 70 yp+j( xwf/r krzy:keg-:u $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating o n8ymjc38..zeb j+ nythe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the a8.oy.n jmzyec+3jn8b ir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 ygdl+(vu j ipfk73i+r:3cih (5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen azi:xvo0esh 2c) w9x4 gouax,5t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s ywvrs4)3tsgr+ ny ofu2m p;2. hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number lnv:g 0; (bwziof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there.mmwhres vn)anb8. ;m l y07z41g *hce in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of/ty b3,n5lna *,m ulxx (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5;aaj 7 s3qu4d4rwzztax3/ f5r.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules og wrrv7gcf rf-*q-8,r f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took-cwqvg,f*r-7g 8rr fr. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kina54ub0 zjv)ypphy+;-n gzcq;etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPpyga )p+zuqbz 0;c;v5j n-y4h?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaaalqzd ;ny7 9e w1,0mwture z,waay;0 l9w1 q nme7dof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thefd:r )p i8y;aw w.4.rw)hqofc temperature is increased frdf4iw.rwof whrc y.p;q a)8):om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsx 5s dvw*k5 q5t +axwxkm:m0*r, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0da s xtmr+wk555x0* wkmx *vq:, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecyy, ):ffqh9 on2/fmo cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is 82bv1 n6t9xodxavk.n doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doesv 8xnn1kb9adt6.2ox v $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas n vs:4, : s hi3wclm5gyj+*wozis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t-x492pt + 4); hinv9 viz zsvoc7hbswfhe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is +sni bt h o94w-z 4vhv27cz) ipvsx9f;equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in iq3r7)m- psjojgfh, ui:x:)c an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms *grh l-)v6blh speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitx0qnu2r*)v gg23oh vn rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a ug-.jd k,(om jbqs1 1pliving celjq ,g m.-oskjd(1pu b1l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written1vywggtte5 hn 1;btad0+k n d-d+jy3: P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uwb2jc eh d vh+fdb/ivbs5;* )uj5hy29ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presnidcn) h9rp; bzx;66tuu)v+ usure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase c ,)pn5vzz (fg6 cu .t;uqwdv4when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 zn(zd6c v )ut.5g p4;w,cqvfu$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wzk *r05cm 7,2w rqxsjphen the temper,0zc2k7xrsmw5*qrj p ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place zbpbhct+)x 1pvc1qy;1pv,83 mypv r/ where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a k e4fc8-qrwwg/ j:9 6ol; pzclparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wateroj6-l;w/: gqcf8 c9wr p4z lek boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of zcv(uw6b4 ,l*th k tjt0d(+qhwater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%jlt h ub0+dt,(z4( tk6cqh*vw? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is c*md8lf lsj:mvs98g: 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilinl.fm3loz.;q jear 2 .jg at a temperature of. .zq 2jaf3llrjm .eo; 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a,l)i y*;6belqk ow4um room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 7*xhc,k1v9b3xgg de2 ,)k g + q5bexhnmrnq u:of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molb: q57odk0 ,ryf9cq fmecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of c0br,fyq 59ofm:7dkq15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfwp4 u5zrkt+jhj8 s qg)x3i 3lb; g9hk.ace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ar hb;riz .uj+3xhskp4t3q5g)8 gw lj9 kea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been 4h hhl rqpb;3rn-pv8) calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h)g28y-os woydc 37cr tas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm4;bl5frn rx zd bf bc8qx.:6-. cwhkh9al room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mhb.c f 4b;q5bkrh-lwz x xf6:8rdn.9c L of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium i-9e1c8z pfs 6s:mmbggas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been b6imcsbe z9p mg-:8 f1slown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, l/ 8jk8t3)ua,cnpc 1gu 9bzhbwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assunc/)ju 3 z8bb,9p1ahk uc 8ltgme the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat7,cuoxjcz m lz /c0l41ter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best av0e n7;we8led nailable vacuum techniques is aboue0wn 8;leen d7t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L nali/n u mvr .)8ln2:xwhen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if h im/l rv.xla82n: nu)ne quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters tzot/o h r0g1atof7py a2c8o8 s9/*sjEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reenta8o zo2rots 10/9ot ts8*gjfahp7y/ cry.)    K

  The temperature of an idezk g8 1:1dclpqb30c zwal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume mf3; pmauj6s;f9:nrw of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of (ri(n+d. ju 9q f wwrc1g-ya6datmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of i-9r dj1ga(y+dn (uqw6frw . cair molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nit rrf2/ay1 8di 8ipt+ufumlvg3:h p79d rogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in,4k,ero-j8 qytczqmx1z* b 2 u a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressureuzj c2-z ,,rtb41y xo*q mqe8k, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of m f-:edmjom,0mj n) *+.fx5j uet mt+fliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin6)y4gj n-r9w,ym1 5ji,9acee3abw rtd dt b7ue at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at iza. p kw673 bc:-lvdz25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glemgu5msz+ /o9ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptec3kav p:a1gr(vy 3d)o 5vb.g ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch dh e(/nvilvm880uj-e .cgq)g arged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is uh2u zg4z6j 8gp 4dbv-$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thro f* m5e /rnqs id6tiyp:v2(9wrwn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assis v9yp6/m* r(idntrew2 5:fq uming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter 4ft.l6p(g5toxq jj u,+;bq 3 (tnp5v2jjs fda(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How la o.snj4 a2ub j(+ttf,q63d l;5pjfvx (5 pgjtqrge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air ons6 mewln1h8.z9x s -am the following two days: 69mslxse.m n h18wz -a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in t*qzvf.w: vir, he density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wh.*:v r,vzwiq fere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an5ahq-yrm7( 54wru fp lf:s7yf ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion y rh prqa(wfyfs4 lfm575u7-:is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deh9f,ddml 4 ,eob 0fb(vs kmc(1zumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If bfflod,d cb1 (vz9m( 0esm4,k the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg