Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or5c20chj avk g:+.vqo h*rt q6m 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append.to02qc mhk *5: vqhvj ag6+rcix B.

Name several properties of materials that chvu-z4w j(j1 eould be exploited to make a thermometvu4(h-j je 1wzer.

Which is larger, 1 C *yx63cw.blw5x*faxj $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systk)b7 ki +n,any r1;awsem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C,arwb+)kn1i n; ksya 7, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irnz.yeadt 8t/.on. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal willy.t d /.anzt8e be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linv:;7je(h sa1/ *mz2li ramn fyear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostaq/o 3 *ca 3z,brxkh)gb j0/woyt used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury t c/)/kbr0gxo*qazybh3,w3 ojhat conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends zc;d; ocg rw:7yfo .gb5mv)5 coften have a section in the shape of a fbgcd5)z:m.vy; w 7rgc o 5o;cU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder h)/akuhb7x/m ifj, 3f of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wat8*g y t3 q4tt*tq) *5pun nnzg9/duvnber, the mercury initially descends anngq un*3tbt9pn *)4g5 zu8vqtd*t /y bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one par3oouofv u-zp(/k8 ko x4n1v7pt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expluf1ko(4v7 ko xupoo38 zv-pn/ain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffh tr wfgpm4f(-p7 mj.xc(goyr78:m 7b icient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinarj- (4(c phmb7 fr py7xt mg:mwofg7.8ry glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratj,t:os /g 2c8t49x rdpohtk y;e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause i1i:+ m3t*5 d esn jksfu)hrkw6ts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not hkwf*enkr s ud1 +ts5)6mi3j:stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,,jpqa.b;2,n/mkedll m af 4 j: by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular j42np,al:lk;qmf.ed j/ ab ,mnoting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aly+ndhd3 s dadh3vuhk pl*2y li.9,4s /uminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature ivuyis9+h3hpdd2 ,/4lk.*a hdy3 d nsls increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from e(0ts1,supx/2 su9lh bpf.sfa 006 ubdwklf- kinetic theory and the relation between avl2(l0f0 fp6s.es ,asup90 su-wkb bx h1u/dfterage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kiney cu 0. jd2qlf6les5)wtic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s p ydgb7r45sc;atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers -*1a2b2ekp ,7sn e x vgyhgad3to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Eart1nkg7x 2sva b,a*p-ee3 h2gdy h and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatfke)kku j*. d;v,no 6ho -ats1ure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rh.n,d 1aksfk;vtk* o)6 e-ouj elative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc-6 .t2hp p7ytjl0 l ;bgow,izdomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatur, obtdw6y.7tzipj-h 2gpll0 ;e.

Is it possible to boil water *msay b4 4,m)jqshlb 8at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatnkr f1;jpl9cejry+ oilo:8 6z a57pg;ure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the h5 +l:rp7 k;6zfr;ag oj9 py8c1 lejnioumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open )hs+kc;5nfv dmu jtu7932sjb the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi+hs)tv u7u j 2bnm59kj fs3dc;ne.

Why does exhaled air ap13zu bjrk0;nfcjr;h v48xc6v/ +a/3zm ahei qpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gruepe ttjo-4( *am copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the num0zt7p ht( +m vu6y2b5rqd/b laber in a silver ring qv/(r2tl6pdy b+u h ba0z75mtof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius7g qphm/0a t+v scale? mtah0 q/gp+7v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recr .e7d-pmcjw nir+x /m efr5/5orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom d,u f-0lhb4ox :jq3lneter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.hf0nl o4jl-q, 3:duxb 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l6qwhs-0wai e0(6jwt mfc+xf 2w9:f mnong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m 3qa0hncmq.nbtiplg6flz4 ( 8r 3/.qbtall. Estimate how much its heigt6(b hp cmilng a/qq0l8fn3.3. rqbz4ht changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are 2d ,za)3ipiea larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is coiped)a,i 3az 2oled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atc n by*q,ur)i9 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamey qogy.*ddya2.1v0 3r)ulhrdi0 d -y lter. What will be its change in volume if it h 1lqy.v3ao*-002r gu) .ydryydd lidis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350d5 yltk9f w7384uy)lfu) prft.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a1 m+r,g *uu )lniumstcvu z;4-t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be 8 8gy48ihd8),/yshxduib3zj*frfcu 3 zh:ddplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n.wkj :pwv/o7v arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effec7kwvvpwj .:/ otive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d *.x.v glq,qxb)wd1;iss 1aav ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengthx3hh)gcevoet 2qgt7qm7g wz k0:q )-5 l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion tce- gohqqzk e )xhq0wtgm27)v3 5:g7$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ,v,kjbu iv; bk+d;p0asolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfgiht (mbrj6z c93);bh+jmbnne2a -8l ather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 jgnb nebz2h9+(3bm-t ;mr)ha6ljc 8 i7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter hdje-h+y1 /qo f9+ddsof 0.140 mm. The bulb9 dfsqy1 ++ -dje/dhho has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 bb 0o*dtjyy;+ j: g,b4gp2rnnm is rotating about its axle on g2+0y*nbd :,orbnt b 4y;pgjjfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stry yuy7q5 z2cd*g+dk: oess is required to keep it at this length if the temperatury:qyo*dk2z+7c5du g y e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secqd5 .v/+zgkat( d(ltibvn,0btional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134*fc4xi;gircq3 /y n;) iwf9jgp er80u.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper-*0l,t nc43asx o lw.gxd4pjcatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal fu3 g+yle ) w-5,pmzh.9 t6cu77lbiq hpga3fse?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte)x h+;d,xfaykrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiom.bl w1mo jvyj):1gyq,l nd52n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature oloy, j nbvdjml:1wq2.m)5yg 1f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density wfki 8(x03 d 2cwegvy/of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen 6,3np m;6 usqhdngll vgo)vm6(xq6v qd/ n5 e1($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen 1t+ n wdu.q+ilj6 df3-tt-o an($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isd g m mr413h12sejgzw7 at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg oh5 tb;*g-nifbf argon gas at 35tgh f*-bib; n85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg l(7x.(ih lcweof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ba3k .cjs)rlf g0lloon, whichfjr3lk) c0. sg makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withja en;;(y6so u air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 184+zhojk0qbg( ip:z67 ; xlwdpde;j o( .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level i )u arvd3q;o;vl.w.j and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / :9 ugsgw)-j yg+fcgxg-7j72 ww km9ws$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? .kp7-5xlg- puu ,, :1bvesf1xlccacf    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (az sqlsr,wu;nnn8k(r/,y :oo0) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5lrub0v dg)m xb6.hek r:v4,i:.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air atsdjexpn022bb: (n*h72f etlre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were alxep 227 ndbfh t*:e0tlnj(2 sbso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average blts 5(f*s :ru lomqx7k*/ tp9translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP ss5ru*b(/ko *fx7tp9:tlm l q?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of theg1 agp84axqbum y( *t( Sun at a temperature of about 6004 (t1b8yuga*mx a( gqp0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatd fgf40qkqky 6oj.:)lz hxa0 xi;)if6ure is increased from 0 6iz f0f6iq0.xl)k:okydh;aq jg)xf 4$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2nzre.oio*3aqn0 +-tq , 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. n -q+.o0*n3a erzqit oCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g rz7s -l-4xr ub4 5bcz-obmhj2as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whifd6xfmq3d 1zax6 l64ble its volume is held constant, by what factor do41xzqd3a6f m6dl fx6 bes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by0o g 3wlf.1g(e rbu/ dt4xhgz5 $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two g o6jb9e4w*r z;acgz9iqts6 l9ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eq4 ewq9 zt;os6cb9ri6*a jzl g9ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in amidn.jdo+: u,raw( y2n 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a/c *hrtz,o2 q+nt o.tf;ci u:xn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between 48vbcexmo(fs gw4.n8 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lnc*pv,xd) c(d iving ,(ddvp cn)cx* cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can prq5 13aj1x so,vi)xu be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium ,berq0+vf6cc , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whan89baibjc el7k9, :lj t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 rk9sj ) vei*o 4q+egmi.;ux2g atm and the temperature is (a) 9.o9rg4 e);2x+ ieqmki gj*vsu0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (w9*w ev/jg )hd(gu/vyng 1p:japproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperj1/vwp ) (ug*d9n:/wgh vyejgature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 l1rg*6uwoec d(,cv ignzh,(0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a 80nkp ot p71rw3drj:ft a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatur:rjk 0p o8fnpr37wdt 1e at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 -2eecoy m2*xkPa and the relative humidity iyxkoc *em -e22s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whei*o.:buna,w r3q5 d ovo ck57xn the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a preshh jkz q:+4eu*sure cooker if the water is boiling at a tk j+qz4u :*ehhemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a 64x4qad1o v-yvf wk.yroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinau.. qbi(z;if +v2 djuw1*xlnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dixz-czffji /c/w4x; : sstance o zxiw/jzs/ffc4;:x- c f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the xro5zgj7t 6-a interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An rzj7o6-tag x5average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape7qpj9 l) x;e7e,sqg pcy+5vpn measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeqo5 /ryspyf43an8 lh2 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempeu6px94k l+ pe .tls4ourature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and 6l es.ku 4+op4lu xt9pthe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hebtb 4 -pz. 2jq1xhqd.1lo3m1* kmekzz; .zq kzlium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction kbbe zo z1l1x3jd.qp k .z2qk*t4mmqz.h- z1;of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lgc: wt*tdtig .;k)n 1g +qjbk+ength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the:g * q ;c)it+jtkgg1t+k.bd wn temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one thkbz 5 o/zg(7atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is e45t ozx+9n61w9 ufzg krp4g xaboz+9rnz4p54ofux6x1 wk geg t9ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hbzpj00quti ; g xm:0usq*wd --is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volumu0u q b*jx0 wgt0qms-i:p ;d-ze would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eart(vql 4 kr7oz)bfkt+n 7h’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of spev7+) n4 lqk(rzt7obf kcial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is iuuuu m2hii7a4z+w6 7r/ m:dbvncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume (yt;tm u*chqj)c jc+(of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the g5cfpvk1rr .7surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the7g .rfkv5p rc1 Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedcz6jrig4)e4l c 9vtt; in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u .p/4cc-nqno 0 6no me6m jhw)nmi9d7ased in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and 6nm0 c)ah7jnw oqnp .n/cm9med46 o-i at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of l4dklul3fd; 8g iquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ae+ m)ig j/5k* ;5 gia9ugmxjngfa7m2nt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equat .6pxx g8eicf4or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontozvj.33d pd16 r,ox goy5n8wvvd g 707rlr osr: a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1lrzbdu1f7cg o9+u14g+h5 jny 8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a u9-vd)quc / cupressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tpfi+:, 2vtc4jp pij-u he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by teeyt hc a j)mzpb:p553,4movw 5nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per seco) emj:y55 5vomc a,4bzwpp3t hnd must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbhhqrhyup*76 2 le of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Asuh67qrp*y h 2hsume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water v: c vw;(xxrt wx j0jy;jm5mp(s1k9wqls*dy1/ apor pressure in the air on the following two days: k jsd /pyxrw ;slmm1(jwyx1*wq9 j(5 xvc;:t0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density rfmza )1d 21 jeck:aa6of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatu61:e)a2raj f zkdmc1 are is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas ay )w f(4bekt)z 1bn g6dqvd,hzp4 d;h;t constant pressure, the coefficient of volu;d( 4p fd;,bhg)6dt ebn h4 z1yvzw)qkme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constax:wkmgwif f8q2x3bh jm4 t+1)ntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew.gqkjh4 tfw b wix8+3m1 mxf2): If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg