Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the p5bu(dng y.fly )n93ajeriodic table or Appeu fly.jb dgn a593(yn)ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that c8ygv vd.wo.jw15)yo z 4jzqx0 ould be exploited to make a thermomete.1xw8. o)jvzyj qvod0 yz54gwr.

Which is larger, 1 C 6xrd *;6,or s s7m2jvi o5kllusn5g3yvvc:6w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equo 4u6ks qd0+ejd 2jp,f7m7iros0ue n0ilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, +p0e4,7dsms n0 ruo 7 20odqfek juij6B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. g jlo/uz::2 r,-(bekuoavsl1x v9 :q vWhen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hi vlru, vsq:kagu :9lv/z1jo:xboe-2(nt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear eef(41 g)fn:dbj-rf3 ke d1kzvxpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermost)h;gedtya/eg(cz bu4ks uhsl2 a2 . .6at used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bond g /hskz.ue)6u;.2ceb a2(4ls htg adyed together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have 0sl)gjx3 s8mz a section in the shape of a U. m xjg3s0)zls8 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatbrev oaz-;; f 6s/9iqls in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gt lrwh2.+/rymgre) e 2e7la r5lass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises..eme w/2r+rh tgl lya2rr 75e) Explain.

A glass container may break if one pares(671lpjcz bx *- mlst of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjam sz je l(s6*c1-l7bxpcent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyret-hpn(g j qir.7 7./ms)vnid owr,gv:x glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary gl7 m: wivnjn..or rsgp/i7()dhv,qt-gass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu.5,5pm5yslisam ;f a w cpa s.u+*+wdgrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its vznqk.m j;0bza0re/5bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not.0/m berj ;avqn05zkz stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, bnvxm(.48km:ozsifvz po :8q* y pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they st* v:.m:zkv s x4(zfm 8iqnoop8rike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcgh, d):iiz- ;o cguf-me on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decre-iu )mcogdf ih,;: gz-ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s 6++ o ujepx73ky. fcvvlaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwyku7 3f 6vpvoc+ .ejx+een average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin i .koufl:po)w7s.j2*mp*lg xetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’je6tbrta td )q3 ne+vf8d8fg)x4+s6o s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spetwal 06587 z nfynwk*ged an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape z8*y5ftn a wl7wn60gk velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you in x8 wh6a)- )kis)sgfpyfer about tgxs phw-6asy )fi)k8)he molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot czr9gbwv7 yztp0. /2g dry day at the zr pt/cy7 .g2zwvg09 bsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at ro0 pp rt5(meq/wy3c o7tom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hu5j, h,,zjqg/ u w(uwyfmidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the ,w z(uyfwqgu j,5j/,h humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is da2j/3 nlobqv(,uf6o vpc8 5 vjpngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enb 58 fluq(o/pv,6vcv 3ojp nj2gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1rkrmp0zu8j bd /)p-lo r08xq 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penlv so*hjy6yyl v:;) -nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms 0g+f.fn 5mu riin a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring 5fu0 fg.ir +nmof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofa6 vo-o(zebc)ln7 gs. ten taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?gle(c)7 nos.zb6a- vo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordpi08 j 4;s7e obq(.v7 evtyusked are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 7mner2j2m .l/q *rg okzzye: 6cm at 0.0eer7 q2nz z2km.6oj ymgl/* :r $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sjj5x o53(wsox labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irll e pz98b(3jron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempzel(r839bl pjerature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are l*gj+k/ofk* pgu2o5h harger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be k5/pho2h*koj+*u f gg placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at :v a7:4a,jb950 3 mwou mt)ntkaossqg4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vonr: tt: weg 9xjhv.6 gx/bn(0glume if it is heated from 30 (nw t erhxv6g:9jg/:x.bg nt0$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35.kckc ;* ;hzzir:d-zm 0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mt68gq/8+rq1xn r ejiwL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring wtw, qw9nsx;r-8b 1hdwng ,4ibiu.a7gg w3 /v made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n z6*aqw *g7ybrarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expaa6yb*wr g*z7 qnsion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chadj6kg. dv3 itcrlg ym(t ;6t:7nge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w ha6,g 1)jvjq umjs coefficient of linear expansion q)jj1mg ju6v,$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop+azsxasd n wmgq,/38 0ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time atjqfczn;:0/or6s) b v c 17:ojbrscz6fv 0 q)n;c/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insirg.8b9.si4nl:uh+8vh5 c fdo u bd(zhde diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vol iz.bn:8.dvdu(u olc9hsghh+5b r4 8fume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 rty6yj+li 9y 3m is rotating about its axle on friij3t6 y9yyrl +ctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has 7m,srxu 4cac.*as qz* the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if *a4 c r*a,xsmsu.qz 7cthe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of c ,om)b /7n ;ijhdsksp,ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter8b w (sd:fj7+zjrj. kw 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the K lsb4i;hig x2,elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit -9i v*ahet5.y:dg lox-4pnejlpxj3 7 scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ab+w90pb ndi+ ceout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air k (8x(j* 4wepyda)xgiiv1n4 uat atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abiweynx4upd(j ixk g8v( 41a* )out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen ax fqzfs6e.9,f t STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.fgi5y o-3*hdu1/ 6vg lse6/u(b f zvzt6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kazv5 ltew;8g44 zgtho ln/g.5g of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas euq3 wr- 2cs)wis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinub9bg (4p2cs/)mz to mg 105.0 kg of argon gas at (m pz2 bog tm/sbu94c)385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kglb8c4ysfh8d4f2 n2kli g+z5 y of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball)xx rini +spa lf:4m,(oon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo,nixxrila: p+ s)f( m4lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withpo,6go o6ez*c air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ats5oz5k4h1x ;dmulc+ e 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s j5l (m,gv qf1jhand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberp3bk a7dyhzp8z657i zo4 c2eo of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there:ot g6j zj7 bjimbi4q; .18sft in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number okbp2s7i2d uv04il7w* hp o3bmf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1.hl1 6-ka6z ksp::c.b0jhkx:g yckgo$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bry1nlyzyy//,l tqjd/y*9arqs c- /7sf eath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km9as1-*ln/,yys/q yyrjd/zq l/ 7f yct high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyg k 9w4l:1ej2n oegwvu ,b,ck-yen molecule at STe91uc4, vbkn-ye,wgk: ojw2l P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed off:vugzscf 4 s1t:6i (/(lx7a .;tbbmfaaps/p helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatff:m(t:g6s7vs(.l/upb apf tb/4s ; ai 1xz caure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecula2v3 o8n:7rso k-dluf es increase if the temperature is increased28aul o7n vkdro3-:sf from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in uze 0u )86u4t 7i6xcxquvblj vt,uv0;units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8 8uil6vz 0v7v0jx cuub6xqtu4)e; u,t, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molh qr:u)1 ri f1efza(vvh 90;yuecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volui;sx6pu;/h s/o(j f yume is held constant, by what factor d 6uif/sxyus;ohp;j/(oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesazv)v w;zfc:pf -p2vb2:tz ,v in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of wlout 0/ em;hb0 (adp;n0; goftheir rms speeds is equal to t(n oe0pdhmo0 au;tw ;gl ;0fb/he inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c8-ot-ng cpcrwx92 a*4 k/wvb f0yf2ohontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed d/6 u 3pl(a pu3b9afrrof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disc8i 4uxh qe05(r6 ft/2r .c mzhlctgc+tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in mkp5 h05:c4t-jil k2wbw;n,/xim jj pa lic: h5wwm /ii 40p2mkj l5;,xptnjjkb-ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writbls4*-(:+p+ xjgazv-o q zctz ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,bjk/1 eq o 9k* lh+m-z:4aviml $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasl/nv v7y35vyo 9sbr0val )w+ees can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase w9qf6(suuzi b i*** ( ksh* .p;tbmu2humaso9when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) (9u; 6shukbazmuwhb m*(ofp*ts .*iu q*2 si990 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximate--0 )o 1u,,nsrk h w.q,ma x11aznhm ckqdj6hbly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 n.1xuhk,,ad hr)h0q- ms aob , zj1cwn1q-6km $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wmh/zc w 4g -.qs:clj*water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in tyj4,nmqt +wf a6d// rkhe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bor+ndwft qj 4amk/,6 y/ils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of w)abjjuy;tg (ri g/z02 (ysr w;ater is 530 Pa and the relative humidityw) g jgziu2;(/0ty(sbra;ryj is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t745ma4b.oex* 0pqzucl nsa *auzx i36he temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure z5.i s(ce,nznm.)be:2 xdy7uopy 5 i xcooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1b mzy(,2eiexu7 n.c5idn:yzxo )p5s. 20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6z:va93 ; r+su szjspc ubbn2,,80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 0 +)ddruh4cidof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee le op/w8+,r7) sbntjzded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofswl/rt +7b e,) pjno8z 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surf65 xz e:e ). wba4g46xrdbc4 ouxp* rjq2nfi:eace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abooa.u 6 )zb4b :w xr4rne65q:c2eeif4p xdx*jgut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measjbp8uzo 243e wj:o9i jure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a jbx8nat 4,b7y-lt: vpmir)l/ g2zh: 0.drrqmt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mum.fg(0enlsiv6yu3 pmh s(9 h;ch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, aiseu hm fs hl 6v;p(g.y(390mnt 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindera2q+ 1 a:dgg,acyl1 qnemkw/ * is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original ggq2d l, a1aga *:c1n y/wm+qkeas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number oc o ;dtpw.1v7ae ti7d*f air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thdt.p; e1* wi d7at7ocve temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atorj,41 hh)htplmv3l5lm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquey5r4 p/psu sww4h6bkz:r t/ 3vs is about wh6 p5sy:b4v pzt ru4/rwks/3$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below7dtrw zl3+ r0v the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?r t+rwd0vlz73 Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed151 v66kd)bgvs . ,anzcvjniy 1ea9cr of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a b vn ck1cbva119ga5ye.d 6jszi,6n)rv right blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i7f/pcn7vhgabny 3 ;too1m,a2deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofy k0u5c+vpkl+)ne h(f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ophu6j abh/8; hfv+ *myf atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate tahvy ;fu6h+mp8*/hb jhe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of l o.j r,baue5dee3n))nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital t;vw*79cd (ci.kw y , arjcrh/has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyl9(/dk y.*7jrich tvwr;cwa ,cinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lknxddyfvq:c60lhz; ;ig214c c)a bs2iquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at a1fhunq24k3 r0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundg9aa7 m gm47xc the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassinoch4,(.ll( ud nf y,+o*wv t jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aky4b esdrwnl/9;hu6 ay:o4 h,dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atu9v d(o a*6 vc-sibhb5y7 9wvw 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartk61fr)7 fbg5 hugn glu9wu *l-h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by p:sh:ro+ko vv hemfg7/018u z tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a masshvez8h:k+ rofo s g/:0p71u mv of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from aup8odja; u+ *b cvf4)w depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the b uj *uov+f)dabw;p48cubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in tf.nz:5 dstpy/ he air on the following two days: y5/tfpnz .: sd
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of i7pmwg5rgb+ez rt,51 8 id esu;ron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earthg7 irzm1+5d5e;besw,utpr 8g where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shs i:h2uc+b:r dow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient or+dc :uib2 h:sf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peop) 6 1zah5e/bps2rkgn ule constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the/26rpnab szku1h g)5 e cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg