Which has more atoms: 1ejbevum3j6usd 39,z 7 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or App3ze9b j6u v,sd73juem endix B.

Name several properti9t u7dr0gsp1 mes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerr70 ptmd9 u1sg.

Which is larger, 1 Cft wpx qx+86w4 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in the v+ud 0yly yy-gw2+e9lrmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of yg2wv+ ll0yudyye+-9 A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a r1ps0xoy(gwj4 gkzt0hra:aqc 1 )8/estrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on4 0 aszaok8g) cr10p t:w1j gxy(/qehr the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exr-s+yy(mwl6(y8s dcahb*, c(,tn ad xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple ther6w f5yp2*g ezs2lrbk2mostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be2be g*wlz5pyr22 s6 kf set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fiwnqdpf2 - q5j: fk2x/ a2cd9dzxed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. cz n2 ax/qd5pdk:-f2dw2q9fj Why?

A flat, uniform cyliw ey)*)gigj q t6z1:bknder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometeeaauz2ik*.oz5z2z a (r is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risesuaia 2z*ez(k5. 2zaz o. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled ix i 7h7b9 g,yk.wmqsp (ce*2smore rapidly th m(p 2eck, ih7s*9bwqxgyi. 7san adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue ipg ) +izs9*rpof Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this s)i+ip *9rpgzgives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 2k6tnzwh9xh0w +y0sh $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and w jp2+6u8s0be xmo1bpvc+4k-zv : jha top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happebjh u24c+-vemwk x 8:10s+ajbv6 oppzned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pist(*o+6yl umf kn 78wlaxon), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of myx+ m7un* lfl6o8(wkaolecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate6s8rf0wn2yme ( w i.n.j z8wtbr increase or decrease if the temperature is2w(nwmnfyrs8b w8j0. et z.i6 increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela**u2 5 mtmtbqx;-bed 8mbj:bption between average kinetic e 8dm mbbbujm5*;-* etpx2t bq:nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from k); -t,cld;t hjf e7yeyinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of v4ai2x lzi7l isct x3s6k.8 (jw2.xwp $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objec7beqc):;b:fu)rqm, i im.kq c t must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due :r: bbquk mmq,;7cie.c)f q)ito the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. (xoh5ycusj5 ;mw mn+p0ui8l7uum : )i What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative ti nw5cm l;u(is+ up):xomu70myh8j5 u o the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day aajl0 z473y dvpvw5ta2 t the same tempe j03wa7av lpd4 2zyvt5rature.

Is it possible to boil water at yt5)bc 4x w9rflpdk(5 qch44*ivdc)qroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is 6msqs 4c r5f(:xekq/q )g/nfk different. Which is more dense, the dry air or t c x(sf 6/qsqk gn45f/qkr)e:mhe humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofm( 13ie t:f gy79cdfdf an overheated automobile engc37dfdfief 9: t gy1(mine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a5jxhq+/kbj80a (gg aa little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?ka:9 sru1 -v9jot 8tjs   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goe0y 3yfkg+ec,pjtn(mlq52o wl4u+,old ring compare to the number in a ,y3g+ln(w c ojylfk25o,epum +4etq 0silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bedn8 zj8-; xpck 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?px;-z k cn88jd   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempc,(vwwn d *m0reratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,;w;cx9 rh 8e1g1 qdk-jm xnh4i the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 1n9x-cw;ki 8 ehgmdxq r; 14hj$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lotc7tze9p ,jf6 ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtd ;dm/2emt 0pn iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (av2/ pdtem nmd0;erage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that b :lo): ored:zk6u8r-4wkx zu are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. :zrdeolouk: )w-6: 8xzuk rb4A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4h5oflc+5xii: g vgq-4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ifsi q6ro,e7yqea 7)a71 xwhw3a it is heate 7ywehaq77 ,3xawq1esi )ro6 ad from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to *;dmmnnhx0wm). rn(v the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55d( ztlk- issbis )5(oe (qz7,e.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad4yr:1uh);pwhb:v o ume of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can po; -dax15hrlu:b,cpexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to thedhurob :xplp1a ,5;c- coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den +e v2weocm3 dnq0+z6psity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l m f :tge4;b.evand width w has coefficient of linear expansion b;eet:f.vgm4 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic scw qia880hpiz ol5p,fl fg3(pwy05u,olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfat lja2h)qk2 9*vnee5yn her clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 y5 ele9vakqhn *)n22 j$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thy4 zk01ud(xa ke bulb has a volume zu1d xakk0 (4yof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyl)z/lv m7g mht2indrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anh t2/ )vmmlgz7gular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress2k owog qvpu-z99*g9f is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases toovkfqgw9*p 9u-2gz o9 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel ugl kmh2v *1x+I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a 1::ryp ox5ijn24jwr/ hmos-yl8 (u cft 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur.qyieuem+-4 3khg i)yes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fa46,cmy bery /+ow*agjs.p xf 7hrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abozj ttgx8 1jyf)h9:6 xhut 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a te-vvn: i q++dwemperature of about 2vw +v-e dq+i:n0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea +xv7w,acx) d+ +c-m6ufp)iztsmhrd /l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of b nso4e)gzx grtgb( a)pka:;hk (-aw 8l -4qh4nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains ak+ odj*x mz9.imuou 99tag 5118.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ,f4md7pmd ae;at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gqwv6.wc oeu-j y1169 -lwelxoas at 385 Koquey9ww-.-v66 xjo11c ellw?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of r8p *ug3fnw 7)n) bzct$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insid 6- ,gx(tiot i04bwxtie the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 x(xt0 tig ,tw46bioi -$m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with alt**33)*x(e sj qiselhc;xn h ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen qfe:hgb f3ty qz22h 36at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h5dw.y -qd as(nand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules vx+pmekou7 mw0k ,8-h/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecl f,wuj :bi04hules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of *s;s*tsw+u ij 5;pxo6xgdz 1j(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.wjg w( +j 2pntb66 p4bqval8h31$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaztq i dkw.4*hulmph:i,22 jr -le that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about *-khd.u ihlj,:r p 24qz2wim t10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinm x5ocbsl(0p f 2ew wa3o(32hpetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP po3b 3(fxow(pla02sm25wech ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helin2a4 cfym5adz9q t(nxn 24ce6um atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.qcy45n29z axc e4ntf 6d 2n(ma    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatup9zhinfuzek fs gqu) (o551(+re is increased fuz equ g(9(ofhi+pz1)5ks 5nfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in ia8m l:oy 7bx 9r0k48lnzodg(units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms 8o8gda(rk iol0:b497ynlxmzspeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole75k-g)/q e 7q +ugtgxx zioi(scules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled 9zz2alk v*54s.c tpnpwhile its volume is held constant, by what facsp lcv*54t pa.z9kz2ntor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul;v s9aut5je8yes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twbx/c*e acjmrs /5d7v-o gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratvj7c d */5/-rmbx escaio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speedbl z;+ iz4cp+c of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen30jzz2 qnj 3 wuxwya46 molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a-svpv*dgx, iqw(1n 509 8evkr ;jhwdvt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89s( a- m1lqh g:ddvcd s)u(6x7z u in a living ce6() (qcdhuvxmgds : z17ald-sll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = tl27. hqcbmk(m.r *we$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranmi3im/x u:fz j vy4rua7:)*zy;qo cu)ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what7m7*r +eo vflk5k-zui phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas: *pi3qxft*rokq ;e7*8vcs1t se-yw ie when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90si17yse*k -*3wpx ot:8e rvf;qtqi *c $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx6y 0s1opmme*zz./k- tzm1t4k3 gcd vcimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temdzoz etym6 .m z031vpk1m4k cc-tg/*sperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurq iixlle ;(2l)zay..eyjp(/we at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains 1v5bu6-lm c . xodjh2mis 0.72 atm, estimate the temperamm 261l5ux.-dovjc bh ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres/,6gb +* fg d;jvdg ntbh/0ztasure of water is 530 Pa and the re/f bzhg; gj0*+t6ba/dtv n,dg lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur;0wr.r n g1prhe of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside )qw7vy3dsqo (a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of)q(3 wdv7qsoy 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v. l*4)nu2 tsmuryl dr2olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poijgo,p0 hg2+-r 3qerfxp+n,hp vh8 rj1n( xh 1jnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see 104ndn d .kr8ax io9gdTable 13–4) to diffuse a distance d1k0 rx4gdn8.da9inoof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the in(h sv8g l.ds8jterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional 8 s8dsvh(l .jgarea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat 9v4xrzefie6+4gb1 keed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure 1n ua smp:/mq9has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Howykt0e*ppnnd4 6ya 88l much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, aap 8tp048 e*ykn n6ydlt 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2 :oemilvi-+eb)lu* um t;a-0x8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atv+i*0eamm -x: - oluet ;u)iblm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of:mjvk tb+qu. f+p k*2m air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp .ufq2jkvkmb t+ :m*p+erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on pu.8)ychdc /qe atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi*scw3y imwm ;h28 hsw:ng the best available vacuum techniques is aboh sw 3:ws2y8 ;*hwcmmiut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L)zmr.t;t bbei 3l8 nly yum25) when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advi8)yem5t.)li;z n3mbl b2 rtuy sable?    L

  A space vehicle retur,f j.dq8 yh4s f/xhisr/3 hmaj5 m6kt1ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a spacemi k8 h543tjrm h xfjfhs//6.y a,sqd1 vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is d p; 37-ejiexpincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 ;tbh.s9 u0oz( mvo4cakyfkw 8a-)rc10m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaclfu;6 7:*r*r gw gkqvme of the Earth, estimate the g*qg rk r*6uv;:l7mwf total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol)1e 1rj5qb mvorr7.tq ce-:jbecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us*5 jl yi;vf+:y4txmvqed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.*xvqty5i+j;v:f 4l my 4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu0 5*bpnd6n he)frf:oyg q(ai)id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli(m06.cvr b hj e7,fpmune at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s er 7-l( w3bukaequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tlz ie rq+)1mnf . 2es.v/*tkfiightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopteb3 m4ud0m z/ug fe0j,yd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,kfktqrq3 rn(g00 s/u8k kn;n:4hk+hc has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth9jxyu 42kcg0nzlvjaz )3 f6 vo)8 bfs: is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agabykxek d/n:)u3 w4bsv54ev/dkn x7 z*inst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis ball)ub 5k7nzxyed:44 *kbv/ v3wn/sed xk s per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from (wxug0 vbm we0eh/( u0a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume twuvw(0(0eb/ eum 0xhghe temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo)y22* zmfcznl0 lvxxu,gh(8m wing two days: n g2( um,082llxm*z x)vchyfz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron atixm2t5 eve9p2 STP, and when it is a solid deep in 2e pv9ei25xtm the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prpz.8ze gcgbe-* 2kmh 0essure, the coefficient of volume expansion - g8kb.cme02hpez *g zis equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevenj*(9tnk0) n9q :v gjclrzjr g/ d52oyjt rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20vgy9tzrj gj c0dn)on 5*9l q(2r:kj/j$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg