Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 thp rn(n*; ney t99bz-kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appert*(zn9pyb e-h;n 9nt ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could 39c- ywdndd q;be exploited to make a thermomete3nqw - ;ddydc9r.

Which is larger, 1 Cpm 1c,i-fao l)kq6o6y+o 7a on $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equpu2r4/()rwt 3 mdytqwilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrt uw(qwrd 3y4m) tp2r/ium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a sv2n 9oieehd, /q*71oc;fl g1 1h5vsqiu*brox trip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wr;/*e vovd2 g,chu171 ln i15qih bsx9qe fo*oill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion m xh8w32 k0ln7dbr )k5a -zvtu$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a kfc u0hk sj2r9v20olb7t xu4lz.el9: furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch botl2j v7z lurk.o x0u0hek2c9b9lf4ts :h contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endsioq8kx6b9*zie q;x21 lvk rrx7 0mi,n often have a section in the shape of a U. 1r7mieniz ;koxq8xxrib ,29q l v*6k0Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atwj6b u(yw9f.vu/ .b wf 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotwxq*td 7at 2q +pa-f/rb;tt vc4qbe: ; tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain 4d+ t tp;xb*fc7 wbraq2qqa/-t ;ev:t.

A glass container may break if one part of a; bozsejlevcpb c(7*13 -y-ait is heated or cooled more rapidly t-o -yc3a7bajzev* e( cp1;lbshan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tmormh1j)c2.*a rf dy )hat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smalla)r hf*o m1yd)m.2cj rer than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ak0lx:r,)t*ehtw) ims 4i ss 39f2tsupt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willik.4e ibms,z: cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand: 4ei, zskbm.i up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pus+5 xoj x/wa dc/jkfar o/4y64phing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kine4fkx5j/pord /c ajyxwa/ o+64tic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase oo s3a0;;o7g lzsklk1d9t, npmr decrpts; 0 1 ka;7domkgl9os,l3nzease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theor(mf5ve;p 4z0ngjl .zny and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temp(p 0 nml;ezf4jngv.5zerature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows :eb ov8vln ./; x mpxsg0.s+utfrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the 6d-fh cdvss98kt 4w: uratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thef)a d+nm*dc2k q-7iuq 1oo(o5tgx 9lb minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmdbol) -f 2 iun7o k 1*txdg9ao5q(c+qmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more*ju( nj0a p96byhn0in quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about 0(n*9p 0h ajjnuy6nbithe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry datbi:-yn 6 lot1v gg7f;y at the same tegby7 6 goitl-f:tv1n;mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe-frr/)ra/ kl rrature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempo-vls9g+ pqa;ca ye *8 ow;s)nerature is the same but the humidity is different. Whcs8ws* ln9ap;e) +o-qgoyv; a ich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the my674k wcw8t64tgx;e :dyg ua radiator cap of an overheated automobile en 6umdgx4ytcww6g74 ;a t:ey8kgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?gp)nm c lwplsm dt88 3h fi82:0xz3i2q

  How many atoms are th0 g xmh88yl8zlere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compar bh;rg+;un 7zke to the number in a silver ring of the same ma urz; k7h+gb;nss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68ob-s z/je h+1b°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?z jb bo/1-h+se   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lo/arb,1 b*1ltnt.ty dhl+h n/p west temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ha1oom ;qtr/o:u6z/s nj s length 11.82 cm at 0.0/jt;o/o s1 ru6qn:zom $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slam;x +v;t r/oj)ihqvyk0z v0x:0) zc41em gancbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is qq7ri;)x 5cikbuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwee;75kqq x ric)in July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the r1u fy7ybqlm.- ivet hole are often used and t-qfy lumy71.b he rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ajb1.gre4k)bx t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volz4v,y uw p9z3j*v9fex-ull-a ume if it vx*3 uy ell-wapvzz- 4ju,9f 9is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with k54d4 se.ofpvnza ,p8rxn )n 3bqus+xdm-r1(350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that ylj,m9(d 2v gys7*au/ ghkk(k55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At iz* yz/9rp7k1; tua7vcwoe 4 c20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand9 4sk 4odk-ebr in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficien94o b-re4kdk st of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the6qi1 h7-ri;qmhwl2 t k 31bcav density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi s,49 ndhe1mtv91phgwd+w m,kfp:4fbcient of linear expansion n19wdwpg9,s,ed t 4f4hbh fm k1pv:+m$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli-i iocz43)qbpd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps 1 ip (gihzbpb;6+aob+g 8vh +operfect time at 17(pp8 i ohbzaib6hgb+ ;1+ go+v $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofplcfi(*et0m : 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of :0*m pfcilet(0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about itf(rsziex.h s),n m,al.a0i7k s axle on frictionless bearin sfax,)0,a.rnliim s zh7 .ke(gs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°i- rx f0tfkp./C. How much stress is required to keep iipf0f / tkrx-.t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sa)/jz:8v nka bectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122y+.xpht3-d xg cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s 0v4 u1cme:82qmx/7mxpim-krx k7 nq :a4 tqbbcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalem3*ufkd)5mo3x1.cxcp8w km p ?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and S6 *swg b:m+ irz8cpem)un are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure a33)z;rr: nshh n khpw,nd a temperature ofhp3 rk,3hn nhwzs): ;r about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyp/7sterr (ys5gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg zua26zf7 rqdw vzux dj1z*)a 4s2*+bqof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containshs-ph34w yea. 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas o/r:k bqb gv:3p12lwm is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containiu6v7mnoe. ;)wxe 6i fer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?euoe)wm;iv6.6ix f7 n   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg lswg;*6g x l tep;o /l24chnx1of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac 7b /9q: 4ms*dmj7ck rinkeq.xhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less denkike nqrc .4m/j9 xbs7:q7d*mse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a2o0;u -tm l 0ie -o-tqurqm0;jfqa rw(*k.dout 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atnv (t0u-h:80suiye in 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’12 hpjsv i8wj vb8k6)vs hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number v.e:3u6usndya+ * :lk k4ouhhof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecuxxkg- ka7 +kh;) o/lvsles?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, / q28e2 q0 ,f/+aljmat6vftng e dcqt9   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5z0jsjj1 npt 0.r m9up1.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eaclk-xl(uw /u:nm7b2rg h 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constantl-r/mu:g7wn2( b ulkx density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygepqry rvffb+3) ,s0 2sgn molecule at ST03,yvff sr2bpsgr+q )P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of6/ihutwqq13qr/6 e f ntn(.mi helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abo i3q(t/1nmqtr n/ qh.w6e uf6iut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the t5(c;ol ox7 swfemperature is increased(oxwofs 7l;c 5 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedc;fkox9ka w,-s, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.wcxo- ,k;ak9 f $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculstey;6(yz 6x1 q2alk fes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what zx25c hqs5;z g4j/hxt f jzh/sxcq;4x5 t2z gh5actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is g h:+ cuoqxxaa3ocp d9*;g)s/civen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at m fb x15heso9*the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular *15fbmo sex9h masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen dh3wl02u0 ikm molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen + /tu 6p9/wrhslc-;l0sh f gfkmolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance -sh o/*hyawp- between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m 9e8lo48u lqhu0-f fzuass is 89 u in a living c4h fuq-0uo8ez llu9 f8ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wra7wv *v w;g:n w;ytya3itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u* /wgehgmg/ 0yranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases -6 yxu 31grhceqa71d fcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is a:do:e,t 7f k +ivvvy,0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90viady f e+ 7tov,::,vk $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whed8ii exws k6gg9( o:g5n the tempgoi9wkg(d8x6 5gi e:s erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressuro p+( /pvm oe-hxglg/9e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pt0w,vu/mt;vp articular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watp/, uttmv;0w ver boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on mamfl 72b/+v qa day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 402al7mvmf+b/ q %? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water zfnx+ss/ b l8m 164kgg oi5az oba84c.on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watsis18c 7hgjp66 54j5 eytufreer is boiling at a temperature5je e 18g546ctjpsyi fursh76 of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of (6c.yb tk lo ym8w b5fzxn9f/z y)g50evolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point orih3y)vwfcri m1 1i, ob gf,89f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusfg-.xir,ss k+m/z 3qr8e y,j we a distany+3-qxm rkei rsj8gwf,,. sz/ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinyw a33ewas9 3qdznn(2d tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abo3ew33z n dwanasd92q (ut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 +(t le9hrta(e0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha9w:gdyvo0 nc 3s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norma 7xl n;yxo ;;hkio62xxl room temperature. How much error will be made in a rec xkox;xh2o; x ;nliy76ipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyl;j2jss,nalr)z y +oo;inder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have bee+;r,)zsny sl ojjoa;2n blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roomy5u1 i 2i xe elm-i*,vmn0:anb of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturii-*ne ,muxm l0yanb5iv 21e:e is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the devy j+qhnlto8j4 4 3jpdow.4 2tnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thcop 6pwv/t0n vt/, 4y2m dbqf :kl9 0xt6fobw-e best available vacuum techniques is abo6fpwpvydbm/q c 26on9/ ,0v :0kot-4 f tbxltwut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.nedv 0em edurlrx4:y 5 7**,/ysqp 1rq5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volumeed4ye sdx5*r: ,q v 1ye/7lqm*rnru0p would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from sirl sr(do87) the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high sdi 7or)r 8sl(temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasqv6vm2-hycvm2i,a1 wr/(t t j ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77-nkvi365fab4+chl: ho pd l;q0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphejm l83bv,k4 olric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculklob4 lv38j,mes in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m la d2f*f-v9e9n)bs;xdpuv l; olecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2gp;rg;d mfb0 7pj4+9i5lovwb000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphef;i 0v7p;+joprbwlbg dg4 95m ric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurhxbz)lqum0 y56 e/km (y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline e 8w7x,aw)efvh2hvjan8po/6 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroo. ed;x n3rvvwp53dr+ und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gv461 bgg6u1c8n:rn jcmb* wa zlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard (bo0yi) vl(at, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, a) nfwg+4i*fzo15z ujhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromi5 :r i,.cnrklvg8zf3 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by 7txdz: 7*vbkcxz.3 potennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Howxkcz*ovz7 .x3 pd:t7b many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of airrtk1yrr+faa9plf .u) 5do s), from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature ik9f+rt5d) oalsrrupay,1f) .s constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the x/k*,p s1a did );ibgjfollowing two days: i;d*/iskb j1 xpg),ad
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at 0gzfvpuihp;q+ p.),87i:*ry sj jeflSTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Elps + fif.*e7yg0j:h jppizu 8,) ;rvqarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that,- ac;,;paa y7-tljamw for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is j paa-mac7w;l,;ya-tequal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopl vkh6 k2xdqk0;e constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot andd6 0kkqhxkv2 ; mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg