Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumin21vnn yrc-w 8ak ;6ebgum? See the periodic table or Appe1rnyak 62;c v-w gnbe8ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited twv) f0nds sez c+(6g,po make a thermometgv z6s+0)(dpwn ec,sfer.

Which is larger, 1 C 0 vo hk(w6q:uf+y: *yr2i z9i;bojj ti$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is 1j7qqsa78 q7m ddh bq9not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, 9bdq17qhm8d7 q7sjqa B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted obcskmq) vot .y*d(+ij8e6 c1 to a strip of iron. When heatksmb(*yvq18dt).+ 6ec oi cjoed, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio3x, ko(rr a*iqa3t jxm5 5)8p0gefslin $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows ahzr52m)bt jn : diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of diffr:mbn)z 25t hjerent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape o10hp8 e9ps2bin9vx+ gxjjw /lf a U. W12sj0 9npeb9xwvh lgp/i j+ x8hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuryb/ua0; cs v3qpcs +vo/8vni+o at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wc9oo ad, r uva28larsu 0a,x 8oc(3z3water, the mzu 3xaao80( wa rrcv,3,uo9dolcsa2 8ercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mayh1h gwu vm77 h)li.w4muuo97rcq* n/a break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thhnmu77vu i hm7 w.q 4wolh9r/cgua)* 1an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glam4 ji2 j9+jcg angt)/oo3c1ncss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordina)ncj j3jo9+a1n m2t4g/c c igory glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratgi(v594eqoc- kk u a1te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itsn tv1w3 fph5,j bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W5wfnp,j3h t v1hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperat6uyfr d0n7pu 4ure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the myn rp0du6 7f4uomentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum ooc1,) qj(vt isphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temqo1ict(,o v )jperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro7p(j hp-oswc .m kinetic theory and the relation between average kinet7jwh(- . oscppic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fgmay3 yh.s77 rrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s rwv +t35fk9v3z yi*n8uck: ztatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the pivr stt41k0; ,u ebk:minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never retu4 irt kubvk0s1e;t,:prn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at ro 8s+i:j a7uder*oa9 nxom temperature. What can you infer about the mr aa*j8iun97 odes:x+olecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dayq mlz :kp7v:/j at the same temperaturel/j:k pq:7mzv.

Is it possible to boil water at :*wmeo4f - +yqfxrm/g room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidibtozm0 -9g0fq:: w sthty is different. Which qtt 9:0bgo0shzm w-: fis more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovqbro4fi h o0;7erheated automobile eh ; 47rofqob0ingine.

Why does exhaled air appear as6q2y:wb4jrack ne1 md)*20pc qvjbh 8 a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennyhn2 k: rurc9-6yzty k(?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number i/e m1kg a,y8cn1.*v l /siyjxfn a silver riy/,1 li. k 81/f ncsxv*eaygjmng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takexaa)o)p3o wgt3 (mw3scuyb; 1 n to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?3gw ctpx)aoam b) u 3;(w1oys3   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are m8z tybc )pt5o0:uliak+wp7*lr0wr0136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluqf, zk0i /0d w30kovfkmn has length 11.82 cm at 0. w,0zovki 0kfkq 30d/f0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built c 5ho * kr9:ktxuzo*xb89sfw6of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 mqrk; z 2 yd2*.pwvztgtkii236 tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 26 2;z ktdigy*izvkp3q2. wrt2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,d9 5, 0 scudcne ij)(t3y ibpnj:yic47 rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) s(b0 niui3cjncd4c7j,)yyi5t pd 9:e before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at d/cj:o/z1luy; ko g b/4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ir2pc6*i ik,j rf it is2pic, r6i*rk j heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watel0ugwri*6:vk/8 jb dbr at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mqw 7bql,x-eqtb/ q4.m L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in jc,u,hk3+i -+:lqtpane(tij a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contaiy1 gew; 8ot6icned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient e t1;iyc8w og6of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chansi n1r9h) pdg)ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular o0jn 8 ;4y bseqmmul.kza02t+plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expa2.4 +u0;0lkbjy etqmz 8anos mnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic .*r t8pg ig*oesolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfeqg e0fn a2z5mi( tv1v ww) zw1+vd9x(jct time at 17 wvwxw5n(ezm (v)zt f 21gqv109+daij $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1i5:ncwa ; 7ccl40 mm. The bul ;:nlc c7iwac5b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindri;t+j5; wdkg uical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wittu+ k ;djigw;5h angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How 6wggs)elf r8j( ykm (/much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases 8jgr (w)6 lk(ymgsef/ to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-setl uw81xo7x t4ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at u;yklv +1xz3h 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the(njvh*3a 1kyfg(qo t. Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tembb1ce9ctjar;v. 9a6 u*+bw-qgu zi+o perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earh4bq-+chn;il th and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiooc0tnrrv9 ;j0t4 5yybn engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of bt v0o4r;5t9yy jn0rc about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density :,)w5 t alejb6pww:qkof oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6qu9ckp )mxlp 3p7/*ol2; dkij kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont 635d;s(;iarxh/0btu dorq8v tjsqs :ains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helieuhe b27ai1,*b.q wdt um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ,h w( upva+cx9of argon gas at (+ax wuc 9vhp,385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of w kcsq4 gjb/7;ev3x3r0af+g t$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its ee 1ynt0pcl)m+x67d u buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo0l+7xcu1py n tee6dm )lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with gdw, s gd+ 0s,e13f ormp2pdi5air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen astxn 21fspg 6c(t;0c at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at, k)iy..sjap.x 2lkdt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofe h0pa4h* 4vko,t n)zn molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?kvp1/t y.mgum)v :/vo    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of :wphea4n :8zl(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5(yjyq6aaom+3u3d7 j wz/f l 2a.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhalujfwil ha++. x.a/ (gie that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu+au/ii f.hagwl (+ .xjme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecsh7+; ofy tmy;c( -(ga zr7cfcule at ST7- + f;at cms(zohgycry 7c;(fP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temdk 3xd)v; c)b.)r*tthy lon/zg98 vay peraturehdt3.*);gvobday kxt c l8)/)yn rz 9v of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incw,yx o73i 0 mdf eyerpav972/ps/bl.a rease if the temperature is inapy b9r .2aexyl/ep0/v d773fi os ,wmcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givew t1jge-kv3tpc8 14 )zspw1xun in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8twk z1pjg3) 4e ut1c8sxp- 1vw, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in) ca fuqzz+ql009unm ;vzsv02c b*x o: a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gi h+ 5n,bccnqewu.)e5* cj ,a7b3 heugas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fn, hu *ge5 3+cbh ncqe 5a)7eiu.wc,bjactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv*xce khch1h)w ao :ng8,u,pz*en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofl(*sn4k ng .ys two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molyngn4*.lsks ( ecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedf4te*amnmiopq cf33 c8 0 4yi2 in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oi2* h8b2/vn,a kn vcyaxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance/e;bsqk* ydpf*l vu,( between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms bv. /scmei-9w+m1op pqtvt89 ojd;5zka 6bq7 speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c9-km/t6 p9mtv+5a.ebq odvzw q81jc i pos;7b ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can ijo wuo d8t.x2h*j1 9udjvh+(ms4;u z+x jg9kbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, d t(k7g p93itzns 2y:x63rk zn$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesh *ijuz:w fmx 6+.*fdp can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasei(+(rys, cy .rx kvfi3 when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)s 3c(v y,ixri.+(rfyk 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity izaoz2q2 e8 ir*s 50% on a day when the temperature i *qeroiazz2 82s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w 1+snvufbik 8eshe,8uy 6.iw )here water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a ppjog/jj 4 aku clpjz/(-i;4 5carticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperajjz 4c;po l5g-/u ic/4(jakpj ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat dbdedeh/ vd2r m(hq5x:3y ,4rer is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is e, 2dm4h5yde vrdx:/3 (bqdrh40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature +eipz/)njyv6/ ih b0kis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wat-nbu3 kcg v8g:er is boiling at a temperatu ck8b3 ngu-v:gre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of b9;3vihw ljo. volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew*l 45+ z;uqovf2 screz point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Taeqhom sp,l;* 8r5xv o:ble 13–4) to diffuse a distance o e ,hp;:8rmxsvlo*5q of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insj p* m.4b/fov st1yv4fects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional afp.b tvymj1fv/ 4s *o4rea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measur j5tfq0ofqc(gm d k(31e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c x*) il4xhe)c-g. zwsmalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.z3:ivs,el :vbp,wa0 t How much error will be made in a rec:,ba3sw,p :ezlit v v0ipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After mane-. zim5pjuc/z2 ghz1y balloons have been blown up, the gaugucph zi5z -1egjm.z2/ e pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecu(ok; q(cyahc e3)3lul +raj +fles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hu o(ay hqr)(k3c3+ f;lce+ajleight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m e5n ),qvs),uwm gb0pyatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the beay1 gan:* xqpo6d73tsst available vacuum techniques is abo: qty*7oa6ndsp3gax1 ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to f;do*4lf-art.m6l+ tgt d kq :hull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the su*o;gdfa .q4 h-d6:t+lt krmltrface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moona ygude+: r l0lv1a2hewo n* ul,8jycl64/:bb enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking b2ea8u:,l4rg1w j luyl+ndhev*ybcol:/ a6 0 the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas uuxf+1f2)v h,0nxetu k.1rt9l d*rew is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ozqhv - g0y2ykoi b)z; s;am69lf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t37r*4d 39wjdy(vtmc igozm5vhe surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of airricwgov54zjv t3d m3d97m*y ( molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ahe f5+r9jj;ys sh dnoud-.x 7( 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital 64lz / facwc2ohas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyl6l wo z42ccf/ainder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in ol/n 2djkxjgw9b8q 34 a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a8lpikl:z au shte5.0w prc05*t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earthhxfr7h m(kw( v x,o8q+’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a bu g1 r(l;08kwnrn l5:.cratlglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thesh . b-d3()-tzttgsfg 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20zt0rn ylg2* 4f xm,2iy$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from2,agw f ;,6tf s0cthxgvdo0;h the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agbf)2d*nvd 8j qainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have ndqvf) 8jbd*2a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamete(lkgf;// feijc;/nnk)w7uzms-cb n3r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it recmb/; n g//f3juz- k7enlkc sfi w(;n)aches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vaporvj*u7 qjro c iev.y3lk( n52j2 pressure in the air on the following two days: vc(rje3 2q. oy2jnl u 7i5k*jv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a ;gx ktf4anu j*9 /d*,ddww.rq sg9d/ u,a.fqw*4xwdd;nt*rkjolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, forr.s hwk7kj2*y,(f zw b an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is kjwrk b(,zw* fh.7s2 yequal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prdzbm5 lsqc shf o5jzbm29r4+1k./ w* qevent rot and mildew. If the cellar irbh+ f dm5q/w.lsk2cj s9z 4mb*1qzo5 n a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg