Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of wq2gz0kxwzo.9 vcc s ,iv)3u ;vc/yrp:(xz7m aluminum? See the periodic table or9 pgm),2yvcqwz .izcv s7;/0cxo3 w uv:kxzr( Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to) (ts t0ad9ku /njb*-ppkg sw; make a thermometer. u0-)k*t9nbkj/p t ;spgws(a d

Which is larger, 1 C wb, qw3pm n3;o$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systefnyux61(fiuc- ;iov)m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with sy ivo6fun-y(cixf ; 1u)stem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum8g+i6 boq:cx8n db 7hpinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal dobx q876inpbg8 : c+hwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio r2q7+ wgjuog8n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simp:oo73k3afd .zo7i:dt d8; kloyjvff 3le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togej73okdzk vf .7idoy:;of d83 f tlo:3ather. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 7w e9dzgtl-yy( d 6l8foften have a section in the shape of a U. Wtz9 (dl67glw8 feydy-hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats9pwc,ws ;,w uhlgke9/ in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermoz, ydtomqmi p64qe* la882ds 0meter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desa lmdps2t z 6dqo8iy48e,q0*mcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapi1qk xlaqt j:pv:q.sl 2-,8 lugdly than adjacent pat 8lq lau-,qlx :2 sj:vpkg1q.rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffid5cvp(goa x9* cient of linear expansion is much savcgx9(dpo*5 maller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura: g a 4c2;jg vw96yxfjlwmfi7v+xj;( zte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge soi1;bxvg( ha/i badly the can will not stand up. What has hap1(xag b;iv/hipened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistonjfyjgs xz7r9:e:c g*1), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strgscf:erg1 y*79:xjz jike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submlpemr 5 -votf vz6( haa-/e1g8erged in water increase or decrease if the ta o6geaz5r-(hvv8t-l/1pef memperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinelx og5, 8f/uhl32nk/ x gnj,fatic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempergkj8 ,,u/ fg5 ll2h xna/3xfonature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorp 2dnqz pig:m2k h(s86y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio h, d/*j2z1t6a goicze fy5e7zof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tf8 6kec .t1a3kp xb0xkhe minimum speed an object must have to lea.e fp at31kxxkbc086k ve the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ba :g/cttq1 9.pc x3yoa 35gjkinfer about po3bytt 3acaq9k 1.5c:j /xg gthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more 8kr0g5x vfd8huncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tedgrx8h8k f0v5 mperature.

Is it possible to boil water jumh ;dowo6g,jvk 7t4 lq) 4i yj..,vzat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sakf6r 9df,p) same but the humidity is different. Which is mos a k,pd69ffr)re dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator lwz(egv7.3kg cap of an overheated automobile engilvwe3( .7z gkgne.

Why does exhaled air appear asc.tm zpla7y8gt1 q7t-*m fcq, a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are the(wwmxrm( l sc3.vt/i 3re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of //qgnknwg o id)b( d/ow)ht- ;atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rgonn(hw tidgkw/;db- )q/o /)ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takfl+r 0oqj2+nq2 pcv1 xen to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?x2ov+ pn l1rqf0jc +2q   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatureg 7wbzoknnl8pv,6) x8s recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohokch(w(qe*ol wbo x4o90o/* drl column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 k wr0obow/9d (xl*c q*ooeh(4$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 u9 zno*j8(s kyno u)j8m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. fm 83pkbvt(rsx; p4d( 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averbrfd(v3;psx 8t pkm(4 age temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the9y/ 2a ma rwa4m53p ncfqe)v)bf;e s-q rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole.c;mq) ey-/nsr af43awf )9mqva5b2pe A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterxz t dskp2 .z5i,l,6s+8dh byn.vj ksyiq.n:3 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume io gvlex 1(:zp:f it is heat v(:lex1p:zog ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of 5. g)*jxvrz8fsfi:1pr* 7x s voisi)o water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at g kzd(42zaf)t20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placv lrrfwta/; dx.:b60med in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cap(z2a 9dp .qvtn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion2vq9patp(d. z is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the xwc*d dg 2h,) k mtk2.naz8(hgdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengm)dl:lei, tk *th l and width w has coefficient of linear expansil d) l*ti,m:keon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid.ay))pnl g+hd0p lgh /, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock 83x:w9zznugl is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 178u 9z:3x wzlng $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dim+xew5d0x )acameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a a 5)ex0dc +wmxvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrica ie g rbs):.4.n6:bycl/5y v0mkobkqkl wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fric:):50/sbg.nm il4byyc6bk. orvk keqtionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is reb6 cw0 mme4e33 2lcbq 5dc(7 dakjuz6xquired to keep it at 6e7ccxc36mejzbu 2ldbq3m540da w(k this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0gq/g76 4l xegd41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmu3,rqi g4f*bq vh;6ke at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinhqqz,edt csu7u5.m*y7hd (j9 scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the9ia+ km- dg-bjjdk4f / Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about8 ed :5c7 imn+r pazyq.s8skb) 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engp,pe2bp ff 14bine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a1 bf,bpp24fpe bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g)6bxrx3au( kt2tq+pgx;jj x1 p.9 rjdas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.0if o6 uaf5y3rhhy*,et- *tbjct 1+ix 6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k/zn:,+ wdu0c tz1 gx:ym7maxyg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is r9g w n+ 1ju7mkj a2df/se(mu2at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside 1xqmpvlpm ecn.1n 19eq+9qt9a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kc11 qq9p9eqxm1.p nl mvet+9n ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg +s 1 +v6/drms2pyslkr. ywnc *of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi 2n bz cd5c7:*zmh *i1+qtpuhcde the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsi+c1 :bnzq5 dhczp7*htcu*m2 ide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a vqb .qn:./v tlp.8dddt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.04 xv b-oenhrm/cv-f.;t4d+;ik i7 um q $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s haag (t9as yylsoj hy96kq ,3swef01pjhm0 ;a 44nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /p s)3tn l 5de3ekimh9. $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecudk1ri,cs6 wd cxm d,(:les?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,v,b-s wne ,usxo.(k*w    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeu3+ r ,xkaaav x-pd3j.p v77ln 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mol iq jfw- u33yi(5agz,decules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also i,uw5(i g a-f3y 3idzjqn the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trm75badwio5 7qcx 3o z.f6rm()j 5 qgqdanslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPfqdx 5i6.gj oq)7 mq3a5d(ro czw7bm5?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed l:0 dc6vog 7 kj j98chec*8xoqof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaturjv9qc cx0oc6hkj lod7e8 :*8ge of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thek7 /acfo: 4mzi rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incr4/ zf:7a oicmkeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the 7rdr3ve 3apyx;rnhf)*3(rqn)tac n0following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp3n* ;hea x7rnryda)qt0)r 3n3rpf (cveed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in ai/+ (*ohamkvz8ifp)d gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a*e yn)d 5 6xqt1jkdqw se35de7 gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factortw)dnjes5 e6* xdye7qqk1 35d does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasqi*crmuh +; n*n07gqki8(xi b is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempen 05 uz 3idgaz(x(6m: 2ecphuzrature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootsucg3pnmz0za hd(6 exui:5(2z of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr +ak :wu 1y9ln+.yzyqrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe: is. o9;js v5cvy9dvxed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be9,o+en:f qainaj 6qwsd*p3 6itween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in agl5it5(p-ydu : hu1c z lip t:d -l(5y1i5uzghucving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written9qt3js 1l sqgmmw37p; P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniqjw*o28d 9n. m,nyc oeum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cane)t pl(r ,9uxbf8s4 il $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and tzpr c-wdgm vk*yr 82s;0ne))hhe temperature is (a) sv;e*ng r8m02z)w-rh pydk)c90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wgn l4tq ci;mih938v y1hen the temperature is 2 lnh;4igt8qc13i vm9y 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at arzz (k+ 7.hi ppc n7mynsi8/ lmlw45z/ place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placlp qy7h*g6/ly e in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturehl7q l*p6y/yg at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperat:b 1fubbqnk(3,.i fqf 0ynbs8ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is ifqkynnbq :03bfb 8(1b, usf.40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure ofr5ivbo icq 6gdcf0-cb/3dxl: fu5i ) 3 water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watd( )reqq+/ok(fk e1 pter is boiling at a teek /qr((+ eko1)tpq dfmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room wz6t:at ruj 7edu* -e)of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point + bkj20u2r4e4 csn;rg4p xxyd.bp5 x bof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffu m 3c he v,qzmz6-3/oa;c8 vuplkioc7+se a distc3po3/c-zhkcv7i l8ae;u 6+mq zv,mo ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubu+la yq.0ek/ees called tracheae. An averaga.+kql0e yu /ee trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beev387 -swk7nccov3e+sx fu3 k vn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hu3 .fe6*+oxs/bx ip gtas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mube4 fvk vlz,)d31d4lw ch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and ddv43kb4l1z, vf )lwe the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindy0 8 e9wy0rkth rhwv,8er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have ,9r w8yk8w h0v0etryhbeen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width h k8 d*;k8iaau3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum8kk a8 *;uidhae the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom perc7 dxwb.ks0 c3p-l9md $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ac(e r ukz7sw;3q vc*+fpe9. dyttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about cpq r9k+cs;d w.zuv7 *e(3eyf$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap dbd+ zmw9j*:cacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this a+c:d9wzdm b*jdvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spe b kys32vg*)a0. hoofay2qlud 9a q5i6ed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of thohayds) 6y u lib5vgk3a .*q0qfa229ois high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an rc 6ziyy93iy h 1qr4vs07gx 81fz+qb6xi 2lhzideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume u w1u:e poc5 l:92ik7/idqyzshg;f+i of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric preyp a*1z 4mwz)rf zl9wy f584+che vqp,ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totf,wp4e z w q ly41zzvy95pcmhr*)+8 faal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n.k9 kuiaz a2d1itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosppiwf8+he5nt:h eujv r4. j:*tital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospher :e:jf5t p 4r*eihtj+.h8u wvnic pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merushc2pet;ve7+m,ye 9 2gp1m)p+xwrtcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin ni1(9g:(y;wkjlsc if e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator attf(kg39at)in 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 9lh+,h*2 mp. dnnhc (7xcwbktglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aux xm8qniq 8fa8 .75jxdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pres:j-f1zaeyhb p1 v8xp 9(kwdz:sure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthbvr29gwgq3 n e igb+2.i tvap +u.j,r2 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid e4a 9jx 2d g;kukins.0c4bn1g/t uch8is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg ang.kbtik /ud840sh u 1cxc ejan;2g94 nd are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble gn dpyi6; hj28of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas.jpd i; ng8y6h2 How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor 5tpiv + x+i)pgpressure in the air on the following two days: t+)p5i pi+vgx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thezdw/ 7f ke dob69oe;ppa xz00xdc8//pm5pr z 9 density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 7b 990 d6pzexeoc/85p p/pxa zfrwok0zd;/ dm2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant e,4iujvadzn(j2k ceq 8z ,a;6pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalz4aij k6 jdezqe 28c;n,uav,( to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pe8df7ik 9kmrxa+z-x g s+.t w-t5b rvv+ople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hou 9+krk5ri8 +f 7x maws.tvx-dtz+b -vgse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg