Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See u+: bqh9sj2gp the periodic table or bu q2ps+g9:jhAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploi2.i.hd:rsv2heyxscy x.(rsy;.n a s.ted to make a thermometerhxy.c; s shr:in2arv(y.y sd.2.sex. .

Which is larger, 1 C ,leii8m6bm,: a*jw:zvilb-o8 p0n io $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriusx.)9 djo tv d6pby,1fm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yovxydpb j,)d19to 6.f su say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whenb1q/5w8cogdjya:d1 w heated, the strip will bend. Which md/jww1 cdabg1q:o85yetal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ors-vq. - mp/sc lg2+wuf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contn8wt0 oj/q0d srol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be ss/t j80nwod0q et at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends hc -gf yyrf8*.htp) /tyu5 gx*often have a section in the shape of a Uh fxp g 5htuyf) ryt.y-*c8g/*. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder oflx,e 5nfo dxf.23mm l* lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pla *a kl;si6qp/.c+uvt pced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.6.ki+;*ql/uc ppv t sa

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cd egp3,hk 8dh8ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.8ddg hpe3 k,8h Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that kkr44ebx b ogu 9u.09jguk44 gits coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thak4r4kgg b j9g9.ubu4e 4ok0ux n that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accq gm zo wz +a//9 nx7dri)jxfpwqb3;0-urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botyvof/6y 4l 7t;v-c2zw1dq2wrd iuh3q tom and top to bulge so badly the can will y2wi6z- dh1vt2v/od7u34q rc lf ;qwynot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by *f sajzr)2zaum) 40vcpushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particusuc2j *4r0f az) mv)azlar noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminuo: ;c-swb yz2jm sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is b:2y-swcojz; increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frvy( z ,dlemc (aii*);yom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy andc( mv*;d(izyai y le,) the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussatupeul:xz+- t6giw(b:lj : d8 c’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the0 n+bsx8kuzdmmu( 2 b/ Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth rewbh2agm.(m 5 b0 fkmka54nvoyz 587g afers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicalw( 0 7. ah nmb5m5 b2zg8a4vkgmfo5aykly no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yx r6:o lu.c;om h,9vjpou infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thvjc 6,om u.9lph r;xo:e other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dc fu cap e4j43.9daj-xu.g l5kay at the samecug u94 k-4.lafed jcp 3.ax5j temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempera ( e u7rmz.8aowh:8yqature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa4b:dc6ler* wt1 jlf4osdpb ;8me but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry aild sbo wc;f6:p8jb4* l1 t4drer or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the a5c8q stzr2gh6n;,uv t6r;p tradiator cap of an overheated automobile 6 tu;n crsv2ht6,5pgra;8qtz engine.

Why does exhaled air .prprvd(ddv qo +6bj0s0)h 5gappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grogm,ka3 q6. hfam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gramt1shw zj -3;ec gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thc3hz;1 ew-tsje same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is th: igv1+ 9(b9qf cmb7:j cxx tc6mteq3dis on the Celsius scale?:m3fqdcixb6 (tq 9gtjcb vmc 7 9ex+:1   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recxu 2qet1n 2bj h )+8exym1r,vvorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glastu)eo7c 4y- bthi*u0k s thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 i thcoyt 7bu*u-0ke) 4$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (kfz1+kg q2;j c20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3ztbwp,p8:( sjc 3eft)00 m tall. Estimaj3f(c wp8stp) te,b:z te how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri;:o:wp(7 tj olhtq8 utvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the riveu87:t; j:t qo hlwpot(t is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water evd69kn3)8gxw lh:wz at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. ,k2k/czhk/evo t9gt4ljr 5z . What will be its change in volume if it is heated fctog k/92k v4 z j,5thker./zlrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water )3s p/8tkz r-1emzsecat 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watebytdv mod*955 r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placep iwhz7d7i;3 kd in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containcgbrz , q-r9r-ed in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansigr ,rzcbq 9--ron is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density /cszfwa ,b .d 0mc :c9qq6:v ao qg*h2ibm7xb;$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widz)bmt *n1h7 sith w has coefficient of linear expansih*is)7t1bz nm on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic socn*i ni9 rea2bu*or42lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pya py918avl) pl96 nigerfect time at 17naily 9g9ppvly a)816 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merjd1;mehb*: ,lz vm3r ccury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu * hr;,l1 mjbmdzc:ev3me of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ipgc:rpyy*+7. 39ic opxt vx-xs rotating about its axle on frictionless bp: rcxvt + *ox9ixg-p.y7pyc3earings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req0j poi *r/,v kh7av(kvuired to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 vvkhk7(r */o 0,pjav i$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ank(:fqfxfb6efqv-( /rea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1/vbu/ ln 84ma6c5f m-binoop/ 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temsow);x b/,m gtperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thf7i3kqm .t qh3e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in bam/ j mk+j:cj+s/t1tterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion ra8x7dxpi141uoft h 9 u 87eysengine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20hd 7 tx7r8e49afo1uypuxs 1 i8$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using th1jpl+k *o+uh ja(9dwee ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroy;7/b e-k lh qa9e:agrgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of :uae52tw.ow *(,f7 t ppztotqh.9en y nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at r4r/xzms:3qp 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at ki. 5)r::z j iqx0nnqom0 hbe;xp)jg4385 q.xnijgxzr ) 5b;em:04pjn hq:0o ki )K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k yvt.iv0hxcq au./x9+ + jom:vg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside th3rpwdah44, 0va b.k gwe balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thek ,wab4. ra 4dh3g0pvw volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witgq-yniln*zz me* +x* 0h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 8mn8uw)urp;5 :yldi k $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balli1tf)xvmt 5thap 37*o(g c(q qoon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moyp a)i4*m 8q;x:b2jlwt *lgo nlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wat e jn+/wy(3wm ups;ip4er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleu mmqd+v/-2yms,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumbmqvn;iaz5s/:29 s8qa * ngjvv 4h6cie 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in nzcp+ d+xc s-/each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density. s c-z+np+/cdx]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineo,xju:,q ri) ftic energy of an oxygen molecule at STxqfi o),jr, :uP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempe9ystrezy6/d; l:( ihjrature of about 6000d(6/zy i;rleh:jty s9 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the6q*m plqsyu4/fk5*tj 1lz6: 0 hqizkjyo +f x, rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fr/fyx6: 01 jzqukyqo, lzphq*tl*si+j65f4kmom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, g ;eq+gi0 :r9 wjcfye+liven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3 ;9 yrwj0 e:qgcl++ief, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas ayafo 0wxx) :+ct 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is 2:jsgvvlpjep :1 ,5jhe5 ijk( held constant, by what factor doesj5l,:(jikpgjee: sh2 v v 51pj $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed 7e-khje bet7 )of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratgj)l ey. -q iculv/*g6io of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mogv*/lj.e )u6-c lgyq ilecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu24 u8 cjxmao4z,rz.b mles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mole71hl.ehow(ful a gp0x:w;i3 fcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenp0:4vcj/viuak nc g(u8jy d,hfm;a/9 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecsnepn aw)z)68ular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3)nnz paes )6w87 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pj09 ifq7l)kwf = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,6qhe od, *0svts, e)eh $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase:e/ cgm)yy5nvg* k1u ,y ve,jgs can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whe 1 u/qjfn j,z1l8mbu+b.ffa8on the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9/b8zjub.ou f,fql8mnf ja1+ 10 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5y2 ly xv4-u -dw2rvo2mrs*jcyg(u; j60% on a day when the tempe (6*jr wmg4yyry vu2 ujco-2-lx2;vsdrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 907ah 0yu;wa)dx $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountain:ij:eg-5q p udld9y6bs is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boiq 9dpyl j:ugd-5:ibe6 ls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o-ilbrzij t70au )2 c/ l6kca bwg)ed24f water is 530 Pa ank6l)b2u/02wba 4 )eaiczglj ir 7tdc-d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuremmki*)) cg 2po xf mf1:kls5s2.x* wdrs7b/zh of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if th(;yzd ou+tp1ze water is boiling at a tempzyud1 ;tz(p+o erature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r/hswi vyok.7w6r ol8ep(68mk oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oil4wu rg v1/q 6y3r:hjf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (smg 5ga 01b8-fbpnx 9qpee Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis 1p8bmg-b95npx0agq ftance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ins iuwgj,cw6x70 ects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-0i,jwwc 67guxsectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calia abfq3ngu*m9t+pi9iv 3l9 f6brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure55d7. 6.x jqfqhawk 7maewt4h has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te 4lc.omc1vy /47bs.xia o+owomperature. How much error will be made i. bo w oc447 x1smyv.c+lio/oan a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder isfj90lp 0, vqw 3z4us95ii hi: tfpgf3d initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in th3l4hpi f3dwfg0 pqsf:,0tu9i z ij59ve cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecule;rwqp5h37(c j (ywjwds in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ass3;qwc(7r5 phwwd(j y jume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of d.it2skyj,3*fu m)uxmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avail 8sgbash8 tv*p+ucj4w o(0 guo9sk9d3able vacuum techniques is abo0*p99g wu g(8st4doj c8osbhs uk+av3ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs q:fxe.rxhjmr+u 6/v. to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface +q./rhv jur:fx. m6ex, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eow7rd /n7f..ps +ksz6in+yp dyfhn/6arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of spec.ndf6/ +kyprsn.+7w7 yz6ni/sf hop dial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is6(otg. ,bv t b)b;0gkfpdoi :p increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77xaas7n*r:wwmqv(/ ls9e:n* vtn )vl70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure kd ;n(n jk6w j5b;o *vzrt8+6 k8qdjnyat the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecdn6twy+; 8rd5 6bj8vzkoj q jn n*k;k(ules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c(cxojpr g0e jr: f:e90ontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used;gseq1.w:gnw in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and aq:; 1ge. swngwt T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0h)o98bzpwifete+./upn: r6w$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a.w9vdz paga y:y7qm6 7t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arou8b qj10(q/*d e 8znt5jl-gmqwt8evu snd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto tfd(3e 6vmd(n7qp2q0ex zt /xa glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thwi8( (ro9 tst lwqq2r)ohf1z7e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,/h sptt0u k-sy/r np;: has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth (x /w- ddyo e)edg(ysmubi0*, is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agai;2-*gfawar v yhy8l :(ecq )ernst gravity by tennis balls thrown verticallw2avech(aye;r :*r)l 8 qfgy- y upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of airh t;6x .na+olv5dshb0 from a depth ofnhtxld5;hab 6+.0vos 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twc0bn+gb0 d* qvo days: +0b d0cn vgq*b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it isd0upodk 4t;-k a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature pk4okdt-d; u 0is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constan;7c skoxb0.mi*bpw yg0 in:3zt pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is xz7ci 0ybb:30.swm *kg npio; equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumid uem1k)znb0c:ify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a :n)cue 10bzmkt 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg