Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum?u9.m or0f5 sag See the periodic table or Appendix Bs5 m. 0ogfu9ar.

Name several properti) wxe 25y;m.l/zgvgs xes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer5yze.2x/sl;wgx g)v m .

Which is larger, 1 C+x 67e/e1gg:p rlykn e $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with s oyf17:s75vptztgs ny6vd4ikh 1qrl x7/ zq4*ystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you tf /xtn1sidrz 6y v74:p71 vqzk7ho4 qg*5ylssay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whekn5v m f:-:cewe+c :xa8 n)zuyn heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13c:c wyn azk :xe-ume5):n+fv 8–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear(f)gfkx)s e a g4f1d:3qgl4 yl expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control3l.sk ;;my8(adepd q f a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set aty8q;s.p ;d kfael3md( different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the end7;inxom 4v6b(ntb 9kds often have a section in the shape of a U.vmn(bd b ntk4i o96x;7 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in 5/l 5okw /tr 2u6aumyy5zfh0nnji )f5 mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassilt itn5)xeg 2cx( ,l8 thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mgiexctt)l5 ln2 i,x (8ercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or z89igr)4 nzn(y tf o6ycooled more rapidly than a9 fn 8(i)6r4ozztyyng djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its ,v rb.thlmm84 coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thlmrh,m8.bv4 tan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurw yo*:f(kal8wefn(5kv 2ui)o 9ck4je ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the c 3bbmvr0g iis fusk+85)e(kk-+ tfbrw9wq,.w an wilwv5wrbsums0f )r, gif k k -k.w+9i(b3qbe t+8l not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tq;j ;8 zxkw5wzemperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic txj wwz;8;kzq5heory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on attof jf( rq85)byf8 e+n aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature irfof) bqfy5te8 j8(t +s increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fup6)9brksg +;.* xi nxijp1meollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatu + *;6)9xbjuixm.e pr1 niksgpre.

Explain in words how dy(mp +hej7u :wq+8 t1mjd5euGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s aw,e+m/ ybst(z;o;8v,aj tha ztmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth x1,9 *hg qa nd*gxjr4xrefers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it ,a rx9hdxgqj gxn41** is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly ; 3 lb;w9a9zmivh:vly)5xaop than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiesia zpawx)yblm9h;: vl o9;5v3 of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable k2nj 1zon+1yk*d*ia nthan a hot dry day at the same temperandn+j z11k ** iok2nayture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturehqvq+f 2rne(a(v h e2yz c s./p3,gty+ (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature ib.(uio*k-tma s the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humiio-u b.*m ka(td air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to.o+ /laawp qz:mgv30ru ,ufj mm8k(r7 open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile ezo 0r mw/lpfmg3 (akj a+78rmu:vu.q,ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lid .imac-ob;l,+pn b,yttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cla.n l+s5 )(qc1ee cwzopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n 4.vz )ql3v*omcra mg)umber in a silver ring of thgvzm3. colra *4 )vqm)e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels6j7a bwyzog zh0s3 m-/ius scale?wh bamy/06zjs-o g 73z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 yr.vx 6gsw8* ,4 dmulk$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11olc*vb2a 2- fu.82 cm at 0.2*u2oc fa l-vb0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon/v(cqtlv u zgt;a.z7a7 ,mh6ig (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr6 m9dwp xo88n 8aacsr7ought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (ave 7rs8ax mn889da6op cwrage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftenl1xo ezq(bx77 used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivez7x7l qb(o1x et 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ah lqql6l5z v:.wz,4kot 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changwx9w ez+e/s* ve in volume if it is heated from 30 xves9ezw*+w / $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wg yr ;m-rm(oi siffc5;dly)6+f6n ;hbater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wateips -wwuv,8nbf,d o:5r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20by hgrm o)nk 6b)+p*/v $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narlorx4 f;m2h+grow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately lx2 g orm;4hf+equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thzz.gk)kxlv*6d r1q p +e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangularu-t443t pjad +ip04ze k vi9xfi mar;;w2qzz( plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion2 xfr3 0iz uzape-(aw+;vk9mt p4i;4i tdjq4z $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropmym+ cl9cra5ev-st* mtc5u*ipus*+dd) r 3 :mic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfe0+1jmy3 o3 j)wq lbsjg3o h,bfct time at 1 bj)wj,+ofob jm3sgh3l 1q03y7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamellr)hh n6f,;7pq pk c*ter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has aq 6hl;)p,r lnh p7*kcf volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is ro g ,si3z0q6n rlixm7i-tating about its axle on frictionless bearings win q7,is rlg i-xz6mi30th angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How9x0+-j1 lpa b fyssaxdn),+hjcz8r :g much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature ,s-y d)0 cxgr1hs+fblj 8 nz:+xjp9aaincreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam os .yzht0s)khzk iow: w,(0(v ezwxq :r6ej)* gf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1emnlf,,q dak 7:e e)bi s*, 1wm6a1wsz22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: j6g(h0t k hpu;
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th 4x4f i2htwmc4+b,kdk0di/xpbj,/dke Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ea mft4a4mgu cq*g0 9)tcrth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine n4v l7696exwszq4odd , air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature oz9d7lq4v so 6n4x6ew df about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g*0(rkf kj:r j(lf(a euj+mh2fas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contak6y h a*tq,cc fvp8d;dt)1:jpins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP ww8;(jh6i9qx zau( 3h rrud5 t0doi8wcontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1vy(j7 ixz-mi10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a gald/)z 5qr ugp o77(j35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38qz5 ( gdrpl oa/)ujg775 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 35wk :m mukqmd*q1r6b $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyan0)s*3.q n-aho ywjf pgt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less wgja0 *3psh)o-.qy fndense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit t ujrkeidkali fe *28,nw8- 27wfp3y2h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at763 ulc9jb oyfnvx3i* 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapcafh/aiou* ll2p* dveh 293b0es a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol//ve,w(sjbamr2 vjyu:v sh6(ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t;qyw s-g 3m7johere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of gh:2,leq( 1u dqxvsgmq9g6 x-dj.l8p (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.+4 ; er/zlodxa v*b9qd1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in , d1clya u qga68-u9av5uat u6each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Ga6tv681qc,a udga 5-lu9 ya uaulileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygenndnx7 , +od0gz f7c8bj molecule at ST 780z nndo+c7gdjxb ,fP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of td200h+,cvx- i jaiiv;m2xkcche Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K0a,- j;2icmix v2cvch d0xik+.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speurv su-l;0m oy2r)55nl wb+o5 jwluj+ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromry)+u;uj l +lnmo-rjvw0 u5bw5 lo52 s 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follrej al 701cr)gowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5g0 r)e1lr j7ac, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at d-plej71se9y 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cob;3rwiyg( 0uonstant, by what factor doesgo 0iu3r;(wby $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molec* ezq0o 7izq5wr/,mg fules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases1cy5z r9rywwe a5;0z g at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the invere5ww zr5y0y 1ra9 zcg;se ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containekj,,; wi2fve 84bafdpd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed/w0viv6 vs8c5+juf83vn wl i4*nw c hg of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average +x209 gny cvtmdistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose fie ,7jj/ 4u)j8lmavxmolecular mass is 89 u in a living cell amv/,) lxajje 84ifj7 ut 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gaso,w bml9kfy8b db3z6 i )on5h9 can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani:n2dddr +kxa/i/y xoq2 cn)6zy5j js:um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p evuybs1nbf+dd 9;/ozr1:n* hressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and thez*n+sg*l/ej 9-oocytaa ++yf.s;e gj temperature is (a) 90- j e9ynlg;+jg*zfoas s+c/*t+ eao.y $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whenb7b;kkqhz*w 0 the temperatur;*bzk bkh7 w0qe is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 /dy(m5 *xkrl sa yyy ; )ywv4ceiis(*cc;7gx:$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at -y8g65my h(:quh7nxx3kx s ebph xb );a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whi-m kx hpxuhb)xe5b(q:n7s yx3hy g8;6ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa a,*6fxih96u veye m(t v1m(gjknd the relative humidityt(j66v*g,(u y 9 xmhev1mfiek is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thev/ qv1bxxj;f5 ncn8:rcsl o 3* temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pres1*,ok8e rzfyzb7 : v ihd4taz,sure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempeyvf,:ho1 zr8,tze i4d ab*z7krature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ro, nwg6j:imi)n(kh 9phom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p 5plac c m4c //f8oi nhb7dzx),yc9nn2oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a g103/zagkuu jvlycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista/a0guzu3v 1kj nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinf vilbm ):n1w5yvlg37 y tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboy53lw g1)fvn :bml i7vut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been)1 x,dgmq bhby.5 xqsb5rh- i2 calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr;* k731zz myqji1tvri ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ro4lc 4j ofbx,*()jhihyb oyg180a ozu)om temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o ,lig8z44by01uf ojx)hb )*(cjya o ohf cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inisx q3 7lt*v+/ ffy.aqntially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fn l7avy*x ./qfs3 +qtfraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number *xm5 k*;iw cvylj+ 0obof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigwmi**cylk+ j obx;v 50ht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter izf0yzu60i o m9s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usinv0uw;rtlm3fw1frwc63syaq aj 6 7: .xg the best available vacuum techniques is about rqa wl u 0j3rfmcwa1:sw6tv .y7x;6 3f$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full eppdo6 4why i(z 5m( *hvze37hcapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouo 5yh(ez(7pz3edv p6 w mh4i*hld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spuml16a1811dg gnxte/km*a wd eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrgla t 1w6gm /x meudda8*nk111ogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro6mdk(quq;bb g.mka prs y -9/8m 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume j( 55l,x)vw0t ajyzhvof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacw/ruw q33 pvsoh)d-i 9e of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculvips h3 rq-wuowd3)9/es in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed om ck* g:p0ylpb) q 5 b49br1hlfh.9ybbf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a homj8a2jtcl* /w,zn f:cspital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratelw: /c2tj cjf*azm8 n,, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid 3hx0 1uciift- mwy.o4 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolrk;gofuh:+5b ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sn dyu --qcf/b4tugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigah93* id zek,ku 1x+plhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i(el+d h,yon2n n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch70 2ax o3doziylf/rd2bwe( b*arged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the jjnn c;j)e0 y,eu p3/sEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspender96,q .7ltu ss9+xt.zviwl jq d against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, awuq9 .s7x96t zj qsv.r+tl,lissuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-c5* mpepbp6fe.f:, x prm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches pr pp*f 5:emxeb6f ,.pthe surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da0okcjy 6 bt(i1ys: kcot b0 (1jy6i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at :r-kre ef 8h-bzg0i/p STP, and when it is a solid -efbr h-0i8pgrzek/: deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealj.9:td2 :nb7xfozjujx8 oj vua do949 gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumeu.2 d9tj:ojj 9fzon97: uaobxd x4 8vj expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehsyv5b1s1 zdri23t7vj umidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. sv2z71vr3yj dbst1i 5 If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg