Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See la11, cneqb7ohwk9v6 the periodic table or Apb n1e7 16h,wkl 9cvaqopendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tu+;gzv jc2g.lo make a thermometer.lj;z uc.vg2+ g

Which is larger, 1 C9gmia i qae84fh,.l.f $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy b8 i71-8/w9q duiowvgip6mrmze p (h+stem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can pwhgdmu7r/8+19ipvwbzq 8o 6iei- m(you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. xtb45ajqg e,r136ce aWhen heated, the strip will bend.1bcj rqae 36 tex54,ag Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionhnh2a y:o l6zi x2f/qvwm)u (3 $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple t5lg./ul)gj/2 ltfje af:f exndj)9w )hermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is nldtfj:x ga/j.)efle 2fw9l gu ))/5 ja glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section ihfaum,.f ;do.+3 itgon the shape of a U. Whao3d.u.,; fh+mf gtoiy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flos(vyl*rt 5e8u2ncep 3 vn23ljats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot2v+dhvm (ym9-z8kwhi,fn+ zx)t lz w0 tub of water, the mercury initially descvh8-lz , xhkwm 9d wnyivz+0t+)zm f(2ends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidls;tu2;/un18 ,vz+dc)t wwwy sw ks/ uay than adjacent part,)s1c y2tw;u8w/unz s; + wdvus/wkats. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linz3 zas qzqlh,,0ib)r(ear expansion is much smaller than that for oqbz q0z zi(s3), lh,arrdinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl kj*2 s(gub-y xa/q,n-mb(v bxock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgeakc 6u, icj-u4 so badly the can will not stand up. What has hca4cju6ki u -,appened?

When a gas is rapidly compress+me1ui(f/qzdle: m 8qed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whatdquf1/8 (m +ezmeq: il happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an 6ge 3 9dnw*nupaluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inne dg*6wunp 93creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rel cg0,up6ngkf;ation between average kinetic energggkf;n, 0upc6 y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussagasg9s4cu3o+e sr9 . ic’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratj/j/3, 9 fhj ;lqn4jaf(mvt ooio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for +pe+i) 2zl)az 0iloqathe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smallerozapl) 2zaqi+0el i)+ mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.mzd5h0ee q v,1 What can you infer about the molecular properties of on5,mevd zqe01 he relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more und 2hbc2bl*z 6 3-l7)j 1 qdl/t-gpfdeeaao*xlcomfortable than a hot dry day at the h6-*b2/*elb)pdd g 2t3zad oc lxefj- 1laql7 same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur5mx n(xguec7 9 /6(ekmi nqun2e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is*gaed1ds) tpu*bymn(u. 0, c n different. Which is more dense, the dry air or t . baydsup *,nu(m)0*cde gtn1he humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedq t 4q88gjiub/ automobile engi i84/qubt gjq8ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as(wd0 0 ikppi9qt g:.ic a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3cbvnln i64pw,o c7rd0- x h1/o.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r la8*q wx4 xxckut30o846 sdrving compare to the number in a silver ring of the same8raxu4t 4ksqldwo c3 680xvx* mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wha; :x5hlyhp; q wjste53t is this on the Celsius scale?y:5;e 3p ljqxh5h;wt s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest4x6 i07,rsy/ nvos/2x dr5ao7tj k suc temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the a(mzl 5ocyu9+ylcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 o5(+ ucyy9zlm $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of w0(1:tnx. xwx vdjvt3 slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately.dk2lhwsm3.-+y/1a, kw t gc usm5edo 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July 2 h ld/,ym3..ad 1kgte w+soskm u-cw5(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largehn )v bgo scnglk(44o()b5fc (r than the rivet hole are often used and the ri5c(c(gobvkbf) (4os hng) ln4vet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 l ;olyz/5kvw(gz *ph 0rz2e9s$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamet20( untwpqo )der. What will be its change in volume if it is hea w(pd)nq o2ut0ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.gfk*-p 815n 7es6r/bu wlvwko0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water asfx yp-11tpp8f-vl 0u t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring ma2i6zv/4 pfo lede of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan3) e8py*uu aqzd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expanu y*a q)ez8pu3sion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chah g32vo5j8kx znge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hh3g5xa 5-tyjlhidpat khw/k2ky4 a73f.o8 4 sas coefficient of linear expanwah7ths84at5-/py 3g.kadxfk 4 5j o ki3lh2 ysion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrlt 0n4un61,mnykdn fq+or u4 1opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra9kemsl mq7s7r6sq+an2)jq . xndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1eq+aj k.2r7nm7lsmx q qss)967 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam4m t54,p*jp-2 qxmogmyqj8yzeter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume opxyy24,-o 4*q 8m 5 jzmpjqtgmf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cykscjg6)( n:ao 53k9 tuz6jrkulindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beari5u69uc:oj)jrnt 3a gzk(k 6skngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lobvi hhs2r n2 xf.:m6up p3y9y2gb8z;ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35mszr b9 8hvhx2 ig:2y32npy 6bufp.;o $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel h)m q/t n6/-qls4qoq cI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12.rhjwafv; ;6wm;y, f p2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s1 pb7, pd36ukpxl/a v6 3ywnemcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tdg) aicsnsr05 4o(h o:emperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in flizdsddf,- ( cn,+9cq 6xne7the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure 3f zl*-,rgfrco(e( svand a temperature of about (, fv -fo scg(rzlr3e*20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oviz pc zm9u5ny5 66r+0pu.grof oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains k 55wfw/bi 3iz*ez e6k21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18b l 7gr752ghcz.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i su- dt8vel8 :tvs/grfn,n0;e s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressureyek/8h ;kg :26jlapxa inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K hja8kag/ 6;y:e l2kxp?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 9wn: *h8leh bpof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating theysh 9wg 0pbw;--ir+ 6 dx5zfrf;kg;by air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than th0 g-5d6bwbrr; fihgy;s+;x zfy9k -wpe air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai+k*uumh,uq e;r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18zd5hee m rna7 weskh)37t,w ek989c0k.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0h: ksu- wid4fjfr+e2yyqs)978ta) s d $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu85sr:e+3n jhp l)pp xwles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t4 9s 45lsg;p wp3yjapshere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) tz5+gs(yqea w;w.ir -moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 3;unymiau- ,j5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aib/kbb/0b6 mez r are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo0/mbb e6bk z/b took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translazipw/ erxtv70 v0 q72ul;f0qx v+9ezo tional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? r79 ow z7qpxuv;f+2qtie0/0e zxvlv 0    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a3 )1fmb7q fd rqf3*dvw temperat fdqfw1 73*rbvd)mq 3fure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatures50vs /)fc.h a-kp tne is increased from 0 han )pe0./cssk v-t5f$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given x0/vfp, gjmg9 in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,9 jfv gm,0pxg/ 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inodg 45v+2 e-wtpbf s)u a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held con(mejp nzo)cr 7 nxu::8stant, by what factor8n)(eu zn :jpmr:xc 7o does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of s( dx+0m8rys(,ktfaf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixt gl f(awh1l*8 wuwvp/5ure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootsv5ul (*gphl a1 wfw8w/ of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co2o.j tr;z,ltpa na*a5+nl4 q mntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe*v0v 0 spfggj+ ol 5b)jfw6e4ved of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecudabw: w.9 . kvozk3xekq*nq8)les at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp gj*6qli;dru9eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell;9jiugq d6r *l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of8qy k4tgv tt;9-b4elp a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura .0wh,(kmn*mxbdfjj+* a v9ms nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cwf3/ : v-fj;bill hlq;yd5psjl: *fb ,c,8j kvan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ibs4i dodj:q12 s 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)io1d sqd2bj4: 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h+9irf1 .sc81ol c putxumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature .pt+u 8xcf s 1ciorl91is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe8jvd.:nu ;dz wri- pu,7h(d aqre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est/ 3zpjehn1ol6magz , *imate the temperature at which wate,l1gzhno *36em p/zj ar boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pr x/d- zoa+2xqartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid/-arqdx2zo + xity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial ;d,;,ds6xtusc he :7 nlw2mxqnlmxrd +v 7i84pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure t,ct / 0jhcc cg;mp5c:wz*ebti,*nz5 inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of ,;zi5,zbejw c t 0m5cngc*h*cctp/t:120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6;owz,x2ixf :d+ ty q(tp9( ryw80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 57k,w4 b ic+etkat qkiz/v 1.ccp m702w $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fo *yul h+wa3asfaw.c3 4r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance3. 4awh3* wasa+ ycful of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c/ e+my rt5mxr9n:bpp4r(h pza5. o0bialled tracheae. An.b:nmp9 p/(4a+0oxiyrm r5zphebrt5 average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20z-xz c(movz 1:$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been.krh2oh0ta ,m calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te 3zrc cdjem-gbm cr)+c1o18(p mperature. How much error will be made in a recib+m cm-)c 1j1ozpr cge8c 3(drpe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in 63* d o *rfmku0hey(iza helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gaugoh36 mi*y*0z u dfk(ree pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number chx-8p 9-ycfqg5kq n/of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temxykcfcg-/h5qpn q9 8 -perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density 4cgn9y+7zjre4vh3. dg. lzx iof matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tlk n9ly(v+0ja 13rw +obur,n jechniques is abouo,0ljnar +1 ur( n3y +v9kwlbjt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bft- n8j8st8f below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? bt8 s8jf-n8f tIs this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from t + jnvah;89mtdhe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must b ;tdnj8a9m+vhe made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incd. ix va--drm*4lyf)(i8 upos ;w; dswreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77yq4qv,k*u9 sxjb:9 ob. t+ycm0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosp x8 auy o;)bgrqr5c--) w-ffwrheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the E8 b-)- urwcrra fgf)5;qyox-w arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed oljrng z- ejn2l)h+jnpx z+y(-w 38kfs a1 6zu8f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =d*keer9 cv97 7:xuzhb 2000 psi (13,800 k7: ke97d* vrbhcexzu 9Pa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury al z9(d*5 1 ydjnyi4pdut 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli 1kw( b),lxr/ ohh3kstne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro: n.x6i7hk xxatd,i7 pund the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g as93fcproi *,lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ilv,petf9ga oa5 . 7o;tn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressusyvdx+ /cmog3.+b;.i5romv3trn b,sre of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the s*lsqtc ct) tgd3lwfj. 5bbd-p/9)s7 Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspend3vrig/xr5 s91as jod68j( qy5p gj0 tzed against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per s5rj5 v1o8szq /d 3p jrg9xt(g0 6ijyasecond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamedju4,-ae jz (bter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfea,(- 4 jdjuzbace?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in yvb.r6; 4vnyss-l t-gthe air on the following two days: yg;sy-4snlr6 v-. bvt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron av9;4vzk;gthxrg gnu e1x;:m* t STP, and when it is a solid deep i z;1h*g;: uek rxvtxgvngm94;n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at j9tue6*r, xnbijx-/w5br+2l5ufq ct constant pressure, th-5e5uw6c xjbr t/nr,* 9+buiqt jlfx2 e coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prkrq8*k , tl1emevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (km,ke1r 8qt* lkept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg