Which has more atoms: 1 kg of2xxh;v);bru8 m1yeqm5y v ;nr iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix 2m 5y ub) hyx;;xr;vqnrem8v1B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to makeweb: l.7jjur1 n,nm,m a thermometer.nw e1jmu j .:,7,mnblr

Which is larger, 1 C nawrld 4(q2aufk645 h 1dcz9wsv3m9 n$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium witno,;u7vban d6( ym8 sgh system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with s6v 7ug8n;d m( sbayon,ystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strtwnld)* s oy z3j- ;:4cze;lq8xlzjb)ip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Seywd3zz4l;lt8n*lqb)z-eo:j x;s j )c e Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans90x bprep 9lg/jyx5ah -4x4x0ix a; ltion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagra .rt (jmofv0;lm of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contrj.o0lv(m; ft act wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix s;1aaiy:lzd r,4k5nyed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a y a4, s ;dy15r:nialzkU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea 2+kkm q(-dtwsd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wfngna v0 *j;dw/wu d8 .2in yv):r,rlaater, the mercurfyi vvwaujgr8nn/;, wa2. :lr0n ) dd*y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of yzzcn+d6 -hch6 -(lpdit is heated or cooled more rapidly tcy h(z+ dznphld66 --chan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ofx4yr y6r))mq xnjct1. linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the ry yj t4n)6c.x)mrx1qincreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,fg mg z65h3uka 58jik vor/:.a accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itslf,w aj 3qjzz8b ,h32c bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has h 3jaqbhc,z3l, f8w2zj appened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), ir2;kb d1yu pc.d 4p2zits temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, ikdypir4dup.;c b z221n particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherbn j 23mwyb*zbz;nb3.e submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempezjyb3mzn3b*2 w;n b.brature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory sn oo0m4c9 +-izpbct7 and the relation b9nmoccz+st0-o ipb 7 4etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law ,py z;f,6y2xwlyy 49d xru;qgfollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the ejv9do/9 exn;b 6c:xv Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eart2f4qzgc 8o u m54rd.caonj;5jh refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Ear oz8u4;frg mod2qna4 5jj5c.c th due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatuxxp ddh6e7t/223 x djwre. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative t7ed d2dw 2h3j/6xtxx po the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at twwj) -nwkly 1:he same:-kj ynww1l w) temperature.

Is it possible to boifxj:*rr1f4*: 6lhdsj8 nj t ejl water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when 9jcy 3))fw; k ut n*gdno558-eumzaw; :ejsuithe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air atn:5nmwj;3yi)9f; a ts)ouku-u z*cjewdg 8e 5 the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad s: ufkh,d9zl,iator cap of an overheated automobile engine fsuhl:d 9k,z,.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud :az1by ik;lp6 in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.hy+dqd9-(aeuf3tfmsj46qq z9 u q(j.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numberj2(rci v o.by( in a silveivc (byrj(2o.r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaleyftxo.6 d9 c1of1he6v?o.d tofe 9cx 116hyfv6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperah 5*eo,wz;y fs*cj 5 6ewirwb4tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hasxa/9dki813idz+ imkwco h-ta;h;)6c mai j( n length 11.82 cm at 0.-i8kdz jihdhto)6 i/ax a w(1c;+9 k;mi3namc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway isg5 qzfk)3ae )u built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought( pn1:bp2( u9d 1 rvpy:h pqnfocu2me6 iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aup(:up9(on m6bpc fp1e2rd12hnyqv : verage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are of /hbhl x6ug,ecuo0+i: hmfb)+ ten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placedhc uh)lfog6e, xu +bmh:0i/+b in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 az3y4 c2rdaj1$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will tbm*0s fr*b (n (frt y2gq+,cobe its change in volume if it i*m*qr g,t nc 2t(ofy bfb+rs(0s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100/ygptkm7mwmjn +x r8 w9 kx;ubf0o 1)c3 ;wmy8.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50kfo-cdq:u 8;o0lct :a mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 j0gh83/hb nfyi :ot -j$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallx24y:y482dsii.yl w mnq a/v* ff q,wbv2spy4y one direction only, show that the effe,li24s q byw v*f242yn/pd.ixq y:asfvwym84 ctive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in theehba(5r3z l9; wlyji 0 density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeeha,cini)-,m5 ipk wpj 216xi fficient of linear expan6ewxip), -nik c mhj5ii ,1p2asion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, n.*ot/ yhyj4t0jy use n*m*/f$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand4eyq to2gwx 31father clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1t4oe21 3qxywg7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th1. .gac 4wbstxe bulb has a volume of 0.2.axgwsc4.1b t 55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiusd9(+oer cjs)bev4ye ) 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fjo4seceeb) +d()yr9vrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whelhdui s5dk0a,j9(dcw /e * n:on at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the te/nj (cku d:9*e0lw adoihs d5,mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-els;j01m*i-uo ; wksvbeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 ch1k i/inj7s.+ulhvb ..ywq ( jm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvcudc mrijo8:9om, f *0in scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sc2.ntsdqs)g*k /ig1nxan5 yr8 bm ;h5 rale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eart w)*e+or3g qmuq gs3u)v04 mayh and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, a4lcc-/diewy nl/h5;ev7v-k t ir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2/ 7knvy5/; ec-l4ie dhl-vw ct0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas f:v, xk1u xpe8law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2a:nrir 4zy4-o+kb 8l 5eoxnt2 1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (s)v sdwzw:pw9sp g. 32$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli2wjy a-ekbkt++): ggvum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas dyyk(m f-,fz6.savzo5 x d38) mmfo5yat 385 K?, afo k(fyov56mmxm5-d.83zy)zds yf    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kxpk4raom *5+j j+u+k.vxty -ug of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the a vhz5 /-ukmtr .z.+s+dpn7mie-mv.x air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vol.ae+/ rxdimn svhk5m- m-zzp.7 vtu.+ ume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at cvnnwj8*1/, 7q vc tfh15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen avg4)7:tt *xrsd(ayd) 6biazq c c flh+ w/xr;4t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballook7q0xbo +y0 n9eeyndz: k*ep mg39+agn escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules vpk1u /20kvwl / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mcq-2uu)()g exm w(id pany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)vmei uk:ibdn67bgr2 h p 25 0c2n/q2wm moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1/ponafyb 7 -h8t :wy4x$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L s-k ./pi s:,5zqkwwm xy1ubh5 s+7n lybreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hinl.5k1is : 5xy/ms n7ykps+w bu,z-w hqt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kpc35wrj:.v2dk:htjm dr2doyyb3 +c 6 inetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPyj+ d:.h2d c k36bwvm3cdo5 r pytj:r2?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heli3dd-m8vt f2vz +:no qfum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of dfqdvno-:2 3vz+mtf8 about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tebraovpyh -/f t 21dd51mperature is incrbohdy1 ap 1drt-/52vfeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havey.. 1xhg 7mhtf-tcfp2 the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate- t fyf7c.hgxmht.2 p1 the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20 ixi, z5p:y5zoc5;gb x.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil5s o;o gj0j8gqe its volume is held constant, by what factor doj 5 ;gs8oqg0ojes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gare i*a:4 uzg3myt:m 2yu3irg (li*o4bs is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturt e43bq;0q s4.mhnpbze of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds i0b p4 es4qm.nztb3 q;hs equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of xqkcoo g*6*0ogf4fl6 nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculcza qaoexh2 25fnxa-a0r8i (+ e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average iq itspfode 1tb +,.;9;0(qwc i0dtqhdistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m3 be k0rnba3w* gre(q0ass is 89 u in a livawre q3g3b( r0n k0*ebing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P pe*pck((/, o u/sqkq nof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniy9b*)nfe *b1.dj ypejum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases kqjbia2 3jqu ic45)e;can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasdku;vqslfmgk0*8 uu1r/3 jq9kd+k /l e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9*;d8/qukvq rk9ldms0/1 uu g+ljk 3kf0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity iszs d3a 7b2qpivo 5bx-) 50% on a day when the temperadx 75o pbsb-3z2iv )qature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla 5shey,q(tnu7ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 aa gkvho b50-y9q ydvm*xh66u:tm, estimate the temperature at5hv6oq0xy *d9:-vh ak gubmy6 which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when ucv *6hmisk 0.the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative husi 6m* uv0.kchmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuygrx-zy8tlz:k2f5 n bl/ab( 1re of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr6oqyixuo233em xe:0q essure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at oe2uxo0 6qm33:iqeyx a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol-nt6uen zu8.l ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po0o0a kigd, 5c(maom 0vint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine saj 7q-m5zt7zf9nr .amolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 r5 jt9zm.q7na z-7fa s$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tctsu7si95u* h qsj g/q,uew 7,hrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has croswscg 79jqh,te ,7suui*5 uq/ss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib/4p lw19jqp* ljyjaa,-mn erh+6ahu;rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur4j0 v:3y)c5szsub)wtxfnq a o (r3j)fgs/ tl)e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roi .ymv,cdv,vi9t+j w1 om temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, attv .yv9w+,1c,im jdvi 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.lwkqfya xt r)f04c ,)js1bd+5 After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wf 1 xlrwfd yas)k),q+5jc4bt0hat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wi)3nkfu;vxf 1sdth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22 x1)nv3fk;ufs $^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one :fw /:ng9ef2bjwi*a uatom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t j a/,.9uw+/u, l0rdszh(:wvrswztbgechniques is aboutjwszrl9/wb, +, urzvw/ds0(g .t a:uh $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bon81 lpt0n. xbelow the surface, to what volume would hisbo nntp8l.01x lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at nbmjvgb7n:u jv(.8 p :a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspov (::bg8mbnj .7pnvju nd to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrw+h6 jakj;t l8eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o/kgqz3 ay- h7l:+ecaw f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospherragv7nm/v b6 ,ic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculeav/7 g mn,br6vs in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in mvr( 5pzn pje0xd6,5s a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hvhuxs 9;.lv. c4 y6.mbdzt2k rospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the .ds4ht;2.kz6b clr mxvyu v9. flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merct, ,91ueruh rsury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinec1xce1 x,ou9v at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit :n. 00rpwppwqvl 9q wbr,zy43snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ablp 9ozx) m6,ip.21 y s:laqzut 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptpvjt lv5 je, 8 5,+nr,uwcwr9ied in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of vi3bm8kinqmgsavg494l 1m 9)195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thpu1)1puc6p(fut 1y/l w uffo8e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ba 6eo00tvcy( f)sm(+hsjaz; zalls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throwz0 c y+ojah;(ets)fm(60vs azn at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a hnd9bx.bn p 7+,v8h*65yccbt;vt nx v 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant+ vby*6.h tndtchpbx n9x7v 5;nb8c,v at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twozx)g9waq f+j8 days: agz+xjf w8q9)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, aootsyxf4vt,1q*4 w 8hnd when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000t f8*o syqv14 htx,4wo$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constac*ngeul .4yjy ) u6ud1nt pressure, the coefficient )luc6y n. 4dje1uuy*gof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify the(h+r x/fwnl 5dir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar/ fnxwr(ld+5 h in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg