Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron d+ 9, ecl r)p8-kzsu1-ot3semu f0ntn or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendinsd e uot3-ek81lzs,trc 9mf0 un)+ p-x B.

Name several properties of materialimyf 1o2n, w0hs that could be exploited to make a thermometeo0w2,niy1mh f r.

Which is larger, 1 C fr,,vo / 6m-9fgnmng-skuck 3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systemnsdzix bq .i k0o1a2yao+-r0 * B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yx.a1 dsr2oi0onz-b *a0kiq +you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists (luq*p ahb8.5 wopd .kof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, qp5h.kap(.b du8* olwthe strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef hw; 9hyci(le;ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diap yz(7.4 ww 96zlfyv+ oyu9ham 8dikr)gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furw+78y laomz v4y .(dipz)969h ufyrkwnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a s u*jto59drzd1kc33 wpection in the shape of a U. 3djt9r5 1ok*czwdu3p Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer o5 j scy,ee-fpt/;e7wcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plk1t 53ne dmkp/aced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises.nd35 e tpk/km1 Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofy)gt-n52v,euke fx fx8*k 9ju it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex)ek,nexg2-8 yvx5fu*tu f9 kjplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex :: vwe iou4iz1e0 mmvig 1q47yglass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gq4yi vmw1 i1:v 4:ozieu07me gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,kbh m*rf1f8u9jw /v t, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will bx oy -(ush5bbl0jw 2-cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?b5 -wy(-lb2j0ho x ubs

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sayq1jpjh0/1zi9+ bt rjo, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mpo91 /+ ith01qbrjjzjomentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an. xeyv m85p+ 8(n/rhdk7jmrbh aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temdmr8+ n. yhk7veb(p x h8m5r/jperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s l1 y ry5.r.lppmaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kine.m ryrly 1pp.5tic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followlws ujt7(+ mcg8sg u3e)c.x2a3 8ccxc s from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 2* xieexbybt972 9w xqof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tdh/d1cy ((jai6v5 o0x pw xdta br6)q8o leave the Earth and never return. The escape vel5d6(wdi1 xcp(yh0t8 ob j qa/rx)6va docity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room ejedhf jxd m+, 7wj7oun52d: . vai.p tz,p4p3temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to tho jedfz72 eppm7i ,+ 53v4xa.njpdjdt: u.hw,e other?

Explain why a hot humid daynwd n:2yiq4 kh::xy mu+f g/y+*a.tw h is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same t:4 u+fihg2qw / mw.*:xyak +dhn:nyy temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room 9;tew mn u0b g -hx*hegt:1hp)temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air /9 (3g/z9 d*w0ubtfednvjh nm temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at / nvg90w/3d(n fhedm ztuj9* bthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automr5)mhr2:w medo wi0i uc*fy-0obile r2ywfu 5cmh*emi d00 o:rw)i- engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)2g my 05ivwho0?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.b3e ft zcy)(2 nleicsoued34 0 6bd/f.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gol47l8ia17nxx3p r3mcrv2hg e hd ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samel3ce817xv4ng7 a mxpirhrh 2 3 mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68° nds5y9w+qa5kF. What is this on the Celsius scale?qwd 5ykns5 9a+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recotd7 wjxuxqp(o+9k 6/d rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluwyun*,p 1 4gwvdb+3p+yn 6 rlwmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.lnr4unb6pwv*y1+d,g wy 3+w p0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built osc9r/ lp9+d 8(rxxux)ysw0 fyf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built*zd +b6yt*z jm of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. j*d zb6y zmt*+Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often/g d2rncu-(qi used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steq2(cniu d/ -rgel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water l n4 u8zk(qvx+at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter..90w eg8g. 94+xr eeflurdtmk What will be its change in volume if it is heated krwe9.+gxeg48m tl .de f09 urfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled(j fgqagl* 0,f to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55qt:qn:d/ q 0s8a8x2qm(f aowop4z)t l.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rid2.f(bxu0:f2 fkcnod ng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i/ otxk2savd x,5ldym 7px)7d9t can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tp, lxd oy)x/ka2mt77d5s9vxd o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in 6-5raox0h gvee*kk22a6 (okxqup0g fthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width ;9+g32keibt i stho0j y* wv+mw has coefficient of linear expans 9ej3 sk ++oiy*; 0wbimthgv2tion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,5(cfk td ).mh0pi(e zamkea + nmcm8;7 $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ma/,isiuhm j, c q8(pq,bde of brass and keeps perfect time at 1,qs 8h/(j ic,bi,u mpq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidei8 p06+ef0gp kvrc9uss8pz, b diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo+r szup 0ige869 p,fs08bp ckvlume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricalgk) m-yhpyuov43b p8n-ia,w; wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings3pv y,gib8 kn;wou)h a-pm4-y with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stre vxgthldo- 495ss is required to keep it at this length if the tempeg4x h-v5tlo9 drature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I- 1(aw::l-auiwz 1 aymdbeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmrror77(7z d8.s2dtk qzoya (h at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat03gmrik59+oa4 w muns ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperfi txra9te ns+iy0* 3x0j b(k(ature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthr rdcte+ 5bo31 o5s(od and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginednz9r: pn+/jgxgr4p- , air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20g4zrxn :9p /pdr+ -jgn$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usik;snd a,q *(nm8i * cf.yjpb;a0)zidzoo2 p 9wng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contah *m(nec;k q3sins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nirfpng /k5vp ql qtn+*yz 0s.+ fc (:ceq2ulk9(trogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is aas(jx -lmk; f3p t,)uut 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg o6j5ryaeumpbp( .s 4)4nz5 htaf argon gas at 385 Kp a j64eu4y(a.rbph5s)mtn z 5?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg i4w7o* w1ctme)fo(qg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insid3suu try i+ .gy*nwnw7a .3bk-e the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. yw 3argb7 . n3kiwt u-*.+ynusSuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 f; fwas+ms1y5kywi13 f6 j g6wb7sj/ 0d e3pgx$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ,v:l f0r6b* eh5d dz7 dto18c0eqxmtg18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapesdupb1g2r fgiquz) j+ dw030o(9 z4*yy oq4zzd a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecuhp;rdc ,+av/*xz da6a rgl8zda3 4-zd les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?6(3jory:dqlo-rkk 2y 0:x ddd How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,6l9jxqnbg) ; +bd68wvjox)i u    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum0+-n :fr sdq,iedx7xie 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathjsg1aw gx;- l0 you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high 0sg j;wx- 1glaand of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen m.r+rkz yjef-6olecule at STP? r6 k+jfr.-yze   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speedhz j ;1k4cxak. of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. jkxk 4az; ch.1   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if th0wffmb(o) /l8gwi8u8rlriy3 7 xj6h je temperature is increased fro lfgl3/8wb8 ujri(0o)jx6ry7m8 w fih m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, z/)v v:rf6rmi,mw :y.0ttw /fxvj :ed4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmsxmteff, w6vz/r:0:: y)wdt/ mr.vjvi speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in ar34 kx9x6oy5. tch fay gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by n4:n f9e skr zx24a2ewwhat factor doe n2 42feasnk4 xrw:z9es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a :*u 0clcm 2njhkav)eh8yw53e gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the c x/w+joo wrkt lcycz/++;:zx8 j++jyir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of tc ;jj+wl jxyt+/ococ+zxr:z w+y8+k/ he square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inppo8nbt- i l)pdcvf.i8a57 k0 an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecb3y h64yss o*eule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?svaj as wh6r;bk4s1jymwc8s- 25.v8a    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rmsxs8) k e ,57gw)j1 -vmtbvkzuz speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cs )g xbvmk-ez8u5z,wt1j) k7vell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be 24kiudl*f7i*yl( dszwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ot 2 05v ke*nptha;n64ctayeo:rle)7$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can j-gxq64nonc 6t3qhsl* ph1g5 $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempe,lc bh3+y8 fqerature is (a) b38+h cyfleq ,90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o9xa3 t5y b(b jpwomgy1:*rs9mn a day when the temperaty1 9brbp3:jmt5(*o asgwy 9xmure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla pme3 gft:f8skm eu0a2*+0pp +qj (dkice where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,voc g) 6hfe+ k3y ip;u/(6yzao estimate the temperature at)oiz 3v/ f gy(o6ey6k+uah p;c which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressu gglvjdb.mv l6,:j4d) ozh6 qvc6g2d2re of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40vd,djv6gm.j:)vgh 4662d 2z lgcloqb%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp*o+( z9; pw1hdnipyb terature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate stxn)e )75jts pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperass ) j)x5ten7tture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a uufev rc l*yck w1v8w z1(4-x9room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poio5t q7 a 8i5:cphibr.op mc0jy9z1e-lnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee1(+ bg16 lrc vg,d +hizc.ebbnded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan.rbzg g1 6bhi evn1b,(++dlccce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intera44ic2:22clahpzlb9ik *em j ior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lo cel24amzb c h:jp94 a2kii*2lng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cabw*p(q0pk gr7*t 9ur 1ey 4lsclibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure7t(iu yu(y5- z wnkhk9ow 0rj1 has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup9r nwlu2wwic(z*jg9 ) was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will (zj99n*rwiwlgc )2 uw be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially xsji; a: wk84o28 atm. After many ballooni kx84sja:;w os have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules 6esd8zo7fbn8in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temz6d nse788bofperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den.i 558m:42af 6;hsq iarohwmcevcpzi. q68ulsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techu 1 u0z gdvdgs19yf4r)niques is abo gdy9)4ruduz1 1vfgs0ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 i6f.yxa/h8lww0rb0zv+n *cqL when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs0 wya*zi l0hq/n8w6 +xbfv .rc expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth6vb,c evq.zbog) 5 40 wqour h3s8yr)b’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spe .3e oo4r06y )u,b 8cvg5bsrbqqhw )vzed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro unc z1n h-ueodd)93l/pk3-je9b,eijm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770ooy/ca ,u)ljjq3,*0oytg -l u m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuouv9 je*ira o d+rm5 ct.8(qb4re at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of airr+*mid5. eboot8ajv(ru 4c9q molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of niw lz;32x tq8m+n7jn0mhcx 8sgp1 uij. trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospit v p*l,kcu676 h-cwlhxal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2h vxh,kl6wc-* ul6pc7.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl o+dniz2y-+uv(fo- e t d2qv/exf liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at b+: q ueo8-xdvt m3,t vde-cm(0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to( u6mnpdz 0)bwmv j2+bew 0zu, fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a c0j 1x-,5arjg16rjn8yyof p zglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand(gy97 sl e 7w1ec;jkyoard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has6+* jkgcrmx3 9pfk37gr7iuck a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E gd:zn rab9(g4arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agaite f+lbo,6 yvvn z-.4jnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound frjfolv 4,-t bevn6.+yzom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from3,ng nt vq4,zx2s gx6y a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?vtnngq4,x2 x63zgy ,s    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onxkg8-fm/n f1 k q8l/vq the following two days: m qlv1 fngq8/8kf xk-/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffeoup,de0y(y a*rence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the p(*edy,o u0ya Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prezhv2 j9q n((vqssure, the coefficient of voluqn 9vhj2zq(( vme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.