Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabe 1dww/v*rc5ple or Ad*w e5r1cp/wvppendix B.

Name several properties of mater e: vebv26kp(nials that could be exploited to make a thermometervnb ekp62v: (e.

Which is larger, 1 C) c2wfy. +ntl9o8t ;ongb voq+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B:x )m+ gzw 3,k1yzvitg93akf .7g oiaq is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say av9k+i ) 3gfk7m3z.gxg,qia za wt1:oybout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe6pvyw atou hukx (*4(wunufu )s):e*1 n heated, the strip will bend.w(tuu*pey)axf 6un4swu 1vuo:( ) kh* Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient v frnxd/, n4.fdn 7:dm3/fpdeof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dia1g)7r z gunhi/mv6f:dgram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contgu / v fr6ghd)nm7zi1:act wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixp,k) m/( ved*yilne 3hed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. W)yhe* p3evknd,/( limhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floazdj(h1-p1gmsnl;p*w ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-iazl(m6d1u fu3n-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, d (l6u af3muz1the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container marckk08g vy,)qy break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partqg c0rkkv8 ),ys. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficientg.au, a2; gvgprf.d/p of linear expansion is v2,dgf r.pa.;ug/pa gmuch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo24*ht;:xg wk,bwwe 5lbdu hv, gliq/(ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bav v6g,y pozd3;dly the can will not stand up. ;z6pyvodg v3,What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byeqo qwh3eb.,q-wls5w ,wkrpt *)(1alu3 o +rf pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Expwwrqlee( p l,+hokb s*a fq5u 1-rw)3 .otw3,qlain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water jn;rt ; q9iktcrkzz5kwl7w (rv47z+ ; increase or decrease if the temperature izz rtz4k5wqvj7n+lr;ck;w k97 r(; t is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thtab f*rtxwdsyxygqq /-/,( wmf d2p3m cr.010e relation between average kinetic ensafpqgbqrd-r xty*2 /(ty. mxw /1m0cf d0,3wergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from k 9n7ls -otuc)uq)s h30q;uvqlinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherey k3h g/ 1mlmcevuhfsmgc8dh6v*qs4 . :;0e/l, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eart0iwj14w5 87gm7wyb ,y bfsiz gngu7 7gh refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Es 5iym7wf7nwz40w 1g j 7ggbg8ubiy, 7arth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.c fv2d(xa6u1 b What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?1v 6xuf(b2da c

Explain why a hot humidd n0a8b-uz7a q day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sa8aa-qz b7 d0unme temperature.

Is it possible to boil waterhb,iojv1f/ 5 ;uhef:f at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days wheu 8u6 l1 d,9d b8m0a1omuqczbdn the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid 1a u0,m zu19lud 68cdbodqb8mair at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator j ; gprr57xg6s (x)adg0dj5+bje g0yucw )dt-cap of an overheated automobile ensdgepyxa7-bjg ) g;rwuj5t0 ()5rx6 0 jdgc+dgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in x v(+8z5stkpi the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there dk:ig4 prb s0;i:y hj4in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms v5 jpwlg7qib 4ksf(ex,1-.yyin a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the j ,y47ylqvik-f ebx pg.1w(5 ssame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oft7e8 ( l eebbi;dka)4jmen taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ba7jimb8ed4k e le( ;)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and b)ct 4v v8ggogm)9:v,rl)q )0fnyxyu lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11p 84y42eljjlaa 3p rd8.82 cm at 0.48d l8p4p3y 2raeljj a0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 iejgp/ z: zexrj)*m 4g.o*jf*m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3v:yhz sb:s(f 300 m tall.zf(sv:sb3: h y Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,o s9p4byv7 vb, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) bes pby79vv bo4,fore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 73 x lrmcp5gv r/t a*xk68g)el4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changlz x(5o,qc4/dl z ;lfne in volume if it i z/,z4dl (n;xco5llq fs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tj) 7s*z0(vu*o z3-tux 7 opv;nwwbiljo the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water amolc) 6r nxd,:t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring ma9jdtfs 22 g.ohde of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lonh9dqy+ts;sm)n.gqyb8 (k y*w g, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion isyms+.dq9 ys t wk;(*8)hygnbq approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitbc*b 8y8uxk +fy $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plar+uzdek (k * ak39l(uute of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion 3 kdze*r( (k uul9+kau$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrocu s,0fr6vn3dbt -/k wpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mades e.a3bn n,8xwipcq+*z+ sp8i+c el ,q of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 nspn, c+*iwis l88za+,b ec x+eqq.p3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dimmhc7wsmn01 e7;+ hg1/ awy giameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum1h+mhy wm ;07 nagw/ismgc 1e7e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about dljf j, f4ddk-r-gw* mn( 0(atkvak;;its axle on frictiond((;fn jg tl;w0dm -k4d vjak-ar*f,kless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15sps/tz; 8xd;q°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperat/z8qsx sptd;; ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be)fa sdgq. ut*9am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134* 0x7t vuygd mj*p00abg, g6tu.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: f)u,n j5 cehzg;k;1i vfy9+ qq
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? zd/pbwc)u z(*qj8/ 3 x) whbbz   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter3ivlv 8vv2j8 aior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at ajuqpv2:8eq4bk( mo 7jtmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboue:p4 kqm8vjq(j2o b7ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen dfhzb6s,l;(q y-i3ph at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta+r 6:u/1zdxmn pb edfr6i:- kpins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18m d 5pgsu/p-u*.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium kc x56h++e 9halqitq 7tep+yk (lu0w .gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containevy*b0 r 2z/bknr holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K r*/kn2v ybbz0?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg inn)b)j5hn+4yuz :ev xi eq+,of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by h / ,hxmb:rk9aqeating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo,:ar xb/mhk q9lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air co0(4qc82etxs 7upaxat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at p ),lgaegug, ,yby;:l 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levelxd9u j hn*h/9o and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of py6+qdb;km 9s molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mafu2h1ha 2a;guk(t na. ny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mo s3 v7 )q;6frq odstohohs+y/gekx8v.vr0 2v,les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.b s,(pl2 5o+ln,tqrl spq(z y;1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each y ae6mw/ei3- z2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km w/ea3 my 6e-zihigh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic nzkwo84erl)n j0*0p64mx bv cenergy of an oxygen molecule at STPz8rl4m*6e4 ncw)kj 0vbpn xo0?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the5xr9qcqw11y pz.:6xrn1hh kd surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600w1h 6dc1 qq.:9p51 xhrrynzxk0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe+9t7 )( tm2yzvu3sx zsb;tkti ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is inuts 3vbx)zyz t9mk27t; s+ti( creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsq 8k9,ryei*z b, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cb8r*9,yk qezi alculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules xg 71xen) .vvcin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum2-) cz9kvq9,yov mtc ee is held constant, by what factor dov9y oez2 ,kqc m-)v9ctes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of zb1 ady iz ,y;2l5hti24p5j bpmolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempe b z(a5*miuhi-rature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio buz5(mahi-i*of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nit.gx.8 :l dr fh;k1ejjsrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygx ++t+kn0wq hzen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP: xjke*w 0nigz6t::h uagzi7+ /wyri- ?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speeqo8;ccyuv :f7oi-mi6 d of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce8 oo vycuqi;:im6 7-cfll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas canb e(8vh sff:cg9l 28zc be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniczjc vbzh52.5w;rmgnu,,:x mum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr()atm ape jtd/p k;1m0essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatv0h sbv:uy80z i( 33geso)jxhure is (a) g :i8vsubsv33hx0 (h o)0jzey 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%yj60l: kybv, 4he1 oez on a day when the temperatuye1l jh:bv46o eyk z0,re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p r+ haa6kh9:j/xkn7aulace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a q)r 3lvmg7d606ek ivbt a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempee mqgb )0iv3k6r7vd6lrature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wtabvj1n21 tl(/f)lg aater is 530 Pa and the relative hu) lv1glja1t2 bt( a/fnmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w(*crggmm8oejfwi5 em, - q/5e ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thet/)10 qbdr e4+,j5pruztxk ks1y yfd: water is boiling at a ytq1 d zk4/+r ejyftkrd:,p1 u)xbs0 5temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voyn4eor) klhi2wn6d 03lume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of+ 3gb3wxnp5nu 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycidtydi/u31 ll/ ne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15/yid 3u/1lltd $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofq,);: lorg bx.dqm wp. insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is a .lm)dwr :qpbg x;q.o,bout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal cx5 xn4ci6yco1ov.d w8;urn1ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20beb(dke5s 8h s2+iy8ta q4ornqu /(g0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at ozx+, t)f -ym,t(furfnormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at,y, -f) tzmr+otx ffu( 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is wjfup:w6y 09oinitially 28 atm. After many balloons ha90jw f6u:y powve been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 foq g7xra1o -0m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assq7-f01gx r ooaume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p;o69jlcfcny8 gp5p.du; 9 mkdb tu+a:er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin(dki l/gxuv:e30/g-0y h6pvv 4iy s rng the best available vacuum techniques is aboutup/v/xk6-v0i3 :y gs y(lgnhe 0 vdi4r $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when3* i sv9( ke2lycjgl2g 10 m below the surface, to wh9cy 2jelg*vlg3( ksi2 at volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning f)7 6v2logf oejrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to f2o6 7el g)ovjwhat temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasa9/ v hudv kmdzcpva3v -u15f7fo1l1+ is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 761bcj0sgg moczif oh4 m+0v +r. ;:w3eiq-ehd70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at 3 m8 9myeb/t nfj 0p)6lynq7yzthe surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphepn9)37 qye8zjy/fy lmbntm06 re.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed chll p it*d kd6.*opy616vm5t 3e zip-of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau x 1sqw wbidm8bmnakg/(k0(2 3ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at w i1dx/3 b0 8qk(kb2(agmnwmsT = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidig*-slp gqc-8y-n +ia mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0mv r nvd40 yft;rt*,b9$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth::w h0srxr4r q’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20:g 9t tb0o+ 6(aqqru0erp ap(e$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard3 4; nadvzm*tu, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cw /hgzru), (wj 9:ldi; lu*s:ole:ls lharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromtrpd31-lrgz 8 yj*ph6td o97r the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ver3jpkscry:jsf ff1zloh f5-q3o*. 1t 0tically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, 15 ffr jtp1j3-s. szloo:3f0 * yfcqkhassuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmnhg2ihb e4r)*-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. )hib4n *gr eh2How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor *rdid/lza 2 *xnp),sppressure in the air on the following two days: sl di,p/ n*r)pzx*a2d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPz qwhmnj )kb0dpr .045, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the 4500nj kzw drmp.h) qbtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for vt c5lq)9k/rc an ideal gas at constant pressure, the c9/tvrckq) 5lcoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constan 4s 5 nm3,bt7i-d jhk7wxej3zftly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarszedk-j b5x77w 3jf3hti4n, m in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg