Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ilhat gz4* *5s0 lxno zg;ujxvj+p9n1/ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table o4z0*zhlt*ao;x 1v5n u / ns+gp9xjgljr Appendix B.

Name several properti7 kuldjaeyq*6x513z b es of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet5luja7ye 36b 1kz*qx der.

Which is larger, 1 Cnf(rof d+jjab+ (-z l9pc eg(::p8fzt $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is n:(cx mod;lx2x :yi3hzot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about thmlxc x:;y2oh3z xid: (e temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted toc*:u77porst b a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th*u7t ro bcs:p7e curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef+st)it: g8eha; a5ztqficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a o/j2;r3eh4h* ,zis 9gqwjlfc furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals/*;2 wz jos4 lhq93j,rfh icge bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secjv y7+dx);0p.2*2b+eauufyyf da ueq ajx ;*stion in the shape of0uyy;ep*djq; 2. a f)j+ bxa 7axy*u+eusf2vd a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ,j dpq y9amj ;4fsim,0of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placednild pq,,x4k- in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and tx kn qdi-4l,,phen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyk/ldkzrq 87cb :w:mf 9 than adjacent partm:98kk :r7 fz wqc/blds. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass hfuq43fd2m;ntd 0 u.wis that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smallerm0.4 whuf3t2 qnd ;udf than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc*qbzft lene;6w* c; o8k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulg/ h:kb.utcm,svvjd- ) e so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ: ,.sj)t vhmv c-/kdbuened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatmqa ur8 rtoq (y4uo(.1ure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to tu4(mqq(ootr 8y r1 au.he momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate4swuweyn huw1 +qi7 if1h(+j6r increase or decrease if the temperature 17+hysw +fh1ewiwj64uu( iqnis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followk, u50c7 gse6vp..q erqu 0khzs from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energhuukp 0eq v,kq.zcrse50 g.76y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay:3-iwyaw6px f -Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratpi en 0 bxnv+r 7z6gi92ll2o/oio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mus hdc/ cyqjh2 tvqje3s, 751;d;/uifwtt have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pdwqj tt scvjh h,y3i1ec/;/dq7f;25uractically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cafy y/ fjlv-3lbiy5*z) lc +dv,/ zk)gwn you infer about the molecular properties of3vf5k-j*zgl,+i/ z l) dw/cfyyvbly ) one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morg3 ddf9r05 m-f2kago,1n zfer e uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s 3z-kr 9nme0f rf1a5f gdod,g2ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaeh76,y. 9b m-i2lydzj 1natr/ran0 pbture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but tedg1f *r-vxw2z w :2edhe humidity is different. Which is1z e-w*g2 vfed rxw2:d more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator7 *8iux s-cmrrnm;a;e cap of an overheated automobile engiai8smx; cnu* mrr7e-;ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t vnl): x4a5vhkhe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram+8)hueghs, + pg. 9zge,y tuxk copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold (uu sfnef6,k 66 tfqi3 r;uq2hring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?i3 u,nu(th66f6s k;f rqf euq2$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this 0 f *+nhh70xf)wzmmpi 0a xhuoj6+ /whon the Celsius scale?hmho uff z7hwjha0 x 0* /p60ix+nm+)w   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 d pf6n /xoli5c99f0ihrdx :als0uf4 6$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-gla 6k1)wvig;h kckpso8( 1nse)dss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 kvpongs;c(k s )1w h6d81)kei$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long v/5:u /apbxuwl l+,-br*mspl (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought+f)-iy:4a 5;b lkyyzn8wv tn w iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height change ;bz )5+ a- ytk:4vnniwflyyw8s between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riupjvb y+ v) k97euvb)6vet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1. 9u6+ejvu7vbk )pb)yv869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water i2 g0x4huk.r h/9 2teigcub*mat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.+lpe/t)zgp 1kxx ; roib bjf91 e333jb What will be its change in volume if it is heated fp3 3bfgxoexezrkb3lj)1 b i; 1 9+tp/jrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350e ll7vm4 zqmp9c.hy;k c 6n:va)b(y;f.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ow)j0fe av i:bkcf y+p(7u3,qhf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plaho8yz ;(vs :g93 nwd2rhiu7yhced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nr c7zmy24f tan; ocz-0z-xo /sarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show tao rzzx-/ 0n;cot 7cf24yzm s-hat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitys;oh ;vmj:9fvxm ;026o )nqjbb uq+lr $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefys5f5-b / baigo+mmc/az we:,ficient of linear expansio5+,-acefa:g s m/izob ym bw/5n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solck4i8 -r2om iqid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect ti/ing2h+h5 8j e yam,zime at 17 ejmyz5 28/hha+ig, n i$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermoor) 0ejru*/ 7lu;oycx meter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofu)yoo lj 0xe*r/cu7r; 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41h5p 5 )ljqb:ej m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular j5b e):5lq jphvelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much 9dgt: lln8y1keyipe/b r 9(8gstress is required to ke: b9keyl9l( p8de/rgg1tny 8iep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beyeu/;o 4b e3meam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter9wa)rajvb t,9 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tetv*2 do dubs84m hf1d0mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempdp nmvn: 0n(xjb/x ;h0erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thj:y 67ubtii v/j- k;wce Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and c l p 4sdt/w4wxdi6z 53x u4qh8b6yxn6a temperature of s8564xwy 4u xlqtbc6/h dz6 x3pwdni4 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STef+qi6 evsfbr6f- j zp3vv526P using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro ef( xo-p5;u 6qlp0vjcgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STandd qp 7)1z0lP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.+74ysdkdo9 usicb3 o3 0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of pof8ig ubl0:)3. k:i/vdf trcma vt6:argon gas at 385 K?o8 3 i g6:v/dkf:) rlupva:ct 0mfi.bt   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0xrfa0:/kwaef vp3lw) * k +-/us ndg3z kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by h 1+ )dix9jaadveating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the ax1j vi9da da+)ir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airtj-d.q3kfwkf9b r )1c at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ik14khje 6e0qnz)j fpgh* g z6: g+im918.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a dnki58 rtl36)u9 s8v*,rcx2mvw unvr child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of b c6o5 (:hyfpa zck( /nu:ton0s4rcz8f.cw , nmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mac: +.gdb1ma-i1 az2tzj,my sqkt0d6pny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mw i tozmo0qs9i56gs53oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumt, jw*olo)5 jxe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mole( 1:czgcmh66so)h d7ns fd8 jccules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km hi f1sdhg z6o)7cn 6c(jshmc :8dgh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy oy7bd v zldq.).f an oxygen molecule at STP y.zbl)q dv7d.?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near xxyje3 r.t,7,ujc c 7xthe surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6j cx7xue37r,xc .,ytj000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if2u(f , dkkhh:opo 2.fv the temperature is ihkokf,ov2 u2p.f(: d hncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units 0t9tl+pr2z j ewa81y wof km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 82jw rta90yp+8 ewlt1z, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g7o 9vp(whyz k544zvrpds;a p2 as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubledi+h36:gf0ns5w j ;qyhxobb;z while its volume is held constant, by what fag zs;w h;+b o65xbfj:nqyih03ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molmgsfa9 .pd-s2h;b9 stnela/ ) ecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gg o n6ud;,4ushmj7pkc60kw31 1v efmfases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inver je sdm3; 1upnmkf c47o06hfkwuv61,g se ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculu e8k1vv.0r5q ;abxm ymd7r o*es contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o lii0ol-wp:i 5w(wy 3 zmm(7naxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit;y 0zqxenr;;urogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass itwd- c4f8 zvltc3) u,ws 89 u in a living cell4lu3z8t-t)cfv , cww d at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a hsvh xe.chbs u2 ,lt4.mm)6/uy us1q)gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranx; v0wg*ccma(h 5k.hu60k opr ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pwb,f:v9;81d2w tubne .xv zopu:a)yfressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm c.rb3piq+uan)*cv) m and the temperature is (a) 3)n)va*ucmp r .+bq ci90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxikfc/ x 5..b x*0opdcnxmately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperafo ck*c0dn 5px/.x x.bture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 gj/ 0c q;z2xry$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.*qe kif.q2zzi)h+ i)z 72 atm, estimate the tem z.hqq* i+k))eziz2 fiperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water 6fkoe/+uqxa 78 t/eksis 530 Pa and the relative humidityto+a/k/f7 6eekxqu s8 is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tehhye 87qd0;aciz9b c 3xy88zs0-qxffmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximatumk 5k1m4zcef,g1o z)2 7dym dgh(6y8t5 zwlte pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tem,lkhuo)7w 8t5kmmzzd1ye dg 6z4 f 1mctyg2 (5perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume2 .puu u:m5qgjwsfimh) :g) 2n 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o (/eeuwz, yyb+f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule ( : hov4fs+,acm:ngdn 9see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanhfn,+ m 9osc:n4ag:dvce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofz63us8/zaqfwo 5xr 5 n insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sesf/z8z3q nr5 ouwx5a 6ctional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated o g2s 95diikzy7qh6 v-s4ye6 gat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2l.g3: m* +4x2sagwscxn2tar c0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was califj)6 gjnad-o4-c:lym 2*hp -f xs (pcubrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recip62sfn yuh4-*(afo -pcc dxlj jmgp-) :e calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure inr o5l6)* osyln a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressu*r6n5 los)oly re has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molov .)by zjg1jruu3km53u 0+os ecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22u r3u3 oz5ob 1+sv0 mj.g)jkyu$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one* 0wrkmiy)j lub1-i5t/y d*r(khg* ab atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable u.16: z3rap 3femvo lxws kk.:esing the best available vacuum techniques is abok.lxk3sfza pr:6.omw e v1: 3eut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the /rjg-iyn/z u j +p*dkpti 9)5lsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quij-/n5 /9 )jr* zktilydpupig+ckly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphev7spva (*5c i *1lbeahre at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this iveaa (s7ch*lvp1b5 *high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idjxaehu* 7xmxfs;s/ /6 b)y6yn9pp eg*eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770oapo(3v fft7:/-y2hlzmu 7 uqm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value:1)bcvi:gg7atb39la ixbf4 gh sh fk4r,3 al4 of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate t:7lta xr f9g 3gib1ba3ckhh)4s:, 4lav4 fgbi he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitn (l*g .*c5tx q+qda. bmzelco-zc8c.rogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygt1g k+mvp:sgo7e)u)/l e1wkl en used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if kvp1o)g) wtkeg 71 l:l+/emsuthe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl g80yew s1b 1q m.6thwb+lee8w of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atadn78j;z+yn j 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 21 99m lezb,xbk8,lwe u12pjr m5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a a0b t6vyfjo,17e owv9glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the1 zab4h oyefqvcap 2a+i1dl 4w23a n9* 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pd ;fe9z srdz(3if*nr5ressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the fmh,ha;xqv 8.Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrownz 3) xts,clz+(,t 2ekp chy.vpe.cye. vertically upward at it. ez ct3pee).c2 cx(hs.k+pz y ,t,v.lyHow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble o7ysim z.vxw27f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it r7zs .w2imy7x veaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folhlu; tn,lhy3uqm) vodcs+ 87; lowing two days: ;dq uunm cht)yv3o,l 7sl8h;+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density o0rc5 rnn ::bdff iron at STP, and when it is a solnbd:f:5n rcr 0id deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thazrep4n - xd ouo*, -3ycco)nb5t, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficien4enxyu 5-or zoo c)dcbn3,*- pt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cella*oax+qwnyn14 0a *b tprs to prevent rot and mildew. It*+ 0apwnq*1a x obyn4f the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg