Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron gm(azqsr/1 y7 5 fx.gg/ts6svor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or tgv /1sg6mgqr5s a/x(zy.fs 7Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tol3m r -.hfq9ms make a thermometm r- fmq9.s3hler.

Which is larger, 1 Co*.* q-sk5 gyjub(ajy+ g a/wi $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B u54q paou 5(sris not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can5ru4ou 5(a sqp you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a striphsu-w. pxw) iujs 86b7 of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsisxp b 8.)uwusi h6-7jwde of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li5b sno/5(qa sn.ki l;:mlq-pjnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermt (m mh ;fgd(9gr8qk*gostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it ck9(*g gtq;(8m f rhmgdan flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haveka.i +*-xq,u mkuw)ex a section in the shape of a U. ,kuwuekix) xm.*a- q+ Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats t hb9gnye6m paweg5 -(n o31 4g355nqvzocks( in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,bb,zx,h+dtt9v0 a(x8 58rfu 3 xh4sz3lbwq gs the mercury initially dess,s0gt8z83wl4(x rt afh q ,zv93u x+h5bbdxbcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is he.x .n.nawc:evt4qz4xukd*b 5ated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai4dw 4.v5 t*.qe n nbu:axx.zkcn.

The principal virtue of *yxzd9)quel rx1.-jf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thaf1x*lq-e .)uj9yxzrd t for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 5 d6zf569jsvklc:g5ld -t*lni - zvv kaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to buk15qjom7*oma4 5hub a lge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ4 a5mh7qmo1okjb a5u*ened?

When a gas is rapidl -d4b- ywgqf 29 zd22ro7yjxqcy compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools.dqy- 9rqx- 2c722g 4f odwyzbj Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum s.x xhmdas;:k*dok4 qcsm8 7l .phere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frold84adsqk.x m m :oh7.*ks xc;m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows froh1gg3ua gs0u;c3f6 *w s 1slhgm kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temg3h1 huug3flgs;016csgw a*sperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follw r q1(cyz*0vwpzxv5b8 (-te kows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tj u92eaf,m,5.c kczv mhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum fxs9phn9 c 3;f f8c+ccspeed an object must have to leave the Earth a9c x 3cfpf;ch89+ncf snd never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What ,bavdx6*ln sc-m4y* p can you infer about thlmavc nd*b s-yx ,64p*e molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than av o6 ;n84 awy1 duey4,dtl mbx0pgq9u.,*bsme hot dry day at the same 16pmo8dbqx4 ,ulg0 4b. vymea,swud9 t *ny;etemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureyhk rppw-m/( f jd;3:c (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the qdn+y oc)7dfo1 17rtohumidity is different. Which i)o1d dyto o17qc +frn7s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedq a/yacy11lv*) +kz qj automobile engi/ 1 a*yav zc1+ky)jqlqne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lln f8r8gj hq7v;q oki8ogo65)ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thb4i48 iqn8r/ke pqt b-ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-graemaj9s xe s7uats,9;m vd2;og6va 45um gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thxa9 j46,ma dstu;9m;av ue752sg vose e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What ieyein a. c yv4o58p giw)dcwv-:g 25b7s this on the Celsius scale? en2:ovvy)5p-wg57y b.ia4c dgi ew 8c   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempytd62p:0ht2qf4em ypp , do 5reratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colum+ iv(l5 vrqj3kc (x1xpn has length 11.82 cm at 0.035l q x(pj 1rx+vivkc( $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l kywhu1 b:rc*/ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builq8yt.;/0alj)zu n tp5/ ndn ttt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes;nju. a0tnt/ q/dtl zy5p)n8t between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivulvl; f q*85 rqp/mbs/ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1ulsrv ;p8l q mq/5f*b/.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterde*.xzd2 a ;or at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if itw0,ps+mc inc-ky .,ju is pu+s-, ccjwkminy .0,heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to theuqol4 :katgq 1x5- 9ep brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 7,vp/)/xluk zdevni)rrgivpb;v cb r31u9 //55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 6oa(zfoc7 f++h4c zcw20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long,4z.o wgcxat6f. a4mfol lt0 7* narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expalt x4.o6w7tl.z*f ag co40fa mnsion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tw2mp w)ooj/-1txpn v 0he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wimefpcd/ y -i(2dth w has coefficient of linear expansi-/ eimd(pc2 fyon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrbg wuyeoakk+kd47p. op*ah:w6* 6c :popic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keqf e z()n:axn5 .grb7leps perfect time at 17 :7(lezn rn q)ab f.5xg$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter 8/ w/4qj2dpvivot+ zuof 0.140 mm. The bulb hatq vz+/v42jwud/ pi8os a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ax2/jyx js- qn/bout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve-2x xsj//jynq locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 5+uhugsm+/ xhlgg 34/a)a kes15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperata 3ggx+ka sg5m lu/)+h seu/h4ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross,gp.xxy(o j,sad4 / av-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2,msz0 (sd,g he0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kwurmzpsb o5;q1.a- - telvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitw v6cd.b80uqr9h gd p9 scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun3 a;qfhyx+ :nc are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper gfx,( rt0cjgd(9kh +nature of about hx0(kt+,c( g9d nfjrg 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oftgpl8(xd5k7 jm;kpy4pak+ 6d oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains1b:o yw,;bechwcij*4 -ytd5 b 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai(4enzoid)p2 e+7 ve izns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 0d/s0dmf2zofvo 2s k+ 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0z 1:pt4qt mkmue bh11hw 7v)t7 kg of argon gas at 38tzmvktthp1q b:he 1uw 741)m75 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg c64fqwe 6 vi9wnkw-5 nof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thzw9 cay ,sk29oe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of 92 y9cawzk so,a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15):fr6/h * ,mdyx0mvqigc,blx $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at lgu9yj ,;wl:u18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at h- e)wh) yw8rmwk eb5vt)a10wsea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofn ;prssax56w ; molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecu9z hf5 7xozh5z r0h2i/ctw90w ci7jinles?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles0j;6so 4 qxw,bmij 0qi7cdkm/,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume joiy :6 c+6pzh5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are8re1 6bu ud 9nwi9:ax(ob f1tq in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheboiden(1w: x qf169t8uu9abr re is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo,ozvr(zb+us+m * q2mwi2; g4+hd zscelecule at STP? *;gmebw zsh mq4+++,2udc2rsv(oi z z    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface oki )ukud74ju 1f the Sun at a temperature of abj74kik1ud u)u out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will t ;j;zsipvlh*, e;o+zbhe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0e si,;lbjz ;vp* h+;zo $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followi0rv* h2ht2,koew -lr kng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the*ohrk0 ve2hl-r ,twk 2 rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas vcqd1m4 2: ; czsu01rgncty2*rfqj;wbc* .p u at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan- lznc 9-h/x gg6x)x* tmdq;pkt, by what factor h n96pgx*dxm/l-gk;zcq -) xtdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules eghugob 4(.a,in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturo(bdpj5j t4c2.pp.h cay 4j9ge of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of jcgo y.ajtb p(p54p29hdj4c. their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co 2pjn ydt1b0 :8za /2oythq8l )ap4kxbntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedmzf dl4tdfcld7l3 816sf70wq z3by8s of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenj .d s)1eopyn/7vpi p+.k ltg9 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass ig4hxlxl)( y6 tnr8r1hs 89 u in a living cell yn1x lxt48 (rh)lrg6 hat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasc :h0d(msp ee(q:qn5v can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u(ah4714btm.k sniwh uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prutq (vogjkp7y8/ k9x2dv)9 zeessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wh,ydfbk3jm.l w q8 9;hcen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9y;8 hdlwbf93jcq m. ,k0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%ys2,e6 ; c 7epmn9lcqd on a day when the temperature2;e 7qsle d69cnc pm,y is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bo+i13dtnh4 e83do0 dd4 pvptkp t1rvo+o/tcv9 ils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0c ,d-):n y4bqe r9f2k1nbv,ndnaryw0 .72 atm, estimate the te,4 2e9,0:)wkn cyad vyrrqdnfb-bn1 nmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wvy:ctucxr vm7g x od:m9km1()(ex ) r+hen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thk: 9moc:1u(gme)xvt7(ydx c)+vmrrxe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature ikht/ -bchtv0-;0eieq/wx-b m s 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is qp7;+ zgwyiyc,4 n)o2wn0p4u;voaql boiling at a py 7 yn40)qzl;wpvnw;i o42, gaqouc+temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume rbmvl2 qrabkn/q: -qmnm.a:d.1/ 9mg 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its db/f2-1o-nvsri; a pxba+l.r g ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine8vd4 fnio;p(k molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofip(d8;k v4onf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfac8f7 bbi6mkm*i e of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averagm 6i8bb7 ki*mfe trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure waj yz.w;9fr6jocf , 8has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure pil. zg54t+ix has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatoh2-g/ h g:beo ndp ,nr*ztmou9p76bv 2p9tx)ure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and theg2:r g- nhbn6t92p t*ed ,mbh7u9o pzx/vo)op cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliumjqq c4 s9 fob92yb73gr gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains iqbrb7fqoj23 994 y scgn the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthq9jdhi k)b (c2;gxab7 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturej k9h2bbqgdx)a 7;c(i is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattelgdf p x68/ fu+h-(qfdr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tcuc k khx,b(;-echniques is about cu-k xhk;c b,($10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full 9o)q. fr rela:g dd-g(capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hi -glq. :og()eafrd9 drs lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ei k,9myj/k i;-5vtleyarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it dojy/ly kv;e-kti 9 im5,es vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr)j vdq,le;8/xqt*ksq/qk2r geased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 5u ;b i34yjmi2kob2jd +,zi oxz2osi7m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric preu5( -yqwwdco52w :hz nssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the (uhy c5zwon :wq-52dwtotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen 9 zep+f7 i2xhfmolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of(:0ex7l, s;bm4 uty -sze cur zpkvyea4 /)s/q oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,8mzay:e44)u (r v-,esu /l/z s7s0ecybpkt;xq 00 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc5j gtvo483em gury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolint36ge n z0o rt1vj6j;je at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snvj7qx-( :qyrjb *c9 aj;fzes7 ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass 5l f 59z16iftle)plvhao 5c-bjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standfzl i(0tknu0- 7f5 l 2d/kpspaard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1wx *i lf vt )+86jnnrr*rnx(g-95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th4+gqua4qu yzu2 c9li 0e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can li 89nrhnpht9rb(js9a- d is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically un9 9aj s98-hnhrpt(br pward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofkskv 2zm 0iq:k(9-ord air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as sr(o q z09mkk :-divk2a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the aicq 5/aazpp7r e04 vkb5r on the following two days: 45 v/ba0ecpa5 qzr pk7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i/y h5 by2 o t4lh3c3xv/sb:rgns a solid deep in the Earth where the tc/y brv4x5tgh /3hs3 n:oyb2l emperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show th2etlggccal *( svp40/at, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient gse gc0cl4*2 / vpla(tof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.