Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of al ( jn(uvp7xs9npcra 0)uminum? See the periodic table or Appendipu9n 0rnpjx(c )(vs7 ax B.

Name several properties of materiao(ig1 .g;wsf3bh ,74q7wqlb sue2dve ls that could be exploited to make a thermomet 1sq4o g3ebef7;d sl.uwvwbi2, q7( hger.

Which is larger, 1 C cwp x kxh)37c6$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibr,c eye2hpo3+0 o )fubmium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, abeu oy0,p+e f)h 23omcnd C?

A flat bimetallic str5c:co 3kujl a1ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside c l:5ajkc13ouof the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin2pls h q g*9y:1rrp*cnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used dih5; 0 -cs1yd cjhjl1to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain ly j5i cd1- hhs1dcj0;how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oft x/b l;d*ghad-en have a section in the shape of ab-d /l;a*xgdh U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury 9q eco,3n ytdskv*m- 54w 9hgjat 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of ;7 rmq 8 /bnslpb fg.taj(t;v4water, the mercury initially desc.tj;;4gtrv q (sa/pnmfb7 b8lends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morepfoq(p+5ot- v;gb k9,b)vzl b rapidly than adjacent parts. Ext v b-5 g+vp9kb),pq(obof; zlplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gl8z.i +bfgd.i mass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explf ibg. d8+z.miain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a ,yg oex0oef4;ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and topk1 texs cxgh k*1m g34nbs7/7e to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What 4xc bskh3tn7g km/7exg *se11 has happened?

When a gas is rapidly c 1e5/xz vuttp4ompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these 1t vzpe u5x4t/changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an up14w2(si t wyaluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fr42tpy1sw iuw( om 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folru) pz6)4d:wwn ee7 vklows from kinetic theory and the relation bet:) ud7 pvknzw4ee6w)rween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinoz9yqk imj0 *jp kx3m6)78w lgetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, d;twi.j*b9j 7vnvd bg we+/x.the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed annb- 3 hiflxce2+;ep t2 object must have to leave the Earth and never rcelt pi3h+-x be22;fneturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wha9xvfz as+3y38(uok agt can you infer about the molecular properties of one relgu3o8vsxy kf9a+za3 (ative to the other?

Explain why a hot humi btx o+:pp0k+wd day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sw +tk0: pop+xbame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at .x 3*bynx:iu oroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the(s 2adsa+mi*m same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same a* +msid2 sam(T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator,*ukmps rm/ x+ cap of an overheated automobile e/mpmrk * sx+u,ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white ca*j* vt*kply) loud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there iyx k3s 9 1y-((hbyqir +ionp9tn a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram2c iq m7yt0pd) gold ring compare to the number in a silvmptcqd)7 0i y2er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius s y)/ew emm8jgottc 0,8a;:qpgcale?pe,8 wtm gtjc; )08eyo/m: gaq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recokt/gxfu*f6h 9rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thob sfa+w p9/l0e alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 b/lao 9w0fs+p$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i, 6dugixgh j-d3nor +)s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) /ooht1 xx+iwe28qr:z+ve r2uk *r 8g jis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height : *+o2 +ro1z e/e8kr ug2r hxwti8vxjqchanges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riveteur2f j:/ huo+s that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is pr2 :uh o/+efjulaced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at vw479(eaidu.t hk) bt,+ cnze 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan86ydscdc/pw f8 vwk)*g 9ql/r+;mpp k ge in volume if it is heate+cqppm )rpk*w/wvcs/k ;g y8d9d6 8lfd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o5612 l4+/kz fxl3vfv jhunde2e7 cgunf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate;jkj:8fiaddnvy+ d 1 ;r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to b*spjkmum(v 5. eqm08ve placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessyf3jj 4 .nmy qly2r:,jel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coej2r fylqj3j4,. yy nm:fficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in c9.zm za fk qky.,26zgthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl ib6b(haj:m(vrskdv a3 2i97y ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion :jv yb9 (mks(d7riva2ib a3h6$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic /usi5)8rqc ;tr6fvlr,qgf+h solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time uv vrlwwz- .u5hkys9c50b)4vm q (m.fat 17 wu s m05(c w umzf.k y5v4rvb)qv-l.9h$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 ma 2 *,w .ml8dsuyg7qpx 7j,gmum. The bulb has a volume of ,w8* dx7mmyuj ,pagg2q 7.lus0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wz zep+bvk8 j1vwrw8; 5heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axlvk 8; j1wvpz+e wbrz85e on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. ps ,)zx7ca,dnHow much stress is required to keep it at this length ifd7,s ,pn zx)ca the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectxi,h, b5+tf nuional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 lkfgp 4 8v px 9 d-jn.u5+jd1tv5*soytcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinvj / :s(jxoen(to85akg temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on za d ufm8r n39iyup-66the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures 4, uqek.q nv pf, c;)rsne(u:yin the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphexcz g qd*:f)g6ric pressure and a temperature of abcgqd6x:*g) f zout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitrfo2zkbiztzq7mf p(./( k3a 0y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta qrp2i nm0 gx: 9/:pmtwov4bx1ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains a1-+dxpk *j/ sd)nzut ;nnu) nm(3msq18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ati x if 73da*urc-qbqlt:j 5d-6 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-h + n;.q)h*jm ze,dm+zkgco;qL container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385nq),hd.k+oj g zcmmqzh; *e +; K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 klht zs)x-xfd.-a* h y0g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievebk k )v955qzxos its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balz5k9 bx )qvok5loon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit dw4 q1wjt/hejb*y5 r8h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1nl.*ew-z,g5 vmm/(zh rbuiaf(,ds * b 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escaic;l:1 zu yet(pes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole+yppp , d)eijj m/+gl u4 ixvc24nza1+ c8q-gzcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mol2wqeku q,7f,fecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol+iz2,pb;i/ p r jqg,zzes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 53 nh ow4p-5dhl.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were;nhclh/eecq c :,)e+0m ho* aw also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hi,c:h ;ho m0e/+an)qee* hcwlcnt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at Sm.hs:jbh-vx q 0ek30 v6elsv(TP? 6.m(jbv- vqs03vl sh0xe:e kh   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms sph*ag: 2n 4 2wrez-xdn4ml+ fdpeed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaturef npa 4 hlm2dwrd-ez:g2x4n *+ of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incr0+wwas2m; t sjease if the temperature is increased t+swj 0aw;ms2 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followinv- 3uy(euoa:3xn2j km a 0 w-tpb5(tg l8z/ceag speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,3e -0um8cjox3gp(e t- uayv:/ 2(lzn5 bt kaaw 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculeseo 6a)s4ns8j3 eoqe4 i in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cons ih n.pvjwe5b)71mv 1etant, by what fact5njp1ew )ib1ev7 .v mhor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spk-wl9 n nqy8wra,rysh 8y 3,q 4cvv84veed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturewh-xgcwg ui9 . 02pg,p, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rohgg gp0 .wcpw2-uxi,9ots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ckc nzjc3mj4e. mnio2*d2 3p h/ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of aowt. gb5 k lzn9+gs1 nqo+3i5bn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ;8iu5wrnox20 aqm/n.9lbhz +p6fp nkl18f q j at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a 8z(+rdlh zhrk )i6xl1v3er n9n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li(v9zk )dz+n8hrh 1 3r6rxi lleving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can z7zgt6d/ 7okfbdv) 7bm)e-hk be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu-ltgyxg* q2i:jkb1 ;u m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pd ac-5c iqt)e6rf5 *:x(s3vamzcj g( aressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whetgj-ss/nwi e52oy0 0yn the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 so wi5/ys2 y0gjt-e0n$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on aesw ioam68b+fal; 94p day when the temperature imwp 9e+lf8 6aboasi;4s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where w4ujh u, bs xyww 8k08lsha3kr3*,tq n)ater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mopnjlte pbxkap0. 393xtg 14ks3f6 l2ountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature t2 l n6xk.a9pt3p13p 4sbelf gxo3 0jkat which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressu8 wksuo dww3v* (ugo90re of water is 530 Pa and 30w w*u8usko9(ovwg dthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature o w6i;;yanv 8if)hm ;qis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thresy/x0 1.qw4ig5 jd je water is boiling at a temperatsj yi50g4qx 1r.wj de/ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o cj5ojp,rr n7 k)mtk+*f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin ;byrzcavf1 *w(/fmy+t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusb4*/amty/ey 9ru)t/8uf hpu f e a dism)uu4 9ary//bhtu* fpefy8 t/ tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to t6z8qnyuzn8tn, z32n mhe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec2nmn,83ty8n6q uzzn ztional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated l0hb10 0jj)pojz2 ozt at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuriry:l.xd1wr :e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roxpg+zuu/lk .7k mbwz)h s se.y+2mr.8 om temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for .zrl72 kxszekw.h)y+g8pm/ uu. mb + s300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is init fwzqr 8dkai 83a,- 0k,fs4sqxially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in wdqs,fkski 8 x0fr 4-a 3za,8qthe cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 b.jw4c+kvxty .3h -*yegktn3m, and heigyw43kve *y+xk.- gbc. 3jnhttht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte zzmz3j;rt; ((iy ;dzvr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bwrsia6z5rl c /6d,ib+egx0d)est available vacuum techniques is abou0 x6ic65)z+/b ,war irdldgset $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs o5xlxuiiuc4j 32b- ) rto full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would h2-x uilc3j) 4x5 robiuis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo1/ 4zna 2kb8leni spukp 55d-dsphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part odp- i4 dzbpus1n 58klk/2ne5 af it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an:idr r (t:;fhb *t8uov ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m 92rhec re0fd)$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value rzw79* -nkmbhof atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculesnb mz- 7hwkr9* in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules g, -wo-ii-vxu: dgxq8 contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2-bja ya30)z /j)hqfye000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = hayybz3e j -0 q))aj/f259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl o(.qxrhu4 ,x aain; cn4f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol +jb luak;z..icy:t/sine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator a4j.v8 h3asd1aqfl;n ;tadxpt2* 8 kvxt 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas nt82+ p 0a)*fyotxuzos jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopteysfk:ao2.wy6luv) m0d in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, d,i y b/s52qwfuv.gi; has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isy u /e2-ydu/v 0xcui0t $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenniswv)w,x:p9t /a mnmqs) balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg andms9, pvt)/anxq) mww: are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical ilupj 7qd3 2(.edrtybi y/i m;m*9b,o) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the tempei jl/i d2.y mte7b iq3d*,m9b;rouyp(rature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on gh*h.6hq j r,sthe following two days: 6* h ,q.hghrsj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,evyfsr /v1 1:e and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whfv1e1y ser:/v ere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to showw27ex8*kd z z2kk 5myl pgvpxj+3x:d5 that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumep25kwgdjelzk+ kv 3xp8xdz57: yxm2* expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their 0 gr rg rv.fnqw57y urhy4.r42k(h uo8cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house 2wr oh0y.h(q.vgrf4 r ykurg 4rn8 u75(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg