Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the xr6 t1bgp/rtbty/h 4,feo /v-periodic table o ,eb/-tt tr xfy/g4voh1p6/rbr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be*9l- kahg/ roh exploited to make a thermometk*rh/-ga9o hl er.

Which is larger, 1 C jsm5iz6+rz5 c $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is ab .glq.+:w crwspy iq9u 81a-/ui;dw not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tem98yc/ pql :ub1uwwds a.i;gw+.i rqa-peratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.; 3gj pdhgg,kd4bu -v4 When heated, the strip will bend. Wh4; u3h4dvd,-kgjpb ggich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linvzv o57mtmcs91b( mrc- ,9uxntd m*n3c3: mddear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat 2hdk;t )h4m zmlw)au0 used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of difhd4hwt)2z0amku ;l m)ferent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in2712fwqcu ja0r : ujnb the shape of a Uf:bca2 j2qr0 j71nuwu . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats iq6i2dl u pt3za; (a)rbn mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub 7iwqmvl;8uc bo3 *g. tof water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expl;obctw* g8ulimq3. 7v ain.

A glass container may breae en5ts-1j)nl q-gxr(k if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part j(q)5nx -gs-1re lents. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin f96 2ob /kp((eoes;pb s2ovntear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise 92ft/;o b ssbe 2(eo(6nopvpk to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuiwl /83du*w xarate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bul)-2vly h cno)2 c3s*dw5 lologge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happo2on oyvhw-5ld * )sl)g2 3clcened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturfm.d -;eo r6 yl(20 msilwchk4e increases. When a ga m4l;0dl em.icsowrh2k (6- fys expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increkzq3s :ffntjpr. 6 4c)ase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 6z43r:k . sffcnjpt)q$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kine2nm3 aj967 zn) bcim(rw vf0qbtic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy an76jnif( 32)bmmq wabr 0z 9ncvd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theef/lw1l2pm,/ w-y 0w*gx,:t cuw bczhory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphe:x0j3 qrz7hmfc6 1urire, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have t zo zia sxtzzg,)dbg(7 n5611io leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller miiz1 )za51s6nbo 7d,g zzg(tx ass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yws+sq.f/l+ .buo dd;rou infer about the molecular propertild+ +uss.;fwob. r dq/es of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hvk, mmtxx s)z;z)o0 u5ot dry day at the same )uz0v mz)5x ks,ot;x mtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur)e1 w y:m;laoao h+5b7 47dfjxwnihf.e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sarcu m9j (+h2ucme but the humidity is differeh(2 +r9uu cmjcnt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the3,y d bw5 n0smhk46wk-c-wse r radiator cap of an overheated automobile ebrwmwh4- ye d-wk0c6sk,3 ns5ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. -8e) jhbv4dio 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram c 0qi9 wide5ycau*z4omf6p9v 9 opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comj rq(i8g3o+(twak3ibvc ryl5h(5 /xkpare to the number in a silver ring of the same mrjy/a 83(iwx(c(vqk5k+i5rbt g o 3hlass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often t isj.tgy 567 (ji9pvctaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9.(7jv5jtigys6t p ic    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 )r* v n7: bx2n5sokvky$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoholt;ts4ta3vsno,cu eak.**ym 2 .1umkb column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .uv,st*3.;bytu cnk ks1m *oe2mta4a $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20k.x1vu +d 1 usn;exmu/ $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought 9kdj 17;k 6sh zh2a3fl:flo91opovco iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatavzo6s ;cflpk1o 97 h93of:2jd kh1olure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hjx qzj w8 8 j+,(e6owis*c (jq-.*w2yj wkyryqole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamjjcew.y(wjjw w j 6*q(+xr 2y-qiy z88, sk*oqeter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at.+xnv8 wdjzi8; jqx:w 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b. mt3puam7 r (3w lqz-2ufge*ee its change in volume if it iszf me -u7(lmr3a wg3uqt .*pe2 heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watec4qd :jqi qcux ,(p4p/r at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that tpph27-z cve yxh82r5 ho(5jw55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is nixb ,e; tbr(+t.1jff to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a iy.2lyufs.v x3*ks r4,j .gbzlong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is appr..s. brv 2,yzfulsy 3*j g4kxioximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the k b 45963seps/yb ymdzdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linll g*d05+zxipg , qaae-f .be9azs 34aear expanl3alaegq9b*e-d4 s iaf.+ 5zpxg a0z,sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid e 3v1trs-goh:5 c.3uow9bn dm, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grvdkr876c.c3s c gqr9x andfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1d6. gx9csc v qc7kr3r87 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d ssebvbn,; 3iw+wi2m y -yr/z2iameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has abw ybimsnwivzr/y3 +se,2-; 2 volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of mt 1w6/j/ gvwh8na uq.radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on f6vqw/t8a . jmghn1u/w rictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is reqdqm* f 3lh1/vm9-c.,kfi icjquired 9l.m-f*3,mjk /qicdqv1ci hf to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect w v2w us813qqpbqo-3qional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm kk;63 bzaqo7 eat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempel vi5r46r vw9fu.7cviratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera6 a 1vrkfg;ma)ture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thd7bkiy p85pueps0t)l (r *dcb /hze 8*e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air a9 0y062uq tk pc mp,oyfb*d4amt atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab0 py6b yf0o2t, q*4amk9dcupm out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at ST, +df hu4bd6tkP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrgmluz 9yp.6( jogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg foi:+) 6bn5nw incm8dof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gw .*r iippexr bg/*/*ias is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container:(ol,pvq nnx3j i5p6g holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385g lp ( 5n:q,ix6jo3vnp K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 i c::+h2 k7ckph5cqgikg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the *t mhn4 inz-1s x pgobm/r (w8k65rzft))k(wuballoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppos 1 6k* nufmb) pwnx)w-(8rztor( mgkhtzs/5i4e the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 4nhxsxtojc/-tt q0: cznb/ 4:15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1peuq4s1 szi*e6 +*gz fq(b42dxjyq y216oeum8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l1k/ uju-jd8w5i4 v bacevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofd*;:jzxb r 0ou molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0 u6 -y)nk krqtd:5)zht00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number g 5ya(oddra( .of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1r.qz mqk3wvx6 c3 55zu$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-3;8wd dy nd)cuL breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10dn); d w8cuyd3 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa2d) bfs)5*xbv4pqb8 i7m dcc 4zodqt9 l kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? i2qtf7cd45)pvd sx *z8m b )9bbc4oqd   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium amcgvlwh(y+ne,;c*j6jg)lr7 *tvq qo 1b im2- toms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofhcl7 m+nbj)iwyl1q-rgjqc, v *2m*egv(;o6 t about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the p xx ht2:a6z2 u(m4iohtemperature is increased from 0 2z:2o 6ihxpmt(uahx 4$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsn xl f6pha6:+wo3x + 0sez8wtw, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. 6xwp6o e0swza3tx+hnl+8: fw $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 77 mbx l65ps(ue hl;az20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whjc r4n o*tg.a+/q/n(gxdg(p t (j2 jvxile its volume is held constant, by what fan /t.4vq+2x/x(gc (jtgj aj p r(go*ndctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molaamb (a82b 0trecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, :a:b r.n*a keq,mzv:ro /c1d x pemq(8the ratio of their rms speexpqvazbak1e dm: n.:8,*/r:emo q rc(ds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculwcnsn123j:e ;iy+l/ tyjarzf; s-zr.es contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rm0m22ms*d uv- 5au7znh kich(ws speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dis lt2ma0g.. xhkjs4 twx )q/ii:tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lim25q4abx e- ll21q tvpving cell atae5xp2lbm-41lt2 q vq 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written sewwz6u .;xdq;cx4 j o9*ot:6 (sdmpsP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranijqdma.z1clur: y87 i,um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, 2c+bqf*6b jmhin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempjskb x9ehun(y(mi5n h04ed */zrg1z/erature is (a) 90e9h 50/ yx*nzjum41r((ebn i gksz/hd $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when thep ie*ks4)v d/z9i ywy- temperature is 25 i9ws-/ d p )*k4yyeviz$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place *vvom., m jyp)qq*bs 2where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu xxm hw,l;8 7a9rwwc:hlar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bwha:8, lwmrx7xw; 9h coils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa q9q ,zhqhsu-:lx xhk3cf00+ sand the relative humidity is s93hlx uq f zh:0cqqs-+k 0x,h40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatureyka;vg m+u3-sw50 nb(gi2/jt(qs moi is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if th+ bd n*ym1 e)7csxr9tae water is boiling at a temperatunm)c9drb* yst1a7 e+x re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomqh7hy11 rv o9z of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewxy2+rjucwsh v e(;47r-(tu xr point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (se 7pd:-3 m4ydl wpfu :16csyleke Table 13–4) to diffuse a distll6pue kp-s1c3 :dwd4 f7my:yance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inteok)*)93ygk kxvr 3y; hjxx)oerior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crossx3oxyrg))3*y k; j) eokkhx9v -sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr4bwl5 xzhs :rs(a3c286eiuk yc7phc( ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapefs.4/ iz,r-k1b 1bx, oxtdifq measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated o3yc2no. d4xaif+1f dat normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling foxcf 4d1+f.nayd 2oi 3or 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afm, ut mfmw397kter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the ormmmt7wf9k3 ,uiginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of wrm8 u.ve 1bkp 6gm9ryf)j2e9air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andyk8rr) b . we2jmu vmp6g9fe19 height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterwv e8/7se4o8xbib / ei is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tec j2if1flw) 3tpkb . c7:b/uikxhniques is abo x/ubbi2jw it.c)fk:7lf k 13put $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa+es; jb2qof k bwig+g8ow.4*gcity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to4; sg2og*+wq.8jeb+iw fgko b the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters dmg09d0,h zblco4kn, q v( qqk6ua2 t1Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatuv lq0 64,t01qk(uda9qmz2 o, nd bchkgre? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from z17m +u3tg 4fwp +dkxj110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7709 kf;u5y.t:ym:hg7a8w hfsev /il v3im$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthh0.ykaf;f2 ,/ pqa kgi b)dz2c, estimate thfz),2cfgdb.iakyhapq/2 0 ;ke total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cor.9h2*s5 g irjgc3z dwntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga400h(g xdv11 ie .da/ wtcjzpouge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K . 14zphow0gat1/(jd i xv0cedHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq: iu c /ojqwc9m+fb(:suid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinmp:* )an1b jthe at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s :7tkxg5aekk827lsg ep bqx9 9 equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20 gl-x.cy5w ki)5 pu(lx$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad5y 2:zyjmf.* ,wat ehiopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chaj d k53k5r03 e .a)v(l(;kaleryig jivrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earseb he9n)6 ,*l tzf+jh0cqaw4th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennpasgo;h htvecft14lt rv :e7j9, *s :9is balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastica 4:t o1jphv*stc7e9a :ev ,f s9t;hlrglly, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bm4lol*w 6s/iwubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas.ls *wo46m w/il How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor*o1r .fo (fh-ww7vade pressure in the air on the following two days: f v7o r.d(owfhw1*-ea
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differen.91gi1 :5yhzdm5 be8ip czhgz ce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thc58b 9id zhgi15.pg1ye m zz:he temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pryia+dw:2i py :essure, the coefficientyidiyp2 w::a + of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.