Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg o pbrw9/zoe6a63jj/*a9 w ziaif aluminum? See the periodic table orz/w bjai39i6ajp9w/o ez*6r a Appendix B.

Name several properties of material6(uif t-pz17x0 g wynvs that could be exploited to make a thermometer.w7un1z0-y 6txvgifp (

Which is larger, 1 C 6oc9gsty4+dmyd v .r nu 8)-ok$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal)++o hohdd++;wfu(adpq/ lna equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatu(d; +h/+ u d+al a+hdop)nwqfores of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted toh /e85yeg2x3n2 du*mlcnl9 o:vof 7q-r bk fp* a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hik:*y *llfpbvu o rmn-c / n9 fg8d32h5oee7q2xnt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expaz - ie,)vhf7p ga47n bybgc(k:nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sim oeunrb-s.: o(ple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device(b. -ns:ro ueo controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a s61bev-n1 hdol; sz.r n3d-whyection in the shape of a U. --des1ndlhzv; o y6nw r3h.b1 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ;,m7(j vdudpna7 lyy6of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometew8ho xskhm* h6;e-c)t cgkm59h l60lbr is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riseh 9co6g)k ;ecl *6wmh l05sbxmkt -hh8s. Explain.

A glass container may break if9p5a k9wkha gj78(yjf one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exphg5jak k97afp 9w 8(jylain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin;dkwyeyr, l// ear expansion is much smaller tl/ye/ ,;rkdywhan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate +o9jul eq05b +uuktc1 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bgwtz; g7-;d, 7xtf0hv smnyg2m6 ws-rulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hathsn6t7s ; m mwwg,fy0x7;-d2 rgz- gvs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pis ipvj-8:*ash4ljp am u:f3va ;ton), its temperature increases. When afp*i l34;pjaa smu vhaj -:v8: gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spb87 ttclwy4 9j 1yoli4here submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempe1yb t 7ojy4l ilc9tw84rature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory a+v:x5cn*x+ q0xavo t pnd the relation between averagex:+opx vav 0qn5 c*+xt kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet89lg pxf ir2xw( gl3*mic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s ag 2tc3+loj e44l8z ud6g-s mjatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object muns1eqfvmt/2 0 st have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon hasq2vf n0/set1m practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl(dw 3cd v1 bdyf z.va2dzg83m)y than water at room temperature. What can you infer ab.( gb d3av2fcvzd1w3dy 8m)dzout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry 1 rz7emd :)w9y 3uqm8uvam*su,klw)l day at the same temperatuvulkrmmq 9w*)w:a,d eu7 m )8yuzs3l1 re.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempko1 t4j6f 0wmzerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dif q dw9ssk,;dt ,lxleu q+l+nr/bz.: n,ferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hum ,n,lbw+ n ,/ :qlkzesl xd.sdt9;qr+uid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous toev :0t9h-bhdop :sea)d4 w /gu open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engtd :vp:eob )adhe4hs u9 /g0-wine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tdmcyq3xfh:-;6petyks+a1g0a9x1qrwifl 4 1 he winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppuo4w*+gt*+glq .redtqi ,6 kb er penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to ujdck2uc *em,(bv j5.the number in a silver ring of the same masbu(dc*,cv2.m5j j ekus?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o3m8wak4 xbiat0td 7,o nckp-+9g9r orften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?-acgkmw8 knpb4otta,3 oxr d97ri09+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 jib()qw/v dv46 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colum*w d nxfl705 auhg.vf5n has length 11.82 cm at 0.7fa*hgd5 w v5un0l .xf0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built o03 .w:e7)e 7ek3kawcqtxtq c bf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.8msvt / e-3vrc Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperv mt3e-c8 v/srature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets kl5 sk-qvb/m( that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is t ms lb5kqk/-v(o be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aei 7 t/zi.+gkat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be 6whe+8/ip*8 k+zpryr0ojwmy its change in volume if it is heat wk8ye+ypjh*68+ oi0 rr p/mzwed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of w b sp5,a5nwjs4/wdlx-ater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of upwhs 5yy1d8um(gj5i b2w *-wwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac:5 .svofh )vaxed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallyrw* ggh7 2x yn-kt-3uk one direction only, show that the exg2 hn--ky 7wukt r3*gffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d epe;kc0kf f1rk81rz 8ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt:vfr:pxa n+ 5ch l and width w has coefficient of linear expansxar5 cpfv: +n:ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid9zd pto7 ju;w,, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath9rmipoy: f8t* l.78m bxk*o ezr+ b7lyer clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17l m7x +ry*yb8l k.bof e7tpiro*8m9z: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has b;n q-)ot4*r)jti nsu an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume os ut)o)b*-j4t rnq ;inf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi0;f vq3mt/ rk:r*eh twnum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless :3; t mew/tqv0fh *rkrbearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desivqawgurq yqy 0:;avy i/yc.7.x 92 ;s- mdgjt7red length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at th yi902csj7/qvdgt;.7y; y y:mvqq g.aurwxa -is length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec*pkpbhjhx 2.in92 nt-tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cma1 3 fls to5bsp2o e 24oq.(u3pxe3pcs at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temqjl(dh)lcaql 7()l1 v peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scy(j wsecy wp vd)(-n)8q.p;up ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of a 9e b)blu(+8m9lr;0p3 ys/l veqfxz tthe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aiie1+njl v2w *mid z2+gr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abogid22 en j1mwz +v+l*iut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ogz mit66x (clt8h52pi/vntir:; diak , + f3snxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgmgl glao7l;,ckwrs 388- ojgg4 x nme(q)id*/ of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o aqea2m:w;w n*f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i+ej.x*5mw9mc j1we ljs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of ax ),l qc n+g)lnzi)l/frgon gas at 3)cx+/nnfig) ll, l)zq85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgz uz 4u4zmu.m(vsx b(3 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidt zblmg( ov/1ozl31i- e the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outslvo lt(1zzom/ 13bi -gide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15* 8u xen tx6)y/spcpimm)-)o d $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 14-q f f;frx+gm:t5xre8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 rg0bct ztc/7p* b.l v8pa z16 :on.neo$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 7vv 1o,j(y/hfrnk6 b kmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a+u* y-bblh 6vere there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (,y )wo;q o:ucoa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1qfb-lde;1f5xn wx):qui; 3 qg$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha z ,eh y)hgn d7g15ben1w2.sokt were also in the last7,eyghhob1 5w d)k n.zn2eg1s breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kiplh +fr5st+1w87n o jrnetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?n7rf l81 woph+r+5st j    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spe+kc 6 p6utwi0l d72uyulp/ bh9ed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperat0u p7b tuu6c2p+wl h9idk y/l6ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturefa5uxnuwm /qm 4/y/u /lw/p(1t4gq sg i5s 4yl/qw magpu/u1w/(xftg/nm/ q u4s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4vh :3zw5r jr8r, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and r:3vr hj z5r8w8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule pr160(3rqsgjm 4mmyfs in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cons u*/ovzdh+l8xt / ikg,tant, by what factolgh/,+v 8o /uxkz*idtr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleyh9t22 jqt7rpcules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture;9s ywmddb 5y *(y1prionahfd* q/h2 / of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rh *robn25a9dq/* /1w(i yps h;md yfydms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecfjx +psmd -5+d1/f zhwules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms7 qkq(l(b;xd f.bq)gtr+j fe6wu v6.;t pwhl8 speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a01,izdd ovem5d asz1;;tv 0:v eil6cpt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino .r5 w8g cnv5 i;.oftfkacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livvgr.fkoc5if.n;wt 85 ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be i+cs7nop1d et 6 gqc1gboa7+6 written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ujv :k,o0npu ,eranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuru:16d4yug h(zot aj.tw2zg z 3e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm andfm7h8yha .p +b the temperature is (a) y7bm f.hh 8p+a90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if*jt 7(w f0 j7y,msjour the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempys*fu,j(w77ojm0j t r erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure al1-srhbe+ 3k)t(oo y jt a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the z- bt/utgq:qbouwn;p a t7 x.d10s(o. mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate t.7: d-ao tx.o1 t;q0bz(sp qnuuw/t gbhe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when tgk*)y 9b0i1wrl:jjem he partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and j ekwb 0*y1)jgrm 9i:lthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 vw;zk1 i+er71sw1kk2 gufoj - $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure ins1y g4 xuxyr:3side a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of u rxgy 4:13syx120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68r pgl2:qp7l lwaj-f3(nrh: ( 0eudzu)5 ,xjuy0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointhcid *sjaz9s5j,u* -m of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed dym 6; cko/-quz7-nusfor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance czq6 -ks ;-/u ouym7dnof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of im-:t.-f ,s falj1etao nsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm ll1.a f, :-tfsjo-tameong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurfv )+* syvqec9e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 5 kt+dr4+ct*bv2dk md20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caa*l(bfk03v uslibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watel* vsab0 k(3ufr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 aw 30l-7 lx g q.if,htvt5gd1v,/yja aftm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 att /al3q wg .h,f7,1fdva5 iyjgl0t- xvm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, w5hwqls ad-7q: vsk hsg bw+,.85p2ixridth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 kws pl agsq q72- +xshv d.ib:wr58h5,m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density omrwcv84 qcst h03n.,hf matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques isy-2ac0s4gyly w 0 wer6 abouty20 lsw yarw0y- 4gec6 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L mfx /z.-dp.edrall/-e; , sx swhen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungdx. d,e.rpssm -;fexlaz -l// s expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frfh1cv883 0.fer tsrtf /i9-t yhiy/jo om the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of t/hhs-ti tfj1rr8i 3oc8. 0yyvtff/9ehis high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 114*2qy6c 9jj dm7wj zan0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeb-*lhry(j )yw of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth6sq46 :x*vw d/z43skfbmbykd , estimate the total number of air mk/4xqbv kf6sw3s4bd 6dmy*z:olecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contrqi1sqdk.zwe wrs88 d 5f(2 u8ained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used )*rmb lx :*xqrin a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. rmxb*r: xq*l)$\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqfl2 c.7hiwol9uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0m;jmjdjd 1 +e w+8ja1j0whwbci4/ g 0:l3wetz$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugltqvvf hzbur*d df1+:8l vt ;29y around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gla51yysbl 6g6,qfcr e :yss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in7q y 4j as-ao1co-opx3*bt c4p the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullykk vb+xp +zc ;83udlm, charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart-ld gs7fg6zz 3h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennisul s smc1bj9k,k 0r/ n)xz;kw. balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and arr m)w91bjz.s0/ ks,x;c kunkle thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of adgkviq3vh 2w+3/8( nw4dc) e t)od fkwir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperatucq+d 24fknvi3d)k3 hdvwotgw8ew/ ( )re is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure iei 0ayl:pe m+9x9nu4m n the air on the following two days: px:e 9un emm09lyi+4a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, an; (*bm7oi7zmk r. pcsfd when it is a soliocm.7 (fz;bps*mirk7d deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, j 1v4z-i,fy- oei6ny hfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansiz joh nv4e6- -y,if1iyon is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify th6tqow8: 0 azm( *kqvyueir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kep q a08v:q(oz myu*tw6kt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg