The process shown on the T-V graph is y ;ls o5md9v1l9d*db uan

  In an isothermal process, there is no chang 6t8q8q,*x.kc btqbshqjobf./8jm j hh,n24me in

  When the first law of thepbz33(sygm qtm rn/06 et.0vyrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no de2 ,fqjy k85/qv (*ivl9hdshchange in its temperature. This process2i(h9shv *e v8k j/fy5,lqd qd is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process0ey(dj 5)efp a, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for thiep5a)0( fyej ds gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume d2y pm(88r7ler2 zfd6+f llpyyuring an isothermal process. The finalpf7p zyr8y +ldyl (26e lmf28r pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from9,qs d mx8zuc w)3vn0 nsw ,;:o,ccd-wxof .md 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expandes v,d: n8,x 0 o).dwcxmc;fqwzd 9ncu-,o3swmd the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. *0:hucat ,af7jqi1 k4ofg(vib .yvcvu*8-v r During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This prvcj(rvug ucy0*7 aq*hiai bf4k1v8.-tvof: , ocess is

  When the first law of thermodynaygo-((olzk 0)t /kz lxmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one- iwbr37l:ar0v half its original volume during an adiabli:bv073 wrraatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except ph6(vt-c9 rhjthat one containst-h p96cjv( hr $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects k8-cbpifvc70:di s 0j k2fwo+except that one contains kpjv 8cf iw +o7d:fi20kbs -0c$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV di6y(0hgav l3tsagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no fb azmnf) l8/p2 gr+k7change in

  When the first law of thermodynamic/+.nf3 v; +kxn agxheas, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat ywl/sdp3f5 + uis added to it. This pro3 dsyfw +5pl/ucess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are trancf q3-,-neb) swk-t bpsferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internalc- ,-etk3qps b n-bwf) energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV di 8y 9cgdif j4x/a4iih(agram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no cvei2c 3,j 01ie0h1c bgobq 6fthange in

  When the first law of thermodynamim4 dik f-b17c;xt 6pxlcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that 09z( ihyu 029b,uhwe zslvto;cannot expand as heat energy is added to i y2hwhubts 0,o9(lez;z 09 vuit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transfvu3(a 4qvbs km6rbd )9erred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the g3 6 4vmdvb kuqsa9(b)ras

State the first law of the-e :0vgulhggbg g6085cz1l f (tkdp9 crmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heofrveui ;5d6: at from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a ho co 7rgcbe1.lp+(me 7is6d pn-t reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according tl,qne/e :r4g vr3p vo-o Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the ,wx;a:u qmr f6cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engim:fuaw,xq; r 6ne operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ri64tp )m(m35lc gtvqipfpw 3-atio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot eng mh5noy1 (/p;hu 5wvvmine is to be 100%, the heat sink must nhu1 hw(v p5ym;/m 5vobe

  A Carnot cycle consists .aa6w/v/xm zyea2uc9979tywg soa r) of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second lawuj(nnu m4e/-exmjb o5o* :i -m5iheb+ of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio4,fuqws04w+pbo :j )yi s ngp/6xk, ux oqujo:w/,pk0wsi+u, n g6 fbsy4xxp 4 )f

  The coefficient of pertn kx7:3t 34ap;j yaraformance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entrozu6gc9/s iq ;dm.s2qd 9f96dv cqeh0 hpy of the water

  According to the secoouv -,o /eqklg2rx14 ynd law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an iro4yqvexk-/ 2,o 1gulsolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodyna6r59ih2 yvntj mics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concyiy e m/o jd 2k+j;o1+/rjjai.lude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal ga.b(i n en8y(s.dc)zk zs. What is y kzb i(.cn8d(.zen)s the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Waqlf p+. ze87 mvtcy,m0ax*t6 hat is the work don*xave+7p .t8z f 6m l,qcyamt0e in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process ufu 20gdwlc wh8q(c05is -400 J. What is fc ulwghu(dc 0 50w8q2the change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a ga-etgf)p q,vn) 6m idqc*g -j:ms adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the gc-:)v*ndq m qf ejg-,g)6pimtas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process whil5bp0 vid8m:b-(di/uymbuh qu 7bt )(pe doing 25 J of work. What is the chang5bu-mu i8vy ph(/ mbtp:0bd7qd(ui)be in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, th*dp,) l9tiaghe internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work do9hdpit*a lg ),ne?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wod 8pch.gsnz+ )gx *j5hat pg )zndcx5jg8 +h. *sois the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at cesnzasg cxnd8zu5: p f3+uwfbh+ *v- ) om,17uonstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplishe ugnu7me8+:-+zu)dfxp,1w5as nfhs o zcbv *3d by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constavx7.yrfn pf,*nt volume when 831 J of energy is removed fr.f *ypv,x7 frnom it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg oij /xn 5qhz7th9.j4yhf water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J wfl; .g9qs8d7oj/ mog s: ss,+6wrmdoin each cycle. What is the efficd rq/,;: ogssd w9jol8+g.wmsf s 76omiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per 0-1c tt -zfjwi /aas4k(d2otpcycle. How much work does it perform in eaci pat ctoj4d0-sw1( 2-tak zf/h cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficienc51gae653f o/kobz jw ey of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exha 5a5bofe wo3ze1/kj g6ust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 66uy,rcnk+ sbn ggo:0kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency og: k+cbnsrn06 u6gy,of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcals(p b my/(0sls-7l cwk of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate 7l ykw(c(/bl0m-s pss the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following che5+u lqk qsw4;v oz;-9,rn* vov ctj9;akf6mharacteristics: combustionjo5 ekvw; r9-z 6maf+qsqvhk*tc,l4 n ;ov;u9 chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followip*2n3.mme c2q-e ao 1w+nukg qng characteristics: combcwog ku 2nnqm3mq+-a*1e.p2eustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the f1 be0lde5cjr8w+xhwmt 22 frux,l9- xollowing characteristics: combueh0r xt+r2 u 8 e-x2f1lj5dc9lb,xwwmstion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The pq65m) 7ot ekye2qo)chlant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 r7a ta dws.vb/ n4hfh(.7kfe( MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant gen cu;; y r)mf 6tj22bx((oyc8un;jm hfqerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effic h+q, qb9;yanxy (u.:t)tfjt ciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for arl1 l8mk 84 t3hih5a1pfs7fvmn engine operating betweehl1v ak1 485lr87ms3f mpfh tin $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cv6cfm1yp 9i,aold reservoir if the tem,i pc6y9v 1famperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwee6 kt ak63opn( 8mfvha8f+ rh)en $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thhf:6x ;lv za)ve freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejectf)z:lv6x a v;hs 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the frljar n zo h:4n3rs fr001)eq2zrm.o)meezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejectsmoza))3r 1n rz: q.r rolsjnh2 40fme0 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of o- p2,mimgt3 )d,pretsperation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much woritm ,2)g-s, prpdt3em k input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whe:dviip6.u/16un/ljnqty b 3fn 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezem6 7/nm.*v-p ll uxhnds, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undewr vq n c-(n33sw)o/c 6x:dppkrgoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes bs(33 rv n6:ocnwcd x)q/ -kppwy
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 5hfh -.z jo(qeligw; *vp:w uge4td .)$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.