The process shown on theex* 5g,zlr3vb T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chg:tgh( i4cybcsvw+s (2c gl/ (ange in

  When the first law os66qw5gm4 sk9 awl2,fcsyv zk *88h mtf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice itsiopch 3kd6dq587 v5 by2+l r6rg pt3ud original volume with no change in its temperature. This pl gihtddq7r 5d2or5668u+ p y pkbv33crocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally fro:fdt:c fvn8go)3i .s dhq9377 xblkmrm 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this 3hq9 lf8:t:vd .cb7 d imo7sg3f r)xkngas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during anczyf m+g4z 4x+ isothermal process. The final pressumf4z4x++ygc zre of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this pro5w3j p ievc* r5*dk1rjlafhzgt2 4 l.)cess, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. jl4i kcg a1rdz*e 3 hrlf5*tpjv25w.) Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isol ssweg 3x4zv+2ated environment. During the event, the gas vs3ez2 w4+gx sexchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermoxkx1tn )a c46d6bd51w -b(rg ygc4jpxdynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its ok- :hzxc )1k- :5jenhv3ojs njriginal volume during an adiabatic procevx-k)zhne j: k5j o jsc-h3n1:ss. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in allf yel/ eb*3 tpm9q(tv+ respects except that one contains qt/ f b(e*et+ ml93yvp$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one c/ ygjkkt. upyc a 54qy --5sgq-q+xbobp.k:l5ontains yu5-p /.lg kkcaqyp kt.q b4sg oqj5+b:--y5x$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagra;2b y7+ it u+ xgjlxy6.ajhaq,qs4.cwm is an

  In an isobaric process, thep yvckse*mx l4)(2: zkre is no change in

  When the first law of ther +ill ;ev; q,vlg 8kxye.7ohb,modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is add9,ygl8 -sh vxsw9ps t-ed to it. This proceyp9 lhssw9-s v8tx-,gss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant 3yr.0ww 6o a)ka mafa0pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gaswmw6o .kyafa3ar)00a

  The process shown on the PV diagram i m(:v nsj6y.s;hsqrt-6..+wiiai mg3 v jqj5ss

  In an isochoric process, thex gpq,yc5*f h fqg sf0jw30si75e43ttre is no change in

  When the first law of t:t li2lj+0ill ;rx. 6ow,9xlwmbjr*b hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid contaii.:d 15dkqn agv2,ydc ner that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process ii5 kvcd,a g d.d2:qny1s

  Ten joules of heat ener9z ,gudgi:,v1kkl vgv0. l,cggy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a resultgv l,9 .dgl0c,v, kzk:g1vugi, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermg z onbxhr9 vj2 rm(5q69bax;;odynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat f7w9s2 hbi yo+ ca52hnkrom a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a coh,pg.c), oqhi e)1k zp cc7fh7ld reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius.n *x.;)6bd8ygf0; aqr)z e gbz-qeidq

  A gas is taken through the cycle illust5 i3cl hj):rqlgoy j+0q09 tgsrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine: o+gqh5t9l) sj0rjc i3lyq0 g operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rate:jn o (ckz;g.io of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carbafo/1 -p/:bchxn wv9 not engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must a:h v-bx/pw oc nf9/1bbe

  A Carnot cycle consisj i;gd **. iplvasg*p/ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of thei rm597(bfg* 4 rvci rm7aszz1 second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the rxdsw,psb823 cm -w /cratio ofsw, xm2c-3rb/c 8wsdp

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is **hd6z 6mw buudefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the watt4dv ,mssg9fwjho5 w 20.vn2v9gxdp(er

  According to the second la koc-o+zjy8 9jp( qk:ow of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur wi poj-(y8qkc: 9z j+koothin an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the5j5y2jpi ujd8xg+8 gjj rf4 zu /,takb;ap5h. second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamgv 4pbf fi/p,;py+ ,ngics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remosu kp99q)pe fqmjkl9x)18 f2jved from an ideal gas. What is the change in2 8e)j9 psjkmf9 kfqql) up1x9 internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5rrw:0f k2yonyn0k 9zrx+6n(wd2mcc* .0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done inzrk2 rcmf+ow k6yd*wyr2 xnnn9 (00:c the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -40g psa 0/y0um8k0 J. What i 0amupk0sy /g8s the change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change i)b nw)r8ymx 0k*u*urtqkdo3. je41yp n internal energy3rd8)*uu0 bo1q .kyxnkrym)* 4wjept of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an ad9 citr m3x7ia,iabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the chan, xritc ia3m97ge in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, thblpz(oc 2,r3ku u8k 2ye internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work dkz3p, ku2yc 2rlobu(8one?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of;b:xdlric dr:6 t m+v7 a system decreases by 50 J. What is ttbir+c l6 x;:d r:7vmdhe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it isoh8/oje w1t-ygz 4xl 3 cooled by 50 K. Th1 xh3-4 8towljgye/o zis feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled b-1mtn 5q euork7y1k t4y 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many mol4nmoeur -qyktk51 7t 1es of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kggnyz*t1 thuu74hqi:j qs4 hbk(d, 1q1 of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and le -d*xy ft4++eozubxh-i(, qfoses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the -xof-*( fbx z+4 huide,e+tqyefficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per ixgr xr/+z7gqc 0:*wbcycle. How much wo r7g xwc/ri+bzxg0:*qrk does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J op ,s(+bkq3)39f q4t sp zijmz m4up;vlf heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhau,p pju34pzmvksfzlm39i4 q; qs b(+t )st in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each p1h,ws8wls1 .p8q dvzz 69kvjcycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the zs96l1 .p8vkvws8h1 dq,zwjpefficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heauo, m(8iaby, qk5x;jw t each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work dum 8wix5j ,,y(; kqboaone each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteriuj6as)oi v*8n stics: combustionsunoji 8*)a6v chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engi:py7zu cq s-zv dh/i+9 )zy um/j5wf8wnes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tequ+5m)hpyuz dz8f/s /j icw v:z 7wy-9mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteb.,e qe+jk11dy xqaa;ristics: combustx,k1abe 1jqa y q.;e+dion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gene:7klzmht;q v:rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses -o7+ pmacbxdmb nn i w+*7e:-r$4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates:fscz+e97fu,8vp x67 rgje y g 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operatesxt15f g+ .ty:kvhqs6db0efx f w .)xy4feg+u8 between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theorl, z.1vvp+gx/cus:y j etical efficiency possible for an engine operating betwes1.xupv/c+y, j zvg:len $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperatured5+,w h zvkunrv ;4rf2 of the cold rew fr;k+v52, vruz4nh dservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betz5: wyg+8lgzm y y.or2ween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the ratl1jw qxwo*ld2+h6(yye of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycld(wl1oh xq*2 l6+yjy we. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmentvpf36gz ip5b) at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a ri3 pgbv)6fpz5oom per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a :km prt lcaza036,q;arefrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and m,lza3at c06akr:;pqexpels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entrop qvd 1x-/me(,(hhcfkey when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the cha95aouv/ sxrs -nge in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP under 1 *eo/ex0xfoi/*ybo agoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy ch oy/oi/ xf*10b e*xeoaanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at au63;kr.;:i, .zt oudrqps mt$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.