The process shown ono.x+.iu/a2y +j)kc+pq9bls 9 pqvk eo the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal procesyb.0tjr2mh xuf-,vih3 qn* 9ng 3v 1tas, there is no change in

  When the first law orj6i*w * zxv5/ ui4hk5ewi td/f thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume ;nboao aq, 9s/ro3yz-,lsq poede0*4with no change in its temperature. This process 9e43qda y -qe,;o*/sazl0nbopors , ois

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Du7ujvw x 6l(0fr,qdcy ,-u8hv tring this process, 6.0 J of energy is expen,lfjw7h u8xr6yt- c,v dv(q 0uded by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressa a,tpyhj+2 h ow7s8y93.k qpbzz3(wsed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. T.z , py hb+ 2 sjs3w9p7kh8o3qt(ywaazhe final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 p8yrtlh,,x, ntve 2a3, q: wgxL to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mecha,2:, 3,lygthpxa8 e trvxnq ,wnism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an iqsi)7a e itzv)-i64l lsolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process ii6-izat7) 4le)ivsqls

  When the first law of mlf w-z2dv1otw 8u:n3 thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during hdc/+r2)xz* gf ng jo(an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gahro2cdzg+* (f g /)xnjs

  Consider two cylinders of gas 8z 2temw (/fowidentical in all respects except that one contains t/f(8w meoz2w$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identicr9e5 qcxu,2lial in all respects except that one contains , xr2ul ieq9c5$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV m00h v t( csbtj u*4;dr3:goxvdiagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is n+4zo ygr f( 9b1;(b a3hcgid z;cy;xyfo change in

  When the first law of thermodynwqnm ,e; grqs)l75 )dkamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to gzd9ry8w 09nl qvw3+y it. This proc3rqdwg0v y8+w9lz9ny ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are trhm;,eo - x+eycansferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal ener+-x; o,cy mheegy of the gas

  The process shown on bk 8k87 4rz1fd xm2 (trd;odw7dj7 vrhthe PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change in(77bh1l,wwqp xcuyev -m*z)i

  When the first law of th1ki8 g,3oj3xjf/a usn ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid cw,dt pt0pfs2gint,:46 s.wgfg) hx 1rontainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added fdrst6hxi t1.w ,:)n,s4w0tp 2pggfgto it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferrvjrd8den 69: qed to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. A ve9nr d86jd:qs a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics3ls,a34mz z iw.

  Is it possible to transfer heaarnr3 i:hxhk 45ao39nt from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a co d3ef j9dxr99x)m* skkld reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to d5k3t *xo99 rq myptv0Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how eea9;39gdt)lo g1gqm+ n i9dlmuch work is done by an engine operatinte+ 39add1l9g )moi l ggn;9qeg on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratido,6r ebjc(, uo of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat si,,u( aguvh ivhy43tu9nk musuvgih3t4(uy, vua ,h9t be

  A Carnot cycle consists p( wo3q/fgeg3 of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statem7evg b3i:a5s eent of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) ofsev p4p8:lo *5;q0yv upf mx1s a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o po*lp8fypsm:1uvs4ve; 0xq5 f

  The coefficient of performalsp25az-w qr/nce (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the ek7-p2wx j,ze*n2to kentropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occlma2+ah25f ru.c4tqh ur within an isolated syst2hrc5a ulfh tq 42a+m.em, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second x dzj4xfm+.qe, x3 4lq bb*rm1law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concludewc ijwzfy0 y7d40pq:. that

  During an isothermal process, 5.yhnq849 o(g vv0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What i48hog vqyvn9 (s the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idezo go9-k0se; zal gas. What is the work done in the prk ;-s0gzoz9 oeocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What *vcwa75f hx2t3et zm) is the change in internal energya* 5we 7t2vfzt mxh)c3?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the chanp z8kp sw+1ko 7oe.n,kge in internal ene7enpos.k+ p,1zkwk o8rgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. v 8 2xha1 -v(+yjl9sesmjo48z:g ipyg What is thievag-yp1s( 4 jjsx8v oh9y+zg m:2 8le change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wh o .slljbe 1bok(xd*7*at d( *71xojl. sebkblo*is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases byxu:9lu3qukr6 yz.0on 50 J. What is r9.:6x0uy 3loq ukuznthe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained atwyy /9whzbooubga h 8.2j b (zd4(83zc constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat zo dh34ozyh8bz w8 ub 92cyg/(b( j.awis accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume 9 zuqo g8: lsh2oa)c;aiqn0k7when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How lah:ca0us87)zgnq k i;o o9 2qmany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0a8 9rk 0rhhri9 7a rh2gtkw43h kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and los73c; 7fssdzk g; j k8my6p2(n n9gnljles 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficjds3y7g2n 7lz9n ;(8skl 6k ;jgfpm cniency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rece14mqqb 9z1drz ives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cz19d zrq1qb m4ycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. i pken0 uk+gg 2.p qdii:-6ql:yju,h)How much heat does it exhaus gu +:6qkqyihi:2 l-gi.,denj0upk)pt in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycswl1 x//.jfzvts0 a7 rc;m5trle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cyrt mv0 t7/5;1l w/ zcsfsrx.ajcle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat sjej4rps;n*w :l b(a 22 4ynhqeach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work ;42 q(wsjesha:nlr np*b4yj2 done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient enginv0*g:edu1 ak.;xkko4 oex,ives built so far has the following characteristics: combust *0ove ; ikga1:4ekvxu.od k,xion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristic b1/ptq(6gq:zl0 sow)/a-pruv fh 9gns: combustion chamber temperatu 9zu-/ ogfp/)hn0g(q vbpwl1sq :tr6 are = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficie2 ar xkihun80/nt engines built so far has the following characteristics: comb/nkr u 0xai8h2ustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant 1/9 fp:hvr9la ze 1xdxuses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genera 9o. li;7c r+lm mkxx.5okofj7tes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates1c qrf25wpv7qdsf7i : 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which op iihd*8 vwzx/wqi2e/s8ukv.2erates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible. r 9jv*h4h/q.eukcs f for an engine operating betwees .*9 e/fu.c4qhrvjkh n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Whkd8(ejvk) wo3wu4;tl,g7bt zat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is bjdklv,wkt( zgw4 ;3uo)e87t$500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between testfn u ;ogh+0ml/*e;yh ze 70q23ym$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at thegz1qh4en 02wb* v* pdq0frme / rate of 20 kJ and ejects 2wp fbg1dn*q /eme z r2v*q004h4 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removee : vbh6h vh;dn8m0)pbs heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performanme: hhhbp6d v;v) n0b8ce?

  During each cycle of operatio8-fx77dgcp62s frm )9rz+kpjml bl m /n, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requc2zg+m /6bl9lm7-s8pr)mfjfkd rx 7p ired in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whenwt zv)3: 8bntj 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the changmxutpj-9 65 kn 7ny1jke in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP und * *vhdinag+pi r/+ma6ergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes byh+a 6*p *igia/mvnd+ r
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at q9 b0ix x)i;by cuz07ygn3f8c$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.