Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 dd* q) rnhnpnc +,/rp,kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendi+r*nn nqd), r hd/ppc,x B.

Name several properties of ma64/qxqpqx osb 2fi qq)892uvb8ef 4slterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.s824qlbx6u )q/fspebox8 2q iv 4f9qq

Which is larger, 1 C yx4ksjwgf2.79o piyhru :* 5d$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermj)-en,qgeb d 2 rgg+l6al equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures e2jgbnge)dqg,6r+- l of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h,8zq ;trejs/hp 9 r4nxeated, the strip will bend. Wz8t9 ;n qp4re,h x/jrshich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 6a rvu0wib, 3iof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f65nwai(sh fq5m :t f+rurnace (or other heating orwmfr qt +5ahn65 ifs(: cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectn 2.uq(jubc7o ion in the shape of a U. W7ou(.2ucbq jn hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats i/d ,.vqs+ uhf9c n ppxtpq5,2wn mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fir u;;e4kta. d8gx04cq0apwihh st placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury init .x g4ap;i 0ed8w; h0tkqacu4hially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break i1l( s8 nbry8efbtle+0 f one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expt+b(relfb e8 1s 8n0yllain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its 3 k20lctg7c zn4ttr-b* wo/vtcoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explarcovtz4gn lt/320 cb 7*-ttk win why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratos .e:fy6j ri o3t.5ae gc-d2je at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom cg do6,0zza 98rgw +1cf3 nktyand top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenek zwz ,co98 rfgty+d 0n3gca16d?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sagruul( u 1zuk(:4* rb4pd+jt hy, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chanl*rr( ubkzugh+4( p:1 uu 4dtjges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sps 521 e+h qsv9w1gdoochere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasedvo15sq+es2 1 dch9gow from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folqoni92x suascyb7, .e+i :)z dlows from kinetic theory and the relation cub9i +)o7a,ziys.xds n: eq2between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Ls6ydu -;rc ga c)cpu fis90/g,ussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earyvvua:lh3;bm dwz48;fsk : y/th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mmazh nty:1n4-ust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the M1nyz hm4-t: naoon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than9hebg7 xifhm+w9b 4 dl2h4l0 )9wpusg water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thegufm ix+4b4lb hd9wh) h09 se279lwgp other?

Explain why a hot humid daj8g c4 ;bauimt0 dl.(pyk:3ruy is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatur(4c 0 uj ad:u b.kri;pm3t8ygle.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu a+*z w7bannawjfd*,.(gs wx 6re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempers:b s2w;.p z/ztz cegahx64 q:ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry w 6b.xtsz:p c2e :/zsgq4hz a;air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovem+qxi 3-eu3x x eb0+7sem*unbrheated automobile engine.0e3mi+u-eu*x n+sb7 3xq xebm

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud inf v1/r 05 vff/zv/n) -yxskxae the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in++e,cs o/7 y;ijrv: sw ohwx5hf r)(o8htm 7sw a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number inkygwob8p02b ai;o nsj cw+.; 8 a si w28 jbog .0;8n;y+ kwbpciosalver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whh;3st,c5k2 xcw d1,thoo1e7ywm 1 -e,diexveat is this on the Celsius scale?1ex1ixwhc3 t - 5,sdecv2 wmko eht7y,;e,od1    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1p 6v-fscj* 5gt6:jmqj36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm atrufw13 mn ;xk/ 0.0 fw3/r;m n ux1k$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buic :h)iq ,ldfz2w t2n.wlt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m v/g.9 +p5n3joowp imrtall. Estimate how much its height changes b93iv5w orpj/ mng+.po etween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftenxblsx(0x. x*u used and the rivet is cooled (usua( .xl ux*xb0xslly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water :(e ugjz m34idc18fq53eqymq 4n j-fc2m )hltat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if plh pb,k:,;phd)reht hb-a44it is heated from 30 h,-p;red4 kb)hlthhp :p ,a4b $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is /hk:h0:+gea3qgpnjt5 t v nm; filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wa vzt6 ycohc sdo)((/b0ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is 9mbnnhl5 e6qh.r2 3jhto be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containefjmw87 )pm9t ; iiey*ed in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffic) iteyj* ie7wmfp;8m9 ient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change il8t.rmj: 9 n3*xsurt zn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and r*)x . qh:vztv ryip;-width w has coefficient of linear expansion vq*zxi p;r :.v y-)hrt$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isomgfb2rn*w c 0*tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grohp*+e.hp*gy andfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17epo *yh h*.p+g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140tx-czl rhpac15+dd5(t b) ey( mm. The bulb has a 5t dy- )cxt5dlc(+a(h re1zbp volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about5ngz2 -t,xqkd p2c5gm its axle on f2zq5 cdg,m-pgt k5n2xrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1y p k4 e;td6o6g++3luubhj2 rj5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if t4+ juk6t;g ej26 royuhbd 3+lphe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cro c(bcr0gwb.p- ux 53 -)ey2s z4qaqmkqss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1fqp-hp d 91*ggs,e ,rd34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scag,y/t: d* *ewjscw4sple:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te9r t9l(is l*gxmperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4rnl*i0zx 4.yj: f5x2nu ng4nr000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prix/b6 jek )6ek7+;i2r ubs h *-ezlgnzessure and a temperature bjzezexb e6r;s *hn+ 7 g)il kk/u-6i2of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas 7xed+ n uc 2uazws-d,-law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kge5*aieeg4i fz ;m zw;; of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1 wl6z.vnzl6o7/m .e+t0mv ivy8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at:4m5-phm ni(guk ei a. 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdc.eksj9r voy.-;hg z6ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at ;.hv rkecoj6y9 .s zg-385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg.(h6hkngud9))*qf edb0ffq d of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bale2viu * x3sbf + pdzl4peet*16loon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balbpe1 u le4*vd*xep2 3zt i6s+floon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 l.y ts-.jlkn3r0wn8 f$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at v2 (z gktjwo nabh)3(.18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape(5u+bpzzg:mlnb 2 z/nrf- e)e,m ek1js a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 8d)bry , k7rpddq2(rtmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 ejg5u/o * b8t x xhf4s+zfhq.,L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m ewz+x pr2.:uioles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 ) 7yyyfjo10u4:dxb)i wzsx2v.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathh58 d c;abuze0 you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere iz ub05h;ce8ad s about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule g 71o.4w5 +l; rs9 wxbkar fbc-lcalt2at STPw wslr7ob a+r4 ;l9ac.b5c g2t1-lkxf?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at 6 okxmbw-r7, uhidej;/rsi;8bo 79o ta temperature of ab7j k ; odo9wo/tibex b6r8r-m7uhi;s,out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculgmut6)) 8l +ep;qbqwm0 l/y1 i i.uqores increase if the temperature is increased f)brl ; y o/q+)qu.q 61it8mpew l0gmiurom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 64hk+ 6am; qsd(kya u3o, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.q3khk;s 6+(d ymuaa4 o Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules zx53pjd)5 fnfi h6kp9o5jpaw n +,f4oin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, b63yv a vd5;oemlr 4ehr,gh 3(dy what fhl;vaym eod5dg 6h vr4(er33,actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculi8)osc,ta e5 wklwl2t9x j 71oes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same p+e0d*.) ghixy d:pwhtemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massepi:g.* d hey+p)w0x hds.

  What is the rms speed of ni 8mf jbz2(quvr-6nj/qiykd 7:trogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spq aj5jq52-d bleed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecg1k8 gi 7i1dgrules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inc8zs qkg0/(rk a lirk/gc8ks (0z qving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gehxi4ye mv5 is28lf8oh,/ rd4as can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u5hbc*l r+ht 3 ymvb,cb9s (e3sranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cal5)y1; /,iueb6at jd fbyl3l vn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature iolyv 3,t.w (t gh9lyfiun4c og.:a q/-s (a) -lcyg4 :yoat9 f w3t g,in.uvo/.q( lh90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (h :2-) rdair x(ihc0hzapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temph(d:zhc x-)2ra0i irherature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wag1dd 5k/wt; jy 0ougy0ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atokppu g t,553em, estimatee5,3pokg5 utp the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pris-wnqh/ ewz: r: v6e2essure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%:eqr nwwh-ev: si6/2z? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of -)z,oph j:foozxu bncv8-8v 3water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insy4jt1a; nk +zride a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempenyj4;a1 + krtzrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volub(/j 8re)u k dvo-xf-cme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew0*6+ dp mnbftw5idlpi,d ihyn +*1mc3 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 137frxruk bd* :8–4) to diffuse a distance o :b7k ru8dr*fxf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the 9vd3 ufh6rj1o interior through tiny tubes calledrfho391u jv 6d tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurp0*tqa e 2: tbe(ql(vy 20txcee has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hah n*;*qe(g pcpth i+q+w)grn /*imd1ms been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. x*p3bguza-tfjh.+x3l h u2(se,wpi 0How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coof l utajibehsz*,g.3 hwu2-+xppx(03 l water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiak8 t,xonn+nr7 lly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origitnxn k8 ,no+7rnal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules inc- ljalmwzqal.p;x1/ 2+*o z9 hww i/e a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum/-;ca +jx/m a *he.9zl1l2wioqp lwzwe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denauf 4 -5d6aeu)cdtk c/nv4:xsf ++wznsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the ba;dri 7hmr4 .mblo 9d7est available vacuum techniques is aboutd77ah ;rb.lrm 4di om9 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 r xbyt5 wke*07r ;5 u/m hh:dwbl6cs:dL when 10 m below the surface,b5u* 7rry/:6 mcwhxkhd e0d;:b l5stw to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp ;4)es:hhh.p 5tjrwp there at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be mad.he;st5pwjtr : ph)h 4e of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasgvqj+pp iw6k4iky 5-d3rbk 16 is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77ea3d1g vv cc,yq(u*)e0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmor,bg. w 5ulemul* p1x,t(0ci fspheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbet51b, (i0gu*wcu f lprx.,emlr of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6w ;suvyueg9:xa1 :yl7$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder ofjktc:1vry +4 h oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinde4:k 1vr hcy+jtr last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid rl vcky* is.b:/av23pblh )w- mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline -)xyw om t.ydqg7ux34 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were)v -h3tel8m jt to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighqkrtlrm cxk8)izn05z*)c)r . tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, i+yfuu6. l g8/7eusrdadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1ejo uo4n9;h505aeaf , whj7 vw95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frombc vs7-, ru/nnr-l-qujz(2bxqoa:4),t as a n the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gbvv vee3e hfd iq7eijj+*/453 hmx *3wravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the l*h3e iqj7mwejdbe5v/4h 3e v*fvx3 i+id elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fr bs(s0 *n,n gw3p zbs63lqw5bpom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whe sn3szlb,6 5pb0sb w g3pq*(nwn it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air1i w/,oerc l1j )3golx on the following two days: /oo3j,le ) cli1w rxg1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, w.3yh c5c)lxx n/ifh: and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature /hlw3 .hniyx)cfxc:5is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant)okd)7.-w0r7u +lrjocoeluh pressure, the coefficien))7o+o0 l.le7wou uhcr j dk-rt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.