Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 3qo+p45 w xdpr88xdcakg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe+wcpdd p884xqo3arx 5 ndix B.

Name several properties of mate ub./bj,,waqwtl 9qh- rials that could be exploited to make a thermometeuwb.ql bj,ah9 t-,/ wqr.

Which is larger, 1 C61bw d sqm0 oes(+t-u a0h/gvd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy: xg-8np fd88ftunmt/stem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, w :un-gfxf 8pm8t /8tndhat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oxxvm+we ktx1nx28b(,s uj -+pf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hu+ 8exsw xx- b knx+p(mvt,21jint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffih*r0d ei4+lx)j8ma n(sf1x l mcient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnax(m*4mv z - aa ;kaqiho8f.k8ice (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricz i4m8;moa h avxki*.(f-k aq8ity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at b:egp0x 25s cvr/r4nx the ends often have a section in the shape ofvep/:r 5c 0bxs4nr 2gx a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercur3p up)wgq: pozr-h)g)ky /3 hdy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a(dq xa 0ee7o5srrqf) b01- wend3; dlw hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain)bqsdaf;o 0w-5( rdwdl1 e0rq73 n exe.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly e): ixrb8r-;gs sy2pithan adjacent parts. Exrib:p8i;eys)2g sxr-plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that he-ax-es1 zp 5its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyre 1hep- es5z-axx.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 5i9z:1pemnhp $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and tosat+) pezd6: 5p tp)e3tut1f ep to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whatpt s)d5f)3tz +:6 uteapeetp1 has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressuo, e8.uyeh:dk s j2zh n/w+b0 q5/nyyed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momeo0kebe,.u8/y/+sqzd: nuw h njhy2 5yntum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in w(e, /- nr8qk6enlij muater increase or decrease if the temperature is incr,unjke -q/mrin6el 8( eased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl n f/2d ggieh;wgtfllu(514:, xnj,hz es’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absoluz5fhj:gw d,gf/ nilueh;xn lg1t42,( te temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t,o0 dc4 ob +hs .gv8ome65lvswcms- 3lheory.

As you go higher in the Eart :r0by( 2v zmby/cytr2h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth rez:)rzunso 5h((8v pbffers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about szo:8urb 5h((npfvz)one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water a 7my0lpd1o*rat room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties 01o 7plymrda* of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morecybybn ja/7-3 uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatur b7 3bjyca/ny-e.

Is it possible to boil water at roomeq 7z1cxmb r .pn4lhmi;j8 p5m*z 9l(p temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the an7vksn*ec-jtunrc. 2l,y e7l 0 9f+l tir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expl9e.k-n7 nr20 +7lctjl yenvst*u, lf cain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated 5b :;uzr+va.8j srfi lautomobile 5za .vj8ubl fs:;+rirengine.

Why does exhaled air appgplx 8nf v46kh nx ;)s3r5khq,ear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there im yuk0 y7uf,p0n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to kl e gisu nd e,-;g9q5wr.26xfthe number in a g kufi 96e-gn, xs2wrql.d e;5silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on m1u*k m *3ur-:vdkui)gl;nc: +vihtp the Celsius scale?)lgpmmci-:+u:vrkk tv ;dh1u3u *n* i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperawjt, vz8 m2yc n)xsb0.,;oh-lyftjq, tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohv;.5qn n 0qcf, zngx6sol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. ,vgns5.0 znqf;nq6c x0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonr8hx3 -2v2 fzovmli3rg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3w ggk tg20p2h7ff2i3n 00 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperat30n 7gi2f2g gk2pthwfure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv ejc7k6wym(sn)5cf6+n he.gx ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in +6.nj7wc hengc5xy( sefm6k) a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 +0pfh vykscg3w, 73gs $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsw2(1r xsqe, cs change in volume if it is heated q se21wsxr,c( from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wkjwdrqw r/v ) uiw7;/78p0 kjwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at.hrau9xc 7g v jn,pv/, 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironn ap 2a.x2xp xz*arvp35m83zw. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expebbmkq2bn bmkawe,*ia.3 / *:r7myv0and in essentially one direction only, qiekm e.aby m b:3vw7,/*b knrb*2a0mshow that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityj.w6rbpl fwi6+k ,/d1g n tw:bp1kk3y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h:czvw : sl mbahl,u13;as coefficient of linear expab3sv;u : lwla, c:1hmznsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol /mtju(id;)fe id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather4 cdq(mgo u)9*2;tfn rw8cn jize;gv2 clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 r mjggc 29f*d;neuc )nt4;qziwo(v82 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t0* e *mvqhmj4ghermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of vj*qhm0g*4 e m0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m imcly6g*)p,ne 9 yk af.s rotating about itaegl9,k)c.6f myn *y ps axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress ikiq0pc:j,)3/uk wxv g 2q*slc s required to keep it at this length if tw sik 2cpu0q*, 3lxg:)/cjqv khe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio o/u90zb3q.y wh.)jpe fmxig8nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter hwqi;1:/g.gwf qoj(i 9uou/t134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: mw(4j s;d1oukf)u;2 )iky2vwqd. f*utu xqo 9
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on) ih;di-c4vw fdxq 1/d the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou zoj0/znw(v,l t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempep4 f; *giut8*nbnik7w rature ofkiiunw; b4pgt**fn 78 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen atz 1vr ,*/xf*r 8t3phxkkcc2eo STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni o4)5qkn.hcmf6 * on(8bqjoj utrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 964zy(uhquh,l,zfris a 2zc1 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at b 23 ;f6gv :s5micv-b rlbgiu410.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas 50hv c; )ny c-c.pi5xv3igbeoat 38hy5-cin)ic 05 cov.e ;3 pvxbg5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k 77ps5cpv ps73wnzx)ng of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thm g azh;k56xx4k ,vls /i5.hbae balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of al6ab5.z;/h5,x k xmkv sg4 aih balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1o. jzmwi al1wr/:(tone lu 7o0mc+,1y5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen o66an xsawwkopc 2 (dw,3(2xtwak1a+at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s nd4rxmy wb+l2 7lbti zu6lx l* f8.5-xhand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moufps/xtn:i 4 l6i12ty lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hofo+wv,2odsry(1 4 squw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)p8 cmz88crbn3.e 7uq e moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume vgtp i+toe7om,,)w x4 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inp; i(hivw7,y xhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosph (p wiv7;iy,xhere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy oc2z dntnb 8.r drf3jm4v7 1/(zanrg6sf an oxygen molecule at STP?zv f/ctd3(8zs.argrnmr4 bd n2n7j 16    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera ji 6mxkp))mm8tp )im)x6mmkj 8ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempera3yc1 ,kv y4grhture is ing4cr vky,31y hcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havwn)k-,az, dzz e the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,,wkadnz )-zz , 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at pd)k *xen6;c/lanjhc:0m0 ve0 nagv ;20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is rc*1ux 6h9cfned +0uy doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factoc0echfx6+ * 9nyu1dur r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas kytk p1sb/9ynd) 7na h*r;s 41 m)d9x3nyswtpis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture m*f hhw7 vq xm8i/vzwyof7rh6 d 6(72dof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rooth q 72hd* (vwim6zfr 7y68wxodm7fv/h s of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cowb* (yi+0 lg+mpe lfwm2ss6o-ntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy h1kw 6rc7nt )cihhh13gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dn3q i(xe+ ;ipppd0 s1siwx8zr ,gu 1;pistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid eqp-/jkp ab6kr: )c , xeec.qah29:slv;0d lf whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livcd pk ,);eqjs- 96 eca/b0p2kfarqe.llh:v :x ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gaqm;yr9txwus s1 a/yj 0j6 :1c94p btgfs can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur -g;,*4o n jxpdu /vb-tozzww6anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre/gx1nj ;dh,md ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is 0k.ko2 n -ys3 cz2euis(a)e22nyoi z kcu s3s-0.k 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditq; k;dr yxr5 cz;apl7:y is 50% on a day when the tempec;y:qkx5 l7p;rz d;ra rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure jg+*coz+s8 dbih s8- le;a+ot at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.n qy u -grmr 70a1he6d4f9yzt772 atm, estimate the temperature at which water 6-9t4rmhyenz7g au0dyfq7r 1 boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partiap0xt+nf l ;(yql pressure of water is 530 Pa and f0y(nlq+p; t xthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prestz(**qdo rfp g02k7ga .dpww7sure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a press0 2es 439t(slznki ek xt(xfk2ure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of k90((lx fen3t k4 2ikxstesz2120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a mi ./: cr hhsgcv)ka+*room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi pwnn ,zi/,*c8 xr* *yqja1b2g9jeewsnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculeu30 *iwdw, xpg (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 w xp*dw3 ui0g,$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sp th kj4 al1e,tws:1:murface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abo:1tahts 1 pklw,4 em:jut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal )zkdw2r)lf j)ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenct+z. awgy z+fzl))7l w(8yuj calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup 6f-phf3m2v3kj t htz j,5d;h awas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupt5,23hjff- hdkm ;t63z pv ahj are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gasa-hvj7ap l,q- cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, tha-hv-7qpj l a,e gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of at0 g8,j iqnr8fwh, n2air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 8q,2g0hin8t jf ra,nw 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densifw+a5bxgp0/ru 8*pf9x2ny m xty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabla+- f7l7cv1- twhm nkye using the best available vacuum techniques is about ktcv7 yl7w1-a - h+mnf$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa:47 dzmk9fhq vbvl w9;city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this 7qk;v9dl z 4hbfm :9vwadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of9uc-s,glxdja- nk) r : about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose- skj,l)gxan9-udr: c of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increase9vu3w94tlpw dao;: v.lcbl0i(1mrug d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume tk t:m96uz6olof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric4x3w d 2q01rhqmqp b9w- fcnwkf* y2w+ pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmoc2*fn9xh3ww +kwf-qb wq mq1 y4d0rp2sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleh/ s5yx3mh esuc *h4i;cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in v 9kda 2 gb3k0si0;xrja hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPad0sx2jk9 r v; k0bg3ia) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquzeh5v 4 2;uttcid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 8w )vj, kvxf/w1hdj;yo6 ) ogh qk37of0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band werei o5 ycb;k(z, a15xtkn to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tivsr/ m9wx4i hr 1e,4egejzr6bqe.-s3ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standjxxy :-c:9ud fjjvm)* ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has f:(d,hz 0s,0sdbc9wnl sm v)e a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th-,lf*lpngzvu 4c p3/uzt*q p gq.p,q.e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballb2g nvaj k6+o+qt 4tx.s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown aan 6kxv4t+ gq2t.+boj t 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbrw0tx j*m j 6dhguahh4,h.*4 ule of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is,h6*0wm dg hj*h.h4ar t4ujx u constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the , bib.jlt .c yllt/2pbt5l90 ofollowing two days: 2btt95tllb0 yl .,lj/cpoi. b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densit30rlvxcxqu.vpack h 6jvf+a4k76 ,k +y of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempera3kk4v x6,x6jrcaa vlp+7uqvkfh c+. 0ture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lax 89ofr1yng e-) .jo9moc (vdjw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficientr9egc- 9y m(x1)f 8.nodovojj of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.