Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumink5j w/*kp1bd1ulw/itd+d ,s v um? See the periodic table or Appendix B. *j/b+ 1v,dk/ld pwsi5tduwk 1

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a 8 v zu9(-iexz6aitjgl*i wm(jf4;/:v4 lasuh thermometer a4i8j m(;zv-xg 6:uu ewl9vatfi(lihs /*jz4 .

Which is larger, 1 Ciuz5i l,i8l .81 ilflr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in )+ v6ke0w1:j5 lpyx dvzr/miathermal equilibrium with system C,xp rvky+1z6 ilmd e a0)w5j/:v what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a ,jko pdk vt:/* i3ji(wstrip of iron. When heated, the strip wikowjk( pivj t3i* d:/,ll bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff,w:hmj mjwzq *j*2v,v yehw(8 icient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of/ wm--ajc b:am k8w-iqj+e zp1 a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricitacq -z/wm1k :8a-b ewip+j-j my when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fstfein e* 25q j1mr.puam*s8 2g3+hbv.rpeo(ixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.t .n gf8bor*mq hs3j21e5u+r *a(vs2ep. empi Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer/s,kc-kb 6efo, d5w zbznc4 wy )*ue(mcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometeruc52kt1xc oju7 lus) jh2k)n3 is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially del)uc t73)xsjhn21 5kcuojk u2scends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or1:kjm7+d i,)ahzwj gp0ef ;ti cooled more rapidly than adjacent :fm+he7 kp i z;)tw0j1 gjadi,parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lo ne -nvxw i77g4(g9huinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat r(wn7 x g9 i7nvh-eo4ugesistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at z:a-b+ +1xfjytzb/-rgpnc : d 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will ys+vv b ae.k va+86is-cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ++ kai eay8 .vv-b6ssvhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressja0 sr:62njxrnd z) i;ed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using t):jr rnja6ds 2z0;xinhe kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in way;gggb8-3xr5 x u ;pu jo0. 6mw3ehtfnter increase or decrease if the temperaxh .3uf;tre65goj;nbu wg-3y mpg8x0 ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frd sn jvna-x .4x6hj(fa h.j1+nom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolnsnx(j +ax 4d1-vhj6na.j. hfute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fru: 7oopzi/ wf1om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the re/sbyq w6rq/l x9e:0 gatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minil z.u-jv2gc egmz7c(5 mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the lg.- (m27g c 5zuzjevcMoon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i;g c3p,29 c cze*xwmw3sw-pbsnfer about the molecular properties of one relative to cz wswbx3ge3*9csp2p-,w;mcthe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tha 01cf+0y mavfan a hot dry day at the sam1a+ yavm0fc f0e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 71i mh;1(sixxxl 6z c7snd,ov $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humi:-xmnv+i/)trjc+lbxpwoa1 7 dity is different. Which isn:b7xrw-1ljmpti x) + +aocv/ more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerouafaq o b6o ;7/ jcoszssa9/+(us to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eua7aza+bo(csf9;/ o6sj s/ q ongine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28wvy:s :+o7ba4y5+hsuxn1g r i)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.xjrqjl8jj . 45n9 v qh8b+dc)n4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nutbe95f0n gexd :m d2*s /pfqvmv7b v57mber in a silver ring of the sd:m75bp5f2dx0e m vn9s* gv7tbfq/veame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaleeh2- 2rg;j htq?rjgt;2h e-2 qh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and )7/so :8nxjtofs cjt5 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom qzx ch39a /eu0rzhc+tgp;1r9io4 fog+1) sv meter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 3+ fv;0oiu+th/g9 p1 rg9ma s )recqo1zxh4cz$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buissof ;49g an)klt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built sj+ 3dc7dl,- e+jyvxj of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate hd svy+e,jc-+ ld7jxj3 ow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riv(rsyf5(agaowd )* 1 ufy3c a,tet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be pla,aftd1c3 s*fw5u( agr)ayo( yced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at ni9twji8tfs-oavq+8q r:7 c;4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamexb:qot l jtx9 8(ptj:5ter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated f8t:x tb: xpo59ltqj(jrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.l f 3p,9p sdilrgv5y650$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLcor ma)b65stmf 7 6lt: of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plal4c8js77 70o rpydk osced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand i2e7g4fmie*w(swfvr .93cb yr n essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal s *f9rb4gc v (w3iee.72mwyrfto the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densz 0m u;dl.uwchu-s) t*ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi vx 22xovlg/eb fcgr ;5p6x(w7cient of linear expansipg vg2vlcxxw7 /be;x6ro 5(f2on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi/sw: v, 7ianfjc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is q0zttzf7 z c 4v41f:aamade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 z4z 1f0tq4t c azvfa7:$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insdjetlxo*i 7y3f3d-* 4wtkwgv3 wh-r 2ide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum-3dox7wk *h3tewl jr4tf-w i3*vgd 2 ye of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel ofcqx4a (iho rw)572i2vo gd fq8 radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on q r gc fi 5aq27w4)o(o28vixhdfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15e13yq(nmw u;x °C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temper nm1;(3wuqyexature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalwx:v) z 9idnq*/) zpqn area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm .u guahy4ks 4n*8s pv,/ (k1ddz zj4jhat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempec8 (yq.*b4pfraw) lrw(g;vec ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempeex6 mu q 9+.r2grh/q;oca:qhi(wqe ;hrature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the4lp q.un emjp.c)3 hc1 Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion3x*4e /9y 1mmtaeu pwk engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 201 mum49 3/aykwpt*x ee$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. 1*r1loky1vwf   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k -x /m.oe ceh:tdk6kj:ol2,fjg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains /crg07wof8p gm:kl-g 0o7srg/ nr23t4 wjxfj18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 3ir7-(j gx r9 agz/rvygas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35yf6y 3ok. d (9i;grlku.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 y ky (loi96d ;kgur.3fK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k8 ;wz; icxb3heg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insik f6+fz),tzma de the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsiazf+6,f )zkt mde. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a; nqto)x9zg+ k24nbjair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at gqy+ x*5 6nb2pn7vcqn 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch0p05e4;-igrvxlk ll:n oq zj; ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of .9i hozq-fm,a molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therqv 76 e/, m.luq4wc rh*io(fc -nwsj,be in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number b6h c- ps rpzk0y*2,vi09s19hcaeu gaof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.e.hmx(b)mgi-z:x u ; e1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer-jjy5asfdil)vbp 9-ply44 q o6 ; la rmj8/ac;e also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume laflj v9)jri;5s qpaym -jy-ob/ 46c; a8pd4lthe atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyfhf*u: zy0bw. gen molecule at STP? by:f fuz*0.wh   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun atcs jcs.u 9p81e a temperature of about 6000 K. se8pjs .u19cc    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatucm9 yt, k7hw+d.zm 7bs3mh(i fre is increased from 0 m( fhi ws9z k.m3,db+7c7 htmy$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follvsb3gt +0v(vxpg/ jg/ cz4 7kiowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. vgsxgpb0 k +4/ vjvi (c3/z7tg$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 dwkomw40z;k 4 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum,3bokp 0:2jdxj loa5we is held constant, by what factor doeso 25,jk30xab pjodl:w $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in pohd+7f5cd)bo esah;28el1o a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempe iks:mr8 kw ke(e x1t6ca/mkpky ;7.x3rature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equk./cxkk k;8 y te17riamkem 3xpsw :(6al to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in vw3x)x03yz5srtl +u) b:pcajan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at zj0fp+u 9 vq0t0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules: jxw,q +b f;;)s8e/lfswc 7d+uyqgz m at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of m*9s., rqo)w eh4irvb an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinrbosi .)eqh *r4v w,9mg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writteii,8e/qje ru4n P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur+w ei7ghw+9 er4pv :+mgdtr6vanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in b0v x o1/v0rvg*b7 rxs/un0go what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur-9vat fyx)fom9+ca3gv (nhl 3d9z +zse is (a) 90 fmtfh3 3nd lycs9z 9v x(9aav)g o++z-$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the boo4dtjara 46hseyh g((x:.1humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatureg xd6:ya(hoe (1btasohr4 .j4 is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wate,e1zxt0gc;e6r- mb y:tl w nw6r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimat8on6d qa2e1cw e the temperatud1awoeqn6c 82 re at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of way32g j k ,lvxx 4q(fix//;vbixter is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? / ij l,f/;yxxxkig(34bx 2vvq$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pren x(8vg,mffym8 *,i mtj zi;7fssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wat lp,vcm 3* */avkumj0ver is boiling at a temperature of jm l,a/cv*vm*k03 vpu120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of+8l;,a3z uw qgni/z ol volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d,(ic ah)oti :e: 2pabksn6vo8 ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needefr h6s sii):l5g5s)l dd for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o f5 sr)sl)idgs 65ihl:f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throvn4y 7nr*fsm*ul*8cp b : ak(uugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and nuac *b4*(pfr v87ylsm:nu *k has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meaza,1 rzbtk k44sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has ograjl8s.o (0 fyvk: .been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rq2 );vuptwp-fhf9 q-m/-yz0e+njox h oom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if tf- --htpofw; vmhxq 2 q9+uj/p0zeyn) he water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. uc 1,gvh dhq. gha*0(v9kn-gm After many balloons haveh .vm hh( -q19v,adk*ng guc0g been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules 6ib)-d,x ygr9eek(cf( r2 wmqin a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. As6) by2rd,fe e qrw9-(gx(ckimsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat::b uv (eqb.g) r5qdj,sy e5ukter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technixryp-it0j;m ; floe(c :if7n7ques is about pe;0x7o-ct7y:j ;f f nrli(m i$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lung *jf*yk i*.v:w iljla.s to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ex*.w.yajf jlil* k i*:vpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s 5zk omil 71xy:z1 +s-+ qq*sl ,figjrzatmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of thisgz7i1:z*f+q, so +sl 5mql 1k i-zryjx high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased freu g36 pf i0fk5..ph snw/n;xxom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oft qdno n/746pfu, n0u*mt1d bm+c3l ip 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaly2/ ,5 3ycqbazc9tsw ce of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.yq,/ lztcc25 y3w abs9    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitro5x;uqxy v/*p hgen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyr5wlu x9 wbzo x;8d3a a):kdd6gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratewd:uk x 953drzaxo ;wl 86)dab, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid tts p0t:z523b 0lb j-abb3jul c1 h1p22atxij mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0-b 4,qi aonk2npe+;zvj(i,t j$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’0wm4l +3gxmoas equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at w-u j.lx 04m5:7 j ntddz9epgj20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thug)5ypk);c j l i.z1dre 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge7cfh )0 v,oo2j e/lseld, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from theibjhq3e+3c.j9w zf/qg o ;n+r Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballsc fdq2aok4p 2, thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 4 cdf2kao,p 2q0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of iijl ,v 5+twrgfdy 2g *77wnb+air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a l t2 g r j*gvww5n+iiy,df77+bperfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folll s3cc9, swd9mowing two days: ,9swd93lsc cm
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when ijr88wsosg*)6u e5 f ocs91ylat is a solid deep in the Earth where th*s5ol9sfs88 r1u6cj eyog)wae temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurksinq z,m1ea*:--khbpae,ichn r9l bj7:q +5e, the coefficient of volume expansion ps, nilk n,*ib-r1eh9: cq-qa j7 +b:meh5zkais equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent pf x54mi:w9z nrot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept atm9w4p:nxf iz5 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg