Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pebk;eq4 nd(wg/vcbt3 p fd38 x:riodic table or Appeb;xge8kn33(vtfcd:db/ wqp 4 ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a therer dx2,3)-(o4*pu fb ojaoicumometer.pb3x)4 od*r c(o,uef -ju2aoi

Which is larger, 1 Czfv:bai +qx 9 :,b:evy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in theri8fzh pr9 t8w5mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?z5iwh9r tf8p 8

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oaam79 8f dkows 4p:vd4l( nnjxfg*8n:f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint9pofwg:4d*flk4xn8 ms n(a :na87vj d: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineaa dv+kma-h/ d vt e ux)z,n7ntt98o+e5r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaceqn 1ox1qn0.-/z ft(1ebwoez b87pyeh (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow . oox01bpben7h8t(wf/ e eynz1z-1qq to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at, gfvo9.5ats a the ends often have a section in the shape of a ,v59f.as aotgU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in e, muqi 58 vil-c;yiv/mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomyy04hmku 9w5kr* l tu8eter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and ther40 lku5*h y8mkwt9uyn rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate+35i18s f.vt avzl cold or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exps8l zt3cv1l5o.v+af ilain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient oftq.). wt7xd) ejg:kpm linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat rex. tmepd qgj. 7)kt:)wsistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo*f j(t8d c.sdock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodidx9 m7 +r:cf+lvmt35kk9b mia will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand ulifm+5+:kcm9 t br73d kvix 9mp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresse))e q,xi+l eskd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature incr),qxse leki) +eases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcmzq zg x s5(ws8h,nfnz1 .kuz.6 cf7o;e on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2.s fz. g(k8cos ,5z u7wqnzmf61; znxh0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relat8eyrph ) 2ar5sion between average kinetic energy and th25ya )er8 rsphe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fov-g)8 nlp. fbdllows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos09:phke 1eci dz ao01rphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the m de,kg2m,xzi,inimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth dme2 xgd,iz ,,kue to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thatgkqz.m*z5 h4kmp4u3 n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rpqgh 3mm u*z5kk44z t.elative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry do5rww9)dcypm kg-m6* 6 x ti4cay at the same temdmx6mgwoc-9 *) 4pcw5y 6iktrperature.

Is it possible to boil water at s1debg: z.fur+x8u8cl-hfz1c 07bmy room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditylm:guw9h 70yus6 d:uu is different. Which is more denseg9ymdu ulh s:w u0u6:7, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tox v6a)g gw7/n 5q pdtde30gmr. open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engqrtd7x/ epd6g mgv50gn a3 w.)ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a v/5sqin+ k bo/:0tqea8ie,yjlittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4x1 sxyo fz.i),-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare k9ruipg5/ck8up( lpdts;;y;bp e)c:to the number in a silver ring of the same mas ) ;k:9u cips(8due/tb p5gkplcr;yp;s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi*1vwtz02 vxj6prtkxfz 0 + g-ous scale? wvzj0+xr oz*f p v201tkgx6-t   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anpba 7r wmvbb3*3lmn3 5d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the(jieb87m+zh6inq k:85w. hcclx vyxs vt,8 y 4 alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.s,v +4 lhtzyn w8mcyhji6 ikbqcvx.7 (5x88:e0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (rko;dqlgd,0 mrg)k.720 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougaj: 6iir)3sug ht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Jan :)ai3irjg6s uuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the 0yqlg5 vf4 iuipd(. +3wrg ir)rivet hole are often used and the rivet ggdrur.pv) 04wiqi( f l3+ iy5is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 woufato2af cd .:*(;m$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 c.td aa*1c-b y 2kl7euv ar1b+bm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hebv c *b+.u11r laa-akbe72tydated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled bbw/yep6)c i*to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5f9l kcki dzb*a//; wra.q 3n*xm:jy,w 5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rb3l/ f((fem(u(pdvr qing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vespb vwydfsm,a u4;b . m6441pelsel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that thes m, em v4al y4bdf4pb;w6u1p. effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in ts y d);9g.zi8u9zbh*bedcx f0g -m4fc he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pla3hkbrcml)24f-z+b8b0 to uncte of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion co8z 02m+krlfb n)bb4h c3t u-$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidc -w0 ..zu+-ngtk9,zqx )lo lbwmeie2, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass an6 7-f3 nssj q-unb oq:h+(hxzad keeps perfect time at 1qz sb-36h jfx+n asn:ho7 u-q(7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dg)ev( ywcqqy:8n .xj 0iameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb h0enyc()qq y: gj v.8xwas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about i/o.a jgnfj *nswk59bg y,fl+yq*1 :hets axle on frictionless bearings with angular vew yfy9n *q*sf/. jegn5b,:jghlo+k1 a locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirer o6d1 3 ,hp:-akqxnhwxy ux9:d to keep it at thihnr9w 1-:u3xh6dy x:axopk,qs length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0p)buoicwj5xp2. x 4 3l41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13 e690y.ypjxkp 4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinz4lb k4;e xqu9c dd/j+rop70vg temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal6r 1hdx2.l3uxj4kt pqe?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures i; q+yzba6/fz,ewi a:al:k , he)vwsd:n the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, airb7xyobke*uj5;lp/px q.0 v. 3 q nf9st at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofpk. jxq f blq9ts*/xoen 5uv0;7b3y. p about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge m1lftr, 0k8h mbxi.s )x4l0npn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of7:rqf k0z; 04pynk hm-wy 3/hlqkt4la nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con:4s)dj6kr x geg;bhg( tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliucma i2p2; *y3me ytoa8c(s,*u3-q:lslgx rnx m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a gzwoavf(mo09y h /s:sq102cakagm31t 385 K wh/oa 2c1og(qkya m3s0a190 v:fz msg?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o ay:d)u-,g td,4mbtuby 7o9na f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air il;(gn-,b tu jinside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is (jgi, blt- ;nu1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at5.i5t3+o4argvf.v*v m jawy, juoa,s 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.c0hb( 3oumo4h 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level4a .u e7o lo,gmlcafe56p +p/i and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of7vnjg l6 y/w5g molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ari:l1zz q4a t(we there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ntndxdlq 4:y ;/ stbinzx)4-hu2 6(mr(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. 5,phhzwdvef-29 eyk, 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are ibxt. 1d8m;k1i k;cj2jt w8qh1svzj n( )ziwg.n each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu1;gvk sb1q2z iw.kx8i;(d)8 w 1thnc j.tzjm jme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinets)z5wpzp ,sm g/; cax5ic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP5 ;5wpmxspc), as z/gz?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfax al6t1l/ y0dcce of the Sun at a temperature of a yctdl/6l01 axbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturz.uq/+rjzdm0 ) c/nyf e is in/j.d cqr uzfnm+ )0/zycreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:0kef(8 ,b1drujvpkp)u z 3nz/ 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. bz keuv(p,j3uzfk1) p /0rd8n Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0gz+ql2h x y7y, $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas q a9ddis59.cqis doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facqaicq95d 9 .sdtor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i7kam+ybrr,gz4tfg 4gk4 3v2e s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper*9jq; ahdgw2l ature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal toql; ghaj*d 92w the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8),g hu *akzbyvl;kz49 .5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atcq 7x oxm1a2mc55utd3 oskq b1p)42dc 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST(.h joi.7n pwzcvt,k8P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mzds er5;. xbr6ass is 89 u in a living cell at r zex.b;s65 rd37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P7 rr)dqy;8 afe of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniummxxaz0 +8jv jb2 som2 m:qfu; e2a*,jb, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in,unix w k0(p+n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasjvq7be llm**-i 90j24tvo x eae when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 v alje b m7j**ev9-24itxoq0l$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatelcv34x5:(8/ otmeqw hwdc mc uj,(vwo6y) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturewt:mv4wdo ux5 cjm8o/hv (q 3 cewc6(, is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla7 9gg w7t7o/wuz63vrp3ins fh ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particul /qynjx pqz;h2iiq/wv8/ 8 z9dh7(c ikar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. 9nvpwih zzqi hyq k7;/8dj(2 q/x/ci8 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watel/ n26n br2 snc f1tqp0aqr(5kr is 530 Pa andprq2q1n5cn fabs t rn/(206lk the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wp3asb hrp: f1*ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker rq1e q0c7b(bh if the water is boilinq1qec rbh7( b0g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of-q0r j(-ex7t 9vyit p(m.qglj volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew zpwpy 0i;- 7wypoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gl:0lc m .+jprnqycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1c+qpmr nl j0:.5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfaceimbn11 fj2n(m of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secmj1m2f (nibn1tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atgo efnrab+j/-t-7,c pcc1 ty6de/iz6 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at avv -e3h .qzcokk78o. 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cahk 6mc19.)qr(q tg g-u0bv, :r ykgskhlibrated at normal room temperature. How much error wirh qts 1u,k g: 0mhbg9gkc(.q-)rv6kyll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylyhsl1 .0cbx8l3p ya ,kinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrey1 syal0hx3lkp., b c8ased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengby0qgu: p ;a (wr6uqnjm)c3v) th 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumey n rj6vp ;b(a3q )w)cmuug0q: the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about 5 ppls9 pyip-7wz5gvx2* x- qjone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best xi0: )ymdbg/katb.o8available vacuum techniques is about /.o8d 0 :kimgba xy)tb$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.g ;; kdupdk4d95 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? 4kg9;k pdu;ddIs this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at e 2vvi;n24b v0ernu7xx/. /yvo5 bnxoa speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; ioirbyxu;b0 5ne .n7ve/2 2/vvnx4 xov ndeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased 8x/yeuqd +g8cn01tbn *gv j+wxh98 kd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oniu4v ejs0/0(f bp/ixf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sures e2,qos1 lr1face of the Earth, estimatel2 ,sqoee1rs1 the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6d;+zd)tye bv 3d td98p$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen useo9r9206fwvij gvqj2 l7 unp)b7r o8zyd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,8002 wgirur y7vf98 n0 97qjlvbp26) oojz kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bow )l 0;5h9,al knvl1rbgnqq8 ybooh:1j l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline vy8 :dh6; nfeer9oh5yn5 rb9jat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eq uiu n1-m.0mu akm0jt8uator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 4xt 5neip4i0v glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adog+jpz:a5qak6hj : pt-pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmfp:yf4j8 q7o a at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thn x+ dx7twf+9vw66o ,,oriryz e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tes1+g3e ;,ofqhw qfzm2nnis balls thrown vertically upwqo e+m w;gq13,2shffzard at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbl1q+mnr1nl gwkzjledcwia0 83; w h:+:e of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How largw1z nw0:eih l8wl 3+ rdg:qc1n; +kajme is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapna doy2;(;em8eump4 mlx b,8 q,2hkr:ie vqy3or pressure in the air on the following two days: ,yepylvmqqne:d,bkeo ;2i a m 28h8(x34mur;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it r 8uzccl5l58i u:jgc:2 p8j xgis a solid deep in the Earth where u82xg :8i5 :cpljrlcj8 cg5uzthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constd7p;84p)bwyq iq2sxu1(i dk aant pressure, the coefficient of vol sw(4y)7kd; i1 up2qpqbixda8ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent roy93(r 0up klpm7sh8y ft and mildew. Ipl98fyhp(7ky u 0r3s mf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg