Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron 01x16ckujbt )no-h pvl :m)vv)/z ergor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appmj:vhrnpc)v og1kz0 1/)teb- xv lu6)endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exployk *i*b:zy/ 0bsy ;fbwited to make a thermomety*k0 z/;wy:isbf ybb*er.

Which is larger, 1 C 9r67dmyg1 i-.u/dy 1+e yetdi: pads y$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therreyd (k kgrs1:no (b,k8k6z8lmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abogko 18:,ydbkkk( s8rl (rz6enut the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum r ;h78s zq0 )ll5o:vx d*vgasy-i,d rativeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the out s0soyddlv,a8q h x;tzar g:)-iv57*lside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientru 5z i6ohz1/i; *qimo of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagr6uo/s.b3 y oq0s t kjcr7yy08cam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consis 7b36cs0o.t c0rjo ksqyyu/y8 ts of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at da.kkofj;y4m3 yl)hu- :ef,tw 5bkf ; the ends often have a section in the shape of 3 kjhytefo ;wbydul4;:- ,m5. afk)fk a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinderd3ps u,2kf ;lz of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-t13 +85 3swnjlu yopxqglass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riseqys+3tpu3 n o w518jxls. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rap7 n35vq9.nrt;fuy ppuidly than adjacent parts. Explnpru9ntvu7 qfy; .5p 3ain.

The principal virtue of Pyr9n (sc;mdn3/tuna(5n *l ralaex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.c/*(9da n s3(ltn;muan 5ar nl

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 j.jcrkt 91 x c65hd;em(6jhh z$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top t9dx-uxdvu1+4lb6pz/wyb*.evk 0 diqo bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W1xd+/dx e-vip.u v4w b*q0z l9kub6yd hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pu n: 7if95ped,zi5tpg mdr ;ntho+ rd.dq:bn;. shing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when thfdgi noh pn dq;b:.7ntmz9 .ipr:d ; e+td55,rey strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged b/qdx 3 xt1xa3in water increase or decrease if the temperature is 1 33 xda/qxxbtincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory ah(r5wz.wepi/8n3q g lp.9h nfnd the relation between average kinetic energ wnw93peqzi(..gr/p5 8h fhlny and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s (32 m abywgny-vwc5 6alaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphesqmas43i/ 8ojp o4s0/fl zt/jre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object yu2 jr1o0fs cf3j 5xa,must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pracy 0c ja r3ffx5os12uj,tically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water a k(fn/ ;ar/rsmt room temperature. What can you infer about the m s/m /rf(n;arkolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at5 :kdrx+gvbra b-1tvwh9o7 e ; the same temperatureebt5b o ax1+g9whdvvr7 ;:rk-.

Is it possible to bonlt53 x *bg6obil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when thx lo4sy.z) cp.e air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same. oc p.slzxy)4 T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatcky 2jql5hf 38n ,cl24 vmkprc 7do/k/ed automobile enp ycl52drhfo 2l v/j,k/43n8ck ckmq7gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thmgp h9bu*7 /ftr2m9bhe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are tv eeahzv.6 nwc 0 es(6y0ayg3gz0:8aahere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gcv ):id 8q *s(j7frsg(kxvtz5old ring compare to the number in a silvtizsk8s5v :x d7fv*j((gcrq)er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce ru6*n93emchr wxc) u,c, l6naqz 1/jklsius scale?e)ccck/an umrq1r3xwj9 * ,l nh66z,u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136pvcclj+z(u+ 5xzb2rc+b4 jw- $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, t9uf sv*d,*g2cb4 z 4 9rwmgbkfhe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0,c9zs gbgf9 fk*v4rm u*24w db $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m;kees);0 wzfp long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tallxk+w-u 0 ( r9rzueu*tswm0nw,. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25ur-uwrwnz u 9(* 0es0 xk+,wtm°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedo+6 oqyes 9sh6ny.0d v and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm i+sd. oyoq96ehn y6v s0n diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 3t)it3v 4qjbpa.ck0o2 *ii gjat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chy:*v1*f- yutv5j k noeange in volume if it is*tj :vnoeu1vy -yf5k * heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35zy*eu szbt.ai* +p/v/0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL fb w* qcsb(jl1p1+tk. of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed wq6i3k)sm,za in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow 7jn2ezq l, -bwq.x)pi xl3b e)vessel so it can expand in essentially one directiolienje7bx z )-2,x qblqp)3.wn only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitcr+iic 6j/ pv mo7/-qhy $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exns/z)48k n+ftssmrdi26ivp- pa6/stp)sn-nz +md2vksi f8 ri4nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr o0 fjz7u3o(l5:cta;( dos3- jiebl opopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect timu*0qmxn(wsymd* yx9 5 e at 17 ( xy* n w0u5my9*mxqds$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inqvzg.c h i6drn9o*4 oe +k+*iftjg( ys7ec)l1 side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has )hfygekco1zjq +76(l n s*d* +grioi4te c9.va volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyli3y-+uaixlxz 3h+ -lb1y xkp o(8 qbyk.ndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulay-3a(hq+zl bixkbk x1- lx8ou3y+yp .r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchhlm1 n :0es:h/.rkxco stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaehmc/n0rx 1h :.:olsk ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areaeri ll18; .nyo 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter5 bmnv v 7ayjp2r/v;w 4z*iyjlaa 0sd;v(2*gh 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t7i2dduthg ;- femperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what5pcarlqi :q/)1 4ewii temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth *mr 274wpy gop8qn/ wiand Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturetpf5/ly8 m r+l (hugg/ of about(tgrg5l +/8/fm hyplu 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealc;8hr9x mxv( eb 4o0,y7k-rnznb-b be gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( ms2yyo*k1.so $N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1jo ngy (.,z0c ,n1nqzs8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10xjd(1nlo xg5 c5.-ax v2kg3*xzok 1ov.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L ckd th6t ee2i;vqr0:gmic( m,1ontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 2d6vr:mqcg m,i (e01i kt the;385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ki 3yd fsq*)mw . jboix+,epy.6(hbb ypg)yn+3g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buolmfle; 68+ ibuyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whibil +l;efum 86ch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 86j9cfn1bow c9mq fl; $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.(upr.*n) -rjuk(jh jjl.qr0p+d k w7l0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at snb;kb5 vci- xmge,)j(ea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo + i o4qelta:tecf3;*olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hogjn3, 4ds 9iljw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofbtd*/, f 5 nt)et2u2lgu 74shshpc)uv (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum):vei8aay*tn .;)agsy4 hb vwe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhp8l7kgk0bg)u/ gvu,c ale that werek0bgk)vpl7g ug /,c 8u also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average traieo pip rjd p4205:c4.xw0iga k4g.nunslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STago 44gc0e4u.5 p irp xik:jin .wp0d2P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the2xo/ony 32qc i surface of the Sun at a temperaturei 3qo2xc 2on/y of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules in:s)h8u n 7fh*s3nhmev crease if the temperature is increased fro):ne *h8 hss numhv73fm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of ki8zmt2j81 gq nm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,gn1qimt82 8z j 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2qy5fwf4d9gk8g; i 0ok0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is ),q:4ynv5j e u szfcl7doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor:4 uysv5 zlj7),fnceq does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ganmn2mbh y6pso 8e2e(+ s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases atms8cz1ciw tfj/:4h t6s*lcb8 the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equcistmh8z*s6 81c :tl4jcw /bfal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nie. ;du+ 7)8h,mbg1k epfeu semtrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anws.3i (7 avgo qybzq0/ 5a-wru oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules 7(0q;k6 x 9m3j47wodfpurh) gsb vr jyat STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a)(rdc.wep w3 gakqd3j (v3gn8 livinv8djn p(r 3gacwwe(k3d.)qg 3g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P b0 (ap(oafnaz q s7mqo)8/wfmr*9x):nx o6dkof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uragf eq 5c6rc 6+u49p soq.nu*ky a/c)gcnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, i7t6+ns(npn1qw ,pqhq n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the t rj5ozffr8+)nemperature is (a) 9r+ z5j) 8nfrfo0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dasd5y5pg74 7s(m xkdbm8xo y9 jf*di8uy when the temperat59 pg jbd5sx487 muoym8xdd si7ky(f *ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press(. h df8:nkmh)loilg5 ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimateg7e d;o; s8 -b-;uzedjj(fcpu the temperature at whj g; s8ou;-jcpz7u;b dde -(feich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa kyxqr,ckcis , 6c;ox0:/iq4 gand x;4kcg,rc ox,iy:s c6 /q0kiq the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of )tz1xc.bxp y3 water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w71,1u6hginbz; 3vqcob k gwu . uui/e8ater is boiling at a temperature 1.uinz w3bu6c kovq71gi ,/8ueb u;ghof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voll po66gy+-zx7 jsuc:0wa aad6 ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pyt5+ohfe3h9tq0w e c8oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to db,f;hjpu.l (y*e,ik h4 h sp4uiffuse a dils, u4b jpih,f*;.ku4he yph(stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiorw 3gouotd jj+3+. zy8e through tiny tubes called o3+e3out 8jwz+.gyjd tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated fsobm ;-z.h v8at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuhm cf2 b38iaim s2r5c7*t5d4 g if0aagre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was 6 zfvjbu9fjxpn 4pce:/i g,44mp0w5ocalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mjpxfzmnc 4gpp,64ufvob540 j:9 w ei /L of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder ftjt06e6, x* i 6yacq .g;p dr)ojtdp+is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have be) potgjx jd0.f66qy+p 6* cti edr;,taen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, ah0 8t/xmfow wr:u1lw) nd height 2.5 m.f h lmww1u8:0)rotx /w Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abun f(**9ecnveout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable u9zfn;z3sb mnp gx4 y2.sing the best available vacuum techniques is about p nn ym.;s3z9bx42zgf$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1g;)) 3c6mu:5p wymt :fuw iolv0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfafgtwyl : m:vi)65;cmu)oupw 3ce? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eartvfp 7 2tt kiq rm90wrltf438+kh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature,+ 7ttk3lp0m4q2tri w fvrk9f8 the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrv ,*u oaxc6v0ceased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77*bi7kkqg. uur(:yva4 2or8 pf 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prx;ju(h/ 1xq8hkk+dri2vo;d 3uvqfs1 essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total 8/qvs hxdq(kjufd1;1u 3+v rh;xkoi2 number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesx( swj7-ai2*apr o9fa contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prewk9f8d; s pe1cssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, e cwspfk9 1;8dis constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of )l-gw wuxm.:n liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ap46rvc r bgwjf vr0yw )25)zn8t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were thg(p5r4g(:9ch0 sglp ak3vty o fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigk q2e cj oo7ggjn.zy-5q y4n1qxru+6/htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted iuq9aaq6ke9 ) in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm7uqmq9yr; ,2m d1nf dl at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earim, jv::x tq+.xtq cbp9* qa6nw jt27nth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid izw 3z1xagyg.ls()dq68:6xfrtbpl;a s suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they :6a axzp8gsb 6xy)gq d;w1l3(rz lt .fhave a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00 fcgc 6pac1o3t1bh(4j-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gaa 4foc1 th( jccg6b31ps. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin w0d;v r;+ nc+ 5gryxt7hgifn:g two days: ig5 nw+:;g v x70tcrdf+nr;yh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is zlpa t/x-r hg1iabp41qt f ;56bwx;.qg9/tbfa solid deep 1- a;x 4 tz1bb/r.q9b/xgwaq6 tfpfigph5l;tin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga* 6u7ungjni3b s at constant pressure, the u3 *b7j6gunni coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prkfv+ y0tpsx .f.3o/r4x :agibevent rot and mildew. If the cellar iyf3+s gt bfrv .x xi40k:op./an a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg