Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iaxq 9a8;g6d piron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendd9paai 68qg x;ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex*lmn)3 e tegvur 6(sux+w y qzs0-m8h.ploited to make a thermometeum6.mv0-zhes lsn(x3 trwy geq+)* 8ur.

Which is larger, 1 C 2is7e3,u3qr;n.n)jzy yp8p /ns lkbi6v shc)$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in t6xs6knz9c 9w/*jf cjupw3p, w hermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturk c*j3wfzj69 ,/96uppwcw nsx es of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whenfd.e tys/kmd h jxe.-l8 (00fd heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] .kd(d.lf yt s0/x feh-jmd 80eWhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ofgchzx: -e3+kr9wk cn) linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram ofkqq( ys: z,gz+ o(uc)jkw z t/vk)ra;/ a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can becgs)zj tk,q:a kwr/o kz/zy+)(u(v; q set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes tha ujk h4;6-c ,l3/w1ocan mmn+gx:hmyl t are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofy+llmamm43k x ;n1h/w, hnc6 -: jgocu a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in meri-vowo/ffwfsv0*lefm-) +ppq v m: -4cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in2u ((cy) g26pmnrhn 4 -j wdjwo/r8ojq a hot tub of water, the mercury initial2nj j(r)rjpqcwo26 y/4hw und(omg-8ly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or .i-8qu4f0 k jm::fs gim1 bhftcooled more rapidly than adjacent partsjf m-8imuts0f k14h ::b gi.qf. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex /l86+ lw.y cha7quvhb glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary gw blc8hlq7ha y .+6v/ulass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a-17qwo9j8u k- vfkz*diq2styrs + 6waccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so)z a7q0 +knmrz badly the can will nqn0kz 7z)+ram ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing +ze /jtz1kft9 down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature u1t+ z/jkeftz9 sing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in watp6qvw(fmbs ,/mm /w*wer increase or decrease if the temperature is bwm* /qwmpm/(vs ,6fwincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folz st* saqx6b qr1k:ae4v+n*m3lows from kinetic theory and the relation be xkv+tn r*4eaz1b* qsm36sa:qtween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how:5prwz x7 t: jp2kst5mxn/d-b Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ,c.9dg k il iwaol3j;8ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th22a7at4qphe se minimum speed an object must have to leave t2247qehsta p ahe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempera2- y/ppqq.y udture. What can you infer about the molecular propd u./ pq-yy2qperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mo m-v ame5mt9y))*c4laq f d7vore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempmt 7a-5vqdy9)o *mf)lm eavc 4erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room 8bak l4 9jdw(/hbf5uw temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature iu8i jo.ytkxug-5kp : :s the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hum5k :pui.: -juyx8kgotid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated auto3ezrn-+ lnxj .mobile +- 3rnz jnelx.engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w3q :qw 7x(f ih:czwh5c*ma8ct hite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thuhv1 nbn)u t:9(co. kqere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ato* 2oqn+s6 is,i h-mcg,hs,wicms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvh nh2i6s*, -+sc ,s,oqmgiw cier ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is oyt ;lon55;jntnkp,*/oeq 3wthis on the Celsius scale?*y5pjtn, oe ;oln3nt kow q/5;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperash xn*y69dp1itures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glasy1szowccn9p3*4gt8r7qq 3 iq s thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 s n3rqzi8 to9q7q41 *3cgp ycw$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway ik,0jb2zv d5hb+ qlr-fb-n8 qus built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built x-i l)p,e:r bf7m dz7/ns *u -4lnbhqaof wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much fbi h,md/7qenlupa -4- l: b7rz)s* nxits height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that 1bk+b kpu/)z1; mnvgeare larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in di; +1mn)u1g/bebp kvkzameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water af z:- 7b, qy,b7cj;vqpibn 3put 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change j2 r*( utxs315+ifbghdku8sl op8x, yin volume if it is heated f8u8* x1s gpf +jsb l2r,y5td(i hukx3orom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 7lhoi7fk.v1/e/j un x100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o7f f yu/(:wxanf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be place6yf+ qsrjzrd 10fg2x 7d in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow tumg(4 -z -k .nkmkv)gvessel so it can expand in essentially nmgt) k(-zm v4g-. kukone direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanwsflovi( mca j g)wr4/ ta2,(7ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h, yq4pr+.bwd dxrig3 h+(mz s*as coefficient of linear expansiob r,y wx(s+4+3dzr gipdqhm .*n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropxx/ duy5ezh *6ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepw4pta* s(6k /ime (iqqhvid19s perfect time at 119i( 6qvq(mik waed*s pth/i47 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hasepgz 1x6l:jf91tpqiazw 43q 1 an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vg t p q91zefz4 q3wa1l1i6x:pjolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wzbo*ukl7:14jtdw)sd heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionllb w:k)jz u41t ds7do*ess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wh5tr9 hkule3e g j4*s7jen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengt*jtk7r34 5elejhgu9 s h if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crooqm 9,.6nzou28moy a lss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1om fmb9qqwcw/b f :4);34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturesjpf6ua si6n7qe7a9g3 on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit 108idpi pf)p 2a)v 1e;aasgyoscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eakesy;- n4vg35 m,te-t splt,m rth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ( pcwi6ji68sv.ja1m vair at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2pamws .6(civ1 6jvji8 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideagvcl:;s0 ;+t;xakepf l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog* lt n.cpbfbp) l),bqby9cd 34en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen o;q ai;af+bq7 ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gapp8 4-tsgwil2s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argoms. 3n17mxzuun1qf 7 pn gas at 38571nm1pq nm.f3 7 szuxu K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgjl2 euwh54f2 v of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insioi ez1ccl 3ia) :y,4rxde the balloon, whicec1o4 :rxl)z ,3i iyach makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ailk9r3t /g1;(z9jef yu z(blplr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0w( 45w tcbg8gt $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi fy tmq)u0xn3pp,,/nbld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / y9 z4hsy (xa9x$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecul *1ra23:xne:/ta - .tfaefl dxpi-pt zbm)l5k es?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofg/xx;2h-f0skw 5 gt ff (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume d ycu x1ofodmtx6q8+w 4s 4tz8z:/q*w5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer ah*. 5 ef:gqzxjpr (ktm h.:c:fc5mt)e also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is a.m)hfe:frc5ah.* j5ttqmg: zx k:(c pbout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transla;kq0v u gsfl37x3 6bpztional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 0 b3xgu3k7qp; fvs6l z   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of nuul ,e/2gxcxjx-/qnzq-) :lhelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ab ln -u-)g2c,xzl/:qnjx quex/out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempymet;k q;98r)/pysnk0i +b w ierature is increased fr/snie0p+yr) m9kywtkq; 8ib;om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,fnv4 qs ,*(sqmrced*v p5k)2f 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms svssqq) kmr df4ecn*p(5f v ,2*peed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas j.x6h )5ooa a 9uyf hr8v;lj:yat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vol +dyci vsdz9y1. 0te0dume is held constant, by what factor does0yd +sd9d0zy 1 i.vcet $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spo by.85 wf *)7p pzl/yl-hldxleed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the y)mh2 jf c;,h 1s ;(gf2x+; f5hdtg+b pysdequratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mmyf5;hb u;jdt,2f+c deg(; sfh 1xp h) g+syq2olecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containln ;bzge7ako7 +etgqmi7.d .cjr5:3n ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mou)1ti-j mj.yglecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at9yvsi 9akb 7+k STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose if k:0xrt8w: bmolecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 370bk: r:8wxit f $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can-kaa::vwc kfe ;i lpu gr6/*k( be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium0/kozr0c 8 kfl, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesj) mpwqrz.g z -som 6izeee/ 3vdz10+7 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm w- f n(,yeehwp3u0xi0and the temperature is (a) 9fx ui ,h03nep wyw0(-e0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatel/ov-t o- ylh.y+e8fdly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temper/tv-+ ldlfooh -yye8.ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plxs/ x w+x.4fbface where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 g3w - h: f0rmoz2cr)0pbdjuo5atm, estimate the temperatuo wh ouf2r50czd-:rbgj3)m0pre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 6 -h049g gspxl .lp (tuzyhn-lPa and the relative humidity is 4lzunph y -g0g. stxl-64p9(hl 0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatu-4qb2u. ,muxvd +qkcere is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressur9tw(h fw6l 2 b:jy0kqde inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature9d( w f6wqkl2b:jthy0 of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo /v s2texqr;e9m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of mt+q60c7 hjwwc2bgu0. yq/8tz zej6n5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecl/znh e;q1rg0ik5 h *u+q-tvqule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanu*qiq ;5h-nvkh t/gq0+ zlre1ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throug:hf n .pyv20g- tyr4jz:hmk+qh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tracheatjk2 +pzy q:ghfm.0 nh: 4v-yr is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape 9k7t,u;bck o omeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape 86lqdwsa 2 (os 1ncd 3h5swl ddy*s+u-measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errord5k albep (b/w/u o8e* will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL*k5o l8(e/dp bab /weu of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure ijov g12fnkc5c;6(u ff03qysa g)l5 gyn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have f g nyflfvu 3q 6k052ggcco;(1s)a5yj been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rob6n kf1dn uizoe6w77 1om of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatubn7d 6oeifw167 1kznure is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe .jziy.4sjp w5m dthyfa;) )(qr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using 5y4byr3 9o c::xy 0tfjt kvgn(the best available vacuum techniques is about x f5t(cyt ryy ngv:o940j3b:k$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lu)8krj8c x*nfxnr :c(i ngs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he ijf*): c(xn r8kx8 ncrquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s f*m wjd3uwb+mxuk))- qxr2 k8atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tempe3)dmwmkx+bfw8x )-uu2k j r* qrature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaef/o7 si:yg o)sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7mvwag.* 0a9 (v ke-ssr70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the +wq; ojhx yfq5a/hw simh48, ++uv :dlsurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. d5yq axo, +h8;lhmqihv/:fu+s+wjw4    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of6f wprn k5+2vpz dz1:y nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used ildb/,2lsgi . zgk,(kfn a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13fb.ks gg l( lk2dzi,/,,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlkk-6qjx m4i/x3( zfi)5hq tm g of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolirrmw05;ptu v1+ke(a5ds ohm8ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equat:k7c m71abctt/ jtd8saom2 1 cor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlpt65,oxlqj2 ky onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the :gw5u:e c+iqr18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of rnrjht .m1l0 xw wq0,5195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i11 hw7k9x99 vj gyxisrs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lig(uh cr:o a u*:b;yzo2d is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.0o2gchu*;a:yz (oub :r 60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3. bx/xx rn5 cr.xm: y44bx3)ykf00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Howkx5 4mx/:yb)4rx. x3 bfynrxc large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twfi va;/:i51vcl+ zgrg o days: /:5 avv; f1irl c+iggz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPr a:(h ;-zp+iv2hzz nq, and when it is a solid deep h: hzq;+z(r-2ivapz n in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t 2ml) j,c ep5qor)a2guhe coef))2pre og mlc2q,a5juficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a5fj4 r z.2 q-cpto4pcynd mildew. If the ceqo ryp2544-. zjptc cfllar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg