Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the im yy.uz *.4umperiodic table or Appm4i.u yuym. z*endix B.

Name several properties of materials thql(km k hc:l 5v:q,. 2nwzol,akoa 9r0at could be exploited to make a thermometer.a2 rlc(o , k9n q,.v:kaq5hzlm wlk0:o

Which is larger, 1 C 6jnaz :(t9tw gp7o :yl$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with os lmxpdrl. :h)(2z+gb(b6jnk g .+rnsystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, j(6xkbz+ (hn.p l:bsm g. 2g+r )nlordwhat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stripeea ab2h(,p0 a of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal ap h(2,0aebae will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansioo *q :a62p9tn4xu wjibn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fu7x m,93muanyb5ladj8 rnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Eaj x d8n59m ,yu3la7bmxplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secut.xxn(a ez 6h ( 3sez5ph,-qction in the shape of a U. Whyzn eq(x.ezp s5x-6h(ac3u th, ?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadue 3co03 5ay5monqd6qfo p .5s floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tuwq wm*ig 5*v*qaddj9(* lk welf/zc/ 9b of water, the mercuzg9ddwwvkaq lq*fwe* ( l*mi* 95/j/ cry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofm (kpuo+a +;sp it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exukp++pmsa( o;plain.

The principal virtue of Pyr)ly c1f(ma41,pn63xwudbstx ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glassu snw1,ta)3xyd pf 4l (xm6c1b (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accdr fofgi5(e /49sbln8urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottomhvdx7gb1*9ul*ig k z7 and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hasdu **1k97gvlxgzb i7h happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pist:-z .+qe ufqrf vwu:;c li*f-1y juddbl-:z6don), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temu*r-qqvf6+ uef;.cf zdj l: i-yl:dduzw:b1- perature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increk r;5)y. e,ivixqb-waase or decrease if the tem)ywq;ba-vk.5,i e ir xperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the +5fdlve)+cmdi uueer*wn4nd e-a48 :relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempud:4d+mi+-cdv8wlefa 4r n)ne5*eue erature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followouf7ww4ast07ys; r h 5s from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s ata3 9d ork *nrq. shwxrdz)-8(rmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must au-y4/9d swezf-ow+++ tzyuz have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is fo o/ud+z4za-+wfwy y u9+t-z ser the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempeit 98dy* 9.cpagqpb2 qrature. What can you infer about ty8di p*9cta2 qpb9gq.he molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot jq5yt)h, gh 23bio(p9j(0 occn cps1idry day at the sjc12 yh9cjqstc((hipb,50g o 3)noi p ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperuv -dl7:ek +sfa2mpz4ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempebsd0amve5 dw :pbybkvs0+;05 rature is the same but the humidity is different. Which d;b:+ pew0bm ys5b 0vaksv5 d0is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radi 9yvaw: g7pmx1i+pu 2-m)jgv jator cap of an overheated automobile engin: -2)y gxivw1ju7 pvga9j+mpme.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloubp;x3q nf3*xuiy 4cnzc;x .)ud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp k(e9(se tm ljmk .cy;);rh2ni ahr,.ui7w )sver penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a6/tbrhe 4,*zr f2mylp silver ring of the s, yp4f z*te /hrb26rlmame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken +x xn*t ykfw-7-;f srobjf52a to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?jf7t+w*2s5x;-bnro - f xaykf   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordepdo5k/y7c8 ajd are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0vfudld,,txau:8 t*e 5dz(x0f.xfx5u8 v a,z:dtfd ,tule(0d*0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of srz5cs d7i r./a4puh6tlabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtfk0fw+:dxtyig7. e. o iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July + fgdi y.xtko7:0.fwe(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la8bjw )01 t- eszyp)oilrger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is place)j tl )08- bye1pizsowd in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 42;2l pb(k akcc (xzp.h $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whaa ) 1p5 2 gkhfh,zm le-bw*94tdxbbql7t will be its change in volume if it is heeh9 *hba1k7qd lmxp)5fbg b 24zlw,-t ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thedka*h(gb 3bg06pxj8 +,swj el brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 gq0 zrz47yh m(u7 s5gy;3wp oi$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is txl/5 jzsatn6 0o be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can e2xyvb 4 )t,9 ,p+7c;x ew(gphww.h uljig 0jdkxpand in essentially onuydwt h0c bg(j.2e kl7w,;jpx+v i,4p)9gx hwe direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change /4v ebyt5h-ip in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lenguid: :cwf0i g/th l and width w has coefficient of linear expan :di 0uciw:fg/sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidrlf50,ntw ce, , $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kei+w -fm6-dc t: r(zluqju )o/reps perfect time at 17 r+qtc-(f: ul-)owizdr j6u m/$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. T.fp8gbtd3we. kyk* v:he bulb has a volume of 0.25pk yg.* tdkw8ve3.f :b5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4xpmou 4h, ..md9 kmn7tt.)kgy1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless .txpu .)k7 k,dt.4 hgmy mnmo9bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is rnthzs791 trcqmn,w- nno.e)z ;4.wsnequired to keep ntrm.ec19z ;s,qnz .- w7o4n)hnnswt it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel r+ndfmh(1y3tw x*a5u I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.ry5n 6y8ta fq5j0)jz d122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te.gwa b1my02hk mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onkjd o+(lq rsoscu1.7w1wg7 r; the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior c6i(fhrudl 01 of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosp9i;:- fl +r1qi domqnoheric pressure and a temperature on roqf1 q+iloi :9m-;df about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usiedv jz8 eg ypt5-h:4m:r9rg*yng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgc:ly+n7qaa ma (wt 47 kumvrf6:, 4khj of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST cn9k3dyrp -b,P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 13b+.tc-vq0o i jqzxc80.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L 8d;p,crmiin4zaggn/ b1) 8eqcontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3/n e4n,i;m1dbia c)g gp8rq8z 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kzv8cy ;z 41h)r cjkrwfc 5*+gxg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieveqmk5 fxv5k*t jywto ,g4v,ckkq/g6n.u /)4 cts its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense t4o5v tj5)kccq,ym.kg4vgt/ xk ,k6f wnu/q t*han the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit;0bwchul )+amj2)c m 0 p8r .ja 4jw,l3rhzvsbh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ar y6tjdtij :tn)x)if;wi.sk5 ),/m qbt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon 4sd;h / 52oal tmfmyb(escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moledd5cuttw6t5 8d o2h8qcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there iy6 bfv1ho7o5,fb a4v/xq; zk 6o)gbndn 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of olm2 )0tkb 7dk(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5m f1 +lr 8-u wrn*)zkuafdiz*0.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thatdm )h-t)vjfj9 4bkpo2 were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densit4))jp-kbhdm9tjv f 2oy.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational *puiz,,apu+ j en e5e0kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? eiu ju ,+pap,e *0n5ez   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of*bv5*ez 7 2dnqtd 5 +jam9z eeigkq0ye6*k.gf the Sun at a temperature of viefy j d zee.bkq tndmz*57q e**6gg+20ka95about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules in /k .0a;zrkid 8evta-rcrease if the temperature is incre0r z;da8a-vk/t .kireased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followihwrb koz0e7 97ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms she0 7br79owzkpeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas b/( 9/xtqqv*3ae grj3 v.e o9ryl /whjat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a ghpo xa4oa+22 gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factoogx2p2 ah a+4or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given b k-5+ kdznzhw5y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixt :) wp9fxvyr*hure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rmy*x)pw vf 9hr:s speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculbu;pw9i 0crj (z 75cares contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedp y/vsg6 qq 1oqo68i:p of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at x4w twdkryk+tx3)3p5STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ax)-h:lsi4( n x9qpp ipn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi pix) lh(x:pqs-9n4pi ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P 81orrd wi 7dft/ 4 yjs :n7)*sevprn0iof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniup*ocr b);md8em, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in ,mk8hq;gqwdxmd 0 wa.c 3*f6gwhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem kk4xc1 xx(: fmcs9kte- 6q*qqperature is (a) 9fk xk9-:4 *e 1cx(tcsmq6q kqx0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% 2d p n(0iabtv0on a day when the temperatur inpav0 2(0dbte is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b jdo w+w/dk1f3oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mou+n ,8a)qsus muntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wq+,u )uam8 nsshich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure 9jziwi)b 1xpvui vf) mxq/zxx20h-81 of water is 530 Pa and the relativ v -1fq 91h2v)m0w8)zbix xiixp/zxjue humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatur,7d7c(odt x jfe is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a ijn521nod+vgp 6 f*yi,h4z vo pressure cooker if the water is boiling at 6njnyg ,*25+i4 1ovfhp v oizda temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume eh2 p6*4aic pv;zg/t0)7x ( wglo. r kh6pviod680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofv- ,ui v28hypfp5a oo0 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabcnt 0qx0s )2zsle 13–4) to diffuse a distn) 0qs0zxt sc2ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tni5 dvp a6ba136,vlyc)yp j)x ubes called tracheae. An aveyxv , )5cavij) pdnab6 y631lprage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib3q i7- ;udr g*lhhxd:jrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hms.) kis7f4gwdxj ql.5 -e4hw as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much er2 j9u7kf4 e6mtl3.+iqba6rgd 7aqz* lq .kzcxror will be made in*62 mudagq9leqti4z+7jfa. r c3kxbq7 z6kl. a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hy/a9b z::. ed0jmuxpeelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have be90.pe u:mbde/ az:y jxen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andjd6e(pg 8*j v a2wcsinb0tq:hx6d;j, height 2.5 :sd i ;tx6dj,(ej*6 hgnbvpj20awcq8 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ate k2 p5mipcs8; *zn 55ilxv1h 4kbs96efr c2fmom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techhwj6l lx 6vpzn9dy1 k1*4 y1mlniques is abo1lx4 *1wv6 zyhly dpnmj61k9lut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full iu3ru ,loc0k/4 evt/x capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to tcxo4ve ,/0t3 i/ uurklhe surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return 6zu /.r l p3k4,p /bq+phuyey:ppx,nding from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materia/ p/xk,uyphpd.6+ 34 p:bryzp,nuel q ls; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa+ k po oexqez*/i(tsrms8 4a;3sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofye e;)xdtk,w4*psn 6j 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospq :ml-/ phs6pam;i1kirmp v*8heric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the toiivspl;1k m h/6pq a8m:* -rmptal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moib5usfn8 8z-zna8 c+g3yk3 f.-xx thf lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure ayvcx-/ /a u vd/+rgnwd:xs 5ohj99(a = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyliawxdn:c(+a a5gxsvyv 9/d ojur9- h// nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats inwngt kxf: j2m;m5x/ 9l a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline(:6p * 3dxx jodt1 4cs;davozh at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snufzo+ua p0j,-pt / ajh:gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jao f;c folfj)m(0v/j: ir at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stands d1(86;iw7p w5cg shwdbdu0xard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 avdv7tj0 t9t8hekqasn 2wwo .l 0/8gz0x,q er)tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 4*jq-uli)rb.nt 2 clnEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls th0(;e a on 1g2z m,nc8bm1pcbsfrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebo8ceb( fmbgc2 pns;zanom0 ,11und from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubb/u: 94slmx-mupg sa7 sle of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as msp:4sg9uu mlxa/-7s a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total ta*xrbtk x6a3p4y8 7owater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 3x6ap8tay4r *7ok xbt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, a 4s5syspx9q t7nd when it is a solid deep in the Eartht4s p5q7 ssy9x where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, ty/y4mgh7v2u5 ro ,kj bhe coefficient of volume exprm7hvg yk2 b4o,5jyu/ ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.