Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? k4mq)to*ol 7ll3w yjqh0toeu p(32 4m See the periodic table or Appen tj (oy2e34)wh4omqlp7t3k*q lmul0odix B.

Name several properties of mamsxb3k7 f **rzterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.fmxz 73*r*ks b

Which is larger, 1 Ct.yt r/q1mn j+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium t+)kr j(z1hvb dvld(5.(j ; anjn5ntyp v d4-zwith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibavd4 d)trnj1j(nt .l5 bz5 zj(;vpyh +(v- nkdrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ricycix;0my:evl;* :qk veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal*lcy e ik:cmq;y;v:x0 will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef0bx)qhn( v .s 4tj 0;j*c2mk vos:quwfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a si ct8i4ng)ptx 0mple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact w)cpt0n xgt84iires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havso 7fn)p .p37d,. 3 yam)l;sdk rzfscze a section in the shape ofc7 3pors zyf k d),s;mpfzn)s3a.ld.7 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinderyoqn 9b ++u8pk of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first*baz3a :dvc: f placed in a hot tub of water, thfvz c:da3:* bae mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one- - qbecblx)yswa+1 x,xx9 j;f part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thanyelcx9bx;faswb ,-) 1x- xq+j adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thad0a(uoktz7y7bxg*, rb3qm 9 dt its coefficient of linear expansion is mud 7dzbbt, roa7m*q0ky3ug (x9ch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockvjr.y *ze 4n:g, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top (swmhe / ;6v qxry0.mmto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hhr;em6m sy xq.0(wmv/ as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byeb5mcqb:6o j ls80vz,5zu5i b pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike 8m eqj 5:lv u50bz5bsoc6b ,zithe moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrm (3r4 vtq6ljnease if the temperature is increased from 2(mvj6q 4l 3tnr0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followc;7,pxu inl v rk3p 88. 2ysugy0kraw0s from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute u.ul w ak8yc3r ix80v;027g kspy,p nrtemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinh;if ve(ek,b: gc f1k*etic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth/ 0lq b7f;lb ffd2gk/g’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustrgdv4 y-n35r f have to leave the Earthr54fgnr -y3v d and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. W g. p2s8ri odca4dhieoc,*g *;hat can you infer about the molecular oai;c8.o4*gec,hi* dr2 s gdpproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo g2c ,rkx: p-g4ttgys+rtable than a hot dry day at the same temperature:x-tyg+s , cg2pgk4tr.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempec1idnx. o ,g/m jpu67erature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is difgt o8.fi: ev.hferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at8. igot h.v:ef the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedbb6 l2c2l h ejnju)q5+6z 3k,e(qnoer automobile enkql z3 ,q n ecn+5)6b2hr o6ej2e(jblugine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clo fs;f e fd(9+sbewwe:tpc, *,kud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there bmhvy0)jpu cq ef0f9 .ep,jly +cg678in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rin x(b(l,b 9bx9w6eu,l )6hyyvnj)fbm7p vcxb9g compare to the number in a silver ring of the )xvn9)mbuby9b7 (6,( y c9b6plhb , vxfwlxjesame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68 .koxb9ii7 si5 w;ibj /xr)w4o°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?;b4ii kx wis/5. r9oo wb)7xji   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 0 nx qw1nef2x,temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at )6k ti9t2wnv0ybupt .0.t2tibut.w 9y 6)kvp0 n0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofz- fy75dw bk a8,ajv*7grusnfw8r5m2 slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro/ 2-rlr0u hqukught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 2q/lu rkru0h 2-5°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftcrgolv: h8s 6eb 0fj*ic0 f+ pb8z*+aqen used and the rv0csz8jb0co* liphbe:*+ r8 f6a g+fq ivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atdr. r*5y (rq8lk*hodz :tnbw6 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dia5tddpln96 j)py28ds b6pwox2 meter. What will be its change in volume if it is heate xd56 s9typb22pw jnd86do )pld from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wh )ke5il7 : u4/zvuzkwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50: q99 )vrgrsew mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir,lv,q3d xmk:9rcgf2g 8ypj) lon. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exip9ctf+4ag v 6pand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is apprvi94g+af tpc 6oximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change .4yv ds unwi rnmn.3575go m2ain the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiedwofw4 gk8 rla 3 0)x6gbzzo02nt of linear expanszok06ox0) 8 zbagwlg43f2d rwion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solido)ne /s6al+ hk, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time ayxh/ ftp v5t,1r/nlm ij m 2hs;r2n):vt 1 2vxjmi/,frmp v5sn rl hnt)21 /y:t;h7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometej nk (5vreiw. j(i d8)(x-m wehir,e5zr has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25)j,wjhin i5k .w riedxr( (8v5zee-( m5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.46r5ihpc)tph ,1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wchr5p p) ,ih6tith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres15:8w,l:b nb n ty+xpdbd0*nvso 4/ cdgsqpt7s is required to keep it at blssnd48cxbyn7ot v* tg0dqpw1/nd+,: : pb5 this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bxx v*z qv0f(11;uki h bdf/s1hh3wb: oeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2(rsd.s 0 ead hd/-bb8g0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sczs mti1sa u)mo8t-6/l;; m ladale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what texwqj; k(q tr x7(c5j+mmperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures*q a wgup8b(;e in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphericnqv*9gf4ayszg8uy(7 pressure and a temperature of z7 vq gnusg4y98(*fayabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densityvwb*obx02;y)rc7g: 5ty cc qz of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (dd ;n-ecxhtot qm;,3( $N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP n7in+np)wv x (aao-uxcj7 6l;contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atf(,xa(d-xxqra l 4yf* 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding elaj;yas p kk m(eg/1*mz) 9a:zhy3p/105.0 kg of argon gas at /)mjyazza 1l(9;hg:/p* eayepk 3s km385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg d9.gbtj+wi 3 r .ww:h2-uo aamof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves it/u ;)fix ltg xv7282yfbaxu.ws buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which u;v bwx utlgx2/ia7.y)2ffx8makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 7aynxiy;5 +3ojh2:mem kg0 k z$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.wu ;bzk1*lxa8 vi;6.x/vdn:ai p, n qx0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape*fkaei63, pku-swq : vs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m*uot vdfp vl-jr3;h47olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manxp t e o.):wvj.0et0wpy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (qe(f:9ihux8 b w0 9wxfa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumev- v ur 1y2ie6onfi,+lc 1vjh( 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh6ptlx*z* q9(x 3a rptlale that were also l x9pp*a tqz6t*l(x r3in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy oflcd g7q-r5 yr: /nvb6fhc6yn7 an oxygen molecule at STP? vn:c-77ybydr6 q/ cg5hl 6rnf    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed w1lsxu1nzp3 zj+ 3e r03f9rweof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperajwseu z3 z1w3px9fer1 +0rln3ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu6nc go9nnrsfr. )ez73les increase if the temperature is increased fron76enrs3g.z)f c9 norm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the f /cv, *v)r9:lfowo gtoollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,vcov tl* /,9rogfw:o) 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecpzrqkxru q(q- .11f-h ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubif vpk+/s: (6u xwon4bled while its volume is held constant, by what factor di :p(un bs+w f4ov/x6koes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gsy32e+s5e z zi sp;ou2iven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases -h1 jk z)kbi 228tkxeyat the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sjt2y)k ekzh28ix -1 bkquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe x7qr+5 su-ayld in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed o 8 d6jvi1mgy).dtritt)x. p4bf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitro,/3rti bf:)c-iia oaj gen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ang/mn eqtq5q m58lu+7cjd7) vi amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel)+jg7e87qml 5vdq timqu 5/ncl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ci 4v2e sk9g3oian be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniwp cjkp 7d*2 l4;e0jccum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can g0f8e2jlfddih 2( m:j$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure :gg -rb cjk/mr-:l k0:oif(pc is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90kj /rcm:0:kpo(r f--bg:glc i $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thi,v,je4y9go,nkp z5d e humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature i,k5zjepy,4 g ion 9v,ds 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press bkeja(gm +wta7;.om/ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0wi5()r ttk b+d.72 atm, estimate the tempe5 bdt(trkw) i+rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wate nr8xj ft8: 6voqb;q1cr is 530 Pa and the relativer:bnx8qcvof6 8;q 1tj humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaturen/,d*urp 9bt/rh,(6f+ x: jzxum nz/kj+haj m is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooke29klg jhr)z* vr if the water is boiling 9 *zr2lkv)g jhat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of )jyt3b*d3 hrgb6 eo)rvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d gtc+z((;zhu 6x5roc aew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabljdvev5gzlc js m2ko :8e6hxwt1wiv0;3(* *od e 13–4) to diffuse a distance iov3w2;: zv5 16lmj (eedtco* vgh8x w0k*djsof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughy7p-lnvctdiba6 sp (w5f)rt(5 9zn* g tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about9 n-wc6nz)pt(55y fisp(7 g tavr bld* 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapeyqiet+e38 *sc sz6e;l measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meagcpqz5(u ,+m4tks( (gdlv0n 61ivxw dsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at 2aeoi*7fe flj t d76cu)q1e 2bnormal room temperature. How much error will be7)fej1* uebfqaic627lotde2 made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially7i. +nky+j gr 4obs 5wp1ybjf6 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains iiby.b7 ko1sj5+ rw6 j4 +gpyfnn the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.o v(rw+n)j8gm4kh pu-1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t 8w ohm(4rjgnk+ )-vpuemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityalt8;kgyn 6w+ of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure l.6r3)y .j bvmvwh l* , g(u+r,wl0vujomuj+qattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutubov+)+.ryv uw ,u .lwvqglr0h m j3j(*6mj l, $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5smzq -s e4iv0; L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacs sm4ve;-0q ize? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return u1hca,em,ou vw,)puno : n4.ving from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 :o upwa),u 4ehmu v cv1o,n.n,km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas idy;5v 6k1mgwtl 6hxh8 s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume or peqmp sr-9lu75 kc99f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface o.f- a8lf7xp+d-/d5 f ,ny6imdilfmdof the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmonm i7d +f mddd8yf 6/f-a-f5 opl,xil.sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed oryc;pfshb 6o* mn 1bp oj-vd,u5oet16gl5r*)f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pr;wdj4 vj0 pcs)essure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if sj;cw4vjp)d0 the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid ea0+ 87xwq f xkyy,8eqe2 o)zamercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli i+c0b+/gmwol0ec0s tne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator yo*d6sna2 ;;mcg0 yea at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontjr y;7lae:) 3ktfg+n, cvj8mdm)g x4jlon; z1o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the rat yodx26:dg*m f;u goe1*5t 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19gpec3i3ez1y n+enn5w,/1 aoe4aq o(r5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear348qqfgesw gdjd z77l-oh d. 9th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ba87)2arx mqcpf.r y . lcp7)lmwlls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fqlac78 fm.xcp2)w7yl. pr)rm rom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fro9ol**nwo /,fwco(tnca .i)no m a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, ac)lo ofw*. nc9*noo/,wi (tnand the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: k:3irqy s5/tnryn s3 k5t/iq:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densig4;p.p;/ gu-p mvi+fbt yqzf5ty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where tpgp pv-f4.i f zuqgmy/;5b ;+the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show th m2;(p8k8o0tlkpzuz j at, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vpkz t288 0ol;zp(kmujolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people1 oq yq9-ryp1b a1qj.w constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar. 191 q-p1rjwqq yabyo in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg