Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 b-yr;ror i,,xkg of aluminum? See the periodic table or r-;xyr,ob,ri Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to zjcxr*uil4 2 e3f/2va make a thermometerv2xfi3l zue2a*4/j cr.

Which is larger, 1 C l+zenafyzkfrxg +257j /8a4 t$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th))m+ up t8divrermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatudp )tvm8)+ur ires of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted r3 w d -tn-i1-)qjrbyfto a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 1-yd 3rjn-q) i1bwr- tf3–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffie7ja*1ql c5a ycient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpeo-l9vnn)5 c n,fsvj* le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow tevon n)j s5* nc-,fl9vo touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often ha 5gssg,; x1nq9qmnp(c ve a section in the shape of,1ngpqgx5 q 9;sncm(s a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in me4rz( zir7i*og*4dfj+xs s -xyrcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermofwgi 4--/3 +kag pkcfpmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the meiff+-/ pgw-4c a kgpk3rcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or 8ws-ucj o.b7kcooled more rapidly than adjc -7bws ojk8u.acent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of exqi/5/eowg6 linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat rwiq e /e/6gxo5esistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,b4uy;ofy 1r.r accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sod 90lltnv; xo+ip2ld-5 bb lk4sa will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not st +v;k ill-lt 45 dp2xlb9bo0nsand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressedokn+ fbh0s cr2),7uzz6hc .do (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules w,c shbrf6z u codh.0k) z+on27hen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dphfoyud4b57 h2 r86q oecrease if the temperature is increased frohyo 628ro qdpb5 fu4h7m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thp1u u5f*jrc5f)*nstkeory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolusn*5ffu1*) p ucr tj5kte temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s ltcr.chk p )aqxgqhgi0.v2lb.j 8 t ;+)aw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rasc b9bz c4eea+g3 q3z8u1 cvq,tio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed 0sicph2hb* ktw2xtbj,ng,,.b 0f ;myan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Ehfbb*s y ph,n0x2 j,gcb tk.0t;wm ,i2arth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water agho1xz h+zo-j y.0f/a t room temperature. What can you infer about the mol 1/z f+g.j zxoaoh-h0yecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at g(v(80xivd e zthe savi xv(dz(0e8gme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at rqy4 nf8di2s8y9bvv inh 0 -zk)oom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the6 j9e l5fqlx7p same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the h6qefpl7j x95l umid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ogjrgv/dghp /e0v+4 q1f an overheated automobile enginv41 /0gg/qv egr+dp jhe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloufxo:e484xn cw ed(y m8d in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-graj;,leprn- m. km copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ;/+ b5,yw)0 j1, mv5bofzdzv0 aep jao sjif,wring compare to the number in a s mvfi o,s djw0zpybv ;1,+efz)ao jabw 05/j,5ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What s u kxjqw*m68l6(mlx 3is this on the Celsius scale?k3 m6 ql6xuj*8wx lms(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempeau.4quua*d1 hcm qf9f l7,x2kc,mq6o ratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hasr) :b 9dkfvrg9:zo+n z length 11.82 cm at 0.0+9 onz)r:r:zkvfd 9g b $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lobpdjq+8e9 mnnk46 hp, ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) itkq,) vo0pl, as built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Es ),k tv0aopq,ltimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftwc8 k 7vt95pgt;.- j9yx oymwpen used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed 5vt;xo pj7ww 8kc myty -p99g.in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 8c kd(gz u;fr74 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whatuy;1rmtbp7/7e fada 5 will be its change in volume if it is heated f typfa m57/ dare7b;u1rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimmr mj70od:z8pva z)k5 with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water i+gr.zst5g g(at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plxs(k (dz;cdf-vqg w)9vg, vb*aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nar su0h,1kxxblg( x 2kw;row vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show th0 xwxb(;,2xk1lguk hsat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tz -eu/0rg2 ycuhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lp q2pj5s 2w++mf2fsluength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansilsu f2+qp2f+p2s5j wmon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropichw3c auvem 389 g7-s eet/q-fbmc-pn9 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepsmgy8;cfb/ li t60y4hy perfect time at 10yh 6l8 ;tybgy/if4 mc7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam(f b,ovb7qf 6l7qsze e+xj99 meter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o9, s7qjeo7fme( x+9 bvq fz6lbf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 v-rpaw o-,enr0 b+1tz1xh*uvm is rotating about its axlrr1z nae0--w*h pbv1u,+oxvte on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15 +yqluvplujtt 44 ):1a°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temper+ut:4tv )qyu 1lplj4aature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectl. j+tg;j .0mcitscb-xe f/5pional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20gidh 354 z z,(dgtv0ng83 b.9g-u*dvwyu spsk$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the tpbq z*ppg yz7,/ nnm30ke 45zKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on 5u tnsn:85zqlgd(em 0 the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about nc6wv1(:3g qmzwy 5jl 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature d i27k4,pwu gwo4pu2 k7d,wigw f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge8oasd o ua48i/ dj:w9pn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of g4s zu8y/lm( hv4vkryp3 ,v4v nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (*zczrt 2v*bsz./coc3 x 2k(fhhuwx4+$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga qf.hy1aeat6c+k ,8yhs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at )p+ej2hh .;xko - 9tujm4(dimalm0dg 38- mlhmao 40dim2x; j9jh.(kgut p)ed+5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of ,b (q q7x w1bigbb rp3-gd ggb,2)j8wz$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating tx- 7n+atpq1u9 u ncho*he air inside the balloon, whinqun*xc9t-7o h au+1 pch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air acia . xh4vm,b9t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18ozq3 26.7i:kr bmgkjj x5s7ix.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hanq3k: *4rheg p4o3 dm2rbd3 sead at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculey + ydb)2 9fjus9aa2t jf/km2xs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molesu+y4ie4-(xr: rny+(y s fq rncules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) xb4gnr kec26w gcz5;amdcb(dcr:nfk 8,(9+o moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumef4vjm 0 e,n5ivzb.axrfg 8y +. 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mole45qiwm eoj+o :* b+fvfvtx26jcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath G4t5i2 *j 6 we+bmfvjof: qv+xoalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen m .ezuj5h b+d)(r q0vpsqg0: vfolecule at STP? sjgz0+r: ) hd. 5(pu vevqfqb0   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed u29qoaawl8 5w+0 zmxfv c ib +2slr;iaq+ly92of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatu ;fux wsiqaoa9w 5+l+ b+8 22rlv 2izmyl9q0acre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu)d*hdcgpevje78j0 a *tez f xx+-:3wgles increase if the temperature isx- hgc*e t eze* dj87a f:d0vx3w)gjp+ increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 5cyz,rm+ zd0h 0bw 1zz6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calc+, 0w5y 1zmhcbzz dz0rulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas 0 7ncpk doj ( g* 05il1jy69voav rg//ys/prsmat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume 4jo7r ,( dz m+zeayii*is held constant, by what factor e+(4zaiiry7 ,*oj mdzdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i*5 i.hh cu6fyws given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same to nprookk,b20nc9b -sk. h(m 0emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eq9bkn .0m(0p ,nh2r-obooc s kkual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 82;,c bi65ed;wwn1aeuj ef5 ym .5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp jl9vf 0fe8wc hp(d+m)un9i8meed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculetwj:(ts/ c/ z cs,hsx,s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a leoqh68 ; ghho2.y*lr 5w hz *c-zawo7oiving cell ath. ahor5 lo-;oqo6wz gc 2zyhew8**7h 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can4w 7 jk; ul8ek(oyua(s be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani38ucd w o+b*tp78erwuum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pry0wiow5m2 (uoessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and t b vkpo*3nc-t1he temperature is (a) 90-o3 *ktb cn1vp $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a (c3 - -osmjecxday when the t(jc 3xs- -ecmoemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9+j5b;ua5zv dw uz0ll/ 0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is i6, nvyb:fs;n/e 2whl 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waterwliyf,6he nb2 ; :s/vn boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature om (m0v,vsrg bksyh+un95 f-.vn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa andvvrs m5+g 0m 9h(ybk.vu,nsf - the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperh6 .en,c2fi pcwvx-3kature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w4n g+edc xw f6tf-*un)fz eib0so14g, ater is boiling at a tem4gxe 4ofs1u,-wdtfgi6b)cf*nn z 0e +perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of /husk:l8ynewxs/fi*4o, - n t volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew 8:w86k gbxs zv,kh py,point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4yhms1kl-cu n b;*+fubx,h2: z) to diffuse a distance of 15+n-1 kzf cu:b x; ,*syl2hmhub $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfaqz q8re2uv/ 9mdinm b:v/t2g* ce of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averaged:/n g2 v qe/ qrvm8z9btu*im2 trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape me f7/n7ismkm5 pasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibps rt ;n,e-ma6rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temwvhjx/dh. 6ws*drd* )perature. How much error wil6rhw *wj dv)/.hs* xddl be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is 9k/n p6 7j)ijqu3 fk (:czhvx )f2wzyminitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decfjukik96/):7wcnf m hzyv x )3jp2zq(reased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1. vhwk03t/u( k4r tvyc m, and hetv3 c.hwk(rt/ kuyv04ight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p7-a de.t)qklb+72dlyydt *tg g4fo9 cer $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques 1rxjy;d2aee ;rg3w5+ aza(f-jr ) tftis about y1 f 5zr;jajr2f(;)-w3+ regd aatxte$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s 78zcy)aq/dwb urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this a)yqd8/cz baw 7dvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersgijbo.*ik 4u1e*yyr 0 Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, j0uy*yi gbr.1o e 4*kiand this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isy)hqi2x yv+r()t i*as increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 v5.:sjv blpi170m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface .6 osp6 31ausldanfq .of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosp fs3o 6a.61pq dsu.lnahere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 2 p mgaoi :t8xa((qwt.contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20po8zxtjf/ lm4m3ky 4, 00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylif8 m /lkmx4 pzoy,j4t3nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me*tncb8hbc340e u5jo krcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atn m4z+jcx2d jw-g9ph( 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit srpcr*yn 2,b ln08h.q ynugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2qnj:fb4* ze9 a0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptey5 h1mi/die6fosac l2:a*9 c fd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargx7j5*o6vnp seed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from+p/riw wjui2 6- t.7f3a d,f rji6myim the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can l nb -iqs085lkva +r5zhid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a masavrq+ -iz5nb50s8hl ks of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble oh .(r .gozfie8f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wheh8 e(frg. i.zon it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follll:,+tcb-ugy ac ,*i rowing two days: :* ruc ,lacitl, -+ygb
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the7fj m5ppbe: /l09s wyk density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the wmf9 0y75:sjl /ppekbtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure1 jdgkep+j65p, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to j1pgk+ e d65pj$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their qf+c.um 3. oozcellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar inf +cq. 3ozuo.m a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg