Which has more atoms: 1 kg uk8qilw8 -2n nh,-hfohh1z t7 of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or App h 8w, lzfiho uq2thk-7n8nh-1endix B.

Name several properties of materialsrk32 .41bx(/z grzbalsxsam8 that could be exploited to make a thermomets gb (s/z31z a b.mxk24rxalr8er.

Which is larger, 1 Cemf4rv y3;lai1hm .w) $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eq:)*dizil p( eauilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and :(i )dap izl*eC?

A flat bimetallic stripp7 pcfbjbwl*/ai tyy+1.8hh; consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint:b8h ;cplfy iyj+/1a phbt*7. w See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa h8ddw+nv0e.znsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a 5g 5 cjb;wax7jea4a6k furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls t55j;gw 4k7ea6b ajx ache furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that a1 j*p d,sal+zcre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of s,ldpc+1 ajz*a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead8) rg7ncq , px:nsyj-z floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-xfwc hcjr;ml:01q9m; hcpk6 -in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.wcch;1- 9 q;lphcjfr6m0k :mx

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapjn9(lx7yes e1idly than adjacent parts. Eeesj 9x7l(y1nxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiog8anzr9 lyt 6f yp7r06c 8)ygvr ce6r)n is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Tablv8rt)6zncy g0gryy8a lpc6fre 9 )r76 e 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acp6 ebkbz q3up5l.2o8i curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to gcbk7 + oaqc4bec1; e5bulge so badly the can will not stand up.o 7ebq1ca+ g5 b;4eckc What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),gygtyg 5 /j:j2 its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notingyyggjg:tj/2 5 what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inlqg9cwm4tsjw8o vm.4e- lf,7 crease or decrease v t,mwls 4e7m8lqc9-fw4gj.oif the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineticdzorg 3 *zn6u.4m5yiezg :3zsz a7h6i theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and toumz.3ahzzz nrzeygi7* :ig5s 36 46dhe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folm8e1hw4pz7 s18 rd5xout i4ue4qq3lx lows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in tha (5ia; 3h m6r/fx qc 4cxv-h+.ogirvhe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have toivfkpt5-jswu9b nc-dj g; :m6mt( 4p5 lc gjvpn ;iu9wfjbdmkt-t -65 45msp(: eave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ij0(zvt0gv-m2+ t pw ixr4ma i0nfer about the molecular propertimgz0pivv 0a ximj2w+ r40(t- tes of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc;vmqq n/:us. p8oz xma7pt +3lomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature nv3sz 8mo:+.pqtxq7amu;/p l.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturepvw(cp5d;obzvjp0 0wc8 ci: ) (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempera a-si zw)d-2 kvs;irn;ture is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ar;-s) is;v iz-da2nwkir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opencehdf .j+gfw* fit )8740g jdm the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engind .g)8f gcf7 *im 4de0jtfw+jhe.

Why does exhaled air apcm+g3h1htjq3jk37l71o, p ;z lfxk cjj ))waxpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper t77x,tiyit6z *;m )7wdj jc jqpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring colsxd x4 (r,6cpmpare to the number in a silver rixsx6cp4(r,d lng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often uo 3ceok co2,,:k,7eiq z:myptaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?kciq2my,:z,e o k3oo p:7,c ue   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco,e yu3uuhk :-brded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoholmp;ia145y6vtj wa mf1 column has length 11.82 cm at 0.05yi64tvfamj1 pam1w; $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl syah ekq0w5:mo :8kveh6 iq9-abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 12e-;bfcp*- bb. pf4fu iq2x ok3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate hop-op 2ki * qf;cf4x -be.2bbufw much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivew(ypy.lp7f(( i:kwi sg+ +r dlts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter (lipl(id7yyfprg .w+ksw:+ (is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 a:, cuudv + +qantxk(-$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8io 3h g4wdow o8;zey8;.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heate;8yz;8 ohdw3oe igwo 4d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filu-6nkm(h,dek-0lcfmq e1t- ilh7 h /aled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 3ef+dl -ie(kgmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mao:iiio.ldp b,9re (4 ode of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sox+ bnl3fxt,d1e:jxi 7rfo( 6t it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear ji+(t6:xfxorx,edt1lnf3 b 7 expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ig +edyhbucs08o0. n*afy;5 whn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiaek sw;k.06f dent of linear expae.ksf;0 6 dkwansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soyw l/f8gccynmbv3p 0n:f,5 h3lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather . aj( /s,fok5f vbwxz1clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17xw1/ a5k (jf, sf.bovz $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer)my: lf 6btok0cury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volummokbtf) 0l6:ye of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel7 h,xl0vr xph5 of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle or 5vx,xhl0p7 hn frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strmir:xk pclpp4+ ttav n at2x0c87e449xm ba)+ess is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to2xxv ppc +09 +nap4ctr87x )a4tb: mem 4likat 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional are :cvap taz 3/)-upe7tga 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13uerbq5 :w. yo)4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following u0:ec jjl9j 9vwso1 i6d(5ijbhaa 98c temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scas,knedfhu 94 x 57gx,ey+upl*le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the ,; p q7jexpag0interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure anv/s hvfla*s1q87k)1y6gimj pd a temperature of abhsf6/7a1ymj* 1 )v ig8vqlkps out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the igwn+p pat fyh )vyb 285nph*y+-;3 jkmdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogene 7dvn,d4-map ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 volx: e:7-t3xot; lv dkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 1pw+nniyz2 0v6wfep ;gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contai pz2a bp+ m:8.wplmwzd )7w*qrner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at pp:mqr .dp ) 7l+w z2bw*8wmza385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 hq0t7g u*-ay z br3q3.f-ri xvkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac8 l bjdwrm z42)zi9m/at(; dtdy77rjm3 nth+jhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose tlzm2drr 7t 7ah t/ +9)wnj4jjdt8 z3 miy(md;bhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ymo4nz 6g e-9k$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen q( hnn3u1w:al at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballooes7pyf, w ) n83vhly1in escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / yn3+np oj a )a.nc;nw7o5x8rc$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water arfgx7i c,dxx -9(ovp1ae there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) c0b :569i4d 3jc3eoiq dpsetm moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5mh*y,usfz 8wu(j8 v 38ucy i7v.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are ia) .t mm :yf79jzyb8bayl3(xzv;4risn each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assumm b lrbyv .ys fx8itaa:y;z7(z9j)34me the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at hzoc. b.e9md gehc6/0STP? mc0g cze./.h96h bod e   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a aq)eg*tp16h jtemperature of about 6000 K. pah1et j)g* q6   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molw l1 )ytmjo*:necules increase if the temperature is increaoymnj*l1)w t:sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2svwjl: z 32qd)6eq :fw, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,fv: 2zsq)3wd 6wel :jq 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atsnmg1r1k55 f b89izaf 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doxtn6yomavr*ha x15hrpz/ u;; u. 6rk*ubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does aa*zvun1 . r;h; xpo kymrt 6*6xu5/rh$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isd +t7r 3(kx;eu+pu*etxyw f)dx* .nru given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th9r; 95pr ckfgpe ratio of their rms speeds is5rkcgf9ppr; 9 equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleck o+lma; y iprha)c3,(ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule qv)1s/67byhpc bb gt7at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance b*nln,qritj/hu3ffs-72j 1 m retween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularp 7c7t x m7m0t0tud::dvm/ze r mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3mptdcuvz 0er7:7:/tdm 0xm7 t 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofe,d*pp7 n+q sf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani uz8wgzz53 b8m-* c.z zhid;rfum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha, pemd.mmxt ahs qd(,2y:7o5bt phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (ainlp38ze8 q6 u) 90 8qu6pn8 le3iz $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a *g,odvdq4+9io;4ix4 q h liadday when the temperature is 4g9 iqi*di4ld;vaq4,d+ ooxh25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilzwvg9 l*i,c 0rs at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at sb )nj j3sz:ju5 ;st7aa particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat75zu sjb 3a j)jsst:n;ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wh2ud cor h jpk:p(fi++k(jl0r+0tqf0y en the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and +0:p+pu (drk qohit2(y0+c r ff0kjjlthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when th ,m)u+:quuddid8x ru: e temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooq*2:n r .xlwyxf 9qq6eker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofxqxlrf*nq2 yw6 . q:9e 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volukuxj7x5 6ns-f6:dz z*:ex rtx me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 l60xa i*r 3pd.hib9uzpb s/(vl-bd 8h $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyc :r ey:xh7y ibgh-x9z3kxo +o.ine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 19x.kzbx:hyei oh:+o7rx y-g 35 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses fromp g0r mvo-lz(59bmv9 p the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called trr(lv zp0mvpgo9 bm5 9-acheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2(-: f kfunvzf;0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hgo:7kpw/a. j1q+r u zdas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erg3bnnu;)c 2karor will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 8 ;cnbnka2 3g)u0$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball/*-dj bvrehf/ oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fr /-/* hbejvdrfaction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wid6(n.z i8w t9m npaqc*tth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ic mza8qp9w.6i(ntnt*s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abk5mlr,01 s/w ikl jvj2out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqulm6pg*c00lk7 nowz+ges is abom p *760 wgcoll0gzk+nut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whec1 zkj(+ud.uqz6bko :xgye )9n 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabkq z)xej d:cky(gbz u1+u .o96le?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mo6k)zm (in5k.q ovel* eon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 kme(56i klk )vzm*qo.ne/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110gtblxuyodv2i 66e51g t+n s38 $^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77jy2j99qwy e c+u6 tkk)0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacel-rd qw. e*5si of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphersdl iw .-eq*5re.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nigpo*0bj/l. xw zbd/:t trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder owlcijbh k u4w)a.g3ux nzoiuz*;.975f oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,n;zal.b w)4k3 uox*ji wiu g7h9zcu5.800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury apvvb.6 j 13aztt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 8 ppsoup qq.gdd-g9vp1y( 2)rat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were 5(i +8 ih6mm77p e7bbf lejdvbto fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighta av 8fht(r+a3ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thex , m8u8iy dq;l y2rhgf2x((3mro cti; 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm41ivusu:: e/+ m 1ljpq npmbq: at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth p9dtst50bylj y/z( /zk,/ii/-p w6ftukg b 3dis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agains9 lcw. b-i.i; bdpep5bh2rik ,0 oo/prt gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically up2lbk,0rb -5i9 p o; b i/rpodwhecp.i.ward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diy m0ovz1p :an;zk3 3vvbum5w+ ameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 mvk :z; 3vpb05wzymuanv13om+ in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoev q1,z)d7/cov5z75rrpvb zc*an xk0 days: oa0 rn/bkrq z5v57z c), cxd*7zvp 1ev
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de a4+ob +opibd e.s2g33inqx/jnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempe4on/ei+b 2s 3xg jd+pqbia.o3 rature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an i49ovz;zqkxhm 1-wn. u.qxnug4 kq+ 6jdeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expao+kz.u.hg6 1zj qqxkmuv w9x4;n 4-nqnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ce ombr512i1bbfllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2b5b 11i m2rbfo0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg