Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See tbpq +x(ko+tl ,he periodic table or Appendi+po,b+ qxtk l(x B.

Name several properties of materials that could 5*qk7:njq4qslw)1 z iuk). pxyx ng/d be exploited to make a thermometer.5:knqw yqu4x)xd)7kzg /i lq. *npsj1

Which is larger, 1 C 9k8;cyn8ly j. 9n q ijm9db2aq$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eq,6ci( mif-hreoj 0b.luilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system . i,ho 0jimlc e(6fb-rC, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivete:/uv0siuiwh9 *xdr )s3 hawvk0 +s 6kxd to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which mek/ruak hv9*wss+i: dwx 030xs6uvhi) tal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiong s prc+,9hu6 us+su(yky;kcm / hw:)l $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f nzft v22nfu -um:r t4 1hsi+/w-7m4i zvijep:urnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when /jvzvtiz:ft4in1+ -m-nep4:i uw22mrh7sufit can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofte*; z9ty3,l qzu;(q:* k8pyfup alqvpyn have a section in the shape of a U. Whlpufuk, p* qy;a*yqq zy8:p ;tl(39zvy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsypu2f2(jpj67kv qrd, sjzo80 in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-g8g: 2- 9xjdcw-dxqx fclass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially dew-qxd8 gc -jx2f:9cxdscends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more (lc0gpye t+pma jht09o*za ;e( :p+pfrapidly than adjacentp9 +j*+tpep0: op;h m ga(0a(ezflc yt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassqdaix nu;:6 e9 is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1; en96i: dxqau). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a6x4 /gc5p7k l 4aiob hefcl(i9. 8y37xd cxpqdccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodmg0 w-;wm)uueje-/e.rx .htq a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand mqr. g/tej0w.w) h; xue -m-ueup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem head4n2zhm6 -i(o,qx *g8dds perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changesaxz4d*h(m ,s e2o d-d6i hg8qn in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on gnn86zlgd c h aq-)9p 0q/om9zan aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperczo q/9q )ngdl anp9z8gmh -60ature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fg+s xqo2; *x(0cux enx1( tcjgollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinet0(xu*c tgns+xqje 2xc g 1x(o;ic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law ihf cy 2f5ic 6-8cm6nbvj+md 5follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ear ft*(ji l1uiiqvy5.fte /v ( , t(srdp*b(mkw+th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed az28 i8g jmu(vhp ky-+sn object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why tzgpy+ kuvj ms8-i h2(8he Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What:.d/lmadj ; am can you infer about the molecular propeldmd.j/ ma a;:rties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomx,6gvkwe- ; offortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturkf ;,6vw-xg eoe.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (s:8mep *u x3vb20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatured;muubo lz,mf/*5 sorx1 k5.v is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? ;u5m.*k l/1 ovzmo 5xf, drbsuExplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhr/pzon ;e4i9wxft6 t1eated automobile engn ittx 9/ e14rp6zowf;ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitrf z(96oz. fo+ 5..w13kdqvnvvmao epe cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ia bnk g63zj a4om3tx.+n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ah5+ lm(cvgy8uw* *bzytoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a sil g h5ly+ *vczwuyb*8(mver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oftenn+f)c lz ;,xi g:fb 8pm4)fsen taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? f+) f e;4,:)zsxmpbn8c gnifl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowes0 p.+*tb2fw0az qniz ct temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leg8vi 90suvbg .x/yj ;,xad1r fngth 11.82 cm at 0.0 vrfi 1xgj/ba., 0dvg8x us9 y;$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabspq ygyilb ;l*v b:69m9e9(ggx 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1 d1vu+.z lu1x9 q6czgq3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimx1dq c 1zg9l. uuz6q+vate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetwb1aufy**p4lp ko3m1 s that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is place4o*u3bf p ap 1y1*lkwmd in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at dhfb9xrj9:j1sd6vsht b 690-hvdgm24 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterk evrpst: (.sb,ua;8d. What will be its change in volume if it asutb (srvd8,e ;. kp:is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watevrz 4f hp64e r250ahpfr at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at nre9zt 3bjv:1 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad,cz;o71fa6p ukr fj 4ue of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow veq3 uig ox5*rrh33famk4 *r/qhssel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficr *ar hiu35o/gqmfq* 33 xk4rhient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change izxyk7x4/8jvj91k mq bn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plaft6+ey6n6 mv ute of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expa u en+6m6fvy6tnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid 8zlsm274 qithc:sg-:gwge bq9r( 4 ih, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe7ai bnka);)gct n*mu )zq(vo2r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 )a)v(quknt7bcz n*;mai 2g )o$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0q18 nl6jdwsmb) ).h npdyep)i31wy/n .140 mm. The bulb has a volumyb ed)pw3ipwhsj1n8/nm1n. ) l6 yd) qe of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wh izay9lfs .czk4p. /u4eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on f94l.. psyazf4ckz i u/rictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is hkl lz5;*;aas required to keep it ;*;l zlk a5hasat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional 33 idugtb3rsmvb 5q8szk*i,5 area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm ac rrfc ,2vyx: och)(4ct 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the 7 g 5+j fxtnhphmt3t*8Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? da o0)v;:2cql+v kgr q*enwc3w7u /c f   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturessen*mu ffv 6r:f h7937ck4h6smzni 4p in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aabe-r1uc*r(oc v mt*nz7f( l fy49h0rir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 9thvbu0n* r 74zfemo *arlcr(y1(c-f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uaukh 9k a6kv1,+eq7yq0 c44 b)qxyd idsing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge88 xh6lxi2r fj+bihi hv,rw7a; :p 7grn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1izrs:e me 6(zat8v (o:ddw)i( 8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas iswspp5o 1l2g9h at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a.k9g ygb2bps twmb.16v 7n1 uat 385 Kmn6ga9. 1k7yub.vgbt2 psw 1b?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ol7;a,ome vkh(+pwm pmo3- /igf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the 4 )yws l:/bljnw-p(yzballoon, which makes it less denselnb y:/p jw-(wly)4zs than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 (t7di x6 pvu,r$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atx- xxlzx 9phe1x yd01i9+1 wmc 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea8p9 ;5 ytj2x kn(duq rf:ko5qz level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberepg (kt/fh(-*ynx f81jqyo+ p of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0t.4y-:auofa/okf v/ l:fb q+/l ma*i17ehnm w00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) modsc 3wsuk(y, 6rg 72xsles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volummis5 slaqa 8lrg wu: b:x.47k,0 ty+zbe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in e 40d67htkndhk9p2 v+-qknz6cn 3 *fpp jgz7h each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant dh+g 3d 6q 62p*ktkvh9z0jecphz - f7nnn7p 4kdensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translation ruu7jtdwc r1t6 l1;5ual kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?d uwttr165rujcl u; 17    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a te 2 0),ywhtq4sy xy9ahwmperature of about 6000) yq,h0astxy9y w h24w K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molv73 vtlvx2weoa7v .h p8 yqv.(ecules increase if the temperature is increvq yv7pa.l7. 3 ovv8hextvw 2(ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/:+d kmeqfu/(+0fx csfk387bl d4 pzvp s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, axpl0+pf kfe7 kvucmd/ 8 z34+d:qf s(bnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in d8m *r sl2/asj)b(4go6 pt ixra gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cons 84 k+nh5 0ix5lu+ edb7b/bpkc0waqkjtant, by what factor does 0jklecb/+7ix u +8bk5k dbp5whnqa04$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol3x0ri) nvz*ow/4 3ws a2xkf lsecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the d:f mbpo:v5/ke. c+qiir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molkmf. e/v5+p:qiobc: decular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in j:m 5p.6p)2ot8 tmvtiul6jel w0vfc- an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms iq84+hk 4w,eb hhtyt1speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog rxq1 flpmzkruk *-3m j7:7 f+,yvmx9fen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed )sqow4rfv- 1oo 3+b6kch:csq of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37rwos-oo:c14 36q q vc)+kshfb $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas im-tli g;.:djoyp -, ucan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of :.gjd -/5rqmje:h zg)dtbh6d uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha +v2s wjj*4e -zp4zhz ziy13fut phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and th -1bukt;vnkknl8-b3e z 3q0g me temperature is (a) 90 kvk l3mn-z83knbg t1beuq; -0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day :)-hpd nq* rvywhen the tempeqh*vn :p)y-rd rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ate;a;tg1+nnxigw4- yq 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountainskwo *hraj0tqt15/ jjdak8+ 1f is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa*w1+ k1a5troa8 tkjf0j/ qhjdter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat8e*sg1q50 qt( knc f(dsao+pk er is 530 Pa and the re 501s+(snfk(*dkt q8ocqag pelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on xqj y)qrt,07c a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifk2s qdvgi (yd mhp(mk+ -fo302 the water is boiling at a temperature ihfv -k g3dpo( k+mq2y ds2m(0of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu0(r b aro2fw7s65t2poz /z baime 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5bi3 0ni k/jp1n $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fn7ey3w52y3pdf 4xhs ;;a ss cxor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 4;dxy eshaw 5psc2f x3ns3 7;yof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c7wrhg v 9wmk6)alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crosmhgr7 69wvk)ws-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atgz ;0i l93ekogesg;r9l trs/3 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated 7rjtz itv7*h6 at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturnsa3h:df0 b)ue. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL u 3bnfhd0 )a:sof cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial 8aa+ i22 draoycj1e.qv3(j1*ze rf dkly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up,yaje zvkd2a.qr fo(eirc3d181+j *a2 the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of airk1m gr260:k nsbrl; t4n,helx molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thh: xr6 t2ken,4s;mnbl1 0kr lge temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter wcbck1 jjz.f23e3) r fdu)u,v is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin; cv5thl, w9dfg the best available vacuum techniques is abou5l wvc9,dft ;ht $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when d 3yyvd7la91 fx/ntc: /j;tvo10 m below the surface, to what vo93x 1dtyfyatdj vc ;/v7o/:nl lume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entebitvi+knb7pi.pt2l +g95f/qe. mu w/rs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of theqpiibbni+//..ket2fpu 7v w ml t+5g9 vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is indjn:ixq jan-59w0 n i2scgg;-creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of njtzm zmbc1,pjbau3k4up3 g u9 9 e7);770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ear:03xv0 bx vgg()rk +ksjkf ox4th, estimate the total number off(kr g0k b:+ 3)gxvkxv4sojx0 air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mola, jkmezrb6-8ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hoss-z dytv (g9o,pital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow raydo(zts9-g, v te, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo:x 4i*xppddsnq6w3m/ukru. ;wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineao 7(gx v +f87f,etrqu at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arouf7 )ig h*wn;yseeu 6m7nd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass rlg7qu l.dd30 pjd 9s;1inln. jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad.. t( hz(gssw(7mf txlopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c3h:yieh c-mz4harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t c b:);wmhod6hhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis baahvx*5t 5glafw)uy z y-e6(2ulls thrown vertically upward avf5u-wa yl6*x au(eg2t5 z) yht it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ; 0mpfn;hol;q air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wqh0;fpon ; ;lmhen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the rabb/ 4t+/q8cjtdvgz4 b t(d5air on the following two days: b/q (b+jdcvtd8/tbt445a rz g
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density oss9u+( f hw.g4st)6u s.uxuiaf iron at STP, and when it is a solid d sxuhf6suwt+(s.. ugui 94) saeep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an id9a;dm mg u+ 1skqv0ou,eal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is em; ogsv, 09u1mdk+auqqual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars za),i6wv,cpjoxra /* to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (k,apz6 cajixo)r,/*v wept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg