Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periulqh r 7fp5rbx:e/jz6sv)g 9. odic table or Appendsz5b7gxv f/u )r9hpj.:6erqlix B.

Name several propertiesr.9 ) ntxt3vslx1h el6 of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete 6vtts3eh 1llx9n rx.)r.

Which is larger, 1 C aqk yhmxq 6q/s41 ex;0+* qyvh$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B.s ta:n,2 skr fu9dpb/, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and/n9 :s.ukrta2f,dsb p C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivet yl hm+uzz-p;7ed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. W 7 -y;zpl+uhmzhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic67. p*jmu mqf2f r1g7:k etcxxient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of aff5 eb5mjq91y simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid m55byme 1fq9 fjercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape o5zgq na6h ,pl0f a U. Whyl zh,na5q 6gp0?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in meruj pk+jr lju-q/ 1;4efd)hqn /y0zd *acury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometerl pupgmybj-w ;+mq 8*5c .wfj- is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendsw-8c +.umpm j;qyfljwbp5g-* a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coo-p9)xphu9t ti dk f:q8led more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp9qp 9p 8u xf:)httd-iklain.

The principal virtue opr0m- t,f0sklf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance f0r p-t,skml 0of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 0.i4hvosljz6 0guk cqkl :2- ep*f l6caccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can elknw68 wac x8us.6:xwillx.kcs :ewu8anxl6 86w not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compre3 ;vi5jye2yek fw-ykj5+dw1q tdek4 ;ssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the ki455wke+1d3eq; i k wey2-tjy jkfvd y;netic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere pz4 c ;qd)sfw-fk2em7submerged in water increase or decrease sz2cmke7fp4 d);w -fq if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relat 3ejpko /7ueb)ion betwejk) bp/eue7o3en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gc. /2q6scbgimd:3gxuv n: 2w zay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 14bqa3tqe+au p /r pb4of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objehf e/ t48b8dihct must have to leave the Earth and neveri /8hte48hfdb return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tcb q s2sa,p3b0a*w +qthan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otb+ ap w3qbqs*2a,t 0csher?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncombscofs4w s*,9b2 x.cozt 4(v*qaay; bfortable than a hot dry day at the s(b*wab9.;2 cy4a*vs osc4qbo ,f tszxame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at d/bzh5x)v p 5groom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when /8u39 p ozn*rixvc*vw the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or th/iux8wpoc v3**z 9r nve humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cg)l 8; jfyh+hb-8mji cap of an overheated automobile enjyh;gm)j8f c+ l -hi8bgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud ikgwr 1d 5:n(wz/3 1mk*wqjn ggn the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?n 9zl0q2fla th.m0/fe np4u.v   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram )jakcprn rhzwd w6 l2b 71ld: ,,q0pk8gold ring compare to the number in a silver,zr70qd, pc6w habkj :nr1) d8l2w lpk ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on e d f;cupy21 h-c1zlkn7jy a,tili*m:g(-mt9the Celsius scale?y1dg -9 1zcmt2la p*y,7enf ilj;tih m:u-ck(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l x6.n3l krus(sowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the f/ 1e+yazzl( eg+myd)alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.+ dzayy+(1fgl/e) zme0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 yxqaw3/l* o,qtxm..m p*zb-h*2 gb tz$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bu6k*x)zakzcn49 a bu /uilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate aka)un /*9x 4zcb6k uzhow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largezby c2hos(c3a qqu bss q8l33 (rm:;wq,,ere3r than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placedr:s(3,l3e,sezab 8y s o2 cq;3uqw3 (chrqq bm in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterxsvqjjq3 090 8rr7:my zim+ ot at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha. 2u0r5vmlls ange in volume if it is heater2v5 lula. ms0d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the )9ncstl,vx n p.v5cb -brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL fc/ ap1*ykin o qh(.m8of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of irou ).afjf(b v-sn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesselyygfxo4n j( *9 so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of line no4 f9(xgjyy*ar expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 8:30ql ;v fwbogqaap5density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width wm p 0*a gi2yr.)g0 )muqunzzb- has coefficient of linear expansi)a-ymr0) b2.zz mgqi*u0 gnpuon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,c+v4m8 .jfk uf $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kukuei:;izd3 m4 7h n+keeps perfect time at 17h;4ni im73+e uzukk:d $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h9x uuu/g d;xl1+wwmuz a 40pk3as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 01u;3aw xmlwxugzu49p /u+kd 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel /jjp4ui78ore of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve8/4j 7ejru oiplocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at s64zf lpn -;aw15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tesa6; 4np lzfw-mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeo2h lms)nfde 4i/ 5xp4l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1w+85vuivjs1 u xlq6z3a+ili5 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on ;m*agl,wgh,b the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem pxe*z6+/+wgwzy+rle* pv/w zs rdj06 perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interi5pmvmq1+ ; mbg3l4e ocor of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric )bh l.s5kal:3f 1gte7+kxr uoja*.nz pressure and a temperature of abbu3*).:l g f1ajl5te+zk7oak.s hnxrout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at S,tu8q .7z3 ykonewsv+TP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg vsev by617e8a fi g5n0v7knz f6i.pm(of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST,aqb bsqtwr)h ak fy4) /te);0P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 8n0pov. rz;h:nygrp+is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cont hfjaawm7-abd+:b,5nainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?hfa7: n db+aawm5 ,-jb   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.07b ,.ien b6syb kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac 3grt5, a .fj8zhdpuw+hieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.z3wfpjau ,+tdgh 58.r Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air 5v1jv, bvhb-g8y*u -v g9tgnd at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at7n)fr1 9 :cvf+r3kzk gdlq.e k 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s xwe yg+m,ev (;hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o,kmt)+nwazpgiwnh6 c )5.fg4 f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?ma4ic2d gc;yeqb49v r-91: aartb w0l    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o 48x8pv* kvmuaf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumekdgdbsblkp1z9yd8/ x/ dk0) 8 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculehhlsc) 4rr2/uwqbch k589 f.ps of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breathhc5hp ubl.)r2cf4rw s98k h/q Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at Sa,ww es-ky /t.-nqz9g lwg0:pTP? wqt/y s.-p: 0lg 9aze ,wnwk-g   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomssm u0vpji60 +he)8nr k near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutjhes)vr8 6nm0 kp0+iu 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ofb/o98mty zummv 7o89j gas molecules increase if the temperature is incr88yz mummo9 vb9 jot/7eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2(knno;ov5 i o;, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calonno(ikv5o;; culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec *bwa6 ;en5hncules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is v2 /.vsquxq h,held constant, by what fauq /,xqh sv.2vctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gr ijdobv un; f 3zsczmg66* li:a 7zh,kz*1(l-iven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempj9g5i eupp :c.erature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equalpciue gj95.p: to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containey)7m4zmop2r w .jc)p od in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol2wy,wclj,aoj *i )*py ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bethxppwbvm1 /;pg tr k,2.7fw 5hween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a /-(xa / b93alr vv6i tu-zivat(/jhozij9 wb9 living cel(vj6j9vlri/-- btb9zt xi 3a iao hu(/a9/zvwl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas( a5unwnct(w( can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uy22vbf jg/4 vcle5 tf1ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuref)(:)jc.klh srlq; f x, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)a4o/cd :ttese-jc) r: s ih5(q 90ceh aq4:dj- s:o tsti)r(e5c/ $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hul3r;c sjwx5y )midity is 50% on a day when the temperature is )5wcx l3ysj r;25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at ah.56lvlnfd*pas8 eb h;os . i6 place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.;yl2xowu;e1ujr 8/j f72 atm, estimatelwexju 8rf1;2 /ujoy ; the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on v :- f4kbzvbn,a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi,v4 bbv:-knfz ty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial poqg)xwdf/.m t ;b -6w4sl6dhzressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookec23 4zwmp/l) nzh9vrer if the water is boiling at a)n pzew93l4cm/hz 2 rv temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume l2(ge (* qmgrkkjk 2k3680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofkn+ui;7abat ay.;b l rsk20/ f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a d; p9 sk(c pgmkexw:gea07i,zrls 6 i17istanc6s pgr cs0em kez:w, ;li9k(i7 x7ag1pe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiorn)0m,vge7vtbl b,4tk0tnt+ i through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ,en vbbl tt vtk0074n),+mg tihas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated )2wfeew4ivdux,i8x 4at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure fnlm r8:r o b.8j9yyj6has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norav18 dy3v uzm/p, zld6i7fnmp1qcf9 4mal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 306fpmvcdn i,4qml 8d1 azuz/73f9 yvp10 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afs2zp )0/jpobnjltx xo-f2 uh 7rg 55*lm-w8tzter many balloons have beens0-z85lt p 2o)fwj*5-u tpljnz/mx27o xrbhg blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air motm*o5m *x 1) dn l1lem.tvy-fglecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thv nm*)tl -yxmdef1.5mo1l gt*e temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one nd+r;xiaka(h( as2v4atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avais/;sao d .hna:lable vacuum techniques is abousana: d /;.hsot $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ful-i. v g65 bzo0k7jovovl capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisablo-o7vk g6vj io05.vzbe?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atb6mn4l25/wp o) qiv*a ps8 lzm,w.qgjmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it doesp5gj2o86 *pb),s q4 mqvwl.lzwamin / vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaseu(r)ta, ,dj edd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770,; kyqjz9(dr d9 sa(aqm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuht c9dq2 *8bklre at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’9kh qbt*2dl 8cs atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed op w8b+om06bjw:z .arrkv ;r1 hf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen5roep oud0 c5 )v5n* cl1pt9gv used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will rn1 c)*5vuv5g ed loop9c50pt the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mer4 l2fn( nx1gbin-y q-u39l lwxcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolwrx:+ :q) l3x 6mglvqmine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band werev /j/dl .iad+06qktac qg4yj * to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 207s/ onv ;qkfbs (ivlw)jo7(i ($^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in j n7o4ahjzn;xy 2,nd (the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully n3ig(q-ju. 4xul)h3 dkx /qu rcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the(s1kyr 3dh:7j*e aed g Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tq.w 8f76ydpbjt5 a8u hennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second m6 jf5 yhtd.7u8paw q8bust rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)f 8i b5euzl +wr:vv0o7 bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the 7z5b r v e+v0woi:8lfusurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foavk iz 7k.u6dmdl2 +3k2)poi 4:hcchrllowing two days: ik6p+h:ha vmkdio743d l2rz2c.k uc )
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STn06d8-wjqz ksoa4o:ks /h u-t40zwr qP, and when it is a solid deep zqs-- 4 4:a6rwj/0 koz8qdwhts no0ku in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fwwdl t rg+0295hj1cgior an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion jw0g 2wdtc l1 rhg95i+is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to+kc4j6 5v. 4t1tyf1rd6c,kznbn mkoz prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house 4tzdtzm+ cnrk1,1nvf546jb.c 6kkoy(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg