Which has more atoms: 1 kg olzv-t1b7x oe6 f iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendio7 6t1xezl -vbx B.

Name several properties of materials qzsh ke+a,+8 mthat could be exploited to make a thermometa8+qs+m ,k ezher.

Which is larger, 1 Cleodu y0;(ni 0q4tad7 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi6 fw4z/ . zi;ltjuzo)wth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo f64t i ozuw./w)zl;zju say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irong,zm-g k9i3 wj. When heated, the imgzw,39 jgk- strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exkn )m5eja8++6;v 6 +m*nhdxooeynepupansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat uj+a ff;);*dlkp6cqfu tmp j66sed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetala66f pfu)q6+jjdfm;l p* ;c ktlic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape o (;ut;tb5c nf w8lc;culz*cv6f a U. Why;c6l tft;;(u5vb* ncc8cu zwl?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floc;twdzk x (c k7u27 +5lljzgs7ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer g.doj a .n7*rmis first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initg.an7.mo*d j rially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated orcm v:m ie;4g8bougn ;(uhkt v88:j-ts0g qz9r cooled more rapidly than adjaceo9e gcv 0 nmk;gmtjg-uqhsbv88 :t4ir :uz8;(nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exiu:upgpe6 m4m) wc vvf7m1 e-8pansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glasvmgcu:epfm)m16-ie vwu8 7 4 ps (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc8u(, 8 ogjb,xmux 6qazk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bn ;m hxce9i) p(vd 8qff*em58eottom and top to bulge so badly the can will nomx89d fi(8v meece;qhn f*p5)t stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comprenxp eb7hr )/23hd- ypessed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature incr eeb /ryd)xh-hp237pn eases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere sub h- aurps)j6* wv f0cmtw765camerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fro)*ah6twc s vcw7 amj-056pufrm 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatha3 ,i8ju -kl z6nkghj;wjbmm :4. he(ion betweennje uj(l 8i:m.a3mg h- hb4 ,kz;6hjwk average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryxzwf /j2ak/cc1k0j y -.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of ehqz6zs1.sy/kv),7 zn 6um iv $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the0pzwfz0t jb)b hh758h minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Mo f7j hhpzz)b0 8w0h5bton is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you inu +(e /y4h5lgz.6nu+:s pa:llbfb fwlfer 4lz eny:+ufabwb.6(l:fg +pls5ulh/ about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid db oe(7gk*3 )cs/j sb5 a8lbz 8-fljssiay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturebl8g3k7ib /)-e(sssjzl* c 8s5fj a ob.

Is it possible to boil water at 5*f 3rswlaiz2q84p r croom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whfoe 2x etx)hyh/in5 dvtq wmo:479w5:;ijc2ten the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is mi7fyo52q4 v; x9wti5)d w e/:m :nt2teochh xjore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatobnka*.lhoage o3wb: i-y9b0) r cap of an overheated automobile engingbh i3 ykbo)9eo:n*0 w.a lab-e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wi don4lhbb/il7 qvf;),nter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe:vq5mu: o)ub0peuw2 9fsnrr;nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare t: xab-n1tor c b.o0k9ro the number in a silver ring of therco r0.19bkob a t:n-x same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is1 l h*qh-;uihs this on the Celsius scale?*l1hs-uhiq h;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu r. zae))05k, uzelw21wrhrvxres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leb(o,l2l s uf 5jvugm6-r 8d4zup )w* hx+mqw3ingth 11.82 cm at 0. s5z4)8*bufmpglh(jq iw2rd-lu+vm , 6uxo3 w 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsc2cs p vxkt q/v+,e4+t 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built o m l6dm*hzee- ij.6we6f wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 mw e-6ml dj.6ie6*e zh$^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used +q ;bh7m)(( pmvsfeyzt b,vy*and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel (eqy7m+m vbvh ;y ,s(tfb z*)privet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water t.yn5n u8chu5lcl0bfj 5q 1+zbamb(8at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change snr7c*(b3qg xin volume if it is heated from 37nqr 3g bscx*(0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to x)2x e70h4ozfr ghb b+the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLqet0z.i6 vq8hi7,9j d9mkg i k of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is tojx6(a zc)0add2lg(j l e7-ijk be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves;rtowin .i ajqk:o :3ip w9ht1a 30-ensel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume e0.1 kowja3q:i9i:pon h-r3t e i a;nwtxpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dehr5wdc c.k8f0 nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiez .m4l5mlxyh+nt of linear expan 5mzl mxl+yh4.sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropo.e7d mfps60mh+9 6x6mgnn e ow1a0 kric solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass andf(e0wx(v 6l*kde if w2 keeps perfect time at 17ief l*(v2fkwd ew6x(0 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a me)cqf z(. 9zdb+dll *pqj3fm(h rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume llj.df f qhq9b3mz()+z cp*(dof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylin;c 652vp 7tkoww8amnb drical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fkb n527m;tw6wpo c va8rictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15° dzt0mswf7)gte ,s, rk; +/ygcC. How much stress is required t,g kd0)tyw mte,f s;r7/g+sz co keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seco)yu3dw, ) x+b6wbvlxtional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at rck/agjd ;9s h8l/r3 o20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale ,*4 ;wbysvemt ywhnb/q.4c3q:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur5x2: amq)tyjgmfv * +ze on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ;z8mat:nua y 2-pq4k9(fvfmy are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempf3p*o2re)l)s mxc1h y1hso.perature of about 20esh)cpyoh3 1ox l21*srp)mf. $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasu5,mq/-jiel b 6g+ ixd law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of dt shy2ll5)zp b 4(h3uaed( u8nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta1 r dtu*rn j(*j3(ti*tcvx5k5p3eavoins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu.idcql n8;ze(iy(q3 mui))bd m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L i2:/s6q bu h)(zggdjkcontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38kj( i )h bs/gzdu6g2:q5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg )-o us3t j1k2omn+1xpnc bip1of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball +hhfen h ois;3(gsqb;+ 8(kzar fs-s3oon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sua(bzk ofs+ ;+-3s 8 fh;rhg3shqsn i(eppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withfb+ xb0*k4*f uf7 qbek air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0bum ca ime238/ $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esca 0 -2rd9pu m 2oi+zp8mwcitny1pes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mok7 i nvr )utlzk3q53w/lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How c/w /o4 cid7l4zhnmr)many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mkqfyw:v mpf*7;6ql3s v:+ wbe oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume+ y1imbd0:1enry(kv3af:h mi 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2c ef0yb1cu(9y5la qc2 .0-L breath you inhale that were also inf5ecyubc2(0a cl q1y9 the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen n6i) 7jerw zfwk82,gzw)4lpl molecule at ST)zwjg ,2i)wk 4e f6pr8w nl7lzP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of theqld/h/ lzi)eii 17g 7p Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.1)7qdhe iz/7 li/ip lg    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if t0l 6ew1mdr9ru;j, myh he temperature is increased f; 90rw1mh6le ,ydjr umrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followingx(*j hxcc ha5,r,-efd speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rfjacr-e(5x *x d,c,h hms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0d7 jmz:(ov;y z $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatblnrsvzwfp/rz2p)4d:p5u* o -u q2m :v-am7 d f/)mndlmp*dzu7vqr5 p2p f -zorbu:: -wva 2 4sactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms sp8nj4 iq* 6m lzx0571swj ubv.a4pfbsweed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rati +/dcr y *j.7g )7pv. kaerz/uzf:aiago of their rm/c zdr.)p:fu/v egiya 7 jk ara*gz.+7s speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed 69dc;vm 45 4tp 03mhpgqw hlnaof nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of4 vjs:5b gzux4 an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bey5 seq8 ;nqo;u.bbva;myrabg+ 6f:d) tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecue a nu((g/g9m4x ex)lrlar mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37ng(rxeml(94aexu )g / $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w 8.cc/ddj wrs0bm o 1m:wf-9zeritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 8xba +79npfzt7q-hyl$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur a3z 2c42bny6cxns cfmxmo0- 2e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ssdf:nq;*v7v x 1es j6is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9v sjss6f:nqv7 de; *x10 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxi.aow ac:7f 7eimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempeaow7. af:7ei crature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils cnaj(md00 )yzk 1hu 2 (ducrp2at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place.bmas7j:t zb 2 in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.a7bb 2 z:ts.mj $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o5nq,hg;m-lpjkn j )zr+vio t5n,: 6 acf water is 530 Pa and t5ov :,a; n5cjng,j) n h+iqr6lmpkz-the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres8tmj w5b99 kk3q /rnar3z6usxsure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximh1f. 4p;zrcxrj lahqm 3d+18o bg:0(df w ezu+ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempj h1+3 ezfxpd l+rb:q .rw4hd(8f;0oacumg 1zerature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluyeg*g8i; 9 8hb+dpumnme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointfz6 p2+7tr ort of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see T,m1c *lhe.opkhom+v lo 8m3 u+ y0(jfwable 13–4) to diffuse a dis1+op0ew(m. o y 8 h+kmfm c,u*vlj3lohtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th/ a+ pop3-ienk 02 t6xd5xievxe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm 2p5edv6ii /x03np ex+toak -x long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measur kw()mz81 vqjzd)be5xf/q 4 wee has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib8nt pz0p n rqy29gb w ncrb.m62+nv+a1rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muck npu*.9(jw iz v7,dljh error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and th*p. j ivlu7 j(wn,kzd9e cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder izou8a h3qbz+3mnu 1k)1sty g5s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased zh8+ots qzb13mu)n1uya k5g 3 to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lihc*+vbt x4 y9jr 5eb7ength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thethb9y v7+* ce5bri jx4 temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a) 8sqb.7 0y +b-sxh dmptn8mkfbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable ur8+z z 0zd7rjfsing the best available vacuum techniques is about 8jzf rz7d0zr+$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full c5c:py5 xsv; tkapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ro 55tcvxs:;kpyse to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returna2+z.; torp : ,lotxxping from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special mat rop x+;oa.2 xztpl,:terials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is 3vz8o2 o2bk lpincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeu *5gan) ;lb 1k1qhpbt+5msha of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric wyp: +87fi5y s ghpp-opressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in oppy 8p5-g+fyws:7 hi the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedoq;-0 x,i+ddp*k lso z of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge/ktzl28wsj6 r osb d c7egd1(*t 32v4j .mqsiw pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder la 2wl cgjw8s 2t(ksm./d4r76s*eb d 13ziqtj ovst if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu a l2 3x +f/j(tdq,:y*8zkubk/)bzl7cjm ccktid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at qg :-ye3 ;:d baxqk).rnkh/ug0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart cy yz8-/so4ouh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2(fac r fyg1k5 m8ey0b-0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted:yyarfr 0)/zf in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20yr9l2 jcb3mhsr rl/*/$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 6kb 6.nue5rfn9c)k a nEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thro. 5sgjfmyn6;n2 i/ h9hytz9nown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they hav2oyjgnm h h/9;nz 5sni9t yf6.e a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bud2jd5ma5ya x5*kk(ta 8k o8n- wje(l pbble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the aj58 k( j tnk5d(xlpw2ea *oka-8dy5mtemperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two daysrtf9tzkj)bcio+4 -l 1y e;kgan0 uztx 3*w* /h: t ye*zwgz+t43t u fk/ n iol1)0jk-cr xha;*b9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it hvc.gej( onu-e1g z fkpmz d8*20/vm-is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200-.g ge zmm (dp1vkv8 hn* ujz-eo0c/2f0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t(cpee w3rllq :v,: h*l .zb(jehe coefficz( q:e3.*vlh rew,b:l pe(cl jient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumid-69vao( g hcgvify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (v(vag ch-96 gokept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg