Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the c8)5,u8ga wt oss ktw:periodic table or Appendix,t wowu8s:tg)s k ca85 B.

Name several properties of ma:cr1rbku* +4cli hg81f s2aheterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.gr k 11hihrabfcs28:lc u+4 *e

Which is larger, 1 C,a w cnil36i4y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ep6.x vr(o3kd97rt4o-ju5sfvqld a)wy +c z 8 rquilkrar.op4 6 xfd3ldr(v+jct) 8s9-z5vuyo 7qwibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of 2+zne5.:5ppz ksr ewdiron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will2k .5:zweszpnd pe5+r be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansi jpid4i q6t(e91yj:yzon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (4 ys,ml /w+ipss9l )mior other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together.wm)p/ ,4ssi9+msliy l The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often .y gobzrr51h/have a section in the shape of a U. W5r1br /hoygz.hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merhhrbyw,4 0 pt*cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomet euz9.m/lro)b7g iqq( er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the m(q. eql 9io)rb7g/zmuercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break i( vc m34qtuz0d3t7 x 3owpgg,pf one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adja7(pt30gc 4pdo,vgxqumw t3 z3 cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue yp cxt9j 8, m;cqe6fu2of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is muchu 8 cpmxfe9q,2;6yjtc smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2uq/g/bf2 vu6augys g8tx*h,qu 3 4 8jv0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b9xofj r14u5l 3.c kgtnadly the can will not stan94trfk 5cx31 gl uno.jd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushingl1 nyvgae4i, q l0).vp down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands againstlie vavy g4n) l0.1,qp a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in w-fau.+gin+ u iater increase or decrease if the temperature iiau u+gn+i .f-s increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from k gjk:0u gqpb9iaa+:2t p h a:e1oog:dd5 1tmu1inetic theory and the relation betweek1u+ o : :0eabpp a5ta2gqtid11: gm 9jog:duhn average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lat- 72xryujr, aw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio or+.(u h;)p t, ufbw(iq)nlg oxf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mivs9oy+i y7o8y/1gqk8j y; snmnimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocityvs o81giskyym +97oq 8;ny j/y for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempbpr qf3lt q ugm: z*77-7hpau(erature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativ3p7fmqlr 7a7*tu-g :(hp zqub e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unco-2ih7w4)6)c.0iuinb ch f vlr+mpng vc2z:l emfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatici-4 6c+h n)2hlref)nwuvgv 2m:7lz ip0bc .ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room teq y;z wmfi8*-,jri+dtmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is)me( cpq *yyq-pk. qgtq7*t a* different. Which is more de(p.qcay *t*-eymp7qq k*tg)qnse, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open ,)jicz sqw g00the radiator cap of an overheated automobile ewc,ig)s 0j0zq ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a l,4jl, 2ohendnkw :d7z3af0v b4ti w*sittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ampmhq 2u-* z..a kt5bin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-g6oxbo 4;sqn,vram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass qob4vn6;x,so?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the+ds: 1gq/e ,uysfi tp, Celsius scale?:+t qiu1sgp,f, dey s/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record v+649*tw(tz )v o js3 q1ha+cweauloted are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0vji6f0ek a x3w42lg * rv4+hfp.fr03jiev*6 +gkwv a4lxpf2h 40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buibz a:5-g i*w9i63m x -ogfqmsalt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtf:ik kro c)b8- iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januark-:r )o 8ifbkcy (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usyr7k-acn*g / ved and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is pl*ac- ky/7vrgn aced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at do l loq;or c8(r49;kj.; rkvv4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changua(rnj ;,e)a g3jjz-7dd.s0kmqn8q re in volume if it is hea)un3 qm aq.jj ;(0sa-n8 de 7rkzr,gdjted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350y,u )p1x(n) q0i ej8)ozi1qw 0vyya sf.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o;sc0 8 -q7)jdzmno b:-vgry-bd xc4o kf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At ra ,1)cjrf2kz 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in e. gwg /7rxku0j08 nvmwssentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approkvw 70u.m wn0g8xrgj/ ximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens-+ l :o f2nq7qclrqv7g5 zipj6ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lined*orm l9 ie,6aar expansi io,mr*e9dla6on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropo7n1 vcabi(h lg.mqdfjy,+.j qt.* x6;u8i olic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time ae4vihrzpgw v -l9 -6y,t 1-,r 69 zp4lyivg-hwve 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomebt tc+.r3h0riter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bul rbi+.hctr0 3tb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abb65txd lde4s 0out its axle on frictionless bearings with angulex bd40ld5 ts6ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir,-k9zpgx .byic:+x aked to keep it at this length if the tem,9c zg-b .a:+kxipkxy perature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-basq4;ey(t89py k,gc lo33rmveam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1us4-y 7xn/tx m34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kesshjyp)14lz0 lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fad93+tf) kd xbmwi 3.oop:pe5 whrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thyqdz6v7r/ 6msmkc,n9hl +ut;e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air k -tvjhk. 3.c6yly c1cat atmospheric pressure and a temperature 6th 3y-1c lv.cycj.kkof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idez,9aa7a do(0 efhokn:vvt1t) 3x(5-kvk ag lual gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgp52l6xyl wac / of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains au bgfx7hthzq46 d y+6jd8.xf2h6d5n hhu,e4 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1l5(lt7 fqdw83 r3t4gbo ch;pc0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L 1tlw ue9*dty/container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kdlyu*wt/1e t9?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg )(9hfdjpd ,li of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the hn .v xkj(6ew;balloon, which makes6jekvx(; nwh . it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air c-79)bnc 4i od(k xufyat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atx,g q wigxamv9-v,c*(vl;- c j 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s po/jyhzhz+1wg 29vn2f v gl +:hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleacssc sm;d7 (-xpu3*.sqj w;e cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water 9u pwagn)b-3za fczxunpr3 pr+ u771/are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) vfrax-,(pko )ajc(g; moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 54 ukl)pqj *tqwc(d d8iui 6ib lu4n6-;.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each z7zd.k c)sh 5s2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint7shc .d)zs 5kz: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge2y (60md ngyc yooubg;40xe,m n molecule at STPb60dgu 0m 2yymoe,cog4 xn( y;?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a t5a35yhd x/bd9c ,qarxx o wo9)emperature of ao59x ,x/ d3)h yr9cao5wxdba qbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thek4fz0m hsod0d6r0 r,e rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incre,r0ds4em fro0d z0h6k ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, )y*+)8i 0 vxbbm;vfrdikv m;egiven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculat)m* b0evv8kirfv i m; )x+ybd;e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.x4lnt7kq- 0)um df bj(0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas iwaykp2 6b9wy;s doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does bpw6y k ay9;w2$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given blxn+3a osmxs w6 :;jekj94b/ zrbaa6-y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rati4mk (av/i.eo2amxq 0h o of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratioq ( 4e.amv/20oixhmka of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecux/vff7t3c2 3 ef ssxv8les contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atr g 9 czf2tx y48a.w9egb 0,yp6bmw*kk 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPjd4qvla p;gwfys6 8xm ,nra +;o guy/ur 485r4?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is - stkxx jd q2br..7xo*89 u in a livirxo.k .x -x2j7*bsdtq ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur2 ckb 1oh;s0xme P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u1v/ n:fehykg1 bl;(ni3 1r efvranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, i*oeq/ e ioa/:(ma( kakn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and th zz.yjfd4yodb *+ za4+e temperature is (a) 90bzod yj.d4+fa zz y4+* $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wh. p (x:ztaw bcnc.9yh1en the tem:x azcy 9ncphb (1.tw.perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w8n80yl+d xzt there water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0 zg8h7z5(f z gd.j xw5izwg8y,.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whidwz.g5gzg, x8 87fzh (jzy wi5ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 7mma; ph;xlb-oku 57 zsj-r) ;jpbes3mc:*ecPa and the relative humics: hpmulajb;*m3 px;)-e7ber s ocjzmk;5- 7dity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water ;wis7v 0*x0 :5coclvvpb,q8y 9wqad ion a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water osc 61uniaod+ u6(0 ybg:7bw2dz. wiqis boiling dcy :2wnzo +ib1u. g6qduw bs(0oi67aat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room 6tl*q 0 l ypab-m.zovtzg2c9+of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o: /mkg*;1fc jg re2x wxp00xz.5tkqzvf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time ne2p. m (nu7rh4edbkt,t eded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis2,r 4 nthupm7(te bk.dtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiorz1yqj;rr2 k,7uspa6-pkqyr; through tiny tubes called trachear1qaz 2-p,7yj6r qyk ku; sp;re. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been; tutz:ztfv-:4z3zd 8- em twa calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h6pv)gy bol 8;nas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caliergmf(54kxhza iq8n:- h w+p*brated at normal room temperature. How much error will bp+*w8xe a(: gm4hfzn 5 ir-khqe made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a wy,tmr-u of k026j,b. 3 dabjshelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressurerd 0 wjjm,o.y3,sbfa-u b2t6k has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moqs sd3:wh1b4;tk vw) elecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempehs :v1dwe)qwb3s4 tk ;rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattel,d;c6fb388gtb(f jxgq+ix 8pn f2ufob +q u9r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ixcm0rm, 1m a)n4oqrx8 s about m cmq4 0r 1nxo,rx8am)$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillszj5dye 1 y9iyk9e4g+z: a fqz; his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ee k qaf4d+jyez1 iz9;yy5g9 z:xpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphw;ju+ k pv1nm+wu-t g;ere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must + ;u kvg+ptn-mju;1ww be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasek q5:sa 8s8fg 6cw(oawd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mi(*ye1twy wg +.es-xf$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospen )/bp6 oxz6pheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculesb) nx/ e66pozp in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cou,m2r)xl-svkx- f;- naqht 7h ntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital h 0*wxl2bpl.vcm; )2y8g enk yfas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pres;ln.c8 *v2mw0yx yp)l bg2fk esure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid ml )d4*1ibtu jaxo)0g hxjlt9/ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline af)vy )hj lec(/; 5*nnd9gikc-1oa fzp t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were z;f 8o6 ek2ziyto fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass d -ij x9io- wb6h9c(hpp+(u cmjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the s*ej xs5i0p5z18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prezz ww:r5.6z501a : xtitesdn gssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from o7n6n9c swvf*the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balm2xv;ws.d;o *96 a ddzfg 6dlnls thrown vertically upward at it. How many telddwgd s*;o6.az d 96 mxf;2vnnnis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter olquj/5)p(s io- bl+a (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bub+-)ob plqa o jslui/5(ble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presvdc6xj 9xb :it6 6ek 57hsjsk7sure in the air on the following two days: x:ijs6x jk 6c67bvd9 kth7e 5s
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in zr qj/wyc8 -krk74 dasy;sm29+ h)puzs/-al gthe density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ea2 98;wkl 4-j)ra dug/pqrs ymk+y7ssc/-zz harth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, /9ffs52l klh cfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expan /h9k2sf5llcf sion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.