Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 knpm-4kv:dkx v6j ( komcp u67,g of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap6pc6dvx- 7mv : kku( jo4kmnp,pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to 49/ui+ riq ecys:t2wqmake a thermometers9uwr:qt/q+42 ii y ce.

Which is larger, 1 C 2dxdv47yt .uv$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therp21; u7njlhy u,t, ufwmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of Awh1y,f;unu2t7 uj, lp , B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip hl/ -d6pzh-pdof iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the c/d p-hhz-6dlpurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffio32:)hfn,h , dyaf z+2gpzfl ncient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used 4 xg f:jnw2 9r,4oq7f lt7qyobqr2hf1to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch bot fnotwyqqqj,7 x:for 49 1lr2g47fb2h h contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sha bn0-pol7nf0i)uh +ce/ v9hy2nn.ve gpe of a U. Why?0n olynpvn+/u ef vb9)0i n.e7ghh -2c

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercur8 (jtqkatf9u-pu 37hz, fws 7ny at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glaf2 s; (hh9dycx cuqx64ss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Ex2hsx ;c q dfh9x(y46cuplain.

A glass container may break if one part r8hpq r)af t va v98gwrqs9401of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent prfqa sq)9tvw4 gh1 aprr 8980varts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatfayxr6h /aj7 .odk48a its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1)drxy.a/k8o6a 47h aj f. Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acca6 mvo51d+sr/ou wo a2urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badl,a5t2+,cyf b ph b- qk*fcna/ry the can will not stand up. What has ha-a,ah,+ pfycb2krtf/ bn*c5q ppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston3h: v +s9bosdm), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to m hds +o3vb9s:the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere(zk qqv;3a0 :evx(sy k submerged in water increase or decrease :0sv (y3e xqazkq ;vk(if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesw 2rn5-xk8fdeg v+,x s’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.+rsgw ne258k -x,vdxf

Explain in words hownin *u2 0sf7ni; qf12o.q (itdn3alpy Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’sp;l 7a 9ez) f2jxiru2e atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the miv7 -z: wi;4 kvrv5kod0y m hl1zuzwu--nimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pv olwyvkm:5iw- 1z krh4-; zu-0uz 7vdractically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatureib(k5uxftn. qm6w sv0q1/ )xd. What can you infer about the mo1/knxx m.bs(5qtwqd)v uf06ilecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot huminfc: rfq u0:v9d day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat v 09cqfun::frure.

Is it possible to boil o x;r9rhq+)fb water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is th ch et smg4rit9h /vg./v;(b5ie same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at;hivg 5seh/ t 9i.4vgm b(rtc/ the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange n64*kox3y2 4fh fibohrous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eh 4o nk6x2*o yfih3bf4ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlbt* f py sz:c;k)kg:+be white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3..*f fdkq ota7c(d0lw),soco + 4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numan3wi .q jk84j0 ;pq3n/ ztk1ogkv4mnber in a sqn4m4 0;knko.3kvgntiq az 8j/ 31jw pilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thib+ tnyhj2x (0as on the Celsius scale?n (0x+tbjy a2h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temyxzord745k.n,ik rp 2peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hu;4up k:r:ypq msio .8as length 11.82 cm at 0.squ4 .kpom;8 :priu y:0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12h6j n;pbxd7oh* ,3rw(rmz wf9 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iro8q88 d95 6zd;bx e0gacatsrekc2k6 gd n approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its ;rt8 s62cqd8agkk9e8e gz 0x6a 5 dcdbheight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than t*2a aus*k k0n- s1yqigkt50 lohe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is coolo2 q s0*lgk-1 a*knakyits50ued (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at):ce9 i mre.3ima hld+ 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i t8 1(hsegfiiv4n7m5zts change in volume if it is (5z i egtv1n hs4i8mf7heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wi+4 fgg;q:ags xx)l+ oath 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5us-.vaf 06 qky0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed suk25t3rw f 69k5bhfxin a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lonoe8d;h /mdd6c g, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately dc68;/omdh deequal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the zbj 71tlg ((xxdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengvj+lei m(e c9,e6e s)fth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion+eij elc)(9 e,vse f6m $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, cdabf/p8f6 32eub 0(pb byyk+$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect v+mu ,0txdgr :cirt, )qs./vhtime at 17 .u/h+ixg st )ct,q:vrd rm ,v0$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter juzvou:k,k*ge j rh*z 7;w qjz-kn819of 0.140 mm. The bulb has k-:7njz, jqg j8ozvukek h*z1*ru; 9 wa volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cblvr f.m/ei- u1i1h/xylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velofi./r1l / -hb1ux mievcity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length6zp+iwz 5dm0 i when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if wpmz6id+z0i 5 the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0e;x7y) mn8 wr3 7lrsxohd(r.v 41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 5net x)s wkl +j;9z7cj2y -epk20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t4r lny 2q4mrzbo56z9 memperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thea5naexbtmpvr1p,y0 v ;/8u7 a Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thj; op9n 2ewqawx) 0+lye Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatureyj+i y6o(05 drue.jyw owo5.e(j0ru yyi + yd6jf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP 3/s-winuk( ocusing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6sl deg)rh051txmy 3u r+im6usyan72 5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit)p dcdq9jmpvxs a(;vg*wz6ao +,s29v rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium pswcvia ,4m 4*x1d9 vrjrc+8agas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insu 0w k +qx(9 izulhm.6y9zqx)kide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38h9kl6m9qix (x.qu wzkz0 y+u) 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg .iic edy l2.7kof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac/ czj5,-dz admr-m0e j(r,wbrhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which mak-b z- r5errj,/0w,ca j(mdzdmes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atc5b h9lmmlcp0p 06l +o 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ihj rtlj*u+l*8,y*xg at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chz3r;5-k0 0 wyd9jzotqulcb m8ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number .+9rilhe 9wiu4b i s,re2mcj4 of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therehpco+9 ct 8o;-h-q tsv in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molwqwh uq b*;;*les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume nh4z+im y+jn 75.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bre0kj/fqamgnx j.*;2b lath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 xkag0*ln .mb j/;qjf2 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trandlud8bcm 2jb ds9 9qg:3a+,tr slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPsdqcb d3: jt28+ lmab99gdru ,?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of)0x:tb6ulvfd.of: kc the Sun at a temperature of abo6dc ofbk:)0 ulx :t.vfut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature8r(och2 f fa; 0 lg 2xkxfzv7i9ffv4b3 is increased from f72f 0vx9 2f zvk84f 3xogbr;i(fhcla 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsj 3ia4oib7r .wpe7t( t, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, b (7rij3 7ea4ip.o twt8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.;5wx0w,xup f.bec p7m0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itsu*dz18 noj y.w volume is held constant, by what factor ny. 8*ud1 ojwzdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gaaqk:1av6 xzep-,leb 6s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtu 4ow38bar (3pddpv3 l9nv c*aere of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eqdcw4d3p p3 vao*98lreb(n3v a ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m-h:ah rsyq96,tpf l*q ivn;x)olecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ork6ojzy nkxc:lt791 j+8 he:dxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distansl,03j 4 sr:he )kj.*rjtocb mce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular 8 jfks2i,-e - zlt 4dmjkjj.*umass is 89 u in a livingj4,-du*ej .ilk- jkj m tfz28s cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can 0xp:1k;esi kbbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniavb 9jrb08j.xmz ,rltz qxs/ejjd c; 132(n,hum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pldi2:32u /on qfq1ntoqd0*v v hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which pharx0v 932kgbn mse when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)rv2xn9 0km b3g 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximate:xjr*py sd3 af,q3a2e ly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tp3ja fq:eyx32* r ad,semperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at 1gr93p( nspyij fa( )za place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particula.*go eeg4n es 7w(os0jr place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waswgeg7e4os0 (j.n o e*ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anosdja.n 6ktp/ r52 d,sd the relative humidit, trds5pjaos dk2./6ny is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat1( zlm7c:/wzhgs hh;l er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bwebuohw6ssn6a296cswaoz4x, (* +ue oiling at a temperature of 120 w2oeo w (wna4*ss hzs96a6,ucxu+e 6b$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in aj fb8tl4u/rgj0y-u t * room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi6leso+l-g e6-bzjno- .u/dt wnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffw96 u,9nvafs puse a diswfpa96 vn, u9stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the ozdpsdb3z/-; surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abo;/bz-s3ddp z out 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meathkm*d q7*/zqbv9 mczb 1.p* bsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape7q4ls o(sc*tb measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature a2jypwzcvaw7,hm a8f, 9: k1c. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300y9 w8:apa2,hamv cw 1,fzcjk7 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftez( -e)adgrcq + q6w7jfr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure ha76 ) qage(fjwq+rczd- s decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt4,yguxcj *8 mfmvt)z 5h 3.1 m, and heigv8g5,uz4*m j fx cymt)ht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato723z(2qpb x hkky,c wom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is a3)v j/*cr;+ zikcg(auo:uatn bou;( jnc) o3 kucri*/vg:uzt aa+t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cayepxd.i(2apbd:4l s6:q ( ah upacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quic: qai2.xsdpe(:a 4l6b(p ud hykly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo-zw0e9vusf 49qzow m/sphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentumwz-v/9 9oef40z ws qry.)    K

  The temperature of and5mg2xc+wx 2nb * -lwg1mz4qzevnl9 . ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o 1jzv:ok 4twj3f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of: 7g8qbwq3ofwmi kt0*y rx665 g2omn o the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in t5 6o*wmkqgfoi:x6 y 8bo02g trm nqw37he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inr4t3 ((jm b4 csmfswe* a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hos .aju0bpa3+ vjpital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if tha v+ju. jpab30e flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl odsa 4 8tmd pr5z 2oao g34m+bnf7hz+v(f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at7s;idfzjy x6pfoe . 4m*w 2kz(nl .b;j 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fi*k)jfwob (w *f6 -ut v7*tnymtt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontftxgjh2/3moqe tvu +6-6gxcj1,gc2xo a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standarqy3j /4dn5 61outzcugd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur2a iujktn(3o 1e of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the m u25i:g k9+nxs5foocEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls 9z:bu)h/5 j(qillsr2 fgxk1v thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming l /1()uf h:xz2siq5bkgl 9j vrthey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from ak ycj 7.yq;vqm0f(3aq depth of 14.0 m in a lakey c(qmyqjf0q7.;k a3v . Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapo38 68notx p(x2ixsu8nd hxa4mr pressure in the air on the following two days: nxntpdmi68 s4xoxux8( h 8a23
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPzgn3ynr8 1vmgpbjps.8l+./ k, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whz8lj 1 gr msp3g/v8.pyn. kn+bere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consta98 plyub k3n0ju s*pc4nt pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalcpp*kn034bu8y s9j u l to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cel-lhtft;y:o7bv a; ;fx cak4, mlars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept thfbt ax,lc-o : 4 vkmyf7a;;;at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg