Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See)m(f/hfm0 h4e5(plja.e.h 1 b x9f:gkbu ft ny the periodic table or Appenu.( ht0x/ f)1bl95p(e fkfah:e nj4fymg h.b mdix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermoi 4+bgj wpznc 6xy-pz.n;cq81 meter. gzq6pj ycn.pc4nbxiz1 -8;+w

Which is larger, 1 C 6pqxq08 pn0xq$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with cyndfu 8 8u-.kxt,z6hsystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C,zf-cuuhy .,k8 86 ndxt what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strskq 31uz h9bs w:m1)rvip of iron. When heated, the strip wi hbq:3)r zv 1kmws91sull bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ok h;5)3fbpmms :ru5x+ dbl) dwf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di-ute:),ic2me lt6 l zhagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togethte:c)m-6 zl il,e2tuher. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are s/i:db-nr 5xq fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Ub/x-n qd 5r:is. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinderbjl fl 6a,zpbyqg a7u j(9ntp/5m221b of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plny9ta *m4h n-s p/;v*olgnj5 ,my:lqb aced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends anj:n sgh*tya9;b /l-p5yv4nqm ml*o, bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it isl0lfc(v vjt z/k o2x(o80 ahx1 heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent ov0xz(2 h tvo8lxfc(klj1 0/a parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass isoh+lf/qg 3nqvav) icbu nf2 6v:h8 -v,zw-0rc that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Exphg)bn--f+a6h:ccliz 3 w2v/v vuq vonf0,8rqlain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a(ybh bpmyz ; /ca3;c:nccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can u5la(.kfi; .i 2*d : mewkdvbswill not stand up. What has happes5de kw.bf*2vk .laui(im;:d ned?

When a gas is rapidlyr 0a3ohond4-pzm d :8y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notin4no 8:0ar mpoz3y -dhdg what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submereedjc,,,vy * .1buk,p b0mtiy u)y-ygged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incr 1eyygkieu bp.d*0j),u- ,bm, yv,ctyeased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from3jmxl /a6b v*s kinetic theory and the relation between average kine6mv/jlxb*s 3a tic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic tvb/+sq +/af6jv- 8b8to xxcr ,svzkg /heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rat.kip(v+jv pnxcbd5o/1 /9qm(f x-gcd io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refer wmhrlci*.,.os ng60u s to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never retuln6r*0h.g,. cm souw irn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mop fu 1f++syeb)re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative tofubp 1)ef ++ys the other?

Explain why a hot humid day 0k) )g t4d4.ko**z-z bx e/ atuhdgihkis far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sdeh) *tb.t-*)zk iadk0oxgg4u4k /h z ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (it5.; jelq w/h -e-hd--uvosu 20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity 3 xes.fg7ir8/o4kj8n4 thsvsis different. Which tk8 .v/x8r473nes sohsj4 figis more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiat4zij u yb66o*dor cap of an overheated automobile engizb64o *6jdiyu ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13s/ odp/ gyhk2c(:witd c4/yy7–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gdui1-c:m zx, ab8zqt l- g.5xeram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a nn0i7pc i i20s*a *efj26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of theni*c2 070ine*psfj a i same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” i5b3 lzh4jaybt2 ur ,-is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?i2urj-y h5zal,3 bb t4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturel,twlzic;vs(p e n .d ers9174s recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol col1e x6rvwi()ulumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.6i)(l ewu xvr10 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs /cq) tx+ca *do12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroj5 uro/p3g *c von57ozb.,ak yught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how m ooyunvz.cjk*/pb7o ,g5ar3 5uch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet.j/ w69fgdg 8zsumq.c hole are often used and the rijg/sd z6c.uqw .m fg89vet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4it(kavai :70s $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametw+ uky9+/ bpmxer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fy mk+p9wu /b+xrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to /w kwrx1josrr *y;-o;tr-xw ) the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL l 8zwz(zs6:gs of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to 4p9dndics6 u45opkh9/ es7xebe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in esse,7le(ms((ygyu. q ,csuowyk- ntially oneyegyo( mqc s((.7y- l u,uk,sw direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denvy )rpzy * zcc;1u6sy34(rs8adnv o9lsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular bit8ez(3qkryf9ml sand qv.. 0 s*e9,:xk d(kplate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion m 3(vrkexiesd ylk0s*9 .b8(.qn a fz9qkt:,d$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,l * :(mhrp 8 jvm*nzthb4/pf;m $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock0h/ g6jsumj5r is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 r05u6ghm j/s j$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1ynf dpu **r75j40 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0. ud rj**7fypn5255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius x)o ik1clnj5dyn0m1 ,0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguk)l1mcx j nno5y, i1d0lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length ajzbw.o 96:yr when at 15°C. How much stress is required to jayz w.r6 9bo:keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofuc fav 1j)1c*txp*5q jwkh)w5 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.ma v)3iee,l-. mjkps 4uojg0 (122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatl wurx0*p jw-kg p*m4j(5g2 tiures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrvdqlf:lc7peu8 d*a f0y7++ xs enheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the intmro-ha:2c1: rz w1i np3u jad8erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospherid a0 gxq9*qlq5c pressure and a temperature of about 2xqqq*dg 095l a0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealgcqqjrf9 7k.( gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrov )yt72.nmcbx gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrg7t :mgug.o 45p9ov2bv*uxr lz -u:voogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is:1 ixn kc;:jwv at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure ovxt e 9 nqy+ildd787zc*t4u-inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at n*9l dxt7tuz oiq8-dv7c 4ey+385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o s4 r(n 4c-ff6 c/keot a5ygqdd+;gikcsy+/5 zf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidei a 7utf*rxo(. the balloon, which makes it les*r( tux7 ofia.s dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 la/ 4olzx7,ct5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1t+2 c*ph+hd uh8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at s.iel fo:8 u(uhawe. z-r;qcfwmz l39* ea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol v f*1wuixjy( kc)g98recules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water (ef50*ke 5c agb iq-wnare there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles/f ob9 i9gbs.q69qkzmtalm -),    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume1b ie 2x2qdhpeat*c7/ 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L9j sgx25)eg+xg s;jid breath you inhale that were;5)j29sid+g x jxgeg s also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene)g klyu3176cr6o fgs ergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ggkyo 1fc 7)3u 6els6r   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms d-u egnb:91+qs6vden(i p8 wh near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abouun9:eh(iv+dq6bg 1 -8wdnspet 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature iru/tig,h ; ma1s increasem/i;athu rg 1,d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in;nr 4i18o/ tpcdrzd6 6rr9fsv units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms1vr;d 9rrct8dnops6 fi/ 6zr4 speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gacyxrj.b v9yev:(3t fvwo* /; rs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hey6 4q2itvg9jfq+j6ajb1u 6h hld constant, by what factor does6 jja g+y46v9 hqjf6i1qut h2b $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in wiwhi)30j /mca gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at th/d/ylrv p,rj6mu) g7ge same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square root gluvd/ rg p)/jr,7ym6s of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an d 1*wu 6qy3dpq4vwz i58.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0ay xqn;z)f+d+c f-m xnx4kie7rg2fam+4*r /e $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitr :xe+7g9-h m1hsup/xvy a9mauogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u ibi0uduxk o6 *0wm q7n-n a living cnd*mub67wqux0io k 0 -ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pret4 jxljx 6-n0e :lf) = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran cxx( 4zk*zie6.x*dsw ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what07 qh+gg3akn x,cs3ya phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature i +e tvw9)t.u+4h)ku8ubv ac nis (a) ik8wvtuuh 4+ 9)b.eucvnta)+ 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appr. p-0raf+cx g+ai.vehoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempe0p e.rava -+g +cfih.xrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at urply1c2/tmyn9 jx70r ty9d6a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 at ibf 8j-wy3voy-1ul7vm, estimate the tejli1-f byyw-v37uv 8omperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature o8f i l(e/sp.fdn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rle( pf /sif.d8elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurexos 6)y4mjiq )iq9iyd+ f9r;o of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wayh lyi4zh *:gy+fsrpc *t4v4sf2bj82o;i ye*ter is boiling at a temperature 2*zsfb ev4+c; jgyi*8pyi4f h24slry*ht:oy of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roodgu9u5yv( k8 dm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew q at;:ie7j ;xdl0t s;fpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tab .p dw)3yyj15t+1sw nxacda p6le 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 151wt6a )ad5.+pxynd j1wpcy s 3 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacrql,dllb6ngcod hwo0+ : 52 2je of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has b+,6o ljcdwo r2h2n5l:dlg 0qcross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c hxrl 0+jgkx4i1fke igqyc./pjs )j;5, r* 7jualibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 bi l o)fz0(*gc/ i)wccio,bw(0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrater -nq* st-+kzvfs*bi8d at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe cbn -fzt r**8i-s kq+svalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2830 9iwooa+m rz atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge r9 i3ozma+0ow pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,1by5u06: mlnke *oxbxz3lw w4 width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe 04x6zu wwkxl:mb*n5el 13yob rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the doicgt/6bf 0to z6n70 nensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai xpq1z(h/w;t4ge wlp (6sr y;alable vacuum techniques is about swq p(hr pt4(;yx/zwg ;e6 1al$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10tm7luh* q5k;j m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs k*;mtu5q7jhl expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ea3hmq ew 6l.h7xrth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (aem3hw7x .h6lq ssume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas i g-dxj:;d .szns increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeg1dvlid0;om 1:2s ywf of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospy9hk)x p 4ds pgy8d,aq+pof)6heric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total9 +o sxaq,4 yd8yg)fk pph)p6d number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of a-qm5 qja:i/ mnitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder b rav;n0vqpkxd+ ea x4g9z.f 4+m;z.sof oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K z. fq.+m9+pz;e;a 04vnva4xbkxd gs rHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me9kpdkrj1po 0t 7e2nw+rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at i 0ojdxk -h.w;0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equaj1c1x(k3+i/zy- ky ou )a(wfwrlk )t ator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly z9rxmx3(y mg3onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta4tuk 8caqvur7li z 03(ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ceb8;fz fx j10rharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from -gy5f g nc45q6jwlc0sthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gt4 ,kv5;erff,h,ds* zdk w1olravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reb* ,esk4r15h fw;,ok ldtz,fvdound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-di3na, 9txdr yd;raz *)unw+2moameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air b,rzndrx2;) y9*d n+t oawua m3ehaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on thk(h:p2h8t 8fqd.kz ib(m yl*be following two days: (k 8dh lpy.m 2(8fb:thiz*kbq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differ y s9wacc.w8o,w,xk2byr w*4 vv)4krrence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200kxcob crwy8,4ry v9ak 4 rw*2 v.wsw,)0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show 9r6 )snfm+cda s u0fs3that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the fnf+urcsms sd)3 69 a0coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantlydz,k /8 fc+4pkl2 awep dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mil4aw efdp2lkp8/,z+c k dew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg