Which has more atoms: 1 ii 3d/phsvt b3f,/*ilagnn+ ,kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or i, p,nb/ n3hf*v tasd/lii+3gAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a t gawm7tf2wf0s4 qm5lay jn0(8hermometermfj08l7fsqm (a4a5 yw0w2g tn.

Which is larger, 1 C y45 wvnqhzh31r m* wj4$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is ;s5jqs2 :t/m bmo3tbtnot in thermal equilibr;mjo5bm/:s32t qt t bsium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists/wo4aqro)w .a5q1s qh of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, to5.)wqa/1wq r4sqoah he strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiew:fii: 4x:;lh:u hozqnt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpl*41rfgoa (fl 6vdmgk c(ziq39e thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of diffef91maif36(4( g vzcogkql*r d rent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 8 awk2ub/l3wk0hhqi ) often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?3 w8kqa h)ib/l2h0kuw

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercjpv hxek3: 6a8ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasdgspl5o, q: kn; 0r,ki;ybhr4s thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initqr,ir:,5dbkhs; kl4 ;g0pnyoially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coojkax+h0mdq +7lbue / /led more rapidly th+dq b 0h7jlk um+/e/xaan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itnp2dmim: :d 5os coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain od ndm25i:: mpwhy this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratepc0k co(tf /zn;9qq 7p at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badl w+mehjz7js7 0y the can will not stand e+m7 hsjwz 0j7up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushinf+qg qgea9br;+adghxm 9f00 7g down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whemggd+ q f;0rh9xf0b a 7+eag9qn they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere s x,nvs;;e 6 aa:ij9ifiubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is;x :6;,ianfi asveji9 increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tha: x4t rkn2yqrmn3/g9eory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperarang:ny rkqtx42 m39/ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetiscchrch;z-m* (8f fc wfu.18 c0hw;w nc theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere , pe kjcv5 .qnhel8t)5jvu(,e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spr6z3.f i5xb *rybv 7hqeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospzyx6v5 *b7. rfrihq3b here.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roompqu3pxqba8g (l56raz7i/7ho temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the ouaio( bh7gpal p /5zr6qq 8x37ther?

Explain why a hot humi7 oe*9 th rb6e1(ppxkad day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temax1 e op*b6 k7h9retp(perature.

Is it possible to boil water at jr,4/ed.dh z)+d /v4,r: cf ra smyafxroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditybt.q sjxma0r ;m)r+ :s*jbmf :q6mq ,l is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sambb,)xt+:s0m q; lqfammsj*rr.:q6 mje T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated ad;6ipxn -ky3mc h s6r1utomobile engirp6 y c-ski;nm1h6x d3ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fk l8daro6crj w6+/, qr6yl9 wpig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.oo* ril wr3ew )r: cq;2rmrf3)e e5:ys4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold eyv pxs:10 o ix*,,sm+h r8td4km8sfgring compare to the number in a silptdo ,gxi40 my:v mk1sex8, sh+s8*frver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°Fe b8x/ nr9p ebht,y24zn*(cqj. What is this on the Celsius scale?2xe ,zcbqeb tjhp48*/(yn n9r   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and x4j3 t,vxb /w) koee(7cds0v,sqt7 pl lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glas ep*7d:ymnfz0g0 j3( f ;oabcms thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0dfgp0z c7*ymnjob mf;: 3ea (0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (22 m*zv kxfro14i-pr 4c0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi6 z8-r ;zrtfxvmately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempzz8 xrr;-ftv6erature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rifs9i)etae (. .ikuv3s vets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dr(ifevt u s)as 3e..9iky ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 06v *ti8 vvxj pkbh g003akfu:at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsn 2lvfr jb(+6;s n )lgwkcpj2. change in volume if it is heated from 30fw c .v2l( jl;ns2pg6+njbrk ) $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water apwky y 3fy 6/s2cx*+xrt 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate hd0; rwmhp/0 c4)wzw-mm6pixr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At bg:j f3sf-v847 eesd mdmrj+6 wo14 cu20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cafsb 0ui9m(wntnr;o )9 n expand in essentially onen0n)i; mt 9r9w(oubf s direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change .gr/* n(fvc1fg x x)nnin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l an.i bhcqh9,8ane4r 5 z vc;qqp;d width w has coefficient of linear exper. bqc;qz49hai v 5pq;8,hcnansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidz0(b3prff8tw m k 6l4jkgu*)f, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock tk )aizd;nfj+z) qf3 p1-:: 5czabryhis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17dp -fcj k)afy a:zz i5;nz3q1)trh b:+ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140/y )sh s1m9uyw mm. The bulb has ms)ws/1yhyu9 a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is fz/e1ps 87qn fu+g7vwrotating about itsug+7 pe/sqfn87zwf 1v axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How m1/1dw hd 4ejespsiho2r onq+.f: u2 j5uch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperat2 +ro q5:enoufew1/sh. d1pi4 dsjhj 2ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-s w-a mgv 5gaub6/h*55zq jj dnyq)5vv7ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmab* 38 g.w6mdcq)3f a268mnvuwtm dms at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sc+zgut q)4.emlxdv z6pe3h etf)3u*jlp x3l ((ale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?cwclsx +tpb 4i1;bt49    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun hei9ti5f7/cfrsr;b+are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tu+h3fq ul 1(xdemperature of abdf u+lhqu31(x out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g3n-l6dl:qdz9n -:to4lq zitgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen rats5d /08 oft($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18. 8p xt4ck4jmy e6eib185 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu9om ndpc1a2l,m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg pa g c1gm.1lc o39ym9cof argon gas at 385 Kgogc .1l93cm cm1 a9yp?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kva 6m urw1cvwkt 7i8r -j+uf::g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bagrgh5lzpcu4pv s6)(,(e; 9 brhs s5pxlloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume oh5g 4l (ecp,p s5gpxrz;rhu)vss6b (9f a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withs ,;5 pwqnb(ot5m h24dc)setb air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen :p 4+p vl o6*cz6jswwmat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hande*dr pk)lz2ex6w, )d qp*8tu, frjz8gri: fw/ at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /;mxyz,:6(x r eqix6 6tt+je0ems 8pid $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?w6(k7 mpsy f4y How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o;:q4ypai(7m4 *bw cf tiz8bxi f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumbwa2jp 9b-(ke kc-vnb+0yzw kx 82+cje 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0- l:ttzn2h.i :juoo(d3 L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hih.:z3l i(udt2:oo nt jnt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molece+w mnxsav(bd9 *(mw. ule at ST(+bxd. wewmsa n*(9vmP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempe5g 2 yuoql155;bh3/raicszs rv p; un8rature of about 6000 K. h ru;co2y1zng v ius3q5;lsba85 /5pr    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas ew dyvb +66ixof 9wkti(upq/fg.;n-0u b )i6smolecules increase if the temperature is inf.w-0o/tf9 npb i+6uw;(k )gxi qud6 s6by ievcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kf*k2laszn 3v l4ve6fe4ab /1dm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.e va e /vak2 b3zd*n14s46ffll Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculro,h +)ga- ) zbpultr6d pku08es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of ak0px9q mre :*xy). ytr gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fa*xryt9 .e y0) qxk:mrpctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molew(ttkshw 84 uzkfjs2y +;.m t*cules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the x*2j5 wrxj-ix same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massejxi5 j-2*xrx ws.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8. gjq,wl bvg :n,w1wn185$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyba0z(653pwt99 :r arb wamf xugen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance dt,t s:y3xkjdfrk;ig)-+ 9hybetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moj)k,jz yer c*rc.k. 6qlecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37y .6)kjk.crec* ,j zrq $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure*c-xt:k:h3 pgm1 vumm P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, bko z7vv:rf94 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr k1mzvh3/ elg9essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which ph.die) ydkrqb xg3 iu 62+fs w,r8;/vvuwma8p5ase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90ie / u2x8+ a5d8r3rwfw qv s.pud;vy6 k)b,gim $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whendj;m)e .q*ey,pp e t)i the temperaturj)qp *d e,i ;eep).ytme is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p.uq3jzc mooz* /awq/ ,lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the m2m38i6dr9 ls b tv)4i pqveki5ountains is 0.72 atm, estimate t iit6r3ipb d9em v24v58 qsl)khe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when xbof:gwcm.a1l c.p-bh9 w8sh (-e ab-the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4 :.-s hmlc o-apwwb e8bha(fb9.1-cgx0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water o.hac5 ,mbd 5mhn a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressz)ot7hx k8u( fure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120fh u8zot(x7k ) $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volurc5:w7s xx 2myys5w c)me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pod: sc-hbr1um7lb v49kint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tt9zzt.n h3-sym4 rxw;o diffuse a dimz .;nht3x4stz wyr9-stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from .t,8)cq nsnmdse/g.e the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-seemdne.8/)tc. gn q,ss ctional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ,zvxctj +) 4e,r3zkzhat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meuf qu:tm d-7+8/zh g afk.(hniasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatuv-ymhli85xg.i7 nf waj/2i+qx1i+zn/u lg l: re. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, lm+-8:h g7azi5vq/ lixfg 1l2 .iu /n+wxinj yat 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylin4d m 9r12ckzlfbf* xampbs(64der is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origz xla 4c62mksf1fd9r*pmb 4b( inal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air m b)t.59:d .hgix:ftha,-qzmdu5e t: jg8aoaa olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te ahad)5:.ahmt::bz -gi. fj,tue9t g8aq o5xdmperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter ik: y*b+(921 lr y+id c5fm bvdtytq.iis about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecr.ypf7qd +)d khniques is abo f)p7+q.ddkr yut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills f :kyvk5nyw) k8j22q:ntu odc:ph5. qhis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfaceo y:d52fp8q)j.t:u cknwnq:2k5 yh vk, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returningz tmc2;:dd9o- n qzbve+;kxk t c,v/d9 from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, parn;vmb9 t, o+-c2v zcze;dddq: ktk9/xt of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1y1-ov vw8lks8e0bd d0x:v.s b10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77(*pqe k bn;rfk0-r1isc:3tni 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaceuz rq+omacouomg ;/6/.0td,j-v8mnl of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecule//oqmz-d ; 0jn.m8,cr to6+gaumv ouls in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n: ke siwte cr*3ntm:mm :,xe19itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used ig(y2/p *eiyfi n a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T/ey*g i ip2(fy = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mkk,x5y a ,70 r1ao8ize+iiz m)rh nms4ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinegu3 7ujqyqat(o d 00i* at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equldyc2g 0a6p glu /(0uhov m,u:ator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20upp r i:f:rf*x9u)j1)fnm 0za $^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1iczy ;d 4.g5pe8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, haqa9ano n m5omo -4l9mdiqxc/(3a; d4as a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is c8b8: /)yyd pb+xx7dv rd-y utd)5wr w$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid: :cs a;c 93lp 1lyj-1phucfrksvl.t) is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060)r:v lca c.j:tk shy cup; 1pf1s9ll3- kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameterhb,41dn: l nz7+x hhwal21zfs (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant atfh1sx an h n17 b4ll,:wzdh+2z 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total cz s: *2uw l9h7hhj2*yzp2;prricms6 water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 6pwrzcsul h 2shp 9ih*mz2y2rc: j*; 7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a hexx 94zu* t3mzd x* fyc4 9.pv1jy7mbsolid deep in the Earth *xefx b d47z*tyhjzmcx mvu913 94.yp where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant8f hm2dtyhy )xn40; 4v1l uidt pressure, the c8txdu)ym0vif;y4 2 4hhl1 dntoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cewuq7um4 cs qf02f m7 :jlr b)iha29-bmllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cell49i wm-02umh bqs7c )b ju2 malqf7f:rar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg