Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the p;w f3ig4ic8n.ooir5 u eriodic table or Appendix c f;r8. wn4gio5oiiu 3B.

Name several properties of mat8ygp6sp: q-cl 1.z82 fomz dmlerials that could be exploited to make a thermometqg8dz -slyl 2czmm 86p1op .:fer.

Which is larger, 1 Cqo )u lf1:zxdgv- 41v0f(jf ct $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibr(.3rg hzoq r/m)kbf 5oium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abouk 5gbrhr )/oo(.mz3q ft the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivete1vhmz+ (arnvfw: y*n0d to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?+hn(0way1 * zrv vm:nf

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linelmsf58,vtwc(iq t w34ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a09n7swl8ri m+ cx2fz a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The rmsa0flx cwz9+ n28i7 electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed ad.y xnmn,k;evc )w.ach)f19b t the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. 9)y.h;vd a ,nmwb)n. ccxef1kWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuryk +w(;n lvtn89 ufpqp5j54 itm at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomeu h7-*xn4t,rjl4 lvqt ter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explai7*4jt uh4,lxl -vqnt rn.

A glass container mayo:kk5 z)ro* zq break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.*o)kr:zkq5 z o

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficp:, zo0nc1)q;fq q,mp kamh ;fient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fomqq1) ;ppkohqz;ffam 0n c,,: r ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ai 31m40.aefd / 2l bzsjr5cdogccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and up t5hm;;6eti top to bulge so badly the can will not stan6utt;ep ;i h5md up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)h ;y::sdqaas5 , its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleculqh; :sdaa5: yses when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spq gj r7eqg:bsu.5hx64here submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from sq qe7ru xj4 g6h.:gb520 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theoryk3 reh*ibw; ;z and the relation between av ;rik3 behw;z*erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetjk)q evym76 a6s9/ku vm3dgq(ic theory.

As you go higher in thow yrs/t/tskt+;;ri:p c3m t)e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth ref d td .23ch5ia kp(wp0:ei-gjrers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Mooni i.53e(dwpk2:jht g apdc0-r’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperazeq753mu 1fvkm iyu 95ture. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the o1k zmequui55fym7 9v 3ther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tnik17;u3am k,ym x*8bhspsr 0 han a hot dry day at the same n;8mm,r ua *1yk b7hsxk0i3ps temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( s d.mzn;9xf,r20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffdr5*;;klnrv yl;z5bl erent.lndr5r*k5 ;bvyl ;l; z Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an o8 e0sz)p,tp) cjzjf0overheated automobile engine.)s,0o pj 0z f8etz)jpc

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white fbj4 7smizr 4jk -*p5ocloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper p;8(iqc*ebu wq2kafv n (/rrl9enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring c o otc9obqvxh7 q2xb2rj)-47lompare to the number in ajo 9v 2-r7qbxxl h2b7c4ootq) silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scal w95asf ony0gbmep: 03e?9o5 0fs bmnp e3y0wa:g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedj0: f7ps ;yf:7 srm,xqnxsums8s7 h.a are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columpw;+mz; mwq uh/:qqa9cfwm;2 n has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 w: ;am9+ wu/qczm; hq;qp 2mwf$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 120,(yj7emm0 ezn4.srn s/fruy m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought (sa*;pgagoo 1 iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (oogp ( 1aa;g*saverage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha0w.yecat+o ht6cx7 puo/ 62 zot are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed ino6ch06tw z2. + ep/aty7o cxuo the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atl+wkz7 zae xzw) yiu5pb 7*7/g 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.qthfv oef1t39)/xjuc2 3opp dd/+am- What will be its change in volume if it is hea oojt2 )/qe v1+p3fcf-p/uhdmd a3tx9 ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimb c0fkdohxq0p8p cnf8 ,/ 53ui with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL dhm(l ./,;wy9wxvb gi1pl5js of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a dpa*,7 nxzr0oring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essential5zxz 8t12fy qply one direction only, show that 1xqp2 zt5y z8fthe effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityq7tga.4c+vm6- ncm +vk so a/f $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineau;g1g eiq/ g0ar expansion ; ggq10 /aigue$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrotb7 u *ep8gon:pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kewsfkqf72 (l)5b ff rw:eps perfect time at 17 ()7lbsk:ffr5q 2fww f $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside 5lybn7 vrlo)1 -ica k5diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 5 7k bnayri-ll1)5 cvo$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumin6+7hkemgy ct1c t14:ho:d,qr eafrq- um cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingg1d1 eq:c hreh:yfkottc4a 6 r,-+mq7s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirewgl4)bdt 1; .vie r)vtd to keep it at this length iwr; )v.4tbtevl 1g)id f the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beal3m.n8gt5n.nq ye) /j)k yw1qg p ixy6m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1g)q qnw rv2t:)8atn,/i4 ljih0 zxfr.22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on f98hpoinfekh wqj uj oupv 09-m-2f.3j)1n 6jthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the v p2m3ax* (gpe5qs ogjig,0 -nex1xh ;Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 400eexobgju78d4 n 0./d1c fea 3kh pb;l-0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air ;ye/mfp i 7;fez6amh) at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofm f;7hp/e 6f) zeiym;a about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tklzs ief89od79sm7h, he ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21./jt zh ;09n+m( m8h.q; 3z ictckxobun6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsc 7nhy lm6sy+fx ;9jf1 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 9sfhi.m *u s*a:e) aubi fs-l9at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i;q7x1(*dxtkp 3qizceb :a0;o m uoo p0nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 00:dpxutqp xz3q7obkic(*a; 1o m ;oe K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ne 6ej+w u8mb6kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by io zh4dnwu11 2v6;atlzs 5l9f heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.5ta n6lz14i21 ou;hd zfls9vw Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aia ync(5c)-rrjr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.8 3.fj v.ki8iurrj(xfg .qz payr:4h.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes g i/*: c hg*e/6phs7 tx0m +p jimgjiqt7l8ww(a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number/q q:s k8w1oh 6wargl( of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?0vxm zhofqw de2.av 2y+a wd;6m;+ 0rw    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, nu h-up:) f7dla,p n+g   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5g,) m2wesyhuo p6 f0s;.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o.u8ak8n- cqux tu4u )lf air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityultun- kx)4.cq 8au8u .]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an o 4dz 5030k.meh9khpekc gqrw9 -*ryxmxygen molecule at STP? hk hkwx c9- e*gr q0ke53.d9yrmz40 pm   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sudeda:ujwt kd(os9 rd,,ed4f;r(e2( u rface of the Sun at a temperature of abws d,(d 9 edr2 f(u:t euk;,o(dd4aerjout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if t5b k2trz1o ye+7wc2j che temperature is zycb7e2w t5c+rj2k1o increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followin wis av1ax,acxu y*d;(3 6cp(rg speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms 3; wcida6xuxc,vr(*a(syap1 speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas acq+yxztx) olv+ew n4 ,3 s;g8at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas isq2op83kpuhc1fx:e m xnw3)j. k)e2ly doubled while its volume is held constant, by what f:qp18 joueflwk )c2nek2)x33 yxp m .hactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a nabc/y8e3 2 doc w93ka-x de)ugas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature6 j5.wt 1*b;qg(m 0pyscb gkvi, the ratio of their rmskwq(gmgb* pc j65v. i y0;1bst speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ofyp 19v n 4zqdu,622nndj/mj aa 8c; 6qvejgx4f nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmsn yv)b.;z.z2lzn nc+ p speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? x;ex8t f o*8cpc/p0c m   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an 8 3 8v73dtl;m6dnbyciays z5z amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livim;lzc 3z8tdb an68ys5y iv73dng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure l ddra2o94- bfP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, wrme 3w9 .xod/8w.06chtdlz.vb p8do7 tqi7w$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in54 wymscf3n81i, 0ksw.uqrey what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is 0p59ch boq9if(a) o59c pbi 0f9hq90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% oo e* plis/)gqj f.o:.c.njnj 1n a day when the temperature is 25 .:/np*jf on)1.o .jcqgis lej$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure atc xrfu-m5g xrmm75o+4 a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouah35pjr7p i 2: abeegnc40ll+ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water ir c:p0a5 pbla ee+lgn72 jh43boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature oa )f2dvx8f8di n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thei8a)8 fv2xfd d relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatuijmz4y-pnb+ x7r +5gsre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooajd x(i+9h7vkker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofkj+( adi9xvh7 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu) t2(dn7 ,jh*eiufo snme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of tkk6dd ety)5( 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine 1erdx6 8uu02 ax*n ecumolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1568a02 xexur und1cue * $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface os,4v,n sgmu3ct 2a-zvj* lm/sf insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.l g/4msa,*2mj-cv nss3v, z tu An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib ;u2npjvx) gj 0yb+ki9rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated +qu8hja9dik0caw ay-vb4x) ; at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was1oo 9yotslm*w+m : 6/pi,aszs calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for *ts/az,o o9sp1smy w6:+lmo i300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium q/jr 3rh-jg)/e5bf3 s 5lq iudgas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractij l q5qfdhu/g-rs ijr3b5/e3)on of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, 9(onwtol k(1s width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 29o 1(w( nstlko2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about oh60* t a48fxm,fpclkine atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquero,;-i9 o- j5nxv;mmezb/aq c s is about;-v-manozroe qx,c9mb j/;i5 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the;f lyp4uj:e+(6i q0athv w 3ko surface, to what volume would his lungs exp uv( 6 4 i0whl;3faye:tpqo+jkand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at ad ;jeovbe g:4, speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becauo4:;vge e jbd,se of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increase;gqqme6+d;r.bw30l7 fmd cipk ryvn.v ae84:d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mi5 u8j trih.aor31*4ec wg/ut$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of t g bnjf5naa 1az+rv6ea9k 80l(he Earth, estimate the total number of air moleakfe (a anb1agv+ 8 nr0z69j5lcules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni ;.h(;t2(lh ute/ )etpv bjedjtrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressur o .ef zfdlj(lr96h(k(e = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa.fefz( jr( okh6( lld9) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqum--ox9c nhsegk -* xp3j)yat( id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli r,2h ;lgh,r3 hpfudmh 7vr*me3d,9h une at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tozo s,lu hj1-3eay6m6x fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t2cb9mh(s g,sp8l1aw,pkh t l6ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a diy6fgc2y2*qdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at s *r -xyeew*fc)vu.mp4 g/l -h20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart9ae 1vq)ng/kff gc s)0h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended b j .v2n+d6pyl plw42jagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid ep6 +wl 22ljdbpv yj4n.lastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamed( gur- o7j31eml8/ks yabvu5ter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14v8o(u /m5gjk71 bdseauy -l3r.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wai0jj1crluh)ow3v )v)c h )7nbter vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: j ) )0o )hcb ru)1nlj7vvci3hw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when itk x/zg *9b (0sevr6rmx is a sols0 gkmr/96(xezxr* bvid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cou8u cn72h1u-e +mubvf+*nf mxnstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion i 8 2e++ 7u1fmxuvcu*hfmubnn-s equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.