Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of anipfa:8x0 .jkad6 c: *nsd:yk luminum? See the periodic table o0d*sanx 8n: i.cjdfkp:ayk:6r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a ther6u4k xz6v xpyr8 )c8kemomet4y xuk8ke c6zv8x6)prer.

Which is larger, 1 Cc 1ws)1kc eep; $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not j pvgorg8 yz1f4 :/ffsq(* o9min thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, an rg189mqyg j zo4* fovsf(p/f:d C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a * .1ibll htve-strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal v h*-e1lt. ilbwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coj9.l d 9 k2qis piehjh89e((avefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplsqjl9 g;0)gsx8se f8ie thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be ss ;f 9sg) ij8e8l0qxsget at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ar/a:mu/+jytgc5n(c;i 6: jofoj ( va lke fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a v(k;y(j/umaaj/l5n :tjfci+6oo : c g U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead dvl8(md+si kibd m0;d s ).83f7myj4um ;gzrmfloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first;( bk;ha oux9l 8vzmh5. u0mdp placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallyh;.k m(vabz pmuxdolu 9;580h descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled f; .gj n q-;wl1 bkqhmjmx1.wo.(*dk zmore rapidly than adjacent ;. 1. *-own1dk xlm jkh;q(fmzbgqw j.parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its k )yj(hv 758pz mime,/ mz5nnbcoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pzym8,h( p)bz5vj/mmn ien75 kyrex.

Will a grandfather clb8(7ejgpobvc s;g4ts/ z 3 i2qock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus-ey 2rjeq4 /jaf jcf,.7mqrh/e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wi2jac j,r-fq /.yefmr /h74qjell not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempe7xmhtz t660r ()6kjtm/oukltrature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.m7tr( zkk t/o6jml0tt66hu)x

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inczkw* ari/ss7 /hz f zrf6c3p*-rease or decrease if the temperature 7fsrzrwza c 6zif*-*k ph 3//sis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the reec 4 p*i.cpm7( sn:epvlation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temi v.cesm7p4 *:pc nep(perature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows /kn5z6b9x9-i ,uuaid li )c r bpxc*x0from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in zljyj vk7z yo 51s;/nn2+(x svxjo.(u the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spet8+r qq+v6pjced an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vejp tvqr6c8 ++qlocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl2nx:swyc k9 ej,x2u, sy than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othery2 ke2x,nxwsju ,:cs9?

Explain why a hot humid daynf8q4np d ,)gee)jn5n is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatud) ejf8),pnn54eqg n nre.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem*chnd2es226d53 tmb rkh 5alrperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatu8zoenr9 w zq4 txi.8.dre is the same but the humidity is different. Which8d4.n qrie .8xtz owz9 is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheats,gxn +6 ::njlsp nn8ced automobile engine.6n s,cnnj p8l:xnsg:+

Why does exhaled air appewqb9 el*z9r3f3bc ac9imoxz (xgx fhlo- +45)ar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thq,lj,btzy ad /b5el/s)qj ;+iere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoqg33,ty-u gupa q3jtuf :c :q*ms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?t3ufpu:*,3 uggj aq qy3-q :ct$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often txhyel*higa+acnc -,*0 8c2 ceaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?che8lx2+,g a icc0anh*-e y* c   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are gj :7(sodbrnmp.qa -bn 4(1+ttq;jho136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomeltt g9 41b/-njtik3,k,epx2zwr uwg- -c z :titer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.ku-z-cgt :,zj 3 /tkrn g,ttx4iiw 1lw-9e 2bp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m rzyq: pip4zna5n-9 1ejp8u i8long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat+y ht;tpea :-/ fvqoau4rle ,/ely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averala;-tr4+,ahp /u/ey eqtof v :ge temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are y tvsjp3m u5 mb6o)7m5often used anm bpmv65usjy m7o)t35 d the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of wateru1waf- gfi7 q14 -zkkc at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What pown5w1dt-9 y j3oqa3fnk2a: will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3tyjn2oanp d9q fk1: 5ao3w-3w0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of bc0q- kt;5h t o uak qw,6jccp98/r0qhwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 56xvg) -w0sm37 ;u+p 5h pu3rj mpokdgq5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bov 96rv71h hcu faxyn3 wv+/)ue placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in: k8ri8cbbfd3e 29wvmmsm6 )b essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expan 8mbk m:brwfs) 3c9b6v2e8dmi sion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanlx693ye.,b tuibb /4se ,hlrkge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w6a4yp2j2iqf7vhd)h f tn x0 q8 has coefficient of linear expqq62vxj7yh0ai dn4h)8 2pf tfansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroppqvz-y1 gjrct(hcxe.ww,/ j:v5 74p tic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock isi 8 l3sgqzx+v s4rsj)k+v;jt4j,o :j e made of brass and keeps perfect time at 14q;) xlj4t ro:,i v vs8sg+j 3zsjjke+7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inpde e.jg+a 7f jc. ,.i,lavz* g+umi2zside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bui f.demipcug..lj+,v*,e2z 7zgja+ alb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatirn 51 hoe.2xvfng about its axle on frictionlesf5v xho12en.r s bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much str)0 dq i;c9nbadess is required tocba)d0 niq;d9 keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel n ymbl27+dt(kcu c*kng bj+t8p l9 +r-I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm:k/n p allq,t44iiv,xhf9s / k at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaljo90+xu w(ams e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempu/ 4:g9h y/;7zm+onyyyx4qs davyfm /erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of th0cxtrxkfhm-+hj w9 (-e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric 2b.*b s7pxp0e 1 *ewm3po gjjfpressure and a temperature of about 2003.*ebgpw efp 2b osxj*7j1 pm$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at s,5l / fthd ank.v+q.lSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogwsiu:ex;2kx* en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP.lhy lfb,t 1exqm4w w.p/i 4phf -q5+t contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is aiym6uk9vv v8 s0hn0+qg 1 lcqj/s q82ut 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of*jj 1*-huxsq q argon gas at 385s*1q uqjjx* -h K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 d tq tn6g44qi2exzl)2kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air iqyg / d pe)/cy.*wpmurl.q m,,nside the balloon, which makes it less dense thrguqe/./, w.mypylcq,dm) * pan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at w;c 7el 7w7nimvtz * ssg7gg0215 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 yd+n 13:5g,6b gmwac uygjd:/7ijya :gt yca)$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l97zi:xeatih33 ei( kx evel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleex c;mw5( 0z; s oxpnhhf-8k8gcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? c5r* q 5/) z4ym0vabu n xfs4pz+vuv;b   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ;* edv0o910b(l0zttxj9j ck)jyblyn of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume rr 5+ixw )etngo 5y+xo0;(hl x5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t208l+ icagkfgft qh +l+ +9knwhat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hintli89nhcgg l k2w+fq+++ a0k ft: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ot9ysl4:o ;umexygen molecule at STPy9mto l:se4u; ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of he o/ru eznjrwrod*/f t*h/ hn3qx74 3y.lium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6004q** u/odyer/ o.zrh3wfn7n/ h3jt rx0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas )va3;l inv4 3:nbro1beg97jsec6 fl nmolecules increase if the temperature is increa4 :;l vorj il6ne1en9v c7gbsbaf3n3) sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havedx hjms1q2a6* the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. *jhs qd2x16ma Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0p.)m 2r n7dpmj $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cof v*4 q 6rqsmoi9qmh6izh (89rnstant, by what fam 94v m irh9fqq6os6(8qhr*izctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is give-9 9h1 qbv6hsrwek /vjn by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio 1/uu i.bboec 3qmj7-kq.be* hd7mi0z of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ro3id71bhc* m-u ke bo q0.q/zm bej.7uiots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mokifp)9p (wp 3nlecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molz br.*q p)f/25ol f ksb2vc4grecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance 0yg64q/ 1tnpys.zhs8 bcbf (j between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculu u8t;sf .3vo3r tct81 wvm5piar mass is 89 u in a livingius1;ttt83c wf3. ouv 5pv8 mr cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ok( ac mbok.i:ggre5k,v 1:f4 can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of *04iv di33 tfarsz p3vuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cano/2ehgk pyk(y5y p dfxt+i4 (9 $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wheny4-reftrfjg4qr0 ,qv,) p-wi:f 0x5zxy*tnt the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90zr)jt,q:efy4ff0-q4x gw xn5* t, trr y i-v0p $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity i:r(g/p4sp e kes 50% on a day when the temperatupp:( kgsree4/ re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press/pl9mv hx1-e gure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atpk zmio0e+29 isnihazc9 ;8:pm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.pzezi 9 p :hsikn82o9i+;m0ca $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wxkm ;4+v:jpez6r uj:fhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative +ej z:46: prxju; mvkfhumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water *wt, k.( sbjjion a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wa* fgec3blas/6,ug:2tz i 9w wlter is boiling at a temperatlz c if3 ,*u9wtae2s/:w blgg6ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumg8s7j .bgs k.pe 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po;vzcl3t3 hbbm p937 mp7)d mqjint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed foks8ij8k3: h. jji0s iv3wxfrl o9bc:)r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distvwbci s3 h0j3)xrjo.i: fs 9jkl:k8 8iance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny ppk5xoehni ; 6nr;32otubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ha;62hx eirnoppn3 ;5 oks cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2legs 8 kc 45+hxkpo7c6/bik 9 ssij.n90$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cadf61zn +6 vh koyn7:cb5ar4 ijlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cgfwm) y1w* (waalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the a*mgf(w)yw w1 cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 vz2s 8 z8 43mef0zzcclatm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atmz lz cc 083vf4zsez82m. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleccg41h3wmae-8ou vo-pules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum ge co1348uwvp amo-h-e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the de9 (rmwmh*k rtfq92u4 w/ ;prfbnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqulh l)o ckfzriecpyc; u2)4208es is aboutfc) u;olipzh 4rl28yc)e ck2 0 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lx9y.eb8tr o(x (roa6prmr n .qp3c/ +sungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ross(m/q(.rrp.6r+3 xy 9tpbc o8xa no ree to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enterly 2j3t7s2jais Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecul2 alj3iy2s7tjes (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa)9i 9l*0ed bk d7oxgsqsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 h,gd3d,a pzad*4h /p4fpa,ns70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of m/3emtaw:x3d c*93f k q/b njmatmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number o dmk*33xbm jfq/c:t 9/ewn3maf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculom06 +2piw 0brdic*h( hme m9bes contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge+nmf.e1-pw ur4glc ; :q )ahkx pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) andrhw+.ugk )lempacnq 14;x: f - at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at hue+ b 1k5;xlobg7jyh03*nqm 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 07u1ov8c4dhnp qj7v v yt (-8vk$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart( ubj+wk z/aw6h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on *4:2kp44kuk xc vavfyto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th t5bbxwrc-9 (ee 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has )0-el somx5lh t hp)xk bc3,ztt0/e2oa pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ;85t 8hjo3t bhpvg9irqm;5x bis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenn+8c3/) p tuqxxwj/vi/vl f)tebxx3,c is balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thr//xi)u+,txf 3 lxvctc)/be jqp 3xv8wown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble 3 wm;+lffq6jc of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves fj6;+l cw3 qfmas a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ldlbyx.qc;6d w2ku ,0 kxd 60l bqycu2,;d wl.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at h ,2vmxxasc/kqi iz e-z1(8i7STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatur8emc2i z/ixk(7qs1axhi-,z v e is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lnahb,xe a7 o*.aw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e.no *exh,a7 abxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pwo5frs;ynrj69:r. qneople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew9.rrf : no;jr5nyq6 ws. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg