Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of oii:xk ot. d+:cq-n,woj9eqk/(ihw 8aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe xi8hw9iwq::oc.e+nj qo -(dk/ tk,oindix B.

Name several properties of mat.*opcd pv s):, h4w+qiir l1boerials that could be exploited to make a thermometer. w,qbr *oihso v+p :cl)dip1.4

Which is larger, 1 Cy yqz*ma(bxxcx7u t.;saw*n74 m 1ew6 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium y.s0 tlkdr09(p/enp o with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, y.dl 9(se/ot r 0npk0pand C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. ma +e6k (f-h/dvsm9k.unn ,hsWhen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside onshef /h +uvnmd9s(,k-k6 ma.f the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienqj2 /ul-f*sq q*wi , +ad7obokt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use/+ jcd3rwc5l 8dhkdz(d to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containinhz5+dr3c( d wdc/8kljg liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inoi l,zt; gbt1kpr;(a9h(t qq6 the shape of a 9 ;hrqtb(tg (atk6z ,;qpo1 liU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 mi)i +q o*zmyw q08r2w$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th8k06jnriw w c7uyb +v,ermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially deswkw cijvy7 nr0+,ub86cends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it iev aymuc(k**6k7plb )s heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaie*lckb*)(y6 um 7vpakn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thape+ubdm hd.a ,j1 )y+lt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resisth+1 +ebuj),l dpd m.ayance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at om5)vg m-9r/v8tuiq c20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to byqzha6 )v4goitp80 6*dr h0 ykulge so badly the can will not stand ui0vr 6 0th*pydg8)4azqhk 6 oyp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing isg4uk- mgvu/-m+k )l*/rdt ddown a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against/ grt*ku-usm) -i lvd kgm/d+4 a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher t+ ) i6dha3cxc6nq8fae submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature isc c+df6naat 638i)qh x increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic th+n.af9v m) (x:slyerceory and the relation lsy.me f9+axrn :)cv(between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryufto yvr:9x3n 4m*;x l* m0(w cu-wjq l8sc*bi.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio33*vyluy,c7.w (hx sx;nvc gei,pm s8 of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to lol2 j0f4ce2 zthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practzlj2 flo04ec2ically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wha;u 0*hmhd4s lork/xe.t can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative 4. 0dh*he;sox /mkulrto the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hw2g4e77akl( j0 mvrt wot dry day at the same tempm(k 2lr7tagv4 j0we7werature.

Is it possible to boil water at room z--e yz:ul,k pmblh1. temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperaturem8 dx(x3,cp wj is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drx cm8p,j3d(wxy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is da z02v pxa r efih3lpub0+jk*+(ngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.ujepi0 *la+ 2fb3kxpz v+0hr(

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud s+nzucj+be 8v87n j *kin the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4y613(u, gslzhq98m6wur82v t alev yy -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring copg.d)i 3q my2bmpare to the number in ay3p.iqg 2b)md silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°ceghw;e*pie i:p -:ld0 tk6 0qF. What is this on the Celsius scale? g0w pe-;hekq:t:ildic *p0e6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordezw4:k m-1 pxbmd are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alb jspitr;:,s8 n2bb/q5(crbo cohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 /qb,j58ti 2n(b:cp bs;brosr $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long7z,1 sj ohf3pg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrou s i g6 :qn ,4s3*90z2roypltltpvtw.nght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chaq p4l*pto r2ns ,0y3w:.nigtzsv96 ltnges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often utc 8(k93krx hm4 cyt.used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869.9 (yc krtch8u3 kx4tm cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 :wtmzkf58b ik6 f u;4o$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.i: * mg7gb/b6r+r k6aqk-lzbm 75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it :z +r6 kk7 m/bblaigbr6-g *mqis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3ql,6i.poo j(q50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wam 2qkuc 91ij4iter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plagqo1-l57 ubh ye+ qtbi(4 wx2uced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ca hh-,b3;hzz*p .ahvnl n expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffi*zpl.hz;vh nb-h,a3h cient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chqzpigm r3g+mw;8l* fn6. r2ttange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width wq39h.a*j y zsdllr t,/opui8 k79ghf: has coefficient of linear expa9jh pd3.: taz,kql9o/7ur8s i*f lyhgnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropiaf1-2kc*dy-ig d2 : rf3ahrjpls64x fc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 13b+ gdjoj)j5 u7 jd b)guoj5+3j$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury therq(igclb g p4n.l1w z,:mometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 g(z, .1 wqbil:pgcln4 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0y,ox(lo tw*,emsc7hg6ze )5 i .41 m is rotating about its axle l( w5mxeigos6c,o t 7,hyz)e*on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How m) jjgusc8kd*tk)s ,c h0v1f8yuch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incre hsuvyc)81kgf t j)k,0d*c8jsases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area l61qe4nj-k*bu6hhne -xh q m( 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134. d 9,,wgd96 kaumudv:k81 wx5ly-nuyk122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur6wr 1tzm,p 8;e3api(xwewu /m es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temps+v6s1re ql2cjs:le ;erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a./vb 8pa6 bpje79e +mry*b cb c;w8jxdre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginykn(05 f7gx(ija 1t fde, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab((f5iaf0x kdng71 ytjout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitf(0 ogt24yndg0x vbru3j5 jq-y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogej2-37j nyrphkem (th+ n ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o -j2bqd:qka3c f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium -36df ps,cplus1 ykt5 9pv,lnh zc* 9ngas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg o hbyk , ,k2lflfknp:z 4a90m.qf argon gas at 385 bf 0fkn l.49pkz k,l2aq:hy,m K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ep9/o) fmy(i zof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bm4trnf m0r (98o(hgx4, gkl icuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than tx k oc4nhgm98(0(tl4fr,mr ighe air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 h)yq5 6 b 2ajy8)aisk1bdulz 8$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a a+dgncmcz8+s)d82y,bj7p w gt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level anhe87mpco (dna1o7t, jd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m*e a effgzjuzia9mfk(77r*8.olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water arfs+ufj656(tvbl sqi q *1uw2o gu.te.e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of)f7zp 6j8wmdhh4 ) ihx (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumei md zy4m)ukk6u:2wxz2 ou+a . 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arei/;k5y4 8c du aq5y vsl8hv.mr in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo tasq;48 ilhy.5 vd cy8rvk/ 5muook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molec u/co*;vo a0rjule at STP? c *a/oou;vj0r   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempilwfc5 -2j vh.erature of ab2whj il-f5.vc out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatu6r 7/ 6dtaxv tq*amud7c1 cj:ire is incrv7 autt/m jcr*6qdaxcdi71 :6eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given eqs; 66s ipz p f3vhr5np,:wd7htr89 eyq,8gxin units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms 3en yv,i 7 pf9;5,8rqg th6h z:8psp6wqsexdrspeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole+a4,uu a z ;xcrlm79odcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conshh+c,o4dm*l qi t.ru:tant, by what factor doesio *hl,qhd r.:4u+ mct $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m;:d/f 7r+ hx weyiea9colecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtuanw 2x 1hecb )w9u:nwu7qn(q7re of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squaren b 9unxwn(whcuq)12w :7q7ae roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i w(n h4g0vycs,n an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spbxjnq6eu,w1 m )u)a:heed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average z**j s4h )q 5gymt/inidistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mascuw*i y 6 b8;s pk/or, zs:bynp*e*oi4s is 89 u in a livingwk cp,:zr * os6; yin**8p bes4bio/yu cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtey5a6 t ,jixbvx7 f3yj2n P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uwugk6+w vc 5j0ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr5nm66 rl ee /88ouaiysqmr e-8essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atmlf2wdb1ri c l 3)3w0ut and the temperature is (a) 90 rll0)23cd1wiub3f t w$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (as7)f:sxifd :ql; a:/jh 2qtoapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 qa:2h:xd;qfa otf i /s:7l)js$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a s taogkfy.suf2p;-x 5/wn -m(d4 6iqlplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountainsoqfyb q i)*cnsc 0ac5ae9/3*l is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which q oc*i 03*)5ne/a fcyl9s cabqwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watey oq:lg*x2/h ar is 530 Pa and the relative humidi: h2ga xqy*ol/ty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat7yi jvqu8s+ 4xer on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wqqb;n6**hg 5uc2x cspater is boiling at a t ;5pq 6sc2bgnuh q*c*xemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room c6 dc(x+va8.3 h vkembof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew powr-5grv)k. e ezvp+ kyf0el): int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Taa) p97((stfnxhlb .8boxg2 bcble 13–4) to diffuse a di btxh(f) xbc7sg2(la.b8po 9nstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectnb4xu .j:t)c6ua.( yrn7z uzj e)a k3ks to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachu .j4u7z3jz))nkerbncy:(a .ukt6x a ea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasxvh -.4siuhi0r;fxr8yz d6)s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ao6x15w hjdw9 vv2t5 y(kbl)adt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cups/s 1 ,-yxtfr 6q6clce was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL yfrxs cs6-/t,ce l1q6of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure i1 dcz4ky71aqdnb m ;ih5i)8zbn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blob bi1kz1 qdni87 d; zychm5a)4wn up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt odzi+/kgfi+ uf3, yw0h 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asszf +,fkig u w3/idy+o0ume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atog:b/z j oxwy8*m per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques1) zdq2o*3ijb qlkz-zr( j4j w is abod1l3oq*bjj zz i kr)-qwj z24(ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5480knu 9bsy 0sibn- kl L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quick0 b98sni nu4ls b-0kykly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thh6uj/ap,.x ohe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, pphh /o.u j6xa,art of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isal/ xnu *jbr n8d:)) ;i9gnimx increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m.a+0lx akr/b j$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressur+ftkh77cyp y k9x5ux ;e at the surface of the Earth, estimate the pkxk7 fcyy5u+7 t9;h xtotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules tkw +lro- 9k7bcontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2yjh-/, k--et/a xr ikg*i1 gzl000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 2k-ka,r tg*lzx/gy- ij /-e1hi59K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidnu298 fhsg-ub+a m1pc mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0b-4w er 5cevhnwn+x5o; gs 32e$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at + 3am:5nl nk2rll xm r0k9;tex25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh)p 4us obcykt* 9e65lfzuofj2)uz4q+ tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a;njdhu9,oghcew; a 8j66d5x( i(tnbidopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmr ie t3ji v7l:dbx4)*m at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 22fe/ aam oo*z$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agains,fkj)cf 6ea/v1tg82d2tu g ryt gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg av ,/ce 8rf2dk 1gju)6fy ga2ttnd are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherok0 ehv8ds af1m29.ncical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant aca8n.s9fd1km eh20 vot 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in ttdd5bir h,.*fhk97cr h4 0axkhe air on the following two days: a.k* bk7c rd4dh9iht,xfh5 0r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the den27-rx4 xgg horsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid d o7g2r4- rgxxheep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas aq1w+.:nqu2d) l pd3jmh.x9p orl1mu kt constant pressure, the coefficient of qrm3 pu+)xoj.1dlw9 nu2l:d m.pk h1q volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidb0r/a . tc4demify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (ked.a4remb ct0 /pt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg