Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminhbbft6enu3 (9cp rz1 +mpr*z ,,z)dsdum? See the periodic table or Appendi3p zpdhb r,ubfzm snrz,t9+(1*e )6 cdx B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to makr x4n9v6/a8w itr1dt u;ei(el e a thermomet 1nvw46xltre 8a/ti r9i(de;uer.

Which is larger, 1 Cy vvf8/tc)hzhch0*,w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, ajh0x2:,n j 19xasoz obut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t29aj , zaox1xh0j:os nhe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of ;-h -s+fs rzldj: ujha/-quc1aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the oudj:za-s-s/1 u q ru-h+h ;ljfctside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanv iv c.,fr 2(pqzphz1pnhf b0t776e8r sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram o2rjv hqqp78wlyf -.8of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togethy82-jrqv 8l hqo w7fp.er. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed atq0 /l;7t yvr:lcp9 baz2v, vbt the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whvt zl/72l p:9 ycra0 tvb;,qvby?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 p j/4:upn:p3n1 w)dsyez8hlp$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is lm .*6x4bgbk/6midw :hz6kdz7z +tndfirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends:4h xi6z/t 6bmklm7+ d g.bwzdd 6k*zn a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofya c3h754no(h mdglp )xe4;op it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjae hh;yc( nd4p)g ma5oo47x l3pcent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient o)oiw(3ko(pd s f linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Expi o3)osw((k dplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 1ciw *,(whrf c20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to3 ,mmqo.03g ydq7 kjjz(7b svd bulge so badly the can will nv jy73jsd7q0mm.qd ,o(zkgb3 ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed.qdnb5 w g-py1li +x ;osik*8u (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike +xsb n1p qyg-u.i l;i8k d*o5wthe moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumy;thrg0zl yfz+pz4q b-)6e+k sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased) hz;+bp6-k +y04fzgeqrtzly from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorypm0ku7l5 33e u6 etwpm and the relation between average kinetic energy and the atmpl7me pe 36k5wuu03bsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetis.amd7f+pxl9+6nujw c theory.

As you go higher in the Eartf7dw5g azkrg rxx7h6; u.s*u9h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refersux iy/ +vj8f(e to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain whye+i fx(j yu/v8 the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tha4c bn w(itoidhs2f7;) n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the m7wnf ib ;)oti(4h2scdolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot d,oigen2 3 l5tvocuw i(b9 vxx;k+s6:bry day at the same temperatlix w :scbtx923k5 (vb u6o,e;nog+viure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuuouz7c.6 qa ;b3u8xv qre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity lrrs qvum, +:xzg*i6;rx +i8 lz53mfbis different. Which is more dense, the di ;g6rsl: 3+,*u v5lfxmbrrz8+ mqxz iry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thzp0hkx7 +kbq5 h+ae7j:c *lyq p e,4sbe radiator cap of an overheated automobile +4qeh:jbe+,x7z*qs balp 5hc0k7ykp engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cl 9ckkc (r8h lmca -19se77tsgdoud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penus1fgtw0:. qb hik (/nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms ijguof p0-c- )in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thef-c - )gjopui0 same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to ,b lluh4* zv4,sc jca.be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?lc v. c, ljzu4s4,b*ha   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a+h51w.1k:nnxv6eoldex4 jp f re 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu o )ib7nhw;l45v9bfor mn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0;5bfl)i7hoonrb 9w v4 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl c91ag(xfeju mc9gp0: abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buiut;q n;fp v*o+lt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.t+;fp;u qv n*o Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thvq, y892hvag i0jcjc/ an the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm ca0vc2jv89h,ij q /gyin diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 rlzia1dk 4qs9gn5* l 5$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change ib 47bpc xyr0f4n volume if it is heated from 4rybfxp04b7 c30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water r8.pim w6 me/li 6qqdqsf45o8 at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20ak(9 od4 8i)ek+sqc je)kqcl1v6t (ue $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to b9v+pikuu 3 8n4wuy8gr e placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exiwuwx. (kv 794zn0t/jy6 g zmmpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear e6mgy0wi.ku(zt xw 4 m/ njz7v9xpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitk.;rngrq rf2qc:; h+xjk3s*g s6jo1ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lin*9/5zby6f r3buw*mo duu l;li ear expansio /orfiuu*z95m ;b*u6wyl3lbdn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropkt/+8 bxjb1im 1dmo je/ w-r4nic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time atblv/g0 0dx rk9 170/vlk b 0x9rgd $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in6 bm-cb+y zj fbah*.;lside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumb+;j-f* cb zy.ma6lbh e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w3efi y0gy, jf0 wme(2w*je1ivheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulare0i*wjgjmwi3ef ( 0 v1,yf2ye velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1knnq*6m t8;w x5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tex nm* ;kwnt8q6mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-b 2g:ru5zmucyduqk9;( eam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at a hqekzg -a-+620$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on1 t:x c re.tim2qc2qv/k/dsx2 the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrem725rbyw,t1*5c yi dh wqvw*tnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ou0nbgbq p2trb-k93 e)als3.codz:j: wa 8-sdf the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressu:f0sr3 l a*0vn cnb.mlre and a temperature of aboutc00:snfb*rl .mn lav 3 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideod 2wysi v6)+rrmqr3l ds6 s-(al gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen nc3b1zua1h0r(ojf57fjl/ s o ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP nesh7a0x*3 yccontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasi 1f)4-pgal6t vkq ,go is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L:/g apt+, 1 fycdhn x2:b1jizt container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at :+yj i fztt1dg/cb1p a:nhx,2 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0djn 1bs;wn,w a,sb;;v kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball7 4yy9hz )kmiloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppy)kzi 497lh ymose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at /s2zemogv7p ) 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at (y3.n i*z; l64ofve nhvbfeg718.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s/ihzv+ w x3wm0 hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molkftgm;;u0 bj1 ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mmm za:znzjgdr*o3i7 u3m2c q0:w3y n*any molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m- /qjce 2f;7ol/i w/nts,q p.s) hjgzlk6 ,dvooles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.ge5f1d i1tv58 gkx,u n1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath y4sz3de(l uq0w ou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [H lw4duq(e 03zsint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average traq9rthr(+6k xsx6 x agz* m*fv)nslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?zsx*at 6g6 q (f)hvmxxrr+9*k    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a il *pcv n8w6h,j/jyt6temperature of about 6000 l,h68i j/pnjc y6t w*vK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasta. cbrttvz(dl2f2 *n7 vpk* (z1em(le if the temperature is increased f t**v( z7tpfdl1e n2vba rml2 cztk((.rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followi1)z7pxrk7z i/ h 0mxvn 1a;krkng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sph/r1 1xvzxrp a;0ki)7 7knmzkeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in aqjsk i5k*nyh8w9h9q* gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is heldu0hl j1tov/) ae3 mm,xradv*3 constant, by what facto joemr t3 0/*vxm)1d3hluava,r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of 7 5c qikv;:de5zjtjp8molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatuoj, 5,a;oqs3zt rbvl (re, the ratio of their rms speeds a;rsbozj t q5,3,vl(ois equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitcw9z1pexc- :urogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms2wm c1 4ntn3ul speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet x w5 wbz-3tsy0e9qz4qween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is khmd11 z w.q1 yv:zv6i89 u in a living cel z1 m qk1vv:z6dy1i.hwl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri j;w,zvf,77aiikx xc 1tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu;bun z1uu5 m1qm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in 8iv db17j2j cvise2z6 what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the p f .2 .ebq.zm sk4+o2tovbaly9ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)bq29o.s k4. fvot2b.lamez+ y 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50o.kw w+ zsmy*u*+il 5d% on a day when the tempera.5+mo*yuw d *w zklsi+ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place g5t voohm/2pb1s19fsr ( r d4wwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountai. 6t8:d(24qbo.0b ewd/h 8agpu ar ssumv m5plns is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wo8vs0mddb2p(w b lr:s.upt aa5m. he64u q/g8hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dayo,t z ea9s0feri.pb(hg ,5b ;r when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity i9g f5ro ib,eb ,eta (shpz0;r.s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature )+b kcgm )iz;eis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure7q: l840 jkd pz*abqpz cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturzb48q0p*kla:p zqd j 7e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68kfng (r89t3b u0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 z (vvf;*y*o,a tkzq/uopn1 :wk;*gzo$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fors8/73x f, sms(/- tqegq ooutc a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanceue(sq37/cqtm,-fo s tgx/8 o s of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thes 2z r3w6n3h +*wvjzzv surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cro * 2n rj+vs3wh6zz3wvzss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hl2b8ch9ljb:m uep) 3 yas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliu9mb+74 ae 00d8qo)sc )svatpm6ipi jbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu0gemksb x3r, 5ur +at2re. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are bue0 s,m gkxtr3+2 a5rhot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliuji.zfot-)g1 z m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloitz z)go-j.f1 ons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.:1 dpj48mk vna4ofu8 e5 m, width 3.1 m, and heiumef8onj k p :41vd84aght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aby43meiifr ,)vd51i nl-jj8* b 7r2paw v 8solgout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best 5 vb(gywoc ix;+6uk1 tavailable vacuum techniques is aboutu+ x bc(g6o;5ywtvi1k $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capz)xegyswzxy8 c qo396dk4y (khw2(i3 acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s3(k3ys69 z8chww qkydg)x2zeyxi (o4 urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eao9 (qpk0jazkg 3,+27ab d jfvorth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeeo3afbjzjo g2kavq+,7 09(p d kd, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ;-puodn9 rk/d/ +ondf 5o *wnaincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeq kn.hd(p ;l(.b(ine p of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the xvb6)0zp4,xsaqbz5k surface of the Earth, estimate the total number ofpbz5,k 0xx6)vbzq4as air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contak g(*;ufe jq,kined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us 5grwwv4hw t0:p r0bh8ed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flrhr:tw05wb 4wgp 80v how rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats -jqr qssf. sye06;x)u in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinb-aa5/ka ;ddrmuk+m, e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eaz:c9uac oh*. k/g- ombrth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassh*;y- eax2;qqnbtshc+wz fjj)3 cr0e;v /h2e jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inow5guktervg; jgh 2d4xd b5/g1* s 7/m the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasv c)/efmq.u2 j a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth if:vu:om9 w,v r /vryc 3 o:havvt7-,wxs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendedwubto r( i)p:-zi/jph- i2ql- against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Ho /wpui-z(tpji:-i q-ob rh l)2w many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericalg,far (;oy ,oa) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cono f ag,yaor(,;stant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following n5h:u5wdd5p s0r v5o.d7j moh two days: wdro7.5hmsov5n:05hpu 5j dd
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at tvr*) bbt8rb8 STP, and when it is a solid deep it)*r br tvbb88n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constannh:se. ke1. qiu o1(lzq5ynm 2z*f4vmt pressure, the coefficient of 1mskq q5nev1*24 zimy.z l:n. efou(h volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehafpkj 7zax4:dnm: b f;sw/:t: umidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar jtxb:::aafs/p4f:k nz m;w7d in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg