Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periaj4ucs rfx/le4 4s)t:xe2 8 izodic table or Alsc e ex8)42xa:/jst 4zuirf4ppendix B.

Name several properties of mate :h)h 4e : 0sa3(ey* bsbohvypbvje,(wrials that could be exploited to make a thermometevyy)hshh(o: w vjbp ,4sbe: *( eeb03ar.

Which is larger, 1 C n,uymf4 vnao y4ve(+, $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, k8nt;pa5+r/ k, gbwrwbut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t,t nw8wk g/bp+k a5r;rhe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When 2ss/acqtj9 xm01m h .aheated, the st9q ms.x0mtjch sa1a2/rip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of (qji1w ays06 jlr5z bk,iv4mas48 /ullinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tot/ocm+))*9bjvw g bbf control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of diff/wgob *) f)bcm+bv 9jterent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that67ar n2r x,9x (qe:zam )ujbdz are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U6azuz(a, nx7:rrq29dj m) xeb. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa,twdyrna2hj o0t8/ :cts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-3g xa,20r,:dw ua beepglass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thx :ae,ge wrua20dbp3,en rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is healann+1x +a:+lk )nasvted or cooled more rapidly thannna 1a:lxva+ k+l)s+n adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that wids 34;y9f rdvfz)d7 its coefficient of linear expansion is much smavfiddr ) wzf3d ys97;4ller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocku/k-*pji 005irtqnv0dp yk/h , accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its fz +:v9nw5m/vd7; hcqktgr+h bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happet mhq9 cf:grkn+z+;vv/hw5 d7 ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pis ac:mndrqf5gs w./ uf589( pjuton), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum oj/:ndfua(q8s .g5urf9m cpw 5 f molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increro p6xf r,d,8zulhx/.3krr,fase or decrease if the temperature is inclux o.,k ,/p f 3d8rxhrrfrz6,reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thnvd7*c-tvz *gu r 8s7pe relation between average kinetic energy *7r -8sd7vc*u nptzvgand the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor4:uqodeu 1z3z *gkxr0y.

As you go higher in tin1wyyl7.n8j nm-gps f ;04ay he Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earthq 15nsh:73tn lz gwt9c refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s s1 7 9tcw3h5sgqz t:lnnmaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperqst)vz 3xi/)w,n emz/: 2vwme1 f 0lyfature. What can you infer about the moleculavff )23ze0zel w/ w/mi,)n1yvxmq: tsr properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humii2vb5;w ri t:nd day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe2t wibivnr;5: rature.

Is it possible to boil wa05j o;/mh mchv-yat8ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sat0u.e8 zwc sxx9ha2c2me but the humidity is different. Which is 98zcxwaxue c2.th02smore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of a xr8s9ao2ahz ;n overheated automobile engine.ao9r x8z2 ;ash

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thev4t3 r .vzs5bw winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?z7jt .3:xzzrbf lkfr8a,hj 5 *   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grab9snug*;:pxc,j i8z e m gold ring compare to the number in a sce 9njzx,;8pigb *u s:ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onu sg4).eso pmc2a;. rm the Celsius scale?m4s)pe s;a.r2u g .ocm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13has1j 7oou7s b0d8dv8w82v v z6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomete ep50r sbyqx25 rcvnr az)c1k9z 0k59jr, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0k pkr j a50ren55cz2 b0yr9zc)v91xqs $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sa4pkvvfx nb.xf.) ;z/57h -rifyzev, labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough-e kgu,.(o+sp(oji kc t iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hek( opgoj,cisk+ u.e( -ight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofthsbwvea7 ccjy. 4k 249en used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cwbshakj.y ec 4v2 74c9m in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water .r :t/phcsn jf89xrya.z 6ay3 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change lm5g1rqlib1. in volume if it ismll 1b1q.5 rig heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tupf- pd ;*srl-he brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of ov 3chmf ,1 -yg34*wsob0rhpz water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring rvl3srx-vr942 hbfy3 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand i.yuz.lde *u-*wyi-xps60gg mn essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eqy0u- *gywg.pi e.um ldzs x-*6ual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i)w*n2xcj d 3jgn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linea3+o mm.2 umm7s b;xdlfr expansiono2lb3m f+m;.7dmms xu $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop -v vdktdpc 2mt( a:nom5q8yil(x*ng (dm- /9gic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps p90a,tvo iz(i vrez3r +erfect time at 17 itr +3av,ov zr(ei90 z$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Tht1pzj)3a bqhr g1,qt /e bulb has a volume of 0.25/ t3q)1,a1qtgjph b rz5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whey:)m2qhk / paol.xc4sel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu. m4:a/xlc2 khps qo)ylar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has th8 a)l36*qk;7 wth/) jdpbp/apa jafk we desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temj3 aafh; apd) )7/qt jblp*p8a/kw6w kperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiofza-j8f/.6w)nw- 23dfftnk lx8p lonnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at.me0trep,zjo ;f* r5- kdt22*srp xlv 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kea6(ohc / 2iiw(hp5oq elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thd t; k.y)g5r0(/by,bvicb dom e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunhq- j0g f/g6lv are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure an p,5kl+ hs/lwud a temperature ofl usw/,hl kp5+ about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tj9-zvp iobc ahd -7jh: z0c2p1he ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k8lhu5-nqc k;lud7qn+ g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg zj(3( lwpubt:of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is qerv c (*afm3/at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at019/l5adb+n nyh*sfcm+jmz t 3859+ jyhm+ m dfc1tlnn/0b5z*as K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 mifd / qo3.6ei yr.v-f n)tab7kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooddju8 +dmxdlwu*jie / - (rj2;n, which makes it less densejed (r/-iud2 wdu8+jx d*jm;l than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15g3l43n:wqgu 7ken q; n $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ns-3 liwm g(rw0 i4urp ,iov0918.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea 6 ogx yv4c;2:e ao,vgok hyd6,level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number jsn sr d-05)zh )o4.+fm0xqfynn ug k8of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molec9qp2utta-0 i yules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ,w4sd hfee(ueu8- y 1hof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume :d0nz v3ebmc85.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of airpvg 0 xl7s7b19m .h7t+amo uen are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last bremp. 7sx7gbo 0+7at91evmn ulhath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an o ctqd qi feo: q-82w:t2.(pzkexygen molecule at STP? :w (k8fq2 eqotipz-ecq.t 2:d   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a uab6:6h*o zo ktempera6zb:*uhkooa 6 ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thebqai5 ,5w44a*avdix) 9 tryvk temperature is increased fro*k5 4 r,ydvtqix)b5 w9a4 aivam 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 7b xs3xmg nqh;1b49t o0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. mq otg bn xs1;4h3x79b$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in h1vax+sx/n nv 5)tet.a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held c. yc1m rit*3zxonstant, by what factor d.zri*tm3 c y1xoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv0msd9t *k vr4wen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temptz. ioxvg84 7knvl71 qerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular m 4 gxz77nv18klov.qit asses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrovih1fv* xkx+:)6fq u 8lc es;dgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed7spph 3n liwklr4ulnx69 2 m926z2o pt of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen 1k epwid+hswe(3pw0 3molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an a sqye;9w5xfj9h-qdtn0 r yi31 mino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cellt ds3q 9wnhiq 59jy;xeyf-r01 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure ud4. eu+ot 2ivP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, sjiok/ ,. m7: ad5fy1uigi +sy$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what oj ) oq71i eav69hqy.zugme7se5y j2/phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0sju37gw,le9 fw 9aad.0 4yn un1 atm and the temperature is (a) au.y da49s,ew3ngwj 7 n9f0l u90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditym 7c+c+ ,oddll is 50% on a day when the temperao lm7lccdd+,+ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where m,ngsf8p9gso7 f) f c/water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti .fdv6 krn ;zh411ddefmate the temperature at which waterh d11d.4dvnre f6kf;z boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the;9)cpqewmq c : partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativq:q9ewp )c;cm e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe.slsor08b *hn5b0z jipzhwpj 79 b +3erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p hxp0r:5g6ae gressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature :6grgp50 e xahof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room 28j ocg,;idvrhk 8fs1of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of98 p,q90e enri7ydby8 gqa4gy 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neq5br)c)sg5thu niyht) ,0 .kx eded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ohi) )0.b5ght,sr cn qxk y5tu)f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface q j;u*2ivt/ 4p; gndcaof insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ht2qgdnip u v;*4cj /a;as cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratei1u7 ccwxw:g 3d/rb j2d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has a-yx) 7;qupk-0xb irozvvrl ;uo 49s+been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo.g1*7yc pwmps7xbl *-p vp 8ovm temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cu*xwo vygsmlc bvpp778-.p*p1 p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a a jqjc1tmr10w)f( u 5zhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure5u qjjf) z 1c0m1a(rtw has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roomnw7t0dic(2v :( kya :qginbb0 of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hei viic (yg070wk: nbtb:daqn(2ght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter iswd2ix:;eysw*z 2t,jec4 n;c-3 gjr wy about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecst;mj8y2, nllkqf- *pk 3cz(chniques is about ( c8j3-tfys2p m,;lqkkzl *nc $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full0x ub(vi+r tigsu +7m- capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume woulgmbr+ txu0i-s+ i7 u(vd his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere1p0g7 /evps u7gg u:wa at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space 7g sgwuvg p 7/:p0ea1uvehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idj*n1t; umn1ur hd7a e.h1 )h)ovlm-ub eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o n5apq+vxu* b2f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, ,d4 jtsks* y6fnfjp(;6u enlw,.f6rc estimate the total number of air molecules in tr,twy ff6( ,kf nlj u4 jns;des66p*c.he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molen.isp .f.+ kz j:fy, o-iezn9h*c7sxlcules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pret+db70bfs5v) y t3x emssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is +m3 5ttvfd b0bye7 s)xconstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mp8xq wv5qe16ve)b tbk b4+8 zbercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinl glin33(8e7dofmt 6gm+ieb2 e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ed ,xr6fjnjtl9vc q67:arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontkm.ozs8)qq c.c3bs l ;o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, asnhd yqam78s+;(7 ts bdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmm4elsow 7t:j2 +zce(g1lnf6w at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea;-s ij)moa -dp:iv-)glpf j6krth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is jc* cbk ph-ap9v/ :n5ssuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lidk s9jch- ppb /va5c*n: elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diarb0no utw 0u.jbt ; voa,6:/fwmeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?ow t 0at60 / bjrvb;wf:o,nu.u    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure x ghvd a3 v)rqt/cmby;:bm9 4)in the air on the following two days: /hy tb bma)vmrvx9 )4;cdq3 :g
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when iotxy f hev+o-y+xy *tm;3t7 k8t is a solid deep in the Earth whf* 3+7yh- ; txt8yoo +xmeyvktere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consj hc.,uz6.)b eawajv6 tant pressure, thu jaj.66 hwze.c) ,avbe coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cpk/ kp 9nyk+,vellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the c+k,knvk 9/ ppyellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg