Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic 0)slp) zysm1o 9mbwkc6p4+qntable or Ap)s 4c+sqbzl 19pwnk mopm)y06 pendix B.

Name several propertie6ms.xr rg:lpv0iu a+x*w3 ls0 s of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet. vau i6gsws +m*plrx3x0r:0l er.

Which is larger, 1 C 2:uis v,cq35/o 0*hagsn7irl e5rbls$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal fj)9 zf9nmua n+m 5l1lequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures o9jmu nmzfa )+fn 5ll19f A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetednk d9f 7jm /y)+wwxw;0jkzz s. to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wzkm/+d7j s)wnz0xk;wj9 w f.yhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient orfg77y mh z 9en/:+ dki8ek28soi,yeff linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnr irm, *hbi/d 9ln/qn)ace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity whenl mi/ q9h*/rib,rd n)n it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endmhh9 / s6 xfhmka/av./s often have a section in the shape of a U6h hfk./smv9 hma/ax /. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 ak79qm. ua54a,h yjs7he4 enr4pbmktb6aw- -$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plac2fk e.k 4uncu1ed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initk ku.cnfe214u ially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled m83hvae9 .bgb zore rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainbzh.ve 8a g39b.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansp,*1wg bruq plu**,hdw 9s0v dion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the in wuuph q,s*g**w0d9l1rpv ,dbcreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at j-ywa ,.q,i vn20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom an ;i.noje6*3cvqj,x i1e x+cj kd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenj.;jqe 6k+,*e 3xn jcv1oi cixed?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushinlv3 sfz0mqsj177 b6 qgg down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temp71j7sg6 fb0slqvmq z3erature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force *2mnp4s wdho4on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tmw ph s*o4nd42emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kixlvsq2 cgpj.5.fr 0-fnetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and tfr-cq5s2x.f pg 0lv.j he absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows*tr k ip;6tz.8ct* ukh from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,l; vl9(6:l6erjxl,gr, jefipop :* si the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth re nr n+p;mvpzmn*645 pkfers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosp p+*p;m pvn kn5r46nmzhere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water - xzz h3zyee1ze0;tho:*so0 a at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of o0z;s 3 ha:e-1o0eyzz t ze*xohne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than g.p: wi.4qs a/aetrkp1 sgk 90a hot dry day at the same te:g./qetp ki 1psa. ars9k0g4wmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at r b w no.0*3ho8+tcinykoom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bum 6c u.dpl0)vgt the humidity is diffe 6c.lgp )dum0vrent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thdyut v3tp :.px*:tvz 51 g1/vqj m4rmue radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin1ttzp.ux4 v1 v/:ur5v p:dq j*tmgm 3ye.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wi2 0 rwxvrhr99jnter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therxkfd06oo:z1gs w2poz 4i :3afe in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cu ks5 ;,uxzze +)bjn -hd:.rznompare to the number in a sik5 jz,nbz+ hu zeud-r:xn);s.lver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the hqiq*c:c+6 gnCelsius scale?hig* +6 n:ccqq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13cx5 5a*xksn1 *o(qzuh6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomenuce0 f+0f ch6ter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.uhcnfe06f0c + 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is vd6pq gk-s;o 8built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m dm wg.n4ht4tmxg.m9:k hb--btall. Estimate how much its he w.4 .t t-xdbm4bmnghkg-m9h :ight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet8 ,*jkh f3x4nkrg+ afbx) d+x+gaub)l hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placedf h4xrkax* +g3) kdx aj+b8)glunb +f, in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 .3kufbxv;/e3od5 l )-v ktwzf$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7y:s.++lgqlnr 5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedgr+. n slq+l:y from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10sab9liw,ziut/40cm39f u4hak2ew / s0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55,zh o9 m sn6ps2y.oqg;.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madeciqk2 +ps;vld zl ( ar(mv4/)i of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expabidk/+ +i6 o:lb/si*6 jpkbz aw (xgv:nd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximasii( dkbijb+ z6:lxv/pa+/*bg: ok w 6tely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chaw9 rj7s. 1v ccv6f;duknge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangula1x:o*fm vl sa-r plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansis*1-mvo:xa l fon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sob0q mjq*aqsps(h( /0x lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kngkbyl*/h tn6 m6a(a*b. - xxc:q(onjeeps perfect time at 16o6*ayx-( ( /qbjgh k:.mx*acn nnltb7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mbdrr0m fpm ef1 w+ma 4lkvq03.l70cv 0m-slw8m. The bulb8c37 -mf.brf0 wd0lm04mq wv+ eprl 0vals km1 has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating as.k ar-a5 (bsrbout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular a(ab- .rsrk5svelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi-;j0oer p ejlynwu:- r2 i2*jhred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required r;erj ji-ey2*2-lnop :u0hjw to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 9ko j7r)of))pvo .9wtq3xrmz0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1f7- d ty4j;n,bhh4v bj22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatufiebys2 .5( zjkop57tres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temot7abib:k: eja; - 56 z/hgfhfperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the iw c, p jj8y+regs-v/a+ *r:t2po*ijox nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatuhhc1y hc16 m to.2t:lrre o1htthyc2o.rm:6h 1l cf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygllxj z.,.b5snei w4b8en at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenc461bxy3c x lj ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP c1n 2k d ryzybyfx8b/0.ontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1q 8n5g,faj+s +l:zyig0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinjwvpr9l 7 7,xgg 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38x7w7,v 9rjgpl5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 qacu) 0neb-e*m/n a kq4z)qya ;ycvaqw +f2,5kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bal hgc q.3orqu( 6wq.:tyloon, which makes it less de.qtr6qqo. 3wcgu(y : hnse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit6 (pmf2yoj m7x+lebr:h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ataxk isi.fup.v:l4 5r - 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level a 14nvx +a d/s q5dqeda3f*,wpqxoqd ,;nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules (2el*rmtwh,vfa -* d sx8 q fh7hiu.a4/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 k rt 5+xz*x b,6w7ejekL? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleip90zmg *zr,ks,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume3xqx+xa 5xip8 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of3f8j nmqt;mr: air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo too8m:mq3; rjfn tk. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule a4y d7.u /yea/g xs imd34imcdlh.l92at STP9d7 y /hlu2 dmamei ic434y/ls..xdag?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of +ntccju)t o 5z28vg :ah.jh. fthe Sun at a temperature of about 6000t)h jj..: uth52 +n8fvzgocca K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase j)5 wmgh/(zyfj1*bsxk8c 8d-rpiz b 4if the temperature is increas4z*pw x(/- 1d ibjkm858rf)zb jhscgyed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6,ur7. x09mq3gmch h(34gyqt ohzj9ov . 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,zrc(u93h9hyhx7qvt3g.m4o gom. 0j q and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in 4 i5xd53 (fs y n vdfdt(l:j7hr,wt+hka gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled 8;n.)z q7w5vh x90uzv kgaibiwhile its volume is held constant, by what factorx.i8) 7v5hvi gqwknb9uz;z 0a does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of lxk0j)lde )f 8molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, a i7sds76 u s)es7k;2uii.yy gthe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio o.7iia67sg ; y7e) y ssdkus2iuf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ks8gu*k h.k*g in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms oay6z k,k/ c9z m(d4bpdsd3-hr1g km5 speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc d )rfne, yrxem2v/p0e *2*bp0sgnc7ze between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u invh,ztt h xehm8589e.o vyis*+ a living cell ah es9,yvhzx+. ov*h ti8mt58et 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrih-(9unvzt 0f mtten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6 u ayid4aiva:qc l8+)um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha,tnqwes;xf )8z0/ c glt phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when*pk5gwb8a2 s6w +-gkm:fkyrb the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) kmb:akbygfrwp 82k6 -5gw *s+ 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dau 2(jzte a*f xz+8+pyyy when the temperature is ytuxz2+fj+z e8* apy( 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pltq i4;i* *kv*ai mzb 3zu-0ig(o n -vip0wp8huace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouni7sq5k bpqmrn;- 669o ;iu mmatains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem n ;-6 i 96a5;smkirpqmmq7uobperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P sp+j+xrzin7.p dw,9ee-(ke qa and the r7d (qzw+p.j9xe-ipnse, kre+ elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature eawqo je+;-e-g/;wk zzif;nmm4l.n +is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressl;liast0 -kc .ure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturet-s.k ci0ll ;a of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volb-y )-x.lxhyz ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew zq uda:-7ag-4 p jdc4mpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see m0 f6s1xkbri6z8 / 5wwfqs, mjTable 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 8fsfm650bxwr 1 z mw6skq/ij,15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throu 6aofspiq43(7or*ni0 +xfgd l gh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is+flpgqrxa6( i0do4 i3 n7fso * about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c sg /,fvogk37zy 5lopr hw-jn7oo,d*9alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has 24u.bi 0vuechbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was ca (;ecr -6sqna .oka)vmlibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and t makeq6r)a-v.; nc so(he cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initialbv1uuz*p(c* -(vn rr 9zn5duely 28 atm. After many balloons9 nn*5re-zu(z budr (pvc1*vu have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules n dv 32ow0n5v;pj/ yanin a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 mv5pv ajo nw2y /n30dn;. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onevf0sy+ axji1lh xz bf1/ 9)bv9 atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboa7/4 3go3s9j 9 pplovsbwd7 doja7d/vo3p3l79odg sw os4 b9put $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w86wq/ 1xsdy flhen 10 m below the surface, to what volu dqw/6s1fylx8me would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s a*g vq (r6mb:-w (ksd5par:qrg tmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Msr:gd*a5qgk(r 6rp m b: -vwq(olecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is f ,:teq4rkp)6j/(h 1tnoiwvb14e ifeincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mi.;;i vhjkt-*p 6lqaq $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at thef 6attfg3 fy;9 surface of the Earth, estimate the total numb9tgf ft; f36ayer of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molej.(3gguz ozjv66+xbc+5 gh blcules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital ha *z,p5soq0eyd n0 6g )wloyw+ps gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyl6o0+nlp o,y*q) 0wsygep dz 5winder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at m99n)i5wlab o;zp8kv 7io* jn0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolym 2+b0tkumpn :./6 3 umxebjline at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e+up 2,21ymfss4n r+ju ih o:mxquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar5zq7 vhp l, qcxmfiry2+1v 5z9 thj.9a at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th +0 wawdypi)6ke 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmjsti ,m /wuz2j72an6b at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear*-c1 r7ee zq3nvp1sc vth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwuq2r( h.rw+gxc 5hw42 wc ppw9n vertically upward at it. 4uw29wp.wc(ph rrc +g qw2hx5 How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble v)obewts 9nim5 :w1u6of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the 1n5ot:9v6iwsu) b emw temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twou*p7 s t iv2iu;s,y b5ta4u7 nmp+8fob days: bmtf+s pu ;b ,77yp42tau8visi5uon*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and, 1)2 q45oqemt a//y0hgpc* xea cnjqs when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherehnom e0a2/5/) pc qe*y4tg c1jsa ,qqx the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tog95-. n+nap+g cdq coq show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion i-+5 .adpg gnoc nq+c9qs equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cell 8 :j(gq fi+/l:z2ek ahi+qnnpars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept/+fqlk 8:2( ajpzi+gh in n:qe at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg