Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the ;h3ajh ca/dd czj)*i+periodic table o cd +a*hda)ihj3cz/j;r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet y9/z-eg+wvnk 3yf4fh heff-/ 93wynyv4k+zger.

Which is larger, 1 C h* u* oxxv ()z0e7fdnf,rkk4t$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal .h30eep ; f8y,et5q)bn9 +n qmkq nxnuequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and q )q3yxn e,8 .p feb n9n;5+unmk0eqhtC?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stripldt jii 8 q(o7oh.7h-j of iron. When heatedjo8di7 -t7hljih( . qo, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l p/ibe9s v.vi7uz8h2winear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a edjj7, c vik,+diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that kc,+dj,jvi 7 econducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havd bl937 kf ;ybl7+wvd oh40xdf96blyz e a section in the shape of lo943y z 0 db7fyxlbbfhl dwkd9+6;v7a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder wgx )b(isj lkry.h 95-of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gla tya 5,6iafn;lrxnf 1:ss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thef6ry1 a; atf n:il,x5nn rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly df 16p,t9 okgpos6.bcsyi m+) than adjacent parts. Explais9to.,g+p16pm icfb oy 6dk)sn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gla,0unu *b *rmysss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanc0uusm*, * ybnre of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura2agkioyg v.k;y:)m ,cte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its(n.o*jq gxr6l bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand ugr q.x*lon(j 6p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, bjot6 qyj0t6zyva6p19 y pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in t1ztt6yj 9yjaq v60po6 emperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submer zu4 d-mxj-m/f3h5(wvnyq fm0ged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inud(fhw xmq0 ynjv -m45/3 fz-mcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s labn/u3t)r.(ggu u4gth w follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t/3tgg nu.u bu(g4hr )temperature.

Explain in words how G,xb);h usamy to8*i n7ay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiuhwqdoz*af o2op.zy 63h(53 io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for (g wg ;:r;oc txaic0(uthe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for(g;oag; (x0ctwu r c:i the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates morex x jrwjm8,52b*rftis 2u,3nf quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties m2f2*b8jwr ixrf,n,35ts ju x of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at j4* hh9bwzgl0 nd4u*dthe same tempe d4h*bug hlw4d0jz9*nrature.

Is it possible to boil wate0d 8qxjr(c hr1r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when thh4xt:nk gv+ ;23mhmmh88 mxku e air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. xut xkh m8+hh2;8:gvm3kmnm 4Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to7+2xq y h)g oj4;o3l6horznrk open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engzgkr ro3hxo )ln oj;42+6 7yqhine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cl+i.helpr)6i; ogpy7q oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp 20e2lybfyv/ eer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grl6cvx-55 )4zi wtfz jo.nc)elam gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sa55ji 4wcfxtlnc)ze 6)v.zl -ome mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often t/z k:bu6j2e; e,dsdxaaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?s;edjd2x / kzabe6 ,:u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorip(e)ckp j/mol g(: g/ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thnt dd3 )v gsjg6(/t,p3 dosy*kermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. p g3ojs3nt6td)v y,*/kdds g(0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slauw9d0:1jsrd(x kej xngjre3 7c q y3:1bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of j3p. iafhlx3 8wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of a83xpfij3lh .2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riveo;vbu8a:l,rn 8bah3l3 ma 1iw2b+ m gdts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A8lhi2 8d bo3 l;b1,aanr:bawmum+ gv 3 steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at,rsgseq hmkw 1 r8xw:0w9(t,n 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diam5w;u xt7s8)hszuvch4bd4 y3b eter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated f z;3yx s85b u7dvtwc)bhu4sh4rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wateraiikg 9) p zztz0i4nzt..)0so at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50rbgx704j, x9v3 bso cu +tp2zaivf4 i0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At zqvjo1s kf7ch .x8i(:20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so/ ,e,e9m 2otg(ti 6( k7ngpuvouxsuqdbc(:2 u it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficd touu9q(u p kgst( ,6ce:i7(uvm2b, 2/gnx eoient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in4urn;9 f7m3e7nbd z pe the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate ofn.gd- hkk 4sd9 length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiokndg4h- d.9skn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropy .o:k sm9chvfj83;hdic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o+ f0ep(np(urdf oc g; psk3b45f brass and keeps perfect time at 1pus;onf p(ce 3 kg45d(f0 pr+b7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has ay ki1 tgf4x5oqo. +oppb+t9vr;ce1 m5n inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbgt.tiofp+ pekc95 q1o4mr+;oby51 x v has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radoj6 .xa sbl7(vius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguj.lo 6ab7xs v(lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has t hg du8q*5m8tm / e8wvcfg2ex;he desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this wuf8t m 2vm*eq8/g g ehxc58d;length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalgooqum3o(6lr ym)2c7r 3u*xv area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmu4d6byg,sx u,6q.4cx8l oprxavm*t8 at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on8vd yt*mgh *:f the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhj4*)yek s aidc *2kb7yeit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ar26.4ji;x l7f ieet shme about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combu9 jr8rbpxcc 3,stion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of p 3 xr8jbccr9,about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal. ) 7h.tzouq zhod8ov +c51iq5 o-fzxp gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2nzybu0kzbwy y fpio3p ;.;;-*1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of: am hmj)n2+s tmcj-9t nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helijp /t0lrcu( 2sum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of 5l ;+b7cb+yflv e is5largon gas at 35;bl5ey+flsc + 7vl bi85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o ) xfn)o7kkrvs1o8x e87dl4z.1 hbmyv f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidht5t/4mx :wa;,j9 f(3vxyoz xau yjo:e the balloon, which makes it lw/35z,oh;(fxy:mat x:jjvu t9 4 oayx ess dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai(a1vg00mbfod vr yq9;r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0uny8xvm0i 2j * $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sec6nevjz6ne1b y*, 1e sa level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mq+v z7kb9)dx yolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th wjnntw+/r/ td:6bpd3ere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole3m/ 8susjy j8tfft*qfh i 09z2s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 jh)9:ryu:d5 pz l5big.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brea.v/gbrs45 fo1hx d2 aath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant vgb oh4axs rd215 .f/adensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of anc7yvpy-d7 z9. t;jdr b oxygen molecule at STP? -pc7dvyrtz9bj d; .y7   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Su wqn2j*yw l1m5pnc)ybulzirus; *5(q00 b2l xn at a temperature of about 6i u jcz*2 1n(br xl n 05l*0yqm2)5swl;ubypwq000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if theo re3 og)fyx.(n 3tn-p temperature is increased3nx)rnoeoytg3 p.- f( from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follo)j zkqwkey xru5,f z3;)6kqib+ h 5.ofygk8c 5wing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,g55k qokfycr )53xu 6i w8) ,zb;zeqyk f.j+hk and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga+) zjje0ibcrgq(/u o) s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wrm0xa )+dtghg9.36c rh 0n7ojqeuz +while its volume is held constant, by what factor r a)u.zo+6chje9gq ng 03m7 +tw0rxhddoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculelhd(o e1yu8x3:w f;4si(gl k es in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same ,8a6hje. *ymvx o p,odtemperature, the ratio of their rmapy,6hm x,o.dv j*e 8os speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5 a-giruy1 5y.s6ipl2j $-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mols0yus5 374fzs p15mcw;sr wu fecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mo;g8 o2rll .rwjlecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a pf, afvpynam nw54 cll8(-c)0n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell y -faf8w0)(nnp,m p5 valccl4 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wur arxi0 b,l 338shj0sritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur4n;b 9a,)+hc2n yvg;vjdmti canium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what2o.d;xus d qk-nc3d8e phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasbn, 64lcf 5lzje when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 6lflj4 bn,5 zc90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on ph,- 6e7 djmvrd m+erct9+3zq. ze +fha day when the temper pj q7-3,d+rzd+ vhe h.+mmterez6fc9 ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boil5uu 9rpe;u vw+m uf-,xs at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particiv,i .7to uqql4dxs1:8 ;ht iz ucal;(ular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which was4 (z8quc1,i d h : vi.qa;u;tti7llxoter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature +0. i0tpjp 7xnk/b;g11xlq bh 2qkluuon a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the re2qu7k b xh1qxl0puilp ntgjbk+/01; .lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a t7 uftd q7/iq1day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wat3lo:bk il6lo7er is boiling at l7li bk36o lo:a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680igj xrp*v4(ab3dy o36 $m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew) *goui bqjw 1t;6:o gufic0 g+gk6p+mr1dv.y point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 40*m:bz);kxjva6 xcyi/ yx1 ma;zn gs 13–4) to diffuse a dis1yb6m /c z*z0 aay)ikm x:xs4;;gj xvntance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surf1b0xma( .h/ij*l)eh0yjd u,dgl w ve9 ace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averadyx l,vu1 .lh0 b i*hj)j0dmg(9e/w eage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu c-jt /dq tymb06ja3/qre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape m kjxgz06l 4*dieasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temp-cbl7)ej a..3w q *haplcwz 3lerature. How much error will be made in a recipe callinge.lw-w.*ljcb 3q)cz l 7 p3haa for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmjgok-/ qzras6w -i;k(. After many balloons have been blown up, t--soizq6k(rk w/ g;jahe gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m+ur vda (6)eb1gz+n ko, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te6gv)a no+1kdre z(b+ umperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one alafc. yh1p0 xi,47;8fwsnbh 6sh14r* n bzffmtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availa ,m m;ptsa8i7uble vacuum techniques is abot mm8 ;ps,7auiut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full p +pkqan2q 6d.;; itxzcapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to wq pqa6;;.tpnzdk+i x 2hat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosu6+c /okd.g, zn ty;gqphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspondqck ty /6u.+ggz;,don to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i f9vg.skyc-d7tx c -wcy 7ao79deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume-ub(uyk,hy*v of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphen-lrt7vg;zjm k/t ,*uric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atj;-ngmur z,vk/ *t7t lmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules com1 6h rzpeux:0:inmv gr((4puntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital +hbw7ear esh20/m t)n9,.z tshk rin7has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) ah,+ e2hrt mak7h/w9rntzsn7b)ie 0s. nd at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo, *7i7b5u:gdes m pnniwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0owl:;um w / bk 4ndcus,m.--yk$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’b:l*dv q3wq 9ds equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atf4p.i 45tyxm 7l bf xzm,hu*+p 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, 6+pt/i x-xsys0+qucn adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a,vl*xo .z1 mo)by. -yplm0 joct 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the r;et5g. g q6koEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agar-kc o m:85r;ibr, slg:yhh5 einst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from ter; : rhr-bgl5 i85scy,mh:kohe lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of yt 0j 3:5xl2o(9chtyh po+ya iair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air 9t:yl p5+oxhjy0oay3 (i th2cbehaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air bjgp30p hu9 6p q-b6wdon the following two days: dpgb j6uw9p0pqb 63h-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at e+q.9w65*5.dn rz4m y vbmloylcbht*STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatuobqmrem+ .v ty4 6lczn 5.lh*y5db*9wre is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law ton0a uqp n*/:bq show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of*n0/n q :bpauq volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.