Which has more atoms: 1 kg of .jnhg2lar1a0n3w; h (yaw du4iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or.uhg n21draj wan lh3ay04(w; Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet8clt f :5(xcs.khw h0ylsk5:8c.0c tf(w h yhxer.

Which is larger, 1 C5c b: 0hzzg *zi/e/wq7o /wbwr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, a t /.dvrzt43kbut B is not in thermal equ3zk ra4vtd /.tilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetmd3)d-qz e,h1aie x0 bed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside,e1m-x eda)0zq 3di bh of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp :uhk9,fxjqe 2ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diag6d 6d4p 5imilwram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel contad4i di 6l6mw5pining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section q su-t7d 5d-p. wj3penin the shape of a U.w73st-up q.-jp5ed nd Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mv n ;jjaj)gw;7ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is f bk4 amyu26x/n34 oeebirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends ak2 /4x3yemaneuo4 b6b bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part6i 73bhw:6t v9, jmv;udkps me of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent par:svkv p6i wj76b9e hm;3tdm,u ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linea x/hso z2tu(u ;:jt;rtr expansion is much smaller than that for ordinot; tr u/(j x;st:hu2zary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, fi)nj:m;l(n j accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botto3c/1t(tvf cl3xyk h5 dm and top to bulge so badly the can will not s 3htcty5dl/ x1 vkc3(ftand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem qwxhl+ c.5hv-perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cool vxh .q+lw-c5hs. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged *mqr+mys9bbp;5rk fj1v 5g,z in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasedr 1bfszr59b + kjpm;5,yg*qmv from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetdqx5e +lp. rt5c1tfn9t,eqp6r d qo79 ic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absttrof +pl 6xr5qp5c. q,7d 1tqen9de 9olute temperature.

Explain in words how Gaysr:sa.jn z ,xe+ mojh; 2q.wy:-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratioai 2ld ,nx5f)u of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mini zf86wk1c0hf hmum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never8k60fh hz1fcw return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i l,ssjgykum *6ut .z-26a-dnvwvi4q.(a/iii nfer about the molecularmvyai.,izi*jdga-u (6lw isk -./2uvns 6q t4 properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more un.5 kkxl :ko.zycomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe:x .kkl .o5kzyrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu 2xc2 *6rmvw)/ vml kw is74bgi0hfyl(re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempera*t4fjuoerqu9 p ei sh1/n6wx:6fo;2z ture is the same but the humidity is different.* ire46f:16x2fn so ueq;o/9jwhpztu Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of alm73iwk 0fgps:pc v)to9zb -6 n overheated automobile engine.l bwfp-70)tz:k cg6oi 9pm3vs

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.5lst4n12 k2k gst7jci 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a7ry)lk.vc iz:p1lg*a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the it- ,cib+cz-kfs, i)ej+ pdd(number in a i (-c+ ei+pdc,fzibj) t-,dkssilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6 y2-nm5 ro)ztroqp,; es +lec:8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?yp n;ocz5+r: q-2r loe, )smet   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anitm+8hjq u3i ;.h9 xrfke2x.b d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass dola jytqw*nf,i/4. xnv:2 fx*; ti+ethermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 yx .an2*t qfoxveli*:dwn4t+f,i/ j;$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabd7rb69v 6u4u jr/orb qs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough+w ka8yd0l8h mz3au c8t iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperca u8zl883kaw h+y md0ature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are o evmsi(s2 )-lx yq74zwften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm-s i7yvq)sw42(xelzm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a ng -o(wc7nk6rt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. W )6opb8ewiwej ceg -1:uaw579saan2e hat will be its change in volume if it is heated ): scb 5gpe ae8n-w2e e7auw69ij a1wofrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10p,3wl gh9 wnz tmq9u/5evb ;+d0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5hn zepn :96wj)0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironw nha(fv8(-n 7dp ld34nnsyiql8b +e-. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ca 1/ 2x fe2wz pmb2;fy3sua)updn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lin df222)e;1 xs3bwp pyuuzamf /ear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th opw) ibce6j-:e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l atjxmlhqv(3 ( )nd width w has coefficient of linear exp(3 q(mj xlvh)tansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solilafz2 *ws7d-m mu 3(cud, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass )ga+lezi,j2n(2w wx ik9yk:l and keeps perfect time at 12:n yli 2j+zg9ewwlik) x ,(ka7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140j0f4 yrwui9l bog /,o) mm. The bulb has a volume ofw)rog0 /lbf 4,y9ji ou 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about o)8 39e sgdt(dgq-fgq its axle on frictionless bearings with a3)8dtoged(9g s-q fg qngular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when ipt*u(j:p .aaat 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 u(p a:p*.ai tj$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-1h *swubagk;9sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atdjol )5xy+ gjks0m-+k4 d ql+u 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempe* bdwd:gh0 g .,ql)-ush plpy+ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit o, yb:z m*nrbldz3 tpd-e- ..oscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun area y 0xcyaa9p29 about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at*8. dxjldk1 qxmospheric pressure and a temperature of d1xx .*l8 jqdkabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg)s2ggif5t ao6 h4:rqren at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21t ;bon:6winr: .6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr -/lysm kjapa .n)fa y7p*47dsogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isel zoo 12265lxvl ld1w at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg o2k)s 4kng+fu af argon gas at 385nf)sguk4 + ak2 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg olcub +ju 9gw;- inu/n7f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ixb3n f9yhzr(s0 .czng.m6 dfm:tx..snside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ofdsmsz:3xhbnzgt x nrf c..0(6. m.f y9 a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a2lap mo . z)pyky3a,l2azcj.h19 n9cbt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 g5g6)e ov2ecwm.xr 5z$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cut*heiw onm+e 21d-v)d-8 hs phild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numbermjaw4v0 jb*cyx 9* mah-n ,1fq of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00s-03*bi xlite:g8br9o ift gd v5pb1*0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesgpz:np./b)h. ,ao chxf bz+p/,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.13 ics,ey.ez: 2 drnau4$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each wmr+ee j9r2(;ek+ynz: x q9yv 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10z( ey m;+9eq:+2re9x nr kvjyw km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molp. 38 btexoyv6f5c2ucim6 i 5decule at STcoxpym23 u 66tf5v8bie.i 5 dcP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thjt2 f7)qz2af xe Sun at a temperature of about 600)f2 zxja7tq2 f0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of r(6wo-1knm +nzjcx k+m.faome 0; fv9 gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa6 rz0c ak oknf-m9m ox1+v.n e;+mwfj(sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spee(p fe9z3yy5rkds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3fe p9yr3(yz 5k, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atzcu (-nk3;ovn 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is h/(de su2tgh jqk;r 0sbl r;i0,eld constant, by what factor does g0er i;2/d0q,kur stbh s(; jl$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bymkz1; wsd*puh c+9r( v $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of fjd34pmf vk x)z,7)ki two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their4dk3)7jpz )fmvxkf, i molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeshu;nh7 po:4w0u g ;kgi,zrp i, contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed nsb5, gi8-pxmof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules aozq m:ebc 8-8ump0;wajbc x2,(yd :ga t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid r +n4a xhs -*0si*mczq(mf2mwwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a(qn4 ax m2+0chrfm*z ismsw* -t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuau(boacn68m* 3j 2ii jre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urakiy b7xm904q 2y8m-rm qy7xn enium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whawl x6( bjuinf .x5z52hzubbe;a7hgj v0 c )i45t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) dm99nb)j,ds v-nckm 2 9cn2k bvn)jdmsm9,d - 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatelznd.) 7 +. rdnpvvu8tn rq11yfy) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature.8qd1un n)v n7dftpr1v+. zry is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla vy(niz gzh,8jg,5 bf5ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the 0gvq hck yi77j +ia5-emountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilyek +jv0- i iqhc5g77as. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day h-wesa:i:d t(when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the -:dwae hi(st: relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 dc jf cd;y5l7bb rb 7oc/6/a ljv4:gg)$^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookec19hh:nxlj 63ktoz t 1r if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 9cjl6t 1zh:1no x kth3$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a mtfj+6aiqqsg1 14v5y:n 14er ipc9c vroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 y+i-tjvrn2m1;bz nu( $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for, 3:r.rfv6amvmw)k;yo yo-y v a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disovmko m. ;awyf:) r-y 3v6ryv,tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior ta3 el4r;1g 9jjv: bgv)zke0zh hrough tiny tubes c4ez9 v:avkrg1lzjj 3eh g0) ;balled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca 1(jt ;kv +vogvw(/azvlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hai+ g (4chrs2cgoqua4/s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room teu).hgpg quvv f3 a)a3xcw r91:ml. ur(mperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if tau vga) 9wrfpu)3l 3( vmq.rgux:h.c1 he water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hp0mjo6do pk4v,vn l 9+z+7rvtba d2)gelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cynap d40t,bvjmz6g p72ovlr) d9 k+ov+linder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, ma)9a)b c vj.qand height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2a.)c jmbq )va92$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densifc cdvq94: cl)3bpl7ibgm6 c:ty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availables0s6p y(c0km0jm6pcs5wyx* x vacuum techniques is aboj 0 xmcycp 5ps6k0m0*yxssw(6 ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 g,9,xg; xdtbkq6ulnmhg ( 30qL when 10 m below the surface, to what volume g 36gg qlt0b,9quh( x;mx,n dkwould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spsfx q0acj 1p8, ,3vblweed of about 40,000 km3 lsqjw1 f,xc,p80bv a/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrw2wl k1yhko/xg2/ +bk eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mup -3uo3 ;mipz$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of8):a/exuoi pt the Earth, estimate the total number of a taoe):/ui p8xir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol5ecf7 xybewh 8;g(l3 iecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder p ebwxci5z*t u.h+ )uo-crcx0*3n :j)djdsf9of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mjc:h . op*x-3 5n)xdebcts9uijfu 0z)d rc+w*in. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a2lphno/9 n2 h+bvy w/at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolb:8o5 g-oj lawine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arl0-kwj sufsx).;s pu/(. fjpround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glpg-w4 3bdn;dzass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thwd;zvl*ei )t g (;t8*,qbi kvoe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 ad-g,gobos8/(:ylt tv p;cef 4tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthln-bwbp-rf zic z)4 gukhj+f2;h3d,4 zz -0ig is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agj- yzt38(gs bhainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from th jbg3tz8h y(s-e lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter. drh c(fx(-lrkm;,3a4h;tm z8tvlpj (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is const3tz;xfm mdt8 lj .c4hl,kavp-(;r(r hant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twmp0y;omcdf .2 o days: yp.cmo;d2 mf0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron u1jvut 3b2k+ 3quu31c o ah+pyat STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempera av3uyuc3ob u2 q1 ku+t1jh3p+ture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurqxd ihx dk1.e1bmpui-n8:c 2nr .;o0oe, the coefrio-ihn;bmkc :u..p02d xxnd 811oeq ficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.