Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Seaq fz,ax6 k3wx.v8:vee the periodic table or Appendiz3a.,:e avxq fxvw8 6kx B.

Name several properties of materials thath (v9li4w5s:/gl fr rb could be exploited to make a thermometl: wfrv9 lgr i5h(4/sber.

Which is larger, 1 C ;hv5a(/5 bwy6ke) qog0zf jio7 mwg/p$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is no60vj-rm2twncz y- 0kmvb;)u0jc*v pa t in thermal equili0jy;cw r0vcazkptj--0mn) vum6b v2*brium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip:7uzu25cn yph z r7-az consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip pc ya r- 75zh:27uzuznwill bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio;c5lm0 bf0ybi n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a5,hv1v5 ni0jd ;741yp 5 vhb4l okglwvfd:lbd simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded lk5hvb1vj4;4h0id y 5b5ow :vf npd7ldgv , l1together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofkq;b5y6ku4;.lus +s hbdn8cv ten have a section in the shape of a h nv. kq cb4us6sd8bkl; +5uy;U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of 87p qwr9gl8a2hxd : htlead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hy(ettcnd,oaut8np pn;* d+5 .(i ) scxot tub of water, thenny dxt(85(o +;ditusc p .e* )panc,t mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly twhs 9) /qq(-dl/x gs/bik iz+f+v4ug mhan adjacent p/i)qzqw+( b4ig+ghkf/ uvmssl/ 9x d-arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansnj h adm, r3e8yk;n(s0ion is much smaller than38jkhna,;drm0s( yne that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clkeziit: i ,ec8xcbu/64,otj 8ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can w6lbix 7x c62tmle5*isill not stand up. What has happened26sx*cmil7 x lbt e5i6?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatubr3i 23 bteo9r:1yop tre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. p9btrebt1ir 2yo o33: Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subm4 iws7y+sjnys0+uf,r erged in water increase or decrease if the ts4j s7+,wu0 sy+nyf riemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lxlfesrrk 69-t8u 9di;u / d3rxaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation bri fe-d;9ku6uxrdtsl 3rx9 /8etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic 0b a8p)qdtl;vtheory.

As you go higher in the2 mdwbg z23z/*z wk7+vv)j mvr Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth6k;qe qr)2ze,rev+aw j/b mv5 refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon,e5)v aezqq;e m r/j k62wr+vb has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than watewp ig9;zwv0b. r at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the o; bgzi9pwv.w0 ther?

Explain why a hot humid day is ly35u:c4ooh,f a 23andtyd(bfar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempetaoy2u5c3 n:db4ydh3fa( ,lorature.

Is it possible to boil water a 7.wj+qbt3drgu o6p+o t room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air cc b,woy yht6d w 4b*9j+qgt.(temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air ty*h9(4g y+ bdj6wb to,c.qcwat the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ov,9f j ok)jya6q(4z lfpen the radiator cap of an overheated automobilejf 4zlf6k a,) j9y(voq engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud i5or th8hhf): tn the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cou n x0gvj/5+ 7ohyc ix*hk:jh6pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare /v,fgm - ucc;9fdfd -qto the number in a silver ringu dvcc9/- f-qgmdf,f ; of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be t*gck.n) w xf468°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?n) wk 4*txfgc.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorde6s99nzm b)nk7n6qe bfd are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11. z-kztq5r 3 i9uf)cr.d82 cm at 0. z c935tdr. r)qfikuz-0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slablu1 7f lp4v mw8wp-r6fs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.l7hulo lb73y.m m / p52exgbg- Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature ofbl oe2p.7mll 3 x7gb uh/g5m-y 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often bagi fu+ sjo3j8tfl6l;)x7e ) used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry icex68st 3l+;7eaf) jf )gjuilob ) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water:ub-,acy, ab.d g0nf *l /jzqn at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. W1(:uc5 lmbv0 )nulqn**idlbhys5f . bhat will be its change in volume if it is heqy: su)hv *l50.lcb lnf5*bi1u(dmbnated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled 7 fmn7gr c n34/0jsuryto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wfnc36i hqu zl (ssc-zoe v,:76ater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring4x 9un7)weidy made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sw3 l4mgm)gt1 c, rlsm3o it can expand in essentially one direction only, shom l4 sm) wcgmr,gt13l3w that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dn7bmsr ypf,. a3g.:bc ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienn:rop;rukp1p ; 3)jfat of linear expansionopf;kj)1 3r : pran;pu $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,lh9ot-fvi e8. $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe-ea1zg5d4edw + jnvu 1(en 6oprfect time at 1( v uz1edeno16 4ag-+jdpewn5 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has a :-zup w4yh 4p-fkwl6cf.-bq/ytg(g kn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulh l6ytzf(4ugw 4--/k pqw-pg kbc. fy:b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi:fa kitr, op5kwz; s3/num cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its at wa3 ,s/:kprz; i5okfxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1m iksdh;p9 e8;e3xafy( + 3dzd5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturk98y h 3dd ;;(dxazm 3fe+sepie increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel u yy zt9gtn)*4fj5vdu15apq2 I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmnf4n:ahd x1mn :xfn1. at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvio6on0y5jzb3w 0 rbz, gn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatibdx3;bkpnma*t 1 2b:bx j (m)b-zs5x.p2ar t temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou5kc:hgg12 b 6:xsbkfdt 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr t3 7fww;afe2wessure and a temperature of about wtwfa7 2f;3we20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usize9k6+17aobe5i h ywr ng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogeoxhoe1+ 3 84ilam b.txn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of m stqcaeucc or6 /-+:9nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu1y,thpq 8) isab3oj m2m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of aj5q494d )u x9l +kcuisw-d8i/ 4vv mlyszmkv 8rgon gas at 385 K?5ql iz9 xw/dsv+kkj4u c sd -)uy488liv4mv9m   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 y9z19aztq9 1*tjw ywekg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievestph mxg3c98 -o its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outspox3cgm8-t 9h ide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ols1oj u*-e f;air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0hyz;l97eg5c1t/pt mh $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20tmq977 f k+l4t yt/ibu.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofme u78rq 3cb/g molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there 5t tl1f kun5qezu)to b4x8vnli8)- ;hin 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of*un(sae7072ft 5rq+zch ptq q (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume+ c;cvyfziecl 4cx.:wcfya+j6 m;10 y 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werefulg.76h empc m3aa50l o:5wask ff,*d4 aqx4 also iaq 6gu,:awc f4d4lek5 l s0o.axm 7f35pf a*mhn the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of //bp8bhvqb p/ an oxygen molecule at STq /b8bbh/v p/pP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempe,v tt ,t.isos 6ywg6ni,1ni1axu 06turature of about 6000txui11,t6 iwsa0t6vy sg u,o.n ,i6tn K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the 2hcck9v 7b.ut 9m knj4temperature is increased f74.k9bjmuchkc 2n t v9rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:w. nr)c*2 xwifd ud*5x 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,2 5dc iw*).n rdfwu*xx 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules - 0pqvtbvd6- m9bzz9ein a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constbz1ayc bkw :s56u5 056 rdoypxant, by what factoys16 cu05 5:okb5r zyawbx dp6r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a 7xf)c((td wnti;xsw5+am:c 5 c kvgn8gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture oq kb v.cm4vzh m o;rwn8dspu 2b48:x 6li)fe(1f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their 4o v zdkwbpmml e (v8cs4i; n26b8qru)fhx 1:.rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitro gc2m a7bu1)txgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 d0rtg3ye( 4gh$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STnq;td5)ud itl64ek7b P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 zu5p4wfsy3ye 7zpj0 7u in a living csey u p ypw3z5047j7fzell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written: * txumx4:oct5rmd9c P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniunhwmp9 g: ht9 2hx0ng4ley0e ;m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr*hhn 1ywt7vp1*ri m m9n)mk( lessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0z y 2u)9fl8ux-wk 64mtv8i mch1 atm and the temperature is (a)mxuy48v cl-69fh) i2 zuwkmt8 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatelyrf ps8s6hjp u4bf f:(*) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the te pu:f(8b4pf rjsfs6*hmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ai-a,y gjek/ f p.pk 3rf,.6gov0sjs3mt 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta8af*axjh8u6bgj) u )zins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at )f*u8zaj hb u)86xagjwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature o2bxs: g oa;ke+n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relati+okex;asg b2:ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i q1r-avo rnmc7(7pd ,ys 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wum(+bez x-pitd2b 6;w ater is boiling at a temperature of 12b p bx u;ie-tzmd+w6(20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room oax o h -u,a3jxda;u;g3f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 3e1ltc mkm6 9s)64dqbs2jzb jvd z-u0$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuss.v 8 ucmf b8l*wix1z+e a distance of 15 lwi smb* .cxfu18 vz8+$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to 2m xsruq)v2; l.h5o gwthe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mxl5 qm w.)s 2v2gohu;rm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b1(.p0)duko00jokp +u pe ufwpeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me7c u;grn)v, 5fslc.yzasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erkleey1k nl,gre +:4o (ror will be made in a recipe callingek1on4l ,+grelk (: ye for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in azil p/o3h8fq f(ua:p2 helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What a/(fliqfp p 2h3o:uz8fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room oy zch3 ,rlprblr*2j5dx73c l 2q m24udf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Acxm27l5*u2 z 3hqjrd llr2 rdy4p,b 3cssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aban8rbaqu25nja o94dax. 6it; tytj/ f)e3 e,v out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availpm+y+a / l.v( 9crhdqzable vacuum techniques is aboa.q/chpzryvd9+ ( ml+ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full 9dvi -m-p .r grtfv5b:capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Iv5md r:i t-p.gfr-9bv s this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnih 9g:kof*3o.98urf9stnf(ql g m qw, n6 kg.mzng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry8qr9of 6l3qs.fk9 (hk:9fgtu mw.m *zn, gn go.)    K

  The temperature of an c;xlc iwt* f+)ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7dt;t wavq.981v0 7u by z5jbrl70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sur 4bwx 3mu+ a3d ky)kiby+o4p9oface of the Earth, estimate the k4 )yki 3oud4yxp3ab+bwmo 9+total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu e avr*v7smk6 16-qwqjles contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaub:jsj* fsia 9qte0-v+ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyli9vqts0 baief-: * jjs+nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl o, qblq5prq6 z m+zvt)6f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolc 3xovwlh1 r82ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around t(: s/anbssb :fhe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigwj4uba6n 0 qi7(p8hr yhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the0 +cqw)agn8;/m2d.dt gishgm 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a z s:;s7tasl0gtm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iiu/.s-wfjj 1 ys $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lju6m3dr6 uf*t8 h ,khnid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward aft6 hkhr*, m3jdun86ut it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.ou )z+ .n1duks2kl39l hs wu3w00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Ass+)uk.s2uldhlw1 s kn3u9w3oz ume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dk faed8e0z), says: s kefa)z,d8e0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPxe*n2 -qy(ai a o1uxtqoa*c.7p /d: q)vd nlr., and when it is a solid deep inc.inlno a*a * qy2de.xa/7 v-(d xq1q:)utorp the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealk cs9bk)l :x .;yrc;0v emt0yd gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expanx :c rvbl0k ;d)9kstcy. 0ym;esion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot(st/rl4o f8t6; g buhiva+ua2 and mildew. If the ou avi tt6g2a4r ;/+h sblf(8ucellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg