Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe0agc8s 4k-u lvriodic table or Append4su 0cakv-l8 gix B.

Name several properties )4lhakrg g+ y8of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer+yh4a)lg 8 kgr.

Which is larger, 1 Cs0ni/skg8 t+x $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste y.lqznbxvm-*auw 83c .n)musz(b p8 2m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say ab .2p-bmwvuum3q c z (nz.b )x8ynl*as8out the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aa 6 vvf;i2ikp5 :a+pqcluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the fv i:;pqp2+ki vac56aoutside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffh f5odr5w: xz dop)7s1 2qk;feicient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contvlpvavd;29 6 grol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel conta6 lpvvav9g;d2 ining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often 0)wnz /u9tfl c9yzq;th(av3ihave a section in the shape of a U. Wh ;f)t0vh ctl9nzza(wu9y iq/3y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury /12vosjr3ls 7n b0ynj at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a 3g16;s,ky,yj wue bfvhot tub of water, the mercury initially desce f361sykyuv, gjw,;bends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part kmai oxg+ 4 w8wiv;1i-of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expa;i 8ixg w+4-ovk1wmilain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineugsn)k 9 b*fp2ar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrexspn 2)*g9kbu f.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a6tfnog(a5 u;kj s;lw -t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wi3 ;ptz, q,cglwll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ;pczwl,3q gt,happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), p/ 2vypuz vp0(its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whe 0u2vy/(z pppvn they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or5um(u6 zwb*h+tsn jp* decreas*w(t 5uzbu6*pjh n+mse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from /hgee41-dvamjrvpx zc9 y;6 :d3 h( hvkinetic theory and the relation between average gahe j 3e6;v49y/p h(dmhzxcvdrv:1 -kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic therlfplj f6tm1r)kr9dp7ev 4 -0qy b1 f3ory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thesba)i ni5*b3j q14ymr ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must h( / v n1:.a v4hqcfqpc3dq au6zyer31nave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due 4y6qpf3v:ze1 hv/dna(.cc1r 3qaun qto the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mou(wig 4uz3t rjhy* j/ke7znj n;:e z9vd7z85 wre quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rgv7yj8 z54hz ed3u/zuw; 9w*rtn7ij n:je z(kelative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc 7 bn6ke*7rpgnomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp*enp 6r77 ngkberature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( 3lcrt i4f1mvp.e 2q;h20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d:hc 1 9xr8v ivw4(hdhhifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thec8h wh:hvvh(9dr 14ix same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated .32,pipn y8a44 70bhjylowk1lwejll automobile engi jkwn j o l bp.14yhp4lal,87li302weyne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud*r63yw-y5 od4bnljvv in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny-ueyq.m: ej ztzf5j ):7x+tjrq .f.ta?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rcjg17xuy;z/l0 ndfm n- u7s.ping compare to the number in a silver 0;n7-mp u zcj/y s71lfdn.ugx ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celdvye(;8 (d txfsius scale?tvyf;x8ed(( d    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded 9ddek96 3 nr n 7b:jp4ebl5orqare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glassyj(gujiryz,l3 6 hgs:- 2i*a n thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 :guiy(2*hlgrjjiyz6as 3-n , $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i owb0 tlr1b6tz1k1 0hie62ztys built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1rd ;o+,3f 2 7*btuysvdmdnv4 o)bguq) 3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes g)uyr)+ b3q vd4sd ;tfv,n mbdu*27oobetween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivua;3rq7i:kx q et hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the ri;qa7 xk :3uqhole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of wateruv.xjb94ha :w at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What willokqha67 vn -m+n80bwk be its change in volume if it h-k 0kva+6qnn 8wb7mois heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL 1+pmq lynp/kevg35 d3of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 yd2(xf* a ssmpbu:z8* mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of 6vbtuvmd 5s/fk5*:sy -f7t f xc,e4ik iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand inxw ty5i2(db/s essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is (/btwd 25ixs yapproximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in ts2 khi0e o9 mrm:s/e,ahe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular p(3rmua(v ury3-5b cp llate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion r3lua -muc 5vby r(3(p$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid 6+a;avnqn *5rak a9 j4sot4vm, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1-o.5avr v :hj l( k1ubi8oai6v7.6i8o1 :5-avuklhi ja(obvrv $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diukc8 zo3/.kw6 bnmcw :ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb /8:kk6.3u w cwzcbmnohas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a*ibke nn 6lds8ub9j hq0b(7e6bout its axle on frictionless bearings with 8b 6qjelk*en6 u9bh7d(si0 nbangular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thew 344*sw rjigj yj5hf5 desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in yfw 5r*sh4 34jwijgj5creases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionw-2tr +uvpza 8ky8( voal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1ii3v*ljpsc bj)i4 5b2 x.sg+d 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinj/2f:3wnvcfhr7a vm0 scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturomxjajk(r o;;ud*kmx uv l8v ) +y;8,re on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the i5qvqoafn: e3 3nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng7tyib r;o jo0-ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abou7o- o0ji;rtby t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density *hd0 .ib)l /2jjzmj6wbrct g n+6y(ct of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitr9q9j*: *epwwwlgo 9k lo9c)loe(ws,dd/ o)i jogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 .p0z,cnk8 sko kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 107hmsknh/5 5vj .0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ofki7wq uf c5(x1 argon gas at 3 7q1k(icufw 5x85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg j oexkk(h/+3u of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buostv n2 k714iosyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less deiks4 7t2sn1v onse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ac9 m3,d1vp )m ow7r1 es2crgdjir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. jt)on6t+syi)t6 +bgy 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand 8(m+oejew7u sat sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberu1p5 tnj . 4kahxhc/ 0jzmq8kc722h wr of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules 5tmkm+o p04lh?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a85:gjk jg 1; ,f/qpkxc*tsi(.skzndd) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 7hia8f3 bwv;l/qv-evl a5rl*.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yocvg84gh:im7 q u inhale that were also in the last breath Galilcivg:qm 78hg 4eo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a9c1my)x rnuwbyrwv6d 4c 88,zn oxygen molecule at STP? y u4w8 )rdy96 nbcc1vx8rm ,wz   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of t8t(cn9ehj a, mhe Sun at a temperatu a8mjnc9,h et(re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasl )a*0gh h;xif 3)ytzne if the temperature is increasehg*xznthi0; la3f)y) d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, l.ql+c,inf / ig7avr1aheh7it 4h3n+ 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcuran 37nl4ivgc qth1f/,e+ .+il 7iahhlate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules 4v+2dd/6ikk66fnusfv ax zh 9 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is0(;yxtn)v3- 2jx2kybyio n79odr smq doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact ;)mv oi(k 9xxyyrn3 2jdqn-o20by7tsor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by fy.bku7v4 :lw5(iyd m$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s)r tgf5oidr4; ame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is ef5g) r4tid; roqual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules copf5z2xz:4k9ci w q1 w8-urenig.rn6 vntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of b0k/1ptus9d x an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betw9.fu/mmj5ilkl h-.bw 5/zglieen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino aqo3wsg -8e(o4,u, p dgqxl+ rkcid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a ds q(r,k38p+4guogwq o,e-xlt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure p 53gfp2u4fzqoo, dp7P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu y8y8je .xsro9m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre76 0og(p3-ypfh) x o tyxl/yressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 an6lny lpqpnt60r 6tt0 s 4wjp8990kf ptm and the temperature is (a) 9lspp 40pyn q66 8wk0nn9rljtt6p9t0f0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a),c4l4utv*xovsuek +e in 6a3 day when the temperatu4 viuu3t6 eexank4+olvc*s),re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place *dp(c+(8ls f/ udlwi kwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, eg u/f;fy/6ss (ui cxh6slk*d 0stimate the temperature at which watec u /kxsg6y;6il/d shs(*uff 0r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530/f-tfv r:j d3x Pa and the relative humidity: vd-rfjxf /t3 is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t(.cprx lz. i7remperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boi27 by ;4cojqpzet-i.u ling at a temperature o 7ubi-cjo q42zpet.; yf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rojq+mv7f9xci 07bidsozt 6 ) 3lom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 pyp+1;dr9 )rt15gmjuc lei*j$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 139*c+zog1 h2nzuogwfszqvr8 3, - s)cn–4) to diffuse a distw o 1 fu,r*3sz-oznc9+)n2g vscz8ghqance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacclq/ gx. turl+11r6ice of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tr c.ti1qx rlr/c+1lu6gacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beh* r(s3scepe*3* esx /k q2vicen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at zndbw:bgfi(jrh (.:2; .a0aq j byf)i20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How 7 f10v; k xmer5h4cpuhmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterf; hmcuxh pk4v570 re1, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bu7 8v0eogpec)alloons have been blown up, the 7cevpg 0)oue8 gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number f3pi1o6 / rb1v)9qjtf q 4kdhr;gm(dqof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ast6o)qf(r;13 f kq1jihqvgpr 4d m/ b9dsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of maj2h b2*jn1sv4i18u nbekcx8lpn3jl7t 9 id s/tter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum* l21r-h roi6x tn*zkb techniques is about i2rl-hbn1r* zkxt6* o$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh7 m9w8qj(f0r lm:a +n- vkevmeen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if nqvv+e ma8m0ew-r(kf mj97l: he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s a6 ei(7*59 ejdy,wyyqx/c*uigz 1b sjq tmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose oix(1w 9q bz yy q5uj/76esiyd*c*e g,jf the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr23yie8 gkz de1eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m- (ora5ltp*p up 5mn--- szbug$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the i/fpr/b;ez5jc :;z v tsurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherp:j;/fi v;zt/ez cb r5e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6vz9c+tdt(u;c 3 no6 bo$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in wn0 w6m:/*8bbyf upgt- mxob 8/znub2 a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if th u60b-//nwbbnu8*:fmbpzt 8 mgxy2 woe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bow 5fhdb d/16skm*s/g npl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline q80 y- z3pgsof ,lh6lhdqz3 w;at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snu; aukag+e ua(4/) eewg;we 0jhgly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly n3gm0u 2.ejcb onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt pka ;f-lt(va9ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prci*dhqe. teg w0a4 a27essure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th 9f 4xr+gtv4gye Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwtia/ofi.d c; 7dj rn::n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mdci /dfio.an:r; jt:7ust rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases aa09 3imoh c rpkuck089 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air buki00 kmcp9 c839rohaehaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap kyge/76wx +kior pressure in the air on the following two days: x+ew/y7 gk i6k
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the den/whitd4:x lg9a r9 u1lsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temad9wt49u:/l 1g x lrhiperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressu.+wfsc92gs elre, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to esc.l g2w+sf9$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly .+1e* f2jb ieeky o9iudehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20*1kbi +e2e i9ejo.fu y$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg