Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 k ge,ckqe x9/qnack3+l3ar, ( ug of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bq,ar,9+ /c nu 3lkk(eqc xe3ga.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make ts3omb5n5 fhullhbm,d(9+ 3v a thermometer5 9om 5,3dl lbhnm+ts(bf uv3h.

Which is larger, 1 C ar0so * tzudq;73 a0oe$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, kxt-(j iug;h( but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempiu-;gkhj (( xteratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic sthmf 85fzyv+v:*2tngc7:k ne zrip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th*5ey vz7tkg mc:2n :nh 8vfz+fe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient o4qombgwq1)-bw c j1q6 f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnac oxoczoz3t-.)e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury ) ot-ocx.z3zothat conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at 7mnxeu(: wo4 othe ends often have a section in the shape ofo:nx7 owu4 e(m a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinde91hfc*v wr dzfn)p8 p5r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometxt2kk0*nb ni,nj k b-/er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Ebi bx*j0k- k/nnk2t, nxplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rso6,(- 3nzuy / (kgy2uarbjvm apidly than adjacent zk2u/v3j, uombn ( a(ys-ry6g parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiu,f8 hhxjtx1 sk jzlrpf+ck4--4p /9ient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to z 1lk-jc x9f8u- x pfjpk4,h/s4ti+hrthe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,ra, /gy bq/6lb accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the ca:w*lvxh )fgpx*c- 1jix6 bc zhr+(q0un will not stand up. *z pf*w(hr- vx0gxcc 1 xb:q+6hji)ul What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by phqv:uka) n q;6ushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temh6; ):u nkqavqperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphed*7* 4sr6dmtl;uk e nl+u m3sere submerged in water increase or decrease if the sle*m*mksd47 l ;re63+ ud nuttemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andw-rgc9r l *t1 z5gk oi/ob;zwexg:;,d the relation between average kinetic enercwl; o;gekg:/1r,*- bwxi9od zg rtz5gy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theo uzaqf,9gu .nx, ,:hchry.

As you go higher in the Eart n02 t7 6ssu (2mpzr5o i4j,eezrihqt4h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haveo828fgi t*;mu yl+mfay imy.7 to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for tyyuaf8io. i 7g8; mm*2+tmlfyhe Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mouaa- mb +2k8lomcp. v6re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othemb-2u. aac+m 8ol6v pkr?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tf,e mg-f2ydl.s 2 -biv-5eacvhe same2-2veg -vsey.cfam-b d5 ,fil temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room gt:fbtg30) ystemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is +:tk,4kqv oejdifferent. Whicke, t+ qkj:v4oh is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap om+die p6l-n 2u-i hwgjc(46qv f an overheated automobile e6d wvmh+u6g( q2j cei4ip --lnngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as cc3ke 88uz/y na little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t*c hsgi8o :v)o0mx x:hhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number : jf-d kaprvv36dp4: f-x 2ezy9;ja unof atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same m69 npda rujvev : 4fy-3k;zfj:xapd 2-ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius hg 0b:c-9vbgu1og2sescale?ov0s2gegb1c9 hb:u -g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recort 7onqs zg3;p5b,(yo xded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has ix )8.9 6gfmglo vszc2length 11.82 cm at 0.fsc )6vi82lx9zom gg .0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 9cl1d fdgzz8 ly wwjy0.8m90p 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irono0rlcu/;h+wg4mdz m og4kh:4 approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes b hmd4z oggmu0wl:rk ch;4+4/ oetween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often use;ijzm swqd9hc/;80 ar8ll/s33 lss b,dul g/ed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befc3ljw; zq/ hm9/d8;,r a3 llgbiss8edl0uss/ore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water h.zj;z q4- kxzat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume y bz-*yye(1;h71ik *n,ympq:s vjfg e if it is fe*ymhie-k (pynj71y:g,v; z s1q *b yheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1*kb 9c6owtm7g12vglrfu /* ki00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL mu*oh: xes3kcfkb*:: ma g.x5 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 269+ zwi(bph3m c ewd9j0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can fzsi,, ;xd33aqb. t deexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the cza3 dqd,;bstx,.f e3 ioefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the q) 0 93cbibyupdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of len;tap(waxw)z(po78s i r)1 bu xgth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion uspw)xabtaw 7(opx (); 8r1zi$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoey b+ 2gvt3f*,nkwm (htropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brasu7n*;ss a cp d-eeuw)2s and keeps perfect time at 17 sa)p n-c*eeuu;27sdw $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ins cqkf5o w6ft8-vcv u9gl;rdd; f2+x 5kide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of6; kt+52fwod-lc; 9x q c u5vkv8drgff 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius rwsslw- it h7,/:f4xa0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings withtr,i/ l aw x7s-4f:shw angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi vnvmng4d s,qd6yr(082m t4uhred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at ndtn8v(h4 vrg,udmyq 0 2 s6m4this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelply8 yyvfodxdc13a*- +h85 l r I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2c8vi y* kjd 3u nk3aido1j91s,0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sm0;njq/b 5fbbx5ef9u9 ;b (4gpsd jsjcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the2z *8t r9esefr+1pk7mefqk8bo v :,tz Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures.v/jx7ewb o(h in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at l,y0nlow9 pp1mospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2ll y n1pop90,w0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxdc :2b *x)+dgffw8cgzygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitumi :l1:pcv9y rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen qw+lu r6a-/uj8ke2krprx/a, ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gahr2wj 9g1ej3)cm 2vh99rory ls is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argz yjbi*ey6o4biw.mc * 8(s siv9w)dq9on gas at 3(.sbb e99*jo m8csw*z4 yq) vwii iyd685 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ozip1g1t q(kgygplt;1kfsar:.3cq98 f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the z8u7aeca219qvzx z)e y58ps1-hizakballoon, which makz211yzi 8ax-kq9phzazv 7c es85 aue )es it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air arm;8+av.yi mqel6gb0 d wg3+xt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a46zqnolq5 -za t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ccbs:oi 2x:e22y eaqp 4hild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number 7od(eor2djm op 2w0 y;bu,da)of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?h dofn)o420ny How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)t2c4 (pwav ,pa moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume yaqxlzchx. d08 um *.bpti1 7.v :dd3x5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each qwn)6 syhg s0wvp*+n 1bgk(:6hk7a9zj.a ple 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galapn w60k7wz :hp.( g lg*bv)kjeqnhy+ 1ssa69ileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oe 3 j+8cg+(m;jfxnxl32tb rc foyq5r;xygen molecule at ST5x+focq jc3 g;jyf8me2t; 3+ x(r lnbrP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temp.)p1vg bo5z0 h.( ylr4va;mpz7yydw k( w ic8zeratud1pby4a gko (zlip 8.y7)whyz 0;mr.z wcv(5vre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the 2e+xgw,pif /lj m5jyo7-8 r hviu,b, qrms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is in xbp-,j fru+h5y7 ljve i/i28,go,wqmcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given jgt9:h(lltc m;8i x2 uin units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, uclxh(ttm928:jl; ig8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule 78xb d91kl1u3ax9 nm .b ewc/mprl6bes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what 3yg njuk6,ol*sl2b2..tkar r4w maq8fw6,2 4l kkar arjt n2u*.8.sqlmo3 bygactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bg nm 8mu9kvzk( 1lw**hy $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture o fjq :n.6r4+w-a.qynoe irp msgb +;c4f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mom.rps4.g:6q-bj ryf+nci;o qw+nae4 lecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contgclgba(gyeuzf04d w- ed(pf 7961;chlj wi/ 6ained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedn i;crm;u9oo58 p,srw of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distan1r(a5;wwl h upce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u a yr)k3qv-*(w+yr(h :z r 5c x.sfvhqdin a living cellws(rv r.y:fy*zc(3hvxk +5- rhqaqd) at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =3tib5+drd)yk d,sm6wyf 5 ca3 $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u6q ,-jte aszi+jug zo42k 4+p6bml*ymranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas4 onfkfe2)f8cc(cs isanu * +*es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase5emm8 x h2qtp l 9*p+qj:uldj( when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)9+5h uq8(p*xj:dlq mpej2mtl 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatk l pi3a4uo7v0ely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2543i7 ao0 kulpv $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat8(h8gkk8map r er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plac((bcu bti 0. w*inskr+e in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera(iwr+nt.*bsi( u0bkcture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a da rzdlz7+ s9j+zl)xk2n y when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relati z kl9znsz+)2rld+7x jve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tem6n -q+f/kcj9uub:bt nperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifnsmhlu-+ el.-* t hr) s:jpf4bx,r7gy the water is boiling at a temperature o mes)f-g x*l+p :h 7h-lsty.nr ,4jrbuf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume q8mlm8po+tx6-n1n9 ( 8k :lhrmwuzzv 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 otno*e- aszd qr) 1 w)i260ir1tmh/tu$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a03p q4jd rv je 0h:t,/x+/wfa5wenf7 st1bhtq glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 14/h bd7+fj1 tx te35qjwfr:anpqetvw00s/ , h5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tu*r h 9;hc0bznwdu(,maqvu75q bes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hasqv; hwr7dnm(u 05h9uza*cb, q cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hopc5t,1m yv* has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas tb akuqz*,7.-)t6msx0boc t(toh3ia ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatures;t n4s+as-zz 7a2our. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup arunoz+-4 2satrs;z s7 ae hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 l6z oz4et. x3+g4xf5nsdv v,jatm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origijzle,z3.6xg5 sdt4 fv+ o xnv4nal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rojna3*,pat s qt6 +y:ulom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thq*3s ypj+ un laa,6:tte temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densi) 8yhw.,k0 gxekzt t)ety of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abmb+s 91.okcb*o1kn7hv+ kl axo 9ns1klmkx7+k 1ooc.vbb h+* aut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungsisd *opzyn:d8 sod d,n4(aw1e8qy6*r to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Isod8 dy:pn d*6zdi, r41s (o8sawqne*y this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmoche587vio2 f wsphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of itfc2vo8e wi 7h5 does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal 6ddmyj f)v p6ezz z f8m8 ttg8;fq3*r6gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeabwb/tbu , x:g0oi 0w5 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thys)a.q mb* :vke Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospheremv*y.) ksq ab:.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules y+-ntj9xme6f contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyp: jx-iac5 i6snln*8ugen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K clsjx8 6-na5pn: *iuiHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at kr;+nnl/pg; a q .u94hl;hfkdr di++j0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolivmeikdhzg+vzi9lmv 8u- :713ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the, b o ao*ag5cbff(q-7w Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atzcum ;:s .-/4xljahep/8m-1l me bu us 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i v2ds mf*44k,w p6layjvs(x,cn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press5j:ya5aexo g(ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart 20zkyjh3e u)qh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is s04izk*m b.zeto f7*(g7tw czvuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls*7zto k wb*47emt ziv( z0cgf. per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of a ie ame/dwsq-f/ (7zo 1o)pe7wir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the d/z17ipfqoe)o7 e -s (/wa wmeair behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressureuwza;/x:gwss7w/ 55, phf ikr in the air on the following two days: 57/fhz gw; s5 wx ,wa/:kupirs
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wh umfk.*ny eb+9 qnkwz r j 28sjb2*yl,2japu,*en it is a solid deep in tbul2njnbm+2y9w8rf *kp ,yjaku*s . ze* 2,jqhe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideajt/j,zm0 k pa4bb /ox1l gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of m0,4jjb op //1akxbtzvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prr3e8 de52frnnevent rot and mildew. If the c5nn e3d82rfr eellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg