Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iroajdn:w qjj8:g9 t1)y b0y*) mvtcb,k gn or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table o 1 9:m0gctnk*yj,w )bjaqb8 tygvd):jr Appendix B.

Name several properties 9a b( el8z8oarof materials that could be exploited to make a thermometero8a 9rl(abze8.

Which is larger, 1 C y )n7ac2rw93 tcmn)uw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium w)jow qhz d.j6 m* sh239ul(awgith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of zhq)m (ad2wus.gowl6 9 jhj*3 A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cmaso nn+ c i/rkl+y 3ln-0n i8,v.izc)onsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will8++ko)s 0cn/mylv - n zn.ric,ilni a3 be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansi-2+j kkos gypo/ f*3moon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace mn31 m8lnxr1l(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic 3rlnx 11l8nmm strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sdnt ,,j 1bvw2khape of a U. Wh ,bkjwv,t 2dn1y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in gs; 4k qk:4v3kttnr3v*ptw*5 p e2ur pmercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placr4w,w4.ibudp 1z ah2hx4 4lhted in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descend,wa hihhdl4 1r4tpb4x24wu z .s a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partyf 2ga(y5f0 jv)owz .q of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl2a0vyqf(yo.)5z w gf jain.

The principal virtue t mtg8feb*k+/cxma0iw40 9v gof Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise tbi8fgw9+vm/xtem 0 t0*4k c ago the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock;6oybes 4)a0mecadt m 8:7fuz, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top te5om4/ywr2h1qejo;l zp0p w, o bulge so badly the can will not stand upwjmpo1lr4z y qoh,05 2;/epw e. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tef1 kibdsp)4n)mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using th p )1ksfd)4bine kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water i9ttm enaom4e+bnn 76( ncrease or decrease if the temperature is incre+ eo9 m btmennn6(t7a4ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s a.rc sd 9 sphj).)i)ztlaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kineti)p.hzrit. j)s da9 sc)c energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frok,ub 19u9k(fh7ci 4wpr)x07 t,mpytay v iz4 ym kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eue6qxik; ;k +zarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed qmp2x (aji* 1han object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape veloci2axhpi q1m (j*ty for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat3p)m +.kkbwi kure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of )+ pkiwkbm k.3one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr06imfg t1z.ufi*(dfm n3 - hgry day at the same t360* f-gzihimm .nfg1u r dt(femperature.

Is it possible to boil wat.tdplmjo4iit:: 6 s ad5 8i2hqer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bu/8ddqnbt y8+px 6tk7y t the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explqy+78 p6dbtxkt /8dn yain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ope:it2abovj4s )n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginsvaot:2 b4)jie.

Why does exhaled air appear as a l:+htgj5f, c0r x aqsz-ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-f.k+pq11fk9h w9bc7 l vmj8zu4snf q0gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram golh )e 4l1opnw5kd ring compare to the number in a silver l5 wk )4eonp1hring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often a:kvcn0 ab 6*ctaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?cankcvb*06 :a   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rc *+jsfn*+ w3v vcsb5fecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.8nx)ecen (z8/ etz;mi/tn,g o 82 cm at 0.0 8tn)eznm,i/et/oeg(c8x ; zn $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m loq t /)gh2j zx;y-epl8cng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.t*7 1,ptlx,ht.z qyo zud) 8g sdp)-av Estimate hpt 81sqythd,gp az ,-vz).*x uodt )l7ow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofte.bla2qv ,k:mmn used and the rivet is cooled (usualav m2,qm.:kblly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water:w ax uv:)g/qy at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametq) 6wrzto)hzd3v4b( o+ mso4c )qpdz+er. What will be its change in volume if it is heat+wbvz 4 z q4d +dqo)hc mot(6)p)sz3ored from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL oslxyf/*g rh1mz/ 5g3nf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water alt/bu u -vocd+e./ xv;t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in5*9whcul q5xv a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it clg.ar mopn,:vvgvx /t.2 q4nf2 o 3co*an expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficienoq *o/3ao,glm .2 txvcgr2.vfp vnn4 :t of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the channfk. q)0t,wnzge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coki 7rrd zg)-.slj3 *rhefficient of linear exp. -3rg*zr )lkjs7dh riansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solit co e;1 o8) nicvivz-*dr1*vkd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee ut4j77pve)13lscxy w ps perfect time at 173)t7v jsx uly1p 4wc7e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thef2wi ;y zd 3h k6(3ypcf1jwgv3rmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumevy6w(gi3j hzcwff ; 2 y31dp3k of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0)w6bvb .cpk hyyt4 f+.*kl6n l.41 m is rotating about its axlef*.k4bcw 6b ynhvl.+y6 kl)tp on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress n/mr1s: nr6l h2awu0o is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3s woh6:lru1 nrn02 /am5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectr *i/ xk:-xmkxional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 136ujfvtq e51) p4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin wk (u9zs5ct(w scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalesl+5,v ycd:kd2pbr+ u?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the impn/ rax( -/* dhf,.weq 1nypznterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engd2ec-.z/e u, wyico ab7w h9s.ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of , ac/wc7 z9ioy.e.bwd h2u e-sabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga/ f+4zrufor7t s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6ug8- i+*jkqhmdt swbo1/v6 ys6mj1 e) kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o:k eu58zhncse)4 vzmgj4 /o4sf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.2 7r4fl +ime p9e.2+ vlgmezyw0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0l6v8 gc9iaw* p-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38cil6 v*gp w98a5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o cc+jwnz;*jv,f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift q -hjn 0up+0eeg3l2e,cpra. y by heating the air inside the balloon, which .n3 jcau eq,e0pl yp-0+e2ghr makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air6hrgxlbef*zr387rn .xgw,p (/-x z-gng 5hhr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen avnu3tlfpc-5p3 u y2g- t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esvh0s6 8q/)z yngdg5 uqcapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of:t9yf)5yn0ol 1 k nqodj ne82i molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many maby je.n(o efp6z(19wolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a 2*tjq, w: qs4,nptoqc) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumej di/16yhpx unib-u:3 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brm91g oh2pdz1qeath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospherez19omp1dh g 2q is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxy bcnha(+f b ad(s(v,b1- kxzn-gen molecule at STP? ba1cb - h,snf(n(d- zva(x+k b   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of 1tl3v ;2s3/0a ctil eikumd v7helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o ;3td1s0etvi3l 2alvi/ucm 7kf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thjc*1 ;p re-jmqk/r(nse rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from r k*neq 1s j-;(mp/cjr0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following,y-gnply ;uy ,*yoi0j0 oxqv ( speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7o;o j(x,g -qulyyv0, pi*0yny, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasghemelhwjn8 9-)fit-mo(uli 435( h c at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled5bmzrfk)6vs4 5g6 o sa while its volume is held constant, by what factms5 ak65sf vrz64)bog or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in xd:f,/n4*f1 4ghu6bu*pmd te il:pdja gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturedwim+gpt43-s8vwo rjr,3b7 w, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses,+ww mgw8 7 p3rvisoj3-4drt b.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo zyehwei79nx) vf5(w6 lecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms*b a*y-z) rf6iof6t )iapq:qx90pfk g speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at p+ll qzxd/8d)zh0 lu1a k,h-kSTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lio-h( u/c(zxz lvinlc/oz(-z( xuh g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be 9a ptgmksq e0kls-- )-e9 xuq4written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urpd,t + ;kwgr-j5-yo/l+us0 svgv6 dxqanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ph83pgw/w0 n2- obv( a2sspxlhlases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem+/s xhfv c:ap9perature is (a) 90 fva s/ c+9ph:x$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%/)l,g hmpy,jk, cbt.g on a day when the temperature ikj/,m,yh l,gpt c. bg)s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure aqj3btaq7+5me5,wm,tb 4 ;ha8h o s sisd6.so xt a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mousby8bal2 dbvww.6 y63 ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate thlb6 v 2wbd8a yswyb63.e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a da t afowk-:(v98qgt hic b7+s(k9xzh e*y when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rb h az:7(ks-h9xgw t8fekq(t9 *i+ovcelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe(yek3 yn:eu cb lbb jt7t3(c-2n the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is cdp9g +nbb8-d boiling at add +cg b8b9n-p temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room 6 akx ec8 o)krv7+,pwpe4 7nhuof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 jhuv6 3 d3ktdyj,v.jl9p4 6yx$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyci ner9b 6;2dry8b k dhug9jzem1y0e.u- u;/a urne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanceb 8;ehu n9m ; ad9ur6e.0ygr21u -e /djuyrbkz of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacemx f r;1zs45xk of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mk4f;rxms 51z xm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2)b 6j q1 q6lwly:ovlp20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca6;htg sc /yfdh5kub :kj0-o ;jp9 2oqglibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cal2ej:+df ybxos38 yh 7kibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a rec8ysey bk3 7x:2jhd+ofipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afthzk5 njop5,du,;42o w,xkplhd g4 ;pber many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrease ,zd;2g,pw,hhopbxp ;4n5l5ko4jdku d to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molec4bhjr: 0f) ksm2 ibw)kules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5w0)f j)m:bik2 rb4khs m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboq;)q cd4pwbmdh4xyg*w/2 7 bzut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availasltmpy1bg.:.g,uv wb e p2(c:lm2qe. ble vacuum techniques is aboutpyq. :t g elce gbs(muv1.22:.,pbwml $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity vw8fbps0ry w4 )lu1/r z3ey0f of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surr e vw)u8/ 14fsw0b ylpf0ryz3face? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ea(7x hnpdsm83( qqr)ftrth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle musttrqs nxhmfq3 d )(87(p be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased+4y: ea77z5jntecr/g aue/zl from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofw ;c)u5h u3fka 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at thvjqjh8j2/vf8y l( *q- egbtf *e surface of the Earth, estimate the total number l*tqe/qvbj-(yhjf 2jgvf*8 8 of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i vjf/)ucht5 g:mcx)p+n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosj ,e:dasuvns ;y9 h-n2wr* e6vpital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atm 9 ;ssvwuvjd:6*e2- nr,ynae hospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats i,x cnux:g*-1v 6urqnj n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli g6imnp dopbl+flz 6 529ggl21ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2 x(2.w/k7. wqsy hcggu5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlyoz6mfxxovu6k8v 862v p ) 3k*qxdhh2y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in3hs8) smod9ni the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c dzrw aafk2zxtvti0.,k, ) 0a/harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromstgp/ m:f6e3a the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown otd1;t,,qy b-ldhi; mvertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 k1oqtd, ,-ylbih tm;;dg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamej d hvcjh;:b8 uavob*e// bu-/ter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is c/ vc:*;hj/ -ae 8bobhu/v ubjdonstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure tfo dpua7f*)h4 (l,f win the air on the following two days: 74ta,fo phdfw )( l*uf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when jn :oca0be bl-tho +m)/c ru,)it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature i0uj o/no,bcml: a)teb+)r hc- s 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a(b- ro.+we lakl 8e ddjv,v4p*n ideal gas at constant pressure, thddr(+b,v- 4pw8.l jo*eek vlae coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopl4:6hd/ cwd w7 kyjd9fie constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milde 4 69 :kj/hdywdfiw7dcw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg