Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg )uiwdr65uo +07svjdw of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append)wu6 rv57dw0+oiju s dix B.

Name several properties of materials tha ++63syoz-xoxc naf+ lt could be exploited to make a thermometer. +c noy sf++-6lxoxaz3

Which is larger, 1 Ca obm7y+2wp h+- aybss zr/)lzvw.,, u $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys r(a7c krquqv(q.8px8tem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about thkpr vqx8qa qc(.78r u(e temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When-*ubrw 1 *yvmrxjt5e3xd8q l; heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cur*;j vtqrmdblwru5-8x*xey3 1ve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion-+p(lausi5hejc(b9 vy 4f s7i $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a nk +y:9xcnh: ;;w 7s)y(gaeacs vyj) hfurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it ;eh :(xngn 7c;sy+j)yv k9s)c:waa yhcan be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the e: ,nq7pe3ow 9)xnub+s ch2gdnnds often have a section in the shape of a U.ed 3xo7cwn qp: n n,9s+hg)ub2 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatrko3 ib0qhq.l p-+f (xk1 pb8z27nf nys in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first place+m;.5epx- wj j:exgqzl tv/:zd* u3eqd in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a pz; 3-5ujxd*:w.eg j:/+telmqxv zeqbit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlymrcue*+o./t)1 mp yya than adjacent /rpy.+e mo mc *atyu)1parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficcq389/nh5p ec go7yhmggul 51ient of linear expansion is much smal3cmnphqhg87ego5 gu/l51cy9 ler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate 1 g,w(7xfcmqr/qfn n m 1 bz45ph0p4dyat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bacm0b7. p;udt ndly the can will not stand up..t 0m u;pcb7nd What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, boa3 xb 0jur.0by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usingr3oa00xj. b ub the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on;mx fg )8ih*em an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incream mex 8ih;)g*fsed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory 2yt4 ;j 6l7jq yzj.)jzqzcd-jand the relation between average kinetic energy anz;dc7qjjz) jt-z.yjyqj64 2l d the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’siy;v w5st ;9fv5bnif, 2hum:y law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,8(hn2rejk4 p :7pgqrz the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havd*ad 5c4 sd-vesps8y )9x o7pie to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the as xsve)si p79-d5* 8d cyopd4Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wh5 jyd :4xyhn4w-thx m7 vigq g(+3n4vfat can you infer abou 7xnfwxv43qnh igmyyj-h:44g5d+t v ( t the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far +- :rxj9cf+gs ylw 4ovmore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tes+4wyxfg l9v+ro-cj :mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20o)7ckd8( 0g (x jdryt ht: u*3kxev-si $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but theo+rrxfhr 6-q7 humidity is different. Which ish f6r7qr+-orx more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the ra- pt 6juf.az6wdiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.jzwp66 .a fut-

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t6cz(:w-(mh 5mee o gwthe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppedmd.t8ha.:8dwx mo d )vhgrs5 kk0;; kr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbevqr++0nch fhqd -8 )owr in a silver ring of tr -dfnhq0+)8 q who+cvhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What q kphbc1:j:h5j fe .7fagyke/ t-k.e, is this on the Celsius scale?gqkkeepy:.1j7. /e:tfa ,h-ckbf5jh    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tbla7. k 6fhg wvrj 6(e;dnb9p6emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11 im3vwnt-5s+0gldr r /.82 cm at 0.r/d srtiw-035 mnl+g v0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs s8 hjpdy15:-d y. wccqv i2mt.12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built oy;uw z2 ralq//klia, 8f wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Ju l luay wk,2;r8iq/z/aly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than 93fhgu g,eu;1 0hjs jhthe rivet hole are often used and theufh;g uhhs, 9j01j e3g rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4y8(0b rtv/eaw $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its m 91(tchb ji5jeol-)echange in volume if it is heated from 30 jtl-mh bce 5 )1eij9(o$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350kukh:j l 476in-jgh6p.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ogqn ;;n on hnq dw90a u7y:t);waeru,(f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rin2m:/hcgn q em7g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i- y( hkziv1b1pl6.q ugn a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expans1p 6v(-y ibql.uzkh1gion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chav: z6g) k1geq 2kl)hmlnge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has y./zk (0vtocdx)5 mm iwy6ts: coefficient of linear expansiotczi mydoxky0.: 6w (/vms)t5n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ws,q c6zg94-maqnd0m $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o.x3f997 ft 9hjmav 3(cwu zfvif brass and keeps perfect time at 17 .3wx7399ut fvfiazh(j9mcv f$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside5mdx7qfy k.z p/6gz 0c diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a q7f 65mcd.k/0yzxg pzvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindri t h7f tvnw3u7i/tre-(cal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on vhn7 -t7etwuit fr/(3frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the de *m7npo 5/l yzh+9gcwqcr3bh (sired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase5yc gq +bhnr (7mlwh3*poz9c/ s to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ario, h5i+f2b6p zkao :bea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2p/ 8bax/te )d p9hlsr10$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaleb9 d: -ht(mqtvvx 6b5y:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thfvo: y qz4a31yrk,pz8e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior 9+ jppgo-+rjyof the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ..sogy)2n5 hppwaah9air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20g.hoaah)y wsp5.pn 92 $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitla2pjf7 6et,b y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogo4cwktt*qxrc*3 - c (jen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit4v1qphj zax ojn 8-+k.rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at3 hyj.yw2t ,xg 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a bt (oimye w;mdt(65+ n6wug o2: nuee6z1y/pf 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?w5e;tf6:y y6(6ee+p/buudonm1 inom gz2( w t    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ;d kuh/h u 5l(i.lxht pl3l84akg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoy,zo7+ g:mp cjhant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes iocjhp gm +z:,7t less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15q 9m6lqouw y,, $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1vr;(8gn9 jl zl8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0c a.;6auj/hnl $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule2/* 0vc3luzl cf8uzxm s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are tfs,p) w6( o)rs ny+ys)msz.m where in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number tw6 yunwe/lh(/,7dw vxri ::jof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.150cvj5dpa, r xh )jzt+dg4hzme/ 9 j89 xsj;yx$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale th2t9fz1ty 79sl/ lplgyat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 71/l2y9zsty l9gp ftl 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averageudt r4mg,;(wuvh: qzn x +3ik( translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?hn ,m(:v(xkw4zg;q u3ti du+ r    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliu;io/6bj 8bc(et+ ypy bra5g,qm atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatboa8(r y+jqtyb5;6ibc/e, gp ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase i8v 1 mzfejh*t;f the temperature is inc; z hmvj*1t8fereased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followihz kivh.i 0q: cdb: d-ywt*d:6ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cali b-.hhd::vddzyi6 c qwkt*0:culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in awbcq apydvgh,elt 3-.+5,ca2tvj h 9 3 gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a g ie0qyd-s( u 6z8rz2poas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor d6rsu08qyo ei-2z( dzpoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giwu(9;gyb)d cb+ dw)9s tg/+zr q +vcqmx75wqqven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samrszu h cu11au+bfamx,o58onun 1.w ,+e temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to oau.5 +8ofhra , ubnc1+umw 1nsu1,zxthe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr))+jb ) egfi(lwt;g vsluz i10ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen m4k .qpfmth h)7+ti3)exezg u9olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distancep;l2o jsr3gw, :p.u lp between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whorx:32ot+ia ;w kqika2 se molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell +;tqwaxra2:oik 3ik2 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure3ak36efv*)fz exq4zq P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,/c s* e3efbz;l $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press;j qm0e+ 5rgedure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature ik; w(7n7npu7s5psnr j s (a) 90 7pn kuj;rn5 7sw ps(n7$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wjoi0:fye q-i-d/gwrdih/* g5hen the tempgd:5io-g*r i whd0yei//-jq f erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils fuc/r yk j :*oii9)ie2at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place lkm::uuy bl 51in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the5:mb1ylu: klu temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when tg(d . :sa5spd ox-g9bpfo /kstn)(wn(he partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isfds9x bkto (5.dsa)pgos n(w(pg /n-: 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prm9fb; r18ljefy1 uq e5essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookervxa3p/(lnwg 3 if the water is boiling (gaxv pn/lw33at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vd2u;zrgz-vatcj,8n t, u ql6.olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi m*axhycz i jd1 j,7,s4t6jpa-nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed gf ob7h hav53bx05d*ffor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis3* 5h abv fhfb5g0ox7dtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through t wslz-x(d+h3 4)px:3 rubgyhviny tubes cah4 3ud-:)+px zlx3hwv(g bsyrlled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated :y+jejmf8tn52d9 zljat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratvv/n 3a7;9 injoyz1ndw*0f nsbl:.ql ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempeqqg -l) b llgihy 1o,*ul-0tvjt 001czrature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup ary0qq c*t0o,-llh-izjg 0 )b lgtvl 1u1e hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2b8s*h oabiz )18 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressurhab)b z 1s*8ioe has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room (h6frr7bbr 31mdcwv0 of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempbcmwbfdv r31 rr 67(h0erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom ob-2 zh f/:cp6zo,wro per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abd72 d*b,wx1op uj7u 4-ke +,umuqriniout ux7dmwdkui2 ron+4b,7j, -*i uqe u1p $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the swv,a+i2y3maq3fv ou-ay i( z2urface, to zf o -vvq3um2 3w2(y,yiaaia+ what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at p2jw).qeaw7dcl y4ke86 xom+al /p9sm c ( yl.a speed of about 40,000 km/h Moleculee(q )l6mydlpw8o mwkc2a4pel.jx 7 .y/c9as+ s (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc:+ d90),jk3wz vkterc pbl ny;reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume t.vb2b v ut-y1of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, e2:g0 htb4 z 76aprb )iyma0fwhstimate the total number of air molecules in the Earthbwma)6izr0b0a h2typ4 :7f gh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in i;s7oi sj6lxy,ha.d3pa j32 fa 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has-;q :r8f/r:pcqu de 8c8;ohqpb5 vwa s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmdbc;c:-qh o fpuawpr8evq8:s q /8;5rospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowh6n bn)9 ec f8ylni15kl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at xd7(xoba 3yz)-;l k z+v4 hznk0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to f kc,- aor.ki.fzro9.git snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto avsy k6dhq 0/i8 glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in 0c y)cc ay0omd vh555kthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm;225l 0axie6yths t vr at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is(- f.xfmpevv8 $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid gr5h yx5hfk7 b4uvv* /is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per s 74rbkv5hvufh y5 g/*xecond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ;jzx jkz 5labvmq1go+*gc) 5r(.d t .jair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reac* xt.lc5.vb5mg aqkd)z j+(jj g zor1;hes the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watn+o2j3gescvejg dnp /l/ ,+ i //s:f9 5zrjftqer vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ,ji fsp5/ljt9zf/ocnerqve 3/ nsdg+g+ 2j/:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it isz r5i7;t88jk ;q9dkyg ;y)jna bizko1 a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 20007kqi r1;5tdzj kai kjy;;bgoz9)88n y$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thao5plmvsl5 ;bv -m4ykf*r7v *kt, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumeplm;yfr vo5 kvl7b *5-vm*k4s expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidif. zjpidjwp;i8/o;3 a yy their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hod yj;zap ;i8/oi 3wp.juse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg