Which has more atoms56 ba09a jysmsb-j +xj: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append+9ajxs s-m6yjb j50 baix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitecxbi .al56 *nwvs u4q8d to make a thermometer.vin86ab 5wqs u x4*c.l

Which is larger, 1 C pb b2s:z)sym/hqq2 o:$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal2agzw4:5jj lc0pap +s equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equili 2 j+:plc04ja zp5gawsbrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a st 2amcu0r *lro ;z;i6yirip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. c;ol6* r ryu ;maii02zWhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficied*l4 w 0i/ekr3zngd y9x,6 olent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usem 6d:vi ;.rbg 8tt)joxfkm/rn:-vie )d to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devij/ v:. i)tf8 -bt r);rvkgxnimodm:6 ece controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s jnt jis7;voq m;xebgx.+(9 2shape of a U. Why?bje s2ivg+7 nqom s.;xx (t;j9

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats iz( y vdup 3mp;q+g oi76naw(x-n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wati+,xd+ x biwb+er, the mercury in wb+b++ dxi,ixitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled k8g. xiuy3*g5eo e)cl more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exc3e lg*5g)u .ek8xiyoplain.

The principal virtue of Pyr vg36bclsly8-ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why 3 scyg6v b8ll-this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 enk.bk0dkx 670 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgew/zkpnv4q)b)n : r yc*syu:t0 so badly the can will not stand up. What ha)w yzyb*c)u t/:q n04r:skpnvs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed h)8exx37a(d glxgri6u37nm u(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands agau7n6g xa3 8m37u x)erxgd hl(iinst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in d0xaovd4k k2)o8x p8o water increase or decrease if the temperature is increako dv)8xdo8pxo a42k 0sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from ki2idm jqsc* b4ik9b2o: netic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the :iq 29o*kjb2s4i bd mcabsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinv4m axn3 )2yseetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph,3vi),4f(m ehcw6 ofueprt;ka+ u-znex),w aere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objec)+ kj2e hfl.njt must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth whak 2 e).jhln+fjt it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you 8ts(2usxcrr.- xvk4 jinfer about the molecular properties of one rej.(-2csrx x8sk t4ruv lative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry kn5zvh0f0-- +sf1ofkivm0 lxday at the same ten 0mzkk0 0-hlv1of5f sx +if-vmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (q(x7u)y v3wfv20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but f-pg8y0cm1df the humidity is different. 0fp gd8y- mcf1Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the3 k +iom d9os*5t)wlnw radiator cap of an overheated automobile ennis35w* wd9)lmo t+okgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fitraeb(va1,lcm l3 5+g g. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-k-5k:w;g d w-rwzgis 0gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the (r4cr9 n.d ezcnumber in a silver ring of the same (e4cr ncr9 .dzmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi5lyx/ij ,g7dbn*mt j;s on the Celsius scale?x,n57jjb;di* /mtyg l   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperawv:v8rfya)rdx 6aqw/h)a38 xtures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.8f jt7c2;b eeg02 cm at 0.0e27tb ejg;f0c $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longmc(22 af cu9f,tm,hmht:q, hfb i6cx: (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatmncn6ca - ox7 edt+e92 )s)dxdely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heigh+amd 2cso9 t-e)x 67xnecd nd)t changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofte) nep+ w:ld kp:8h5blsn used and the rivet is cooled (usuallebh lw) dp +p8snk5l::y in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atz6oz mb6y0 05: yej f):xmqukr 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be iewxn7w8xl qo2n b/(, fts change in volume if it i ,q/ 8wl7n bwx2fex(nos heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim c71mnd*rcjxp w:t/v-with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 559at9;nulgdtehv )* h/vlfs48.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be 4i 1eaj ;vrtq( cazx51j-warumy /e bo33cs*-placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in ankdo: a1d m 0:.iq /mg8c4bbhs long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the k 4.om :dn0g1ai/ d:b qbh8csmcoefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi ,y9ssb-g 6jd j)lx5u:fk cnt2ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has ccd+gn3qsofi- k46i -nyet52y oefficient of linear expansionfo edytqi 6yg5 i2 k--csn+3n4 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 7g79 hiu6;wdoc ihdu9hl, 9gc$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clou5z k: ijte2c yia4i1,ck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 zie 15 ci:2tu4ay ji,k$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury th g/pwb-pktd/0m zj78 p;ak;xx z.8wujermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu px;0zxg-w/pt. / j;ap k8zjukbd7m8 wme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of (n 9wec lod+h-radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulolce-n+d 9hw(ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whe3j:qwq* v4kren at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengr4* q ekvwq3j:th if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect/ jefw/aqq 9b/ua l35i0zk 8izwz e7.:cyusv5ional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.li 3 pt-af:/wi122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tzxkf.ycmq4 z8ql tem wg +/h-q71jb0; emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaljh.oa+le;5c b (a8e sxe?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aat3nv 1i08 sma6ewn 9wbout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustj)p57h vb pvt(/cqge0 ion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a()vcb 0 tjqg 7ppev5/hbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t;iz( k* pltna)he ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2xp m8rfq b ch/mk2j6o6yuj u2x:e,n, -1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ozg,yo7)kmh 2 ff nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium r/4 bk).k2m:ii7w:bohoy vsjql9)yr gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of o2 vo2vtdt rn,+3jb e sqc/7r:argon gas at 385 Kt:re o+s bn,22jv7 qot3/cdv r?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg m8.0ysmv+mhk of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati*rhg rj033hcf ng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsc3r rg3hj0h* fide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 pv8.wf2ck vt 77 bftr4$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0a/+s) 1tpko zxaj/3vw $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s han5*s0mm)a m,asw ame:q d at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of c5 ip3 3he-)k80iaezbq ,do hrmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 g 4u6 em/wor +ygzd d7n+5dz7hL? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)o k(xhj0 t96 e7qbnsf0 moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5nl*-a1e3jh pw wxy71 f.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aim.js,cotm*bkb 3dai+;w,v , j r are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo too+ojdcmi ,t,v.sba,3kwjb *; m k. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecuf 7t 5 pv hm.wbl5))vl,zh2xtile at STP? plbz tfv.2w iv )hhm 5t5)xl7,   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface7lpfpzj au(jt(lk /8ez1g:j ( of the Sun at a temperature of about 6z tu7(llp / j8z:jfp(g j1(kae000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperat6slxpw2.gt 5jy ,,li:p nho,f* vr a+3vl .ulwure is incw5 wo, i,23n jhx+a6prl:y,lsl fvl *pgu.t.vreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/lzk o o* adfw0v500)dx(fjugm4 cbe-9s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3,mawogdx l( ef54 k*c0ju 0f)90vd -ozb 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inh 1o* e;lv) lzha00uwr a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cons29h/ *fknxq ;5g ,hzsglcx s(xtant, by what facxnz5l x*qfch,xs(gsk/ 92g h;tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in r8h6lpfft7vh4 emy 4/ a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempe xxmqonecs9 j om)2y1 -8py 3m(e7ce;frature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mem qnoy3ox8cxe-fy7(cpm 2;m1)je 9solecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe; mvaf 7nf1+*l/xdjzjx8p ztd4e,o:ot (st t 3d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee 0m3 *jpvcgs ,f;(;nkctwt+bc d of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrv.1( riyyow*k ogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass ishj5jnt +nr w(4 89 u in a living ct(+jwr nhnj5 4ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurek1n3 yjs/m.-s-- guqbx;e qg z P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumxdzyukfxaqt84 5z 4 af* 7:nfs41j1 mk, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasef) :p 6vnlg1zn e7t(./dcv ikhs can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pri.zu.eu0 k lqg fz2)0xessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 0) x0uqe.. iu kf2zzlg$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the +xil:w 8q( jp2 skkw5zhumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isw 2 s:wlkkq+j 5ipz(8x 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressu1z,dq d,b6m8aevcxq . re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains ib7)mupn zoqk m ;189vys 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wz9mok 8u;y)mnvbp17q hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa axc*q) .hao.n+glqjn0nd the.jnl +x0qhac)o n.q*g relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temn *j7c+( lnhc2 hdb1caperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a p6 vgz vm7/x/l nk-lu j*xa2in2ressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tenxjnl-z/* ai2 m /g6klxvuv27 mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume py,w2qb uiya,u)n: o0t qg0f6 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poib3pp3mb bkzxareg 8s8q, 3b::nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table t5-ucbwrz.2 ntugc469x pvi3 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofr6itwu2 -.tcuzb5g 3 9cxv4 np 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubgo m-gd i,tk-:es called trachei-t -dg:k mog,ae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be + k nk3lm8)zm;z:y.p -:gvtybjq.knqen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape / 8o;xq gqkn4pi rp+n8he52kumeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nor bv8j3-numxm 7xov)2g mal room temperature. How much error wil bu v) -87n2m3mjxvgoxl be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a he j3mzjztlamz:y15 r z5(is 3e6lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder? mjazmji:zz3 5(6 ye3 lrzst51   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5.km78p natp * n(; rwbotiwl5qiq* ahg k96:0w m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperag 8 ophkra(bi97wa*:6lpw5twn t ;qq0i * nkm.ture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densit;dp e9ynv)8say of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usr : a 1wy83j ;4kasnu:dqtek,ring the best available vacuum techniques is aboutr ayadknk1:;qetwur 4, 83s j: $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full caa a7czhy/7v i,91;ky ;k)dwauyttr h/pacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungsh z,v/at9cw;aau/;k7kd hy )ti7r y1y expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fk,o4tonkv 7ul u ,4+u5xdh/jbrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright bx+u44,t/ u j5,l7k uvnkboodhlaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaz(fnsi3 3rrdvfod u, u): 9pc8sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of y8. 05qpt )tlgpkyp /gqrtqus/2* w5d 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure 5)fmmsj7 1hlkea4q65g( :lvcq4bf fa at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecule6j74 aq4)f15h:v5lf mb(ks ac fqelmgs in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaj2 t*nm7b jtm) 8xj2o0 + z6wowxf7nuzined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitvjq/omw*h u;ik;,o5 m3n ir- mal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long ;njoqir*m;3k,u5/- mim wo hvwill the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury lcr eorna kq4xiyz0p9(l*. 3*at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aq f-)0 lrnf7pct 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to f s.()w30jl7be bfkqok it snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 6 k* qk7izla( wwz9wzjn6 q.voad0:a( glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in w/ni9fc (qaf/8x4 cd2c bfa;x the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 18 vw9j fbxjf,f5y;;gn95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea1 jjir, 9ud: ri)l.lljrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwq-mda:a tvc+ +n vertically upward at i-+davt:q +m cat. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamg x+2 gnyb l:q8qwj4r,eter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfec nyqwgjgqrl:+b,2 48xt gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:q hxwl -sq; :b1.tzhhercl.qx, xn(61 h,snwx-h x(e b. q l6.:qx1r1zt ql;ch
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and f:xh;,j(tjhdn d* 9sq when it is a solid dh hx*s;n fdqj9j(:td,eep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to s ,2ee2cds dshj awptt+r(h+4x gkb:30how that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans :cre3,(+ hadg +bt2dsx ept204shkj wion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent roto:6bhtq lnh)ouib5-0 and mildew. If the cellar in a house bh)ti6 qb:5nou o-0lh (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg