Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluming:pu t4 9n21ty gn;09udbugllum? See the periodic table or Appenlu9tg;t nu2gp1l:yn u d940gb dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermokoreoj;h(3i2o yyp8 0vznb 3(zqd*-zmeterzyoiq-p3 e3;z r8o(yjzd kb(h0 2vno*.

Which is larger, 1 C/t)qw usek3 ah95xh8m8 t,ooh $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, busptr8ifk1zz,i 0 hi e92y.x-l t B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t p1i,z-9. 0sf8lz iyix ekhr2the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivd/:jfn q* hwn5w+c16zro6lh peted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on 1w+h 5pcrzh/qn w6*o: flj6dnthe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lq+o 8 9lx/uhytinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple th1c/qoqgkne .r,k4f d9k3/ 7gann2 ugkermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two stc ak,g/q 4 1qn/gku7k3eo d9krng.2fnrips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a /a4 fm uqud1/z/zez,fsection in the shape of a U. q/uzm d4/ufe,azf /1zWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatt7g2 .ph vhp 1hejc)d:s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot8 /s p6nctovws hf.b*0 tub of water, the mercury initially descendsh 0/v cn.w* 8s6ofbpts a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bre m1tw c54p6hxdak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainc5wtx1 4pm6h d.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that n5 8nbc*sncaayq*hob5u;x);q 79eit its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary goa;qu) ea57*byn5n sn;c *hbix9c8t qlass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate bzne27f4qa,muzu- *h at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badbq246 f/ eenpb(h 2ra-xc2w0aw dw.zsly the can will not stand up. What has happen n.4aah20z6w sbxw e-(/wbfdc2 qpe2red?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistonqv93t qyy -(fvbp() lj), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting w-9(v vby)(3qftjp lyq hat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incrml/b(:ihq r3rx 2 qme.ease or decrease if the tem3.ermx q(: rmi/blq2hperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatio vy*jgpwik umx39/*3an between average kinetxj93vi3yw/pga u k**m ic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic q yoqs866t2sdbb:.me theory.

As you go higher in the ( ko7m2pz py.md,8l+ ( abubnoEarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object tz,t4 *; ydu5i(fwkktn f6q5rizel:6 must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Mo4*f65r fuketl iz6t5 ynid;t:,( wzqkon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates ms *qzs 2d8,vycore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer abo c*qd8 vz2,ssyut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is farakt a kh cz2f::85eba; more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturh : kb;aa8te:25fkcz ae.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatz jp/er,e , y4 ,y8++dc ab-hbm0gbwrxure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same wa(cy/oc 2d ,zbut the humidity is different. Which is more/aoc2 zw( cdy, dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opese,j+qyz h7 vub0e8 n.n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engineb8ue 0 jhnvqyez7s,+. .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud z bh+61y bzz:k-au;lx in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram4y63(vqtjft t copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring w -pw-gb2wmu/ iyca.p:h4* eop ker0+ compare to the number in a silver ring of the same m*u2 ebpgk ric a/-h+ y ppw4:0-wwe.omass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F zw;h*kk)zx(njgwq lb7w)wh 91m )4f v. What is this on the Celsius scale?(4* w;b) nz whk7mz kf)hqvwx 1)gwjl9   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded areuxo(ta(1 6, q ,6 zhr+rbkejnc 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11. my/cki t3saqp i148n982 cm at 0.8 9pyiks1n3c maqt/ i40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m6ln ssl1t )(aha9xdo/ long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built ofwi ovk8iyc7 ke7 t8/8rq** jc;ny8qun wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes y 8en ik8w8uv i7q*r7cj ;yc*qt8/onkbetween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rive 5vkko:rxl d0 e,jg/)j 8 uauyl:12d,vgc f)krts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the lvr2)eo) lg,fcy5 8v jad/0 1,kjuk:r u :dgkxrivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ag)1r:kngtl+ t 0jsan7 h:j.s ot 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamet.e1d a2 27nprr wvhsa5er. What will be its change in volume if it 2 e adr1ar5nwvsh72p.is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watest e5myr8 q1+sr at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2-t)pjxu vnbjif57 :a(0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in0tf8+xl dlqu:z7 2i/b ; pcxcl a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel k; z ,6kwdyl(p/f+foe so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that thed;+ykze6 lf,pof w/k ( effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens oh 1k 7i:ju/ywa+ru;n,/+ vqu;jpdjk ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular platek2f/vy(u y;iwh sa:s/ of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan:aushi2(fys/w /v; y ksion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, kl-8 pm.v ku0e*bju4y $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect f .4xsqjrp1j8 time at 17.x1jsq jp4f r8 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insid 7+ rx;jrba c1 j-*j2+ iu4ch1jmvpraqe diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu 7aj*rxac2; jrci1qu b+v j4mj+-h r1pme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m +mc +emwr:ro9jmsuw)49h r y) is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity 4wm mh+ejcuw+y s:))r9o 9mrr$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when w55wmz4:iqf t:qru q(h 2xeh:at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increa:hxzq : emf:hiw4trw5 qq5(u2ses to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam 7-o 6 m3zl eip,vdazd81de fz-of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 1f4fou tb7 +::6y bgi:kfxm wa20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures2bwkpu2r(0mz/fc,dwph*-qjm6 q wn. on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit qgc8vt 10b0eqqfa85fkxb+av ;,; a f wscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthmhcrm3kv . 8ul3kt5 u:nxv)2x and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos o,cg/4ez. opq:xgg5i pheric pressure and a temperature of about:gqi/o4 xec.5pz g ,og 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idy-l.1 z 7i z:iaaphq7qeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2- +x;dx/rimq c1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 - oxtrs3amo; td6c7 *6xukdq2kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu 0qu(+nximo*l m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ;z xcrlq*e txvp(.g9gzo 8x;vz1 ; sp-gas at 3ct -r9go*(z.vx8;gq ;xzp1s;lzvxp e85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.07aol3*rix4*m ay 3ucva 8d bv)2tsta / kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside theghev:gw,kxx n8mr)h q,l6p1 ) balloon, w,g ,6w18vnqxx:) rme hpghlk)hich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15:uok wer5 ,kh/ $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18fim;g9v 9lgd x-w 1,il.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chiuqc3 fcb5hr)jy5rn .+ki:g n9ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculex,vyv)4w t *ihs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many m9*g3rnvn a :keolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ag7 n):zxl0wwzn45wah ) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume t39lxere ;2. . nhr de(m jx,3hi(qczi5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that weretmrka5m s8 :i( also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere (ki:t mma5s r8is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy oqwh: fr)vxaxs ig;4 9s05/pp of an oxygen molecule at STq :ai0 xhp)v pg5wx;s/or94f sP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Supaiw9rbh;o(ea4m 51 tn at a temperaturer1e tb45;pawhi 9ao(m of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules)v 1u1(n/nmsj7d,,tu 9kbuo r npx5zj increase if the temperature is increased (j7 d r/,1 nkupunj95mnx,uszb tov 1)from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follor v;h m5t4s1oy9+zqoowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,4ys+z r o o91;qt5mvoh and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 7a xopd7pzt8* $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, g fa+cbrsy/p/mw-r 85by what factbr + cm/p-8wsra/yf5 gor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv.(r:6:zjlhfz gv)xi8v .brjp en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper hredr0z-oxh) i878iu ature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular -h0i x)rrh88 odi 7uezmasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeuu54:cf i4p ee;eg7zm s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s)m;) zwc;a;ol- j po,g;oldms peed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen l1wn;qv 188vi ;4 esin:oy x.dmdo7bomolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms s6lj5udnhq 3g0. .wbano pvtgq e446. fpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi4enf ahpnd6.glwjq o.t 4uq .vg05b63ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can e1nn 1tf*,0o0e w)j)as clqdx be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6jwt sx3o7cw;:q 9f5zck2akh0 xcft x 5wnr//um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what /dbez-y j8b (yphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is xc3om4* :lcwo(a) 90o: mco3wx4l c* $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point 8pyp( yfv3vybgi :q3j11ypb 7(approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25y (pig8yqb 3jp3vvyb p:y171f $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure atw lnva4)sx3f1tol tuzb:;,k0hvqu xu:, e 5i. a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmw.uox2y09 fsqvwb,0ncyvsj6n-,d+nb my0 3q, estimate the temperature at which waterbn9,fdc0jyb6suq -qwmv0+n32y y, wx 0 .novs boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when v(h8gg0 gani2the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the r ggn8i2(0 havgelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the templ8tcmkn ps,hf4 w72wq44fjp; erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure xte)whs t 9w+uez 82i2inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatue hi)t2 s ewzwu+t29x8re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol7k;m+e 2 yuryeume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pa ,jyx07tig )qh m;c,woint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinyh ,aici(tyuw9.w1pv/ f,s8 ue molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of .ysif, 8tihu9y p/c,ww1a(vu 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tnn ( uk).gs;cthrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An averagk nn;sgut (c.)e trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee4(m cj 2zsf)sw 7gdta+n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraq s t,1x:*irigted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errorf(py :,i/x:tbt; zigs will be made in a recipe calling for 300g/tyz:if pi(:tx sb,; mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyli,3ltm) u (8(gqzyex .n5fcllinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrea,q8 5 f3xltyu)((ge icml.nlzsed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of jv(mmv g,c 45n0eryf.m +ago78hrk,q length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22m aj+5vc,ro4f7h8gem m.ngq y,(r0 v k$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter issc :7nx)h yq1x about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi3gj2x fnz5vx* ng the best available vacuum techniques is abouvxx2f35z* gjnt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L mm6tb,y/trjyip0o); .mifz: )jgr 0 swhen 10 m below the surface, to what volume :i/gr 0ojy6sfp;0zt, tm)bmrmyj )i.would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere a(7ex*)x jpj)q0h ly1 vin n-+agq9ilgt a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correvn qhjljq y- +gl9n7pi*))i ax e1gx0(spond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idetpp2,+* vctprwca+8x al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7k*gvlh2x* 6iz*r8x 1bras gt,70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the swq *; xxik45uq87 hf-wu.kouiurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mole87qx *i5hf.oxq ki;-uk4uu wwcules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen morjc2 4w9zma8l.qu.idym ng, 8w zb*-alecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital v hv+bu.b czqelr/954 has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressrvecz b49u/+5hb v.lq ure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl m rmx 0ocu,asrv.xqk -df.)01of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinnbh /sr/zzpeo.4e f+r9.fr h p0a t0g9e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around np( xx p) npnn5-(vi kkq,1b+pthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t b1jz6v/cx smlt6khm1p vy8*1ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, pxig va2qcu8d 6n2 l z3nz6q*7/(wtkn adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, haiukj5dlb/b* - s a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from x;33os0c r;utl ,lh4nufupi:the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throw58k-isv uo ogs e+)55mfjla+cn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elast u-+v)coegk 5+5l sa5 m8fosijically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptq,2a8ghom ll -h of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a per q8,oh-2lglm afect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watepl61xj v)bo-kdt5dh: r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: blojpk5 xv h1)-d6t:d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at v.re34rs()vrg - gq)wk qy6lcSTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tems4w lcv( rg)-6.vr)kyeq q3r gperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show ,qr1)oj gb,zxv1s5ot e a9h3m that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeff,a19zsqtx, 1hejoobm3 rv)5 g icient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot andt uuz ft6/b4:g mildew. If the cellar in a house (ke tzuf/bu:gt46pt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg