Which has more atoms: 1 kg ofg b8bn2 2yzow*-+f qivh cm27p iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apn+ io-h bw82mz g2q2pcf b*y7vpendix B.

Name several properties of materialh/fg:9o(xcu -b k9lxds that could be exploited to make a thermometer.ouf kx9-:dbhg9 c x/(l

Which is larger, 1 C 9z wgr)bi1ic b3n v7h)$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is no odo0g-o(os0xi)u5 wct in thermal equil(0dso oo) cox wu-5i0gibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str +rduoe0r6m ltjas 6(0ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on thra0+6o jt l0ed(su m6re outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expany01cza*qpbwbn( yps*ekl( w2 h b,i)9 sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermv 8* ) byr56m.ywp d:,znrtyb;d(wcwwostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips ofn5b;(*r y:dwzy6bdr w).wc,pm y8w v t different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of8ea n9ga8j y8 .y6dlc-yfp7n q aqyjlnyngya8fc86a 7 9-8 .e dp U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of yz s 5ig 2xy87r(vwp6rq3f*pb*d/)o esw ww0z lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,g,kc wp;la8(k the mea cwk,;p lkg(8rcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it :idy8idfx -8j;bx3 nbis heated or cooled more rapidly t8j 8b-x;3 difi:nxydbhan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linea/a/ d6a()bxk swvg n. y.vj2pur expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the in )2.aug/6/(pya nv dwsk.v xjbcreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accm r)cyzgj+/bwj:l 53;e2q zb yurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to buloi )pdpmtw a.h k255gju4rbp5*n6s)vge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ha)*knu 5v4rd5g.6hw5)pitj mbpop2 a sppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressewd-;x3yssj7 yd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules s-w d;7 xsj3yywhen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increj +bhs )gt9n7e phr37xase or decrease if the tee7b7t3pnsxj) ghr 9+hmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fykkl 4*qnb3 m8frn,e4vo ,9vfollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetikv n*44 roekbn y3 8,qf,mlf9vc energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f;ln:0 aq1 ab83rsurtf a(1zxsrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio; .fi +-kpa/jezbjkp x5)o/cq cf6kv , of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for th.te+iniafrojie+ 7 /a 3,9 czhe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Theeoiz, e +acathrf3i9. jin+ /7 escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room 0w* (h2ixnavi7nb2g c yd6 q4ntemperature. What can you infer about the molecular properti c n7g0v(in bi46ya wd2qn*2xhes of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at *0mjs,m r d9gr( kiuyxbm+t:h1l1ro+ the sameyb1xm*utmo +r g:ml9rsk + r,j(id h10 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatbcd rn 3 (qxwe8ua3*v,r9y.bbure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sam5xjlg e)r w) yw+t9v2oe but the humidity is different+t lrgwx y)ej2 v9)ow5. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap mfs;*6p98edaqn-y nvs i9 ;2g javj *bof an overheated automobile2e89j y;9pgdbas s n*v*-a;6vnqimjf engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?z aiq5-q*ng j7

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram t- -c p./tuivacopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to theinzwl w o-k -hk)8+2eo number in a silver ring of thkow-+2-zk)in h8w eole same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this;p6(of g k51bgk0 kehxdp.*ec on the Celsius scale?gkc kk.pe;h g po (05bef61dx*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record n+y .ra/dt: mnva0 o18ex(jymed are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has ley.jlbx7eyi((0gui3 5it r j(lngth 11.82 cm at 0.0(rl.utj(3ey li5 igy (xb7j0i $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (24cvtm yiila g0.r)6b:0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3vkr-m d3q c;dg -7hs*s00 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag ; 7g-dsqk-*rvmh cs3de temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri1pi kj qj8:wh pml.(0dvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry iceh 0 i1.pj(djwq8m lk:p) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at .s(j)jlohlvoh9nmwpb i k/t5p 895 3j4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamet: ;8kepq6ugoae *ce dp7/-d egd1 gk)uer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3agkke8:odd*p -eg/6c;) u1 geud e7q p0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the be 7bm)d7i;:n rooyc9 tbe9(ljrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5v6x3 h,mgy 5el0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed e ddvkd 2fm-a)36;k6dtfxf. j in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp*iuss5 km7h)qand in essentially one direction only, shou5msi s7kh)q* w that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thtmz.rt 9pjy)g m1m/a- lbhiy/e kr7 6/e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffirhh 1ygqi5: ik11pnus;0b vk.cient of linear expansioui:q15ky1 1k.;pv g nib0hs rhn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso;a :em0o9c3qx*l.xie zq x rd:y5kic- tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee;ci:69oer sog6da+le a6ex2kps perfect time at 17 eo6ae+i2k:rd6o; egc l asx69$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm*rqhaw7 8+qj,ajcam (. The bulb has a w78q+a(qjhrj,aa c*m volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumixwpo07yn0/e hee0j :unum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with uxe00ye7e/wo h:0pnjangular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requircz cx-)0hyh5 jed to c- xc50)yjhzh keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti :1eg5o3;cod3rv h hmgonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 ex s+yo 6, a+xqq(;0pms dql2ucm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi85 *ac( yk)j sewv;gygn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahr*ky4on/ yy)dguz62yl,ya8 r5 p; stcienheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth sqmjq,f,mxvb0; xgv8l 9 t3tlv4 a*u4and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a ka0pn c*,+bg n4cqvp//cbk: a temperature of about 20c/qak*+g4kcna p /b:bnc,v 0 p$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ut:oqx lz97t2 knqb,t rm8(r,jsing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiqbl txg0; ep.8ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg gief 32scp3u +8gr(gvof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10/o8mss0vl ;;,yas g* sm ob2ua.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdingitw: y/hdi*-9hn6n zl 105.0 kg of argon gas at 39- /hwizh 6d*y niln:t85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofb:s,nkaxgrd : (r;yz(q.z+ np $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooc. v.s6tp2m)y drszs 4n, which makes it less p)64ss.t 2dsv cyr.mzdense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ad5tufzv h 9e18t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1yvd9s pimf950;ffs 0u 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’sj7buy*ve,o u j-5eva7 hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molegnkq,1*1+iu(qhi jdj cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a r1ivefbt/ c-;re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of qyz1jiji6zp81 7qt. e(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumo.jw2z( j/t) iclj8zc e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleco 6)psm41+dxtrvx5jfz dulmx f d-e2 )dx/-t+ules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and z1fm m +4s f)vd6rtdo+-5dxjxd pe2)t/ ulxx -of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygensow c2 gnuee.f36pj8( molecule at STP?g ( ecnf62s8uw. oje3p    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tp8dtvzad2x( ry/5 3: )xnkc xvemperature of a kdtvzx 8)adx2x(nr:3yv/p5 c bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mole((e8 ocbqi-fw:wehtm. n c)3 gcules increase if the temperature is increased frwt wq.oee cnb(() 3gfhc-:im8 om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followic;zy7t nozc.du2 og/3ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculato3c7/dno 2 tygu;c.zz e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iiob na8p-b 92jn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilc sdyohd)0mg 1z1 v*h8e its volume is held constant, by what factor doescsgoh1 yvh0dd*8 m1) z $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molei y a*,mz(2q,pq zg8qcd/*)axh n-nm vcules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rh*0uz,-q-8b r*4ql awc qv y6t fjg-qvatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squarefc0bq-l,hvv -4-w*6gq y z*8aqtrqju roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaum/4wj-u +p xilphi)4s ne+3 nined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oj* kols:q* y.vxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroge;c nip*ah7z q0rd30my n molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o zz3how21eb1 pf an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at bzwo3ph1z2 e137 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writte)31a: ; qbknjz4pen gvn1.xzvn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of o1 fye -e0;4b8i,szxiif(q3vcnd1 xkuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatxlv- vzqq0g*+k(vk2 r phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prz:)2ca ffjv3w essure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9:av2j3fcwf )z 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when 4k. : ihiql+fes zcx6:the temperaturex+e: icsl. h6zi:k4qf is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water cs wy2gs:/u. r)s9 kobboils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti,n aly5 p 23fn7.-yfo cvd5ppvmate the temperature at which wat27n.dnayofy5 ,p lf- 5v3cpv per boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pa(z-;e bbe o 7fj- af00hhfd:yrrtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidit0heyz r o( h0fde;7b:bjf -a-fy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a da eg ihespb2o 4vm,z804y when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a +o1wlge7wbk 4i,uy9 evvbd) s:m,h ,r pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturemk9w4b+:si7e l, ev d r)vwb u1,hgoy, of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol8*3mywy on 1dvume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de aslkvl67 rf)dz.nsn1k;m++ ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a +psmn6-wy/ 2can5 /jzp/h nkbdistzs6+2 mk anp/-5/ycnbnp jh w/ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the s-7vedd17ss)do8 d0juk0qv di urface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lsvdduo8q0-s 0k17de )divd7j ong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been caleqh.;/f ch*dzpvq(*d ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atfmh wh):z- g(h 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at np y:h0u zb 0s;;wa-4gy.tkjhformal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, iay t;ky-u;0 :0gzf bw4hjp. hsf the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 af /x0w0 ug r6uot h+s0ae4o1mdtm. After many balloon sm4xre f6 0ou+g1u/a0wh otd0s have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number or-)7rfdp b-l6gos ;bb f air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and b -pgrb)6d or b7s;-flheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of z08m1) +h2/:)vgiylws x 8xizrvfo qymatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuumsd i-*cjs+qhnpqu+hpa; 89b( techniques is abo+h;*h s dpiqcqb p 9s-+n8(ajuut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tpte4-(h 6uwgme40 mqghe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is th-t4gg04 m(wh 6qpeeumis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospherex;6pic)l,bp+gdv; 7 w hgwvc2 at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is sb p2;,lg)dccvx6gwwh+p 7;vieen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideaoi 1x/iqr xi nk:lx;6c;v :f)dl gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of8;c 5.o 8r3rjebsi*lc sx 8myf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esting-bh b d85cvaxr)w01mate the total number of air molecuxbd cn -r8vah0 g)1b5wles in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ai0e) z1aqcqo7 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga-r l vxtnr(72vuge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mtvxvl2n (r-r7in. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo7 59qv)wbow g)65gdvvht bcf9wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline n ig8c;f/eer kf4) uc(9n;awaat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundme-)u)hdhaim;xwb :1pr7vj6-pvx 4 wz ae/8 f the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ad lgg gdy: v+ljs8 c1 1dykn4,(yr/(a*rp,u xtt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand3zz*er g-b1rvz mc .dgz y.s65ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19bsgv2 rb*t rb869ql2 b5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th9tnghy;m .x) le Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertilxy 53-4 pruiscally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they ps-5r4 3yuxil have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbli5 +tjyj3yv r8 k+z(hnf rt29ne of air from a depth otj+kz nr8ryi jyn2h3tf( 95v+f 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vagm j sfqw4s+/(por pressure in the air on the following two days: 4/ j+fqmsw( gs
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the bncru zftk1o.+cmj* fj ;(r p4t7k(.vdensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature ijj4(km;pbrtnt7+ z*o (vuf .1cr.ckf s 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show .x rk.r18nw lithat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal towrkn. 1x.ir8l $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellghwb .c n;,kve9 gn1j( e.zs+*y*ppoc i81 kiaars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a i1ens.jz+apgbhe8ic (p;wy okk1vg,*.9 * cnt 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg