Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per, (cw0qkhi1,w9q 2 p n.foixfmiodic table or Ap, . pq mwn,wfhoxqk1i9ci02f( pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermom0hd ctb.5z5cs*4qfgr et0s.rzb5h gtq fd4* cc5er.

Which is larger, 1 C hn; r4effto56$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equ3ezzrq9 ;asj d gd g:e2a+8k0iilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilj0iagrg: a9e ez;k28s 3ddzq +ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted x tw 3:95.dusx-bs e*jh5hngl to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal s*w3 j txhehb-g9u55. lndsx: will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear:irwhmfizi4hp8be1 75 cr v0 9nyai.; expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple theczpr g28:j kdjr.7t u g5bm.*lrmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or coolin uz5cr *.82kpjr l.jmb7:gdgtg system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endss*r/nj rn * pbsmbw:x0f7:,t s(wnh(m often have a section in the shape of a Uw0*bx mn ms(:nrjs ph(b/,*snr7:twf. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurbwnna. j0;ma-m,xcxs 2d;r ,wy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed i 6w gk,nti,mrb/ .-xgjn a hot tub of water, the mercury initially des,-jrb . g/g,6w xtkimncends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cool ro6yk/+g7hscvx90 -mp3zxlqed more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.k y0mvpx soqz7rx6-3/ lc +g9h

The principal virtue of Pyrex glashc7nvq89 s*w ss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gw vc*9n8qsh7sives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur9(ikixlu;b: t -6z hx/dwz q 3sxwz6)rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cang( 5qb(.8dzgz q/jfy n will not stand up. What has happeqzgq/n b8g(zd j. fy5(ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistl ji+rwduhd ogjt-7d 8x8;e30 on), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theo gxjduedh0iwotl+r8d 7 83j; -ry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrura+7 l b5ee8 flg59ysease if the tes +e7flrl89a5g5y b eumperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’6 bw)1;ff jvjos law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kof1jf) jb vw;6inetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fr6p) uew.cr7 nbom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of /b;.i tvfaav.pub i., $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havebani. 5pr u-46jgh ji( to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pract(rh465puan i ij g.jb-ically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tq-jibn) i x,m.han water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular pbx)ij.mq-i ,nroperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th l4rzsrkv nryhuu9 , qsha ;10v0g10m*e same4yq0s0vn* 1u 9r msr0krh;a ,1uhlvg z temperature.

Is it possible to boil water al5 +i qi;e h,w 3tn9mcs0fc6pqsz)fo50 y*bebt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same butn wq(ra: dhmi45 v*0ld the humidity is different. Which is more dense,5lrdv*0in :dwh(q a4 m the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of a4 /qyh)nu c +mwk*f1hun overheated automobile enwmk4 1*u+h/)cy qh nfugine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wnq/ y7qfot(pny c9/w)rbm+l+xv e9st9jx ;q; inter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny? pc(qqj/5ut sp**jlg:    $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare ti 1) y5rupfix8o the number in a silver ring of ur1)pyxi if 85the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often r 22 d: xfjc3doz f5zcjfl( 7gsn)84wytaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?c rldndwg2fj 3f8( z:45)xys zof7jc2   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136maf2s ws;e x51p5jrr6 c4,uow $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm n*u.z -4po( epifq+ xh:y8e9mndz- rw at 0.0y-nr:pom+q.z *d-zu iwf8 en4x(p9 he $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builtssko.p mm5x4 (nlf1b9 of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of 7rzkpgqji8 -6wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avkz6-qprig 8j7 erage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets th f9vt7e:ripd .t2hm:eat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placedt7hm.r92v : p fetid:e in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4q x89a(ucgg k; $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whp(k;/79lg em1;jpi w38k b7 othvdi,zj ums+yat will be its change in volume if it itsdjh jmi;(;uwle 3zbv8m 1gy i9+kk7/p7, pos heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t p67lv; 7evvk -om lb cl+2yzykk/.3okhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50tn2/v8*7 err txh/e qh mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 vsvt+ (d+*l.uw l9xay7cgr*y $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can q+ rl.1rgigah b,v6q:expand in essentially one direction only, h,:bg1qv rra.+6g qil show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in twmo2c2t3+g;8o3z i vse+zn rkhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient4 ue-spf4k n,ho)+pke of linear expansion o pfknh-)e+ ,k4p4ues $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, yh-n n0 qc7dst29sb )z$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather 7ic0clmugril: t*0q0yj yh +5clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 yqcihrg0 mu0:7*l+t5l i0 jcy$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diin n8b/ j-jfv6ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has j8j vi-6/nf bna volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylik rkx,ou -8f):4 nc +;roshfzfndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionle4 8kc sk r,z f)funx+-h:;foross bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lemli*; gt63mlongth when at 15°C. How much stress is required tgtoi m3*lml6; o keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0 e;fwj9:r-19w0 envwe 4zqpta.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1,c oea( jd4(gs22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin uw.*1yvj qmg: scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fhtfun1eq5;u)j( xwl2 ahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ea7,k6pt2ifcm hf 4uxd 6rth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatur u)et 3uv*5gtp 4olre2hjqh7(e of aboup*juo 5g7hqh re2)v 3el(t 4tut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideak*+ , 3z6; nfkmmc*mf 5zz2 qmjrow/gcl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroges3 ; df wekww.(5 x70mxkatj0en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kesbw3d 6xh i3d/.rlwt o;-b 2yg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at9klgo+ub4z 8kqu i5 q( 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon u*e)nas)e n4jza6;/argy ay0gas at a ) yug) j;ns *n6aeea4/0azry385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k8c h rf8vy3t6lg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achiua8a:s y;2xzoeves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sux ;:8 zayaos2uppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air )r .udlt,0sp.r6liyyl5y;brat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18 ht8c* v*2v3ak hest sjit5r1:.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch1a5xuo1iq:l nao; 35ktj3jpiild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeqi aahwx0t jlf7 gd7c59b2l3:s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are the-qh dq0u0vf o,re in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, 9veo.o j,a,5cdpkf1 c   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 45g ref,zao-hnv)sp0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale g v00qd39ycc -dc4b dithat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of 3qvb i-cdcgdd0c 0y49 constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy od++y6nol liv+7lh t0mzzu j:)o)ii:zad 6z 1xf an oxygen molecule at STnh ij zi0+id+zd)ut +)y76ool6l am :l1 :zxzvP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms +e (q.(7 bzs+oo qfnjthh:oc, near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. ,+ :ochbs zo+jeqh.qtf ((n7o   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturl mk 1fe ))b+z5wbas dd4nn*7te is increased zw)k) 15t4d*fal n+nb esb7d mfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given iw(tuj kawpv28 gkk/rujwt:-s(- bi :- n units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a(2ja-iw gwj t(:usv -:8p- twku/brk knd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at48cfxu xdm/o3 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,oh a)4zqc77s is5 w4mr by what fact)as5imhcw747rqz 4 so or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given ,ikkupxp v +;x9n9jha t.;jt*sc:w nf)g u43kby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their;n* 9tvyn1jfi0;5 jjs6wpq kp vw4 ,zb rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sq9wbj j,n*n0s ippv ytwf51 4;;zqjvk6uare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contafy; c 3loj znc-e-.*nhined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o) - izb ne;3-0unwydi npjb,,yxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average :dp/lzwxqsk: :- u-wt distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a9y4c.a(nh u(nnld:y le lfof mk k1+27n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livile:uan4nk+f7nyo d1(y kfcml . hl92(ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can b9n+ 9 5vx fcs .8zk6vmyse:jxol.f kl1e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u9b)0ij5k((tl-k0t ;zoys ,m kynmjkrranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presg r)0j*csa05 f 2felqrsure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatlc68 y,a x (btiun6un.ure is (a) ycb t6(u.x,un8a6inl90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ifl-r0 emk d(gl,yo f03p t65grn the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is plro,-r klg(t6egm yfd05n03 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wa(ovm3 3(qjl8wbtc wccm - d-:wter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimato *qmhf7np417ckv)s*okas5 f(edco 9e the temperature at which water boid1( kq )ho9occpkf*5 7noe4 mfasv 7*sls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressurf;s 6/q8( akfo1pl olie of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40f8( 6afo1/k illposq ;%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa(gg/hdr59-lh; e l vyster on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressq pfo2fff lxx0)+ h7 1*q;ilyvure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling a ffifxhl )1lyv;*2 +qfx 7p0qot a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68m 9cnjmcj)tlbng 2 w6rx*4*m;0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ovg :3n coh .ax/ bl0,j5gdsl+bf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) toy g,0ajuk. jw)k/rjk 5 c2sef3 diffuse a distwk raj0 g3.ek,5k ycj)/sf uj2ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec ;gy06th*lank9us7w y ts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tracheaal s6wg*k;uh09 nty7y is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu :cm n0;htx0 +ui:cydire has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrauxdy4d4 sdlmg:m7xm m,55g 4pted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm-4bwkbk 2ijucu /ig1ay. ki. 7al room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup a4ubkg./i kw72cjbk -i. yu a1ire hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ba2wsj vg * r:3u7zuutk8a2 ohg)lloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinderaws)g*huv8ouk2j :tu z 3g72r?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roo/-ppv1 i1l1zmzhcy ; wm of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh1lz;z1/yi1phwp v- mct 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density z4;bfwppf .t z-;4u :xer7jzd of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best awp9v hvxojg2rtv 4/j 5y0: xn4vailable vacuum techniques is about2hvv 94405 oxpg/: nvwxyj trj $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills kbl-afc -xcj-e,4rc6 his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whatlxb-r-efccck -a4 j6, volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s u6 l(3hh2j1m1esikrr/ f jh +gatmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made ofk1f3 rse(j r+/m hj2hguh1li6 special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gake6 9aoj;1yt js is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume -f )k 9mszpl*n -om. (u0szuxgof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfa9t2r owg7ca0 b, :ezvsce of the Earth, estimate the total numc 20 b,g 9eza:r7vwotsber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a xcjz(cw49 yzb,5 np3 p7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressy )/7fo r*dzature = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and ft r7/ oz)ayd* at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at0 s1mt p*y5 v:kqspp;l 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline gf4+mny4y4 ,v85gga4hy7l 7rje ygl pat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly acte rpv.(; cjb (c;zpn85)qkground the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ont c3cjx/zz8z/e o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar4n2qo7 abns y*d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1,jbsjf. vx0e5 95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i0 d xqpn-g6kc*s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls6 xjlov7 e1t8rbfd:b7 thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming 1j:6 x bb87ldvreo7t fthey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a hlvz;npd5+q- xg hcu4 3l j4i. :xg;xw3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How larg n +;u;h4.lzlw-: xxpcidhg5vg4jxq 3e is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water va)p ,qb w(;msdp8fu, bkpor pressure in the air on the following two days: d( sfmb,w,;)p8u qpkb
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density tsgv 10 rf3m8b(a;f gbof iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 20b;(gsr0 g8 amff13vtb 00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show5( sywrdf7olo czs0+te68 z0 +if4 xnm that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the ct+dooz r6 ef+c( 0078fnms45 y xlzsiwoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellaq v*ap peb;z+5;-fdink o3cm7rs to prevent rot and mildew. If thobvq i3fp;z+e 7 kn*p-cd5;mae cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg