Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron k phyctb 2y )l4.,j1dnor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append ldy,yhk1p)4t 2nbj.cix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermpjncl n1dr--q8j6m 1a z6suk8ometer.j8k6sz11rjp- 6 mqn-anlu8dc

Which is larger, 1 C lxu)7 wjl969f uj,xeobi, cywnk-26k$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys jwe9( /,oykuhkid0 ,dtem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperat id/e(o0h9 jdkw u,ky,ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a s94ady9n g(uj ttrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of tg(ya99 4ut jndhe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expant1 (xxlbt 1 ,906y9iwbfpvkf .hbjvsz97 dio)sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacj.g(kkdm 1cf*20jih ce (or other heating or cool jk 2c*0k(fmghd.1icj ing system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectiz7h2p t)6; (hd uu.lrfd zx+1nn6:hkgr7h auton in the shape of h ulth2 7 u r;ddk)z6 h7g+6ut.1hna( nfrzp:xa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc2 ,kblwn llza0frmgru( - 20k0ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotz:5div :eut: x :i:irn4zrr;g tub of water, the mercury in n;ii5 :z4:div gru: trz:exr:itially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if onv,pig5q7emegc0 j5 i) e part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjaccpi , 5j qig75vge)me0ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coef4b7 jvo8(u zyfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased hea4(ouvj7 ybfz8t resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at e j(a 4n2l.0kvghr,oh 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cau*zp .oufooh0w 30 qpi.se its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will nohi.fz3op o00uwo.p*qt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing30zue2/kaixi5l0;y 8 8 lt rkf rszgc) down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when theyc rl)fy kstzl;e x825ugar/ii8 k030z strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum s6u/7 ko fntc8qgz q4*s,nvxd .phere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fro 6noc ,/zxg7 nfqusdkvt.*8 q4m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how-7 y8+bx em9 trwct07z)farere03 sop Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic epoabtt 8 ysree 30 r7- +7mzw0xc9f)renergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor f6z-c:8cvl*yu n6h)sorc zq8y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio * lqlu*:k;r qwof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimu. zk,mez uhze5-f (kx+m speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vuh+.zezkk-(zf, m ex5 elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatuhvv 8.derxtc/g3 2b jwu09/igyi4:g ure. What can you infer about the molecular prope 4ycu03ivtg.gjerv8/gxwh :d b9 /2i urties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hue xy .vqqnsk*6ev55x(mid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tqekn 5(sy65vqev x. x*emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 bg.h8;t;w nbn f8 wl3a$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hky)a 1km8/* x h:lkafmumidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humaklm1a 8:*m ky x)kfh/id air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerouxg)b.o7 k z blyrgc721s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile .y xbzk)o7gg lrc71b2 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fiin(4* cqegwncy h/i3a (4l/ vzg. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there/ v+tlgn+t7q me*lvk2 in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the4p y rgf khgjy 953*)pqjzy;w, number in a silvery5pyrhj 3pzky, qgj f w)*;g94 ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bu(:mqt /) 78 jwj.y-vm2nha2 fo xjeuve 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? njyuham:7j28m fx w(jtv./q u-)2voe   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures nw,q3)* +opiy :xuuaw recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol co :;5zc:vn nz)hwpr8y ilumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0:)vc:nhzyi8pw n5z ; r $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo2t8r(yw xxm+e0i fg(znui 5 /zng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxim2.zm.gjcxng*,tr )o ,vd 2c tsately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempera.2r 2*nmcsgjg z, xvc)ot.td,ture of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are j-mfzusz+cs2 (j84 5myy;ydjoften used and the rivet is coolmym-z syy8dj ;sz+2j4j(cuf 5ed (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atu5 9wbhy; fe i/nok5o- 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vo57s 7kr jp05 )vmyfsv r0zgp,olume if it is 0govsm5pj7 zv5r7fy s,r)0p kheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to nx7/w rc(l/hjthe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that z6 ggb/ 6i7iuh55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed/;6ccw-zl m hb in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essnb.m:twhqt )m :6 oby4entially onn mtm tw.b:b:)6qoh y4e direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change mso j aq,c5jq -xj15.kin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengyjsbg 2i)6c6dth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansio c jiy2)6bdg6sn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, k9-dt2twyvb-bz n 5 4vna1,ve $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madei4 v3 db2eutm0a62pa f of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 604vf uam23pe 2batid $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometera-y8;,tja c zkadp75el3.l df has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 85-3tlpya jaz;kl f.,dcd7ae5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abop/a(qhgm nq93 0,tr jeut its axle on fr,0( hprg9mt/qn je a3qictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whex, 2;nanpxdjs n ,o8vpd78 fh8a3kz u3n at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increased 7kvoh n nf,3a2s jdp,x8az38;u8xnps to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 07jftsy9+ c7t/ hevnr5 .041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13 .o+qmegv69y n4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followi li(gx+j)cv) gng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Faa+tj 3giu)e1) 8 9pkqg7q qvnvhrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in 2c*mpp9 zzuy/ ,svoq p,p;v0qthe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosbma c bnyv 4-f.tu-5l)pheric pressure and a temperature of abouta-f5-bb4) c uyt.nlvm 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using 9-2+gh;nisukhr*wmn 8l / go ethe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21ll (+.s0jh s w+5lfwsx.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogekc 9 vn3*pn. oqn74cl4msw7f on ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas n6 wcr;2t4zku ai75 vdz,-xnw is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.wcg1 mil74*rh0 kg of argon gas at 385 ch g m7irw*4l1K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 1:h+n wx eqrp4of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant life*)a+6ilnwr l9rtn0 bt by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1 9rrlli+b6 n nw0a*e)t800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1v7dz4ceiz e1 vj,7 ,dt1kx0uf5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at zkqm lo rd9c0:9i 9xnj so+(tt58z x1r18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballo:q/f nal.d 9 t6 fcy t-r:t04n*emibohon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moley-8hx 9csw8qa g 2q/sdf)l8opcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00ctv* m,1 ow) b,lab)iis d3l.wd s/0of0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) wd 0;dmi -xkom4qq89h moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumgoh x; np5zx26e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molwy (x -ii7lfw7 1:utjlecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmo -:iu7i1(j wwfyt lx7lsphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinoukou 6 90x.1,vnbenc etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?, o96xu0vunkc bo1 .ne    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaew qndt,b-.c/e5iro/cc8ff5 ture o cq55i//of ce8cw ,brnd. fet-f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molei;*m2+ qp;* n wetvw- tdk3jfscules increase if the temperature is increaeww qkf* 2m*vtp+i-j3 ;tnd s;sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:)6g5 s hhw-:sju 5ug) pxmkc)w 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. u )g5kcps5hjmwx 6s)w h:)-ugCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a7sg5+l;edy2 9 wxlkh xt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatf73mms,abzw gu,( .sp factor does,7zwm(g 3s .m,bsfpua $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas )ovsz+ dau/oszjqbkifb m5p 9 d m .(:h8*j*j,is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thewedu7 69* w 1yqhlsgo3 ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio o1*do6 lw gy3e9qwu7h sf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n (m(h s3 l5h/uvx,ecoxitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anbw2 awyt74 ,jz oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculek4 -nx-azc)c0dh b -rps at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminog34 *lhy *k er,zm) tkgk5qrw1 acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell akq)wz,glm r 5r yk**1e4 hgtk3t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be2r u31damal;o written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranije3) ypzcrjz91w w +*kum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,p: t3j,gjv g t8el6qc( in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres5- jiketm0m)/iz:;ci:nz ihx x yxy- 3sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9-im zh 3itj-/y;nk:xzx i cx: 0ie)m5y0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5z/6;dgh kcb+a0% on a day when the temperature adg/cz +hkb;6 is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure anih ;.nr *(3td 1wol9,y:l0lgm ld rkzt a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atl+ 7zp6ci1+mwugt9rv n;dy g+m, estimate tyg+ cl7vpg 9;+tw um6indzr1+he temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water f;:xe /6 y x4u4.zfuvo)l3;mjemkrcp is 530 Pa and the relatifxo)/m: mc4.ryeuvfl ;e6;u3xkjp z 4ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatur* k9iigmhjwyjt /f 9xi* 345gye is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w1 ermieq )cutr8qfbbx vl 6nn/83:b41ater is boiling at a temperan/3816lr18me bivq b xrcbn:e 4f)t quture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a robh,0*hy d v)*vb:yqqy om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5viv+b-+2u ii pt;gu(l $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table ;zz/n hrsmurbksd 2e6 .la xui*2i(8 )13–4) to diffuse a distance of/u8 a2( e)skrldx.hub*iz r2n;zm si6 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec8uct hh :j(d. fe31trxrc 77tqts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secti.(etdqc31c:7htfhxu 7r 8t jronal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calx:jqw5 agu8 ,vdkv1o12.xm px ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ct5m *afg2vladvwa pr7;- nj.8alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibraipol4o1gpf ,: dncb7uu ,3-lt ted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anu u3np,oid-lpb ltg7: c,f4o1d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afte721zy lnxi )y-cvlf :vr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylfc:v 1yz-7yin2l xv)linder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengt2vb:j qj7nd8hlgo ( i7h 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is qjd8:i(77jlvb h g2on 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atg zf*2kte;2qk om per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best a/p+-l mt vo;z(tube f5vailable vacuum techniques is abouztvt/;up- (leb o5m+ft $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 51(p b9ft4ryq q.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volumt1qq( p 9byf4re would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning froqm5c9w/3-9 +oob i85k l mnv llbjhyy0m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be mam 0lbw9ocv l y/hib5omq y85kl3+9jn-de of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gj*(df yi0rr6de, tf)jm j5ym3 as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume slk*kq gcvx b wl02r.qp;7y3* of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfa(csu3) k )vqzhce of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmovsuhcz( 3)q k)sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a .*;levj dug2kw8 )fdcgh5i,m 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxf1xgef1y2ji 6ygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lasyx 1e2i16ff gjt if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b;fa , 9mouc 7:vwnnbeb*pe4 +bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol5edz+2htg ))*3zl hdwb f zp5dine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equasplvmvh;1 2ta1 tt*x4tor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighox w1zoa t,3s0tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardm,g(vt ryip +-, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 afcxs f:+wugx3gfe;ghejrn(5 q x1 ,+1tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from l,(l7t)v r1b4 rby ttythe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balsm4p1p0 5 igfy3 +i*jxzfl4yjls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from thexym1fg0ilf *i j4pz5sy 4pj+3 lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from aeam-5d+ / *1qonpzsij+jlw+ t depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the *-td1 /++aqj m+plojn5zswei temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on thzq5p h i/.pkg7)pqz*obm; w2ze following two days: /5 kqo zm*;.ph2)b zpqzg 7pwi
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron -o4ac-p4tn. .uhsg kvat STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempuv44hta k - p.o-.ngcserature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for o i fbko g))9 j8/8ydn:pw1gdoan ideal gas at constant pressure, the coo9f ipkgd)wbj o:y8/)do1gn 8efficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deiv9.wg9 n3 t7c z-grwohumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildig3o rwz. v cgt7n9w-9ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg