Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic v+eu4/cidq1t table o 1/cvdi+t4equ r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thep tpgu.hif7b5 d d/alxu.*(5yrmomete.pp bug7* t 5yxi(lh.f/ ud5dar.

Which is larger, 1 Cbb; vhl+r7)3kju v.jk $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal:zfu)q,gvhh *nia - +w equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wit ,h*z) nv guh+iw-afq:h system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistbfa.; g1wioi0 w2 bxd1s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of theaw0bb ixi;fdo1g2 1.w curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exv:z)q,i9f e* itnxr-m pansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of19 + 2uskfnshf a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how t 9 u1ffh+nss2khis device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapnhm8 y b5e;v*in3q sd3 1lxgm1e of a U. Why?v8linmq53 g1e; ndhy31 *xbsm

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead ggvy;fd c 26-pfloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a fm.5bktu e b9*hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and tbetb*u9fm. 5khen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ,nq qdgtun357k) l/dxrapidly than adjx53lg qd7/ ) nqtkndu,acent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha)bxte +ok2gan c3eh) 4t its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise 2texhan kc)g 3+o4be )to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cq- * +zo0sy1sqdd tt;( swso.zlock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly tq4 dz a9zw74oohe can wil4dz4q azo7o9wl not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temf 6,r9 /o l56ehjahss,,icb5wa m8vj4fuhzz. perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mov,65im8b9/ f65auro.h, h hcess,zj4jwvz la fing piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wateroe j3tkh:6gj)1v4tov z s5e1o increase or decrease if the temperature is increv64g ojk13 ht5v: s1ot)jozeeased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Char;uq-)686 cgp-q qfbx rg-q vegles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kineticrqq6; -q)b qc6ux fgevgg-p-8 energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussal)nrh w bw m6v.3j u)u(h;6lumc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmob8ex73x5hdzj/d ;0 1uu cupjosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t b x(bp rst ,;an)3u9wj,f/sjlhe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain u;b,p, 9ajtx)/fsjn(sb rwl3why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temp kl- 8ete4 ih0-vmoqp:erature. What can you infer about the molecular proper k-q 8:eip-otm hl4ev0ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th, kvh(wmbium7w08b 7y9c t7gze same temperatutk7m9z(7 vb u 7hyiw 0g8mb,cwre.

Is it possible to boil water at 3pm8;vdq*kv esvottbtmhb 6qc-5k*j5 g+1y1room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the -ns mej7s)p) ;n*5cwrsv2qbyair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dspjn -y;s)sbe nrvw57 *2 q)mcense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobcbx+ os2jwgy977sv +a ile en+ xwo79y bsjv+c2sga7 gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in toi q 09: wgjdh.awm2sgkui 6 0,slca20he winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there i.b+setx1a*ihi y92 ve6c , ppan a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr29th p6ld. wblam gold ring compare to the number in a silpdlw6t h9l2b.ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is v,+hp tz(1h7ugh:bk2 aq. bqf this on the Celsius scale? b 1qh,+av7z h:hutbq(2 fpgk.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are bnsc(e1uo.3b 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cmc w ehkhl5md0)3 3yyx(+rk)pw at 0.kx)h0wrhy (33kp5cl y+e)mdw0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built p:i :t/7,p .rullfjz eof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) isd qfbsko4k 84ay-cia ) 67z6bxe(u8uc built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January eb4 48b)zcu q( 6ifc6ya8ku osa-kdx7(average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thajx(l)n tn9 8rft are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (us )r(ljxn8 9nftually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a,usqjl pk6-/:ben *h at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vo(lq- 3rk 6ps 6 vt9s-yds0*uco0outkylume if it is hlsk*uqsy(6s tvuorp--t9 c30dk y6 o0 eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water tqs.admh6t 6 y p1k)e)epq,gh gj2r7,at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL w2l2r0*v r.nbp*ytgvof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A;0 5rmnwxe a1 uq f8ay q/5jpj35cx*tqt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow bd 0udqg ;;tli nn)1t2vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective tut1d 2l i;0)dgn ;bqncoefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeuwm5)uk w3pg 3 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coa gzgcnl+1 /2vefficient of linear expansionzl/ng +gvc1a 2 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,dz5axrqj0u9 wi1b4o) $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfw( al4d:mwy(dnj dm6ly8i 4i0ather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1ii: yaddm n ly(wm4d(0w468jl7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer7id0nt vu9ox*cury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumetn9ouxi7v*0d of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about it0 yu ;wyf.-xwhs axle on frictionless bearings with angu.wx-y ; wfuhy0lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is riyk gy0d;o/5w 00vzo fequired to keep it 000wvdo; k5fyi y zo/gat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeq)cd5vzi0 gg2m+tp: j l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter3w7rov/w-yh-;u. gzmcvum i.0 7rqo d 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kes8qk /w/yupoc r1 9uimd-/kb3lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturekbnd :-dtud9*2 bxci3w85u rr on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Suhn 6h: exdez+htuff8 8 r7oeg01fml45vs( px 7n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure j;3/p8uy qhbo ck g .z2t+1knaand a temperature of co p k32a g1jky .uqt+n8hb;/zabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. 2/byoi7 in9* hs9 /u -qjjlfur   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit* )2cr(f y7ewjok m4u6poqxd.t1 l-f arogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsh)ztdg q(/ 5up 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 4u1 1. g/ temhe;cwlzzgas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 31o,s . yte.+xupqb0ar14.h t oxnp ps05.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3r1x.+ 40ho0sotnxps1qepy p, btu .a.85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k42rkp7 fq ,lulakbc ,9g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air i*k 5ctukj6 4i fi.:jiw /ywew)x-4 hbxnside the balloon, which b xjwt4:fewij -w. yuh6x*k5k ii)4/ cmakes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with9vwnp06d , ,;wxe gmnc6ne4w y air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen aqcse4o7x.0 kqm jnm u5:ij-5qgm-4tn t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level bb/6lc k rklh+h/-s l1and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /m+. /eo0w ptr*)une dj $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1 2c7whvq((z4p5lfyy0 fhs1ej .000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number * w ,ec8 w31hgk9iupfhof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum3kg1nvo il 7 /jrs9r3 3hlg*pje 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air6) l whdt63dw 5qygq420h5okax lm5k:k ve nd: are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint g4d:evk6x k5q65whk0ynqllma3o2w )dhd 5:t : Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the aver1uen 46f rwqa 5xq:q5uage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? rw5:xqf aqn6u45e1u q   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sunmk2s+l x.iobqhu 9+- m at a temperature m xumsb2- q. +oh+9kilof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules q 4vt / aeau6wu5c;k)lincrease if the temperature is incre q6)ct5 ;uualwk4vae/ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spe+u 1rr2tyl8lf rdryowmt +./ u5cm6d9eds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, rfr.+ 6ld+ruu cy251/r8t t 9lyommwd 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ihoe13,* yk p /rayxu;en a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doup k32x(y5c cykbled while its volume is held constant, by what factor5(3 ycpk2yckx does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedtt4z( wm 9( q/ m9d+ifdlk53b iecne8l of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gase1x4( :ua0 xy1plw(wd crvz y,ys at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to 1c:d0 v4x( yyx ruww(,alzyp1the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molen,:t/vk31bcm qkw(0 0svf fw wcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul t/(e kr/)hpzp -dcv)te at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at*ftb wnz k:b ,a.q;/br STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose) (, ho .wjhpkhs;. rd-cctdb; molecular mass is 89 u in a li.bh;dpws.-;, (ch rt jk)dcho ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga bzp q/m:zs pb:129mdzs can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, t0*ku2i(9v -d0ehni.0.dma fnaj l tt$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pres0m 83)hlbnrpt sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thx: b at;vkkhr5:pa4 f: f*7onbe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) rhvaf k7;:otn::fabp 4*b5 xk90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (c,lkx jzqq3.k5 y,wi5 approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat jicl5xy3qq,5.kkz , wure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wagnuutc6tt) l )-6 2qdu3pt/ ester boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm gvmdqrvc*f ;wn5s7t 7: 9j5pb,pnv :v, estimate tht,7dwb:jc5v:npfg 9v ; vmn7vrp 5*sqe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d;i,6p4puc51q j1w l:xwpd dhway when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the r6 wjddwwcl1qhpu; ,x4p ip1: 5elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prp o + 0ol*j:awydx5ns/essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boi, zihku :, d(m.i,ytueling at a temperature ofuyh (zmi, t:d,keui,. 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ropzhv84w, nm6t wjg(8- u97dfqeixhi9om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 y1sllkmef1*0mvw7i.9 c)mp z:b7 rxs$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycp tvs+swl 63*ewb149lcf4a stine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofwsvcb3w fa 1ls6s4+lp4e9*t t 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ibim i845:xpd ,gyhj wk8*:czh0lr i g.nsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trk gm,b8icj:x.y 5 g*hl4:zpiiwd0rh8achea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has ;jaa 1t pb9jte;ca6 5pbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20rbii5 6qpwl:( $^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperat c fqo e0(5-5scu6egdwure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling-o5f6wu c5(ee dg0sc q for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas iq8 3hn:wf-r7fbvz3 txr dt, 0cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the3wttv ,bzi7d:-0h 3r qffr8xn gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of p/grcumc5, 7hoas6vo 09 kpp.aisa*8 air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. As68s7 rpag i acco* .suk9ppva/,0 5omhsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter)3j e8vh-,q5wn i uj hc8k 0yommvu.9r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is z;:s hz.0xdftx9h gb-abougz xxh0 dsf:9;.zb- htt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5ffrzg9z7r /d( L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly/r d9zr zg7f(f rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spez *qhw +s aloyo;ii 1bt/n-(5ped of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed cn -*oai hblo/5(iw;t+1zpys qorrespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc e5*km(bb g .:e-v51xnqronsbreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770v nk7iv+8 btyxubw 9/+m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm 8t nk.1nkc,d)roc3 qsmfl6 h4ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate thel4 ncc6t q83h),ms.drn kokf1 total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained 5nd2e o7vame*ow46sain a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 200juher7 l4e,l.d-3 d gh0 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measu-hu3g h.jd7dl,e elr4red at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats iu *b 5 nad6pxa66rb ltoj ;h+1w9u;yhjn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at* )cbr*0d+fksdmng7l ,9 gtjp 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2z2:*mvo fp+.qjg ypt *5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar anc46pt0z clq vc xwq39) 93ipa3py 9mjt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1 zm1 (f qals4p-brw(o+8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully j3c1k jc,do -dcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is b ;k452s axzzmya wjp bu96(y*$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspende rmdv75b lj54,mem8yx d against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How man5yd 7bxjm 8,l 5vrmm4ey tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-dibp1,x0 glrc si, 7hu36 0l qd(uk(hp,yvq3mhoameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it0y,obhvu7 6lhhpxl3rc03, (,i pqg(kdqms 1u reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total w v(qqj0j2q( xzboj)g(ater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: v 0 ((gqjzx)qjjq o2(b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, xumn3yrykp i9n56vd/o/ s/g6 and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature/usyyn 63kv ri65on/9 /gdmpx is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con1bt8 /t32 1. gmcv6n/vydc qyuazpt+ gstant pressure, the c1bt vg3 mctty1+/a 8gn6/.y vq 2puzdcoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly -mumxlpnr(*(2 d wco6dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hldnc pr-6*mu((w2omxouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg