Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periomj/ x9niw42aby z q-i4dic table or Appn-z 4/ b2iwxji4mqa y9endix B.

Name several properties of materials t+ ekt bk o yf4d98p4efuyit/tl(6.(c xhat could be exploited to make a thermometereby4ekfu4i89 x.( ( dotfpt l+tcyk6/.

Which is larger, 1 C0yrnmgj/e;p)oak:/+fx+3 wpt ws* xn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withp*aj96ulbzr 5bj4 ry : system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systr u4b5pljrj6a9 y *zb:em C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminumwa23h q 5re )0s7wqmps riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside ofaqr)weq2s5 07s p3wh m the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffv7l6*dp:+s57 eqida.yn yr+ fwy xp,picient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a hbbk e 2wuel p:x+;4*efurnace (or other heating or cool4ehk*+bx2p:eu wlb; eing system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends of xlde5oq;qy39bo3cs* vdy vi:b- *m;dten have a section in the shape of a U. Wl yedc9-vbd;o ysi ; x*m33dqqvb 5*:ohy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats 4ic6zsvod;t48tug. g x1 nn)l in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi k+ bodxc03qbc b6w*/urst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risesb6qb wuk/ 30o+b*dxc c. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlas)6 i9b5 l66xoua rdly than5l dsi o)6lu6bar6 x9a adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio8 fm /wsja5r1 7;kojjan is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explainjok5sjjmr a71 ;w8 af/ why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a 7ouoek86d -lmt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can w .*h:efi cvkc9/pu-v nill not stand up. What has happened?/fckicv*9 -.phenuv:

When a gas is rapidly compreeij xz9y i()p:,9 ehnussed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases.,ji9pn xu hie)ez9 y(: When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum a+ q, fg 36pi:7otvv(qrhnta)sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature v:n6hqt7q)+giv,ap o tar f3(is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatimqd1 (o5 zpt3kon between average kinetic energy and the absol1 q3kdz5potm (ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s gvkssk.hty7 3( 10bx-ct(c, kased, alaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s 03(hy p s3czk da/s,ceatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum jgu(ur5 1 w( rb.m+ozyspeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velo1o(uyb5mg( +u rj.wz rcity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can*ml) p w krx1;zv8g)ep you infer about the glzpx mvrw* k )1)8pe;molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fad1* 8 l0thylmhr more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.dmyh*lh1t8l0

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatukcra,iawvllxi;t;2zt:5 i ,5 re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the avwe a*-qlf4q +ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the qaqf e4+ -*vlwhumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerx2g k2/gpnxk-3,h)3lsa gch+i f dvb0ous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engiv- 2xg+knh3) gk/shg0,fpdb 3 l2icaxne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a liig6 j. b bmf1a-2nz+cyttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper wi,8z hha br21-,o -t)zgjeykpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in -ggh0 es a+jb0c2hr 6va srj0ge02vg-+ c6hha bsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What86ldmlr uvdzbwpg .tl/.3,3f5)pr i i is this on the Celsius scale?)g w8rv3l5 zr/3,l6udft ldi pmi.p. b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tem pjwxmt7f34y fs() j.xperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has f, pq+ +vm*--ifyzl:-yxqtuhlength 11.82 cm at 0.0 l hu*:-+m+zyqyi,-qptxfvf- $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of1m;cofd od1d4 tacb 7eue48) v slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxbzois 09)w9iao1tf7ujj) m+ himately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janu) j 9ho+9u)sizm1jafo 7wi0 tbary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larefjcp./isz7 80pj ), ocia3kjt9 3worger than the rivet hole are often used and the rz3) a03cikp9,78p cwoj j rj.tf e/isoivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water oh(( rt9+bv oz6e6cxu at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whagh gm-v1orx1 7e7,o ont will be its change in volume if it g7g1em xnooh-o1r 7 v,is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wiw6wx)6rdr-fd/idar z0- 1tu o*4pjujth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofjarl0 ;7t3zi wdve7q ) water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made os0z3*r ntv* jbf iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp59rooz *kwq*p and in essentially one direction only, show that the o5zpr qo*9*wk effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitqllh3yv, u6 e x,z3,jky $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of leng edkpn pqh597,67wjxjth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi6,kwde 9 pp7 q7jhx5njon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sv(mxf u*9qy x9n o4/e o3ag0muolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather q2 c(2ia)/5ugq+ bwb3 djirsyclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 12bj w /cgs+ aiq)32iy qd5b(ru7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. T 8tzoaam 7m- (s+k,stfhe bulb haszt7 ktas+oas(f m-,m8 a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel o k)l6(hdr(z2 x j;zwmhf radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velo6km (hj)xr( ;ld2zhzwcity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hpck4w(o;-- wc 1ibnd g+xl1sxow much stress is required to keep it at this length if 1ds;i-1c-bpx+ w o(g4l knxwcthe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seh;4qyv0k v.(zqviv1m zyg:/ ip c/7 mkctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atk( 47kjn0hm cx 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: 8yd jfy5; rpgk1jl) m8
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whaph5pftbd.uc0vj0u3g5z y-8 1oo(t cot temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int nnr /nge-u1s;erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmowl 4, k,jz+u-so.rml mspheric pressure and a temperature of z+ luwmks lm,4.- r,ojabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using yb2/7gaw/ owmqy luqm-zo(-0 the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen oghc f4m3+kz).dmm (c($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k.1-wmrk 6py w:jcbx h9cjd-1lg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ax5jq4bc .1 ,klloxjc. o+iv*+fyagg ,t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105hlx u mlj e934zjp af0lgn ccy-9- ,bo4so*r/*.0 kg of argon gas at 385co l4l99m0l ,*n g p-yhs baz*4efj-uc/x3r oj K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of -zmv6flt :)(bok8o) sj bi/bk$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant ldc :vtro -b; :8u0vvteift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 18b v8ut:d-v o:;vtcr0e00 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witjx* *5 di)i..d0/z1qxg fz opqju 3kyt2slh)ch air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 1vt1onf3vx b y3h 7k9xwy) aa4at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and p;9a :ku5re3c.wajt m20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol*j7ktkkyez-o( o. uf,1oq q8 d- aw8brecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are m0jlech)5 z7 hthere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moo1:lgang. g1 d(t ;wk:1yqij dles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume a b6ygk1f8o)rqr 9ek0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that 08+m fyxh(jc vwere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hin(yfmhjx c8+0 vt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy o3hpjicpwff6)mz+x4 4o0h nplk-a /b6f an oxygen molecule at STP? j4hmc kpo fz)hapxf/ 4 l6-n0w b36i+p   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temper/nfowu1* ;g6 w)j*bmn nzot; 0u 0ufqka fgku*f)b *qw6w on;zu/n;j mo0n0 u1tture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tu5zoet4td+-kiz5.bi-v ;a sremperature is ze+but -ik z;dv5i5-r4 a.os tincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follo*jy ifvwv2o 4fuzi+1;wing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcuz4vyvjuwf* 12 +ofi i;late the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2wewwf v w:bn(y(qw(k+y7s t1 10.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constanrburi2o (79 a1(/:zymj yztsst, by what factor do: zm2(aj s/i9 1rus(brtzoyy7es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by ,6: zig,jrz u 1lu80 aiz8szfi$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at 53qflg3 b;yr;qm( giv the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of th(;biq3y rg5qm l; g3vfeir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ofkjz8q.k anfs2zhb/b/)n7sk3q/ +npn nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 )h6g :wbvp4k e$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distan9p/a.r wivea-bbt5*nfq a4opv,. sp m152muwce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino x izc(dms3,6ks .9tedacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cee d9sc(63tds,im kz .xll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writvv7w88 wbcmyj j uv7t,. szw0+wsn;*lten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, yo)2:eug * jff$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, iwef(x*m 3wa vo/ fw*o35e+psfn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and tk(igaw0 31wtzhe temperature is (a)zw1 tg0(kwai3 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditsh tdw4rg*.fv 1xr.l 9y is 50% on a day when the temperature is dftvs9rhgl ..w1x4r * 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at8o:msa:u+ f tc 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estkpzg l9h)3 j6yimate the temperature at which water boil k9p3h)jgylz6s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure. xaadr9f h7k( of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? aa ( d7fhrk9.x$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prpi0s*u mds m( zi(i2oj+:4rhwessure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookg)kn91plk +e jxqjcg; 8o*8rz er if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 nk1gc8j98*p er x z)lk+o qjg;$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofz/yw frnb37+q volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewrdn +o4nbnc4+sjgr)d k(h24s point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to mwno dot*5qld0uj *(,ej04 hfdiffuse a dis 50w 40*odfjjdt,e lh(nqomu*tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intek17v4v*mrmirmm7 (c frior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is mrmm4k (virm1vfc77* about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal1wgmxk r x u)51fjxw4,ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been)3i z:.okzh8gpd(u oc calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated cjirl3at sb(a0o070 (j/ fi0qeggpm(at normal room temperature. How much error will be madeq 0 0t3g0aa(l(sm/i e0iogp jbc7( fjr in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallycv3 q dby*+gxbd12 .pm 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylg2d.q bpb *+xmd1 cv3yinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room fn, d. r9cbu13jba;x 8ed0g dkof length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature i0x.a,dbe;89jb3 d1c g n durkfs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of-bg -9l)h-lln9h lwl6i a* 9sozgs.ow matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacu b8 sxt ni6v6 a3)yfypg45kv-cum techniques is abokacvys63f5tn -pix4v 8)g y b6ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tovz m.uf5,tr4a a7 x 5ds(3hddhe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he zuxmftd7 or53h ds ,a4.d (5vaquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speee4q +wsev/ -rnd of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to +qeevr wsn-/ 4what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gap9pk/*v cr32 :3q -qsjwet(awnd,8g wj -dqkrs is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770fau 9uv qydjkj)1ec fq+06+e1 m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface oc5b3+pe 3c3 u9 ymvfqlf the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eartheb3f lymc3 uv p3+59qc’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe *imcw:s 1s0dzd in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prj(ovvxdf n232essure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pr vxn(d3ojf22 vessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0 l7o zfimj*e7u +s0u3h$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline g.p7c/ie boy4 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e(:5gmewgqb3j quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a p v2abu f1b;.tglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18)qs 7p0hg8vml 0xz x3x$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has0k*8x(yz t ,ka2cp dj -mrj1zz8-vty kex,9sr a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t*kaic:rb1ti+5q 28 t;ofw f cahe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ver)ppp wkcph8 ve(i)ya9 ; aqb10tically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastiw;a p9y pqp(h 1bkap) iec8)0vcally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0afx 9/v i+sgl00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and f 9viax+lsg0/ the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water *tw29k oe 0ffp5a (lhvvapor pressure in the air on the following two days: v0 pa2 f9ht5* eok(wfl
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of e w96n1lr8i i6pm+bpdiron at STP, and when it is a sinw 6e9r +dbimpl86p1olid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constanqj2v )wejjv mh9m:kd1+rv9 g 4t pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal 2)vr vjqv4mem9g h9jw 1j:d+k to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cop6jng 6dct6d 9 zdbptb(7)t*tnstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a htg* 66d7)npj tz (tbb6 9ctdpdouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg