Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumin-k aptyl13ns;um? See the periodic table or -a;1n3lt sypk Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to r k bj/inr9c5eu+6 csz: ah,(lmake a thermometzeca 9cr/5, ( :ur6 j+klisnhber.

Which is larger, 1 Cz0 z t e+suq (zha/tnd,gdj1)9 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therm9 6r jh-2nfvezal equilibrium with system Ch-vn ej2zr6 f9, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe,wrs ad/lxvoz7sp (: /n heated, the strip will bend. Which metal willowplv xzd ,s/a7/s:(r be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffice/)dbg iu); wfient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di7aacq59eebx93 i+qf -b.v cnc b 22zqcagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it cq9ea3qcqi59-fa.nc2 b z +c bve7xcb2an be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixd0 4/wp1lff7za; uy yqed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why;qfwup/da7ylzf 0 1 4y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fnad)*79ke ei1c6 modploats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasf+w p+qlad3a: mbx,9as thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bi9wf+ amqd+lx,3:p ba at and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one p w hm:-l-vby+yq-crm2 art of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain:yy lm-- - rhbm+qvc2w.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expxywqlg6fic 9,b,/(i2f ljau0ansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain wl ,j ,y2f wfc x/g9i(qbau0l6ihy this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuraa 1x6iro o*m;dte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top 6(+79xxdfi e7wuh fw mto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What 79+hdf f wxwe6i 7ux(mhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatu6nf93o4nl b+l0l o4 vjrbm9zdre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to thfz0lojlbnvr3d9+4n6 m 4l 9b oe momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergb e2yn -cyph 4wq8 vk/2l(a4xced in water increase or decrek4 nay b(h- 4/2clqcvwx2 pye8ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thep 1ju y(dhn9k7 relation between avera dy7k u9(hnp1jge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lyzt7y( dh2 k.nussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the raz jj7o t:8l)jwu8 hir)tio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an o1sbex- i8g3j vbject must have to leave the Earth and nevjs1bigex3 8 -ver return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperao9eb1.frtq-ju*a e eh8,ere 5zw2 b v7ko):ceture. What can you infer about the molecular properties of onfe*uq-z b7ee) whe oj5eavbor. ,tr8ce:21 9ke relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dfq2l dv(a3(k vay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperafqk v (d(3al2vture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (22ehhys.p tr ;70 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aibo*73csds )giq j7, gjxd o);lr temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the3x; 7dc7l )jq di jgsg),*bsoo humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ca/4+ og7 e*juhtfxe,uop of an overheated automobile /+f,o ge7h ej*out4uxengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as s;2x jvlupyhcto2fif8 1i2s-m1if9, a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peam5r *3s8ppntnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in2u:em6q 9 *-vay y9v0 tv1bbfldcv)qj a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass bm-q6l byt)ev:9vvf0ud1 92y*jvacq?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofef 4lw6bksmogf6 dm +sgg6+)*ten taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?+*ke6 b4 s66fos ggwgmfd m)+l   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaknk, szk6a 4b,, vp pd7e2(xiitures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 +uhbk(/eu94+l2ut:rri)u:w7d bs g1bjnu dv cm at 0.0 j k:hudw)t gv+b2nsb/u4 db(1uer: +iuur7l9 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway if( )q8qu. z5gsk- vtdcs built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2wabs c6hv()q 3 p99igyjn3 cm7:weep+9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hei6a cheb9(p isy7 vw:q3 9)gwp +3cmnejght changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofte vsci12y/vichj; la( 0n used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 2c/s (il h0a v;ciyvj120 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aiac96 tu : 2h 0b97kxgz0ihfivt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voluc:.hzoym/6c*cyc sl ,u5 a6z bme if it is heatzlmzhyocs c a ,*uyc.65/b 6c:ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to 6 0ye kl0 ,jd xcni eunuqvijj0 oym)m34*q8(1the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of i,2 : ws/r zpfj3iw5hewater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rin:z- cpm.fz-gb vil+94lq :ygkq /-)vhlm ss5xg made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narljjftj10o7i vf32g -nrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the fj-0lt2gi7j f 13ovnj effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanq.-4m tbc6d xn *xe(nlge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengthqm,tukx z8w*jw)i1; s l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi1 8)uxkj ,sw;*qzmwi ton $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s )pydeaz,ase7*z ,g8g2si1xh olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and 0 c71:hmn djrwkeeps perfect time at 17dwm1 r:c0n jh7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14v nrxx)2e y-9m0 mm. The bulb has2n-x)vm y9r ex a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m jm .bld xs ,r0w0-mp 1( x0tao.k5jcpbis rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angx(o-1cs x dm.kwbp a ljpr0 mb,00t5j.ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress zuojxtwi7) v dadof; f r532g(29ls t/is required to keep it at this length if the temperaa3old5xz fu st2j9w/ tr7(;vfgd2 io)ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-s-82 jwr jylxbf*3 f/ .mpyy+7dolv)xxectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.* alwbte 7r 8 mluoy*,lxiq39a4(u4ko 122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper3 ob* 7iq.7 lfzghlj*sme:8 hratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sct3iuhq hs)4fdfaeo 5k06 oj5 (ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of theb0:v gei(cyysqwyx*r( t9u4r5 co 7/n Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempc1,k kbodxe(,o t-(rserature of abou kbo tx(s,ce1 -od(kr,t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gg:w4ja wvsb a1n-)uq *as law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contazhrp )kq,u+3 hrwdxe2 k+(q*l ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18nq34/lj6 q6rxe5 nhsy.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliw8chh7 .:kqb oj2qex* um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insik29r ( i j+w51xbjdpnpde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at d+pi(9jj rb5pnk 2w1 x385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgg;- ojg u/u h ek+bu/w,;r(uxh of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inkk( tv jmu7;9el;sxbof.2 9p aside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air o k(l su.97mxjvpk; bfa9e;o t2utside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witbl 0 r45ok(peih air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen bj03l+ pr+ *v thyynt96wtxw8 at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0*iemn:f;j c0 r $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moldc:py lt2z/4r ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t ndri5rm ;o) nmx9;o/ehere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a95j* zuy s5uuw2ugi)j) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5pmnzcu(*rb j bk43 mob n7to)h)(q35c .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhalt+ ziy y(7dsxp4w*hhv r,b s,)e that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10s)7zhyy+, 4wi tpb(,sdh vr x* km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecu8oedlt3c7q 6r/kgxs2 j 8s a6qle at STP2c 8/6ts7xq jrokdsqg l 8ae36?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atom:2gt hja ul-pze8h 0swi8qfo 4,g)mn-s near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about0e m 28pq ja-,sfon8g z4i:-l thwhu)g 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecaopdxnv9k.6a j glxv-(:(/9z vyuu+v ules increase if the temperature is increased fa+9yl (x a.v jk gn:zvo9(6vd-uxp/vu rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have th y8 - ( xqg-h:ja-igqvrbhvz(/e following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calch-( 8gvij:hq qbx/-v-ga(z ryulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules52za030icp 1 kltqjpwv j.;je p,e2 vt in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas ruxa 1,sbh-a5is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do-h ru5x,aas1b es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeahe46b/rj xn0q)ege aj9m /5n s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratioe)w7 eh4*kzbw2 xn* e,j:rc1iwr-w he of their rms speeds is equal to t4nb -x*ewrj,wcz 7rw)he*e1k wh2: iehe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speedz1 pu)ax4 gow /jg7x n2lp.b*s of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed m je/. 93gitg+dhruy0of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average l5m/sm4dfm *z;h/v rbdistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms s1gwijqmj 5qeyh/*qw 4n ,0/r jpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living wq nhy/j41iqr,m0 eqgj/j 5w*cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =9kb:kqz f:l 8w $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,q r4xl 91v(nfx $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w(.ywpiox)9bx hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thed yu,1zm0ped3 pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)31zd m udpe,0y 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximate- etbe5t z,ml-z7 )dayly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat-m -t z 7b)a,dzlt5eyeure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe1mi/o3n4 osz kre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 6el)(ze/m cu/ zz;lqa atm, estimate the m;6/zu ca/ ()eleq zzltemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a us-u r9apz )y9day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40% p9r9-zs yua)u? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water: o0nkgq 7h,cmp/ ar1t on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if th1it;rb bpo67mo (-x oye water is boiling at a temperature oy(p16obto om-x ;7r bif 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room d pcq* rra6 :vs-uxf+/of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de4ife l 7(6wf56p*ji jh rbszq7w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for chomeg 6,3(iw/lcm6 ta glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1mg/cml o3,i6h (6wcte5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi(2w4fz3 htz hq2tu,s c t8ypb1akwm f1f7-y0hor through tiny tubes called tracheae. An 82 2-w ,bza f0k(c14mzsuwqp7h ytth1y3ffth average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calk;:up lqoeu5p w7e:9)2e gsly;hc bk+ ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuc 7h7sura,)gsk0e/dr re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated aa+2 rz xu6vdyn r 6s+*aw;zdb3t normal room temperature. How much error will be ma z ara rdn6sx+2*+bwyd36; zuvde in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2k:d ,vox88* tei d-x+b2nyzj i8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origdyek-x8 jz2 b+:vx8ioi nd*t, inal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in; xmcw.jcz648 7p+csinw ,bl v a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature isbc 6 lsmnc;+wi j,7v z.xp8c4w 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density oj ;cde ;fuj9g lmk4.g6f matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usmz4-3 7d/mc4abl+e7wvl a recing the best available vacuum techniques is abo 7 -4ral levw d/3+am7cecmz4but $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5gli43w jnow ps :h;t3, L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thiwi4 t3og w;j,3hns:p ls advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from th1nvs thct9 56azvjf03e Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon re91jzav 5 h6tsc0f nvt3entry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas(qaieh* p7nm m,tn)h2(bn, fxed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 lw(yzdka *)*v-hg7f86isr bp0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosu.+u+u y,srcht qy en3r/ 0z;fpheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molec z; y3s0+uf.+ur,y hutrcnq/eules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con hbz45i)q 4lbatained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygst78 zy4ng fej1-svejl6p.+gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric prf-t. zspys1j6ne+ vl4e87gg jessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats gjg:v,kyq/qjm:3qk7 in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atyhp ;pl4 . raz ls.8rit9r)5lj 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the5,u6sem2wax o Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja2.bnnz0 c ju1wgo ltk3 2*wnb:r at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt5xnkv,,ma.cjiw j d-,ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully char)h1a;q:y aa 3xwo( hnayw3qp)ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i+/a)48 s. n uhxbsoyd-nv 3owds $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls t4i0,3opm11wb t8/el7b tu 8cnley bpphrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastical i ,l3c o0wpenm48/b1ubte1pt78yblply, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptja; +x:ftc,r q +*qxkv57v ypth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the: +vt xv jrq5kpt7qy;ax,f+* c bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dutx9n8a )z pd7ays: td7a9) p8n xuz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, m3gm+)nn8 i51s ozo0ohns.7aie 7kmyand when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tni.0+gm)1yon m7 hokioszsan7m53e 8 emperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law/27 pjhdmw- nikh0w) r to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e kpi7/r0w)j m2 wh-dhnxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preven;( vdfkc 6) w1qfcb2lnt rot and mildew. If tn; lfwdv )fcckq(126b he cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg