Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See uq7zwe() f24t- xoaul the periodic table or Apou)ue 4- zx q7(2tlfawpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploit:zj r)9 lwg-ghed to make a thermometerj zwl)hg :-rg9.

Which is larger, 1 C a.z :cgpi,rqgd2ria y1t*/w ,$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bu*b rbx qwvw4yns+22, wt B is not in thermal equilibbr,wyvs2 nx * 4w+wq2brium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cons owm /x0/z3pp;i5)mkuf hdl/cists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See50mphf// dw/mpzu x;olc3i k) Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line dl tv9oeft2)+a :t,hxar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacrhhk3ab)4g1wy22 a mv6vc1 ff e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different fhybwvc2 4 2gkfra hav)m131 6metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends dlpvh j1k4lc*)y7b 3r.e+pc moften have a section in the shape of a U . 3m*4bcdkpp)jeh ly+cv1 rl7. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercnoqn n p 5btjr.ek8t/d99w2h3 z1pf6kury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ofpw .f:qye* enw (88kjh water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thkjnf.wp *e8h: 8y (qewen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidv(tujw -dh+y7 w40q wely than adjacent pu0h+4 ywvd7 - tew(jwqarts. Explain.

The principal virtue of vp)i;h10o 3gys w3a yePyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than tg3w) 0pyiv ;oeyh3as1hat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atum u7x+ji2qf2 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause idzg5 /rr .frm(ts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not standrzfr/(.d mr5 g up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (f1b0b8oqon :qhq y;p/say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strik:qpooyb8fh ;1bnqq 0/e the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum viuhi0qc)fgzrk:qclr5 6p i ,c4 42 :lws5if:sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the telq4krii:chq4502c,si6w) zf r 5u:cfpg : vilmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s j sf:o.mxb+xi4d -bx 0law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempera0x:.m-bxs of+bdjx4 iture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frx2bxwz a4h x49om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio c8-hj0a mi.h8 fiszi 1r 1cw+wof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed a rr ukn17ro7d+n object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity fo7dkor+nru1 r7 r the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room )tr*kg;kt26dw mw-c qtemperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rel;kc -m6 k g)wtd*qt2rwative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dryu7 nm2a)dnn.w day at the same te .n)na7mdw 2numperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temqy: nl15jyt 5avv(qp 4perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the s ri ,4ih2a7rfqame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the s, r7 4rhfq2iiaame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobiletq39oz3 nh 1lm eoz l3tqm9h13 nngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tf 8pdaziek 1*c2;yqie.uh7 7ihe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penn7 mhfw*mw5ah/q;j7gn y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in xh+.cfwsg;7)ikk-m o a silv+ksh.xm)f;k-7 ogwc i er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68rr02b1kx9kkm *sd k9tj*afh7°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?dt*km ka 9k xhfb0j rk91rs27*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded 3h;ye.j emwf2 are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcofj*.d, bd lb0:t,bgu(tnconsq7-u0 q hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0bgf:-tu.qbc0 uj *(qdol,d s0 ,n7nbt $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1 +kfrzmnwd1582 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300z /db-471knwjlmw j5h m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) andjlm wnj khdz54w7 -/1b January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets6x2v 6.l. r)olc euzqw that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed ivu z .6xwe)qcrl.6 2lon a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4pqh3mn vkrbx ))--mmms* 7y c9 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changb; ji vg,jple -2fry.+h ug.e)e in volume if it is heatedi ;2+ )rgj ,uh-yepbgj..fel v from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350 ) r3d16pacbp:+ltkg d-nwuy0zkux ;0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waj jhk j9b)e 7qecod t-,us4i-.ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be yp4 )tesju*6 gplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, o)/kuyv+ acybv *2;va narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effect+ oua yca/k)vb;yv2*vive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thyh8 qglvn6-i,4 rh s,je density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has to pgs445mh1 wcoefficient of linear expansiongo 4t4hs1 wmp5 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotnlwx(pl*)k l n76p 8ptropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfqt: ysf3lz -d:,+bce yather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1z3l -s fe:,q:b+yyd ct7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidew4 ja 5nc)s/vi diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu4 vjs5)cian/ wme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylvns v30 rncr tgqb;2t s07z-h)indrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with bnc7gzn0q- 32vrttv r0s); hs angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired 3to46:( tq al7b bq)3ho;ywd4iz jvfjlength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to b7)jtjof3 (;tq ld3y46b:qva h4wioz 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 08oq*ovh f is8/.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12 cgd(7g*iip aj(*krx *2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following we/sid20u-qqm -eac u/-ub x 6temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatket/81 ly 3maz1),fiyk4kmmture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofqpj9b7w,h n;ws* o 1ms the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion4 llbdy+8+6f cmsh22.6o(oxxte iw uw engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboo6 u oe4f lm+(.xbsyxl+i28ww ctd6h2 ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. f .gfs-9x5vkj   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg7e jv0mg7nig k,*dvg*mcrgzr ;q,-n: of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STj ribdq-/.je x.*v.qoP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu 722u /hm*m5qnbgzkvfi( curs*:el+h m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 129o bs.kie( amu ms4l/05.0 kg of argon gas at 38kslbo2.si/ a umm9e4(5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgbpa*iv i;t4/0i ) qywv of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves h 8o g:xym9m,hits buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than tg8,xm9hh :ym ohe air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at x)lkj-r ub iml3(p2cvpq,(klg :b29 mwf;c3v 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 180swr 3j( mx/gf.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s ha6tw1m wysed9c7 n e0u-j52vp:z ,qqjl nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesmz42k wos i)b5 / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar2nxl i3hx uc68e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) /zygy5.0bky j moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.b2v yol1 r1 hx:x:wu,oj;t l s0/wdsd31$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecnv ntu9 pd1c+ m:oz,fiec;53xt 8zkb+ ules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were al+c: bmt5v;ki d+3pn, 8 xt1ez9c ofuznso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST8*z/js 45rjpy b )qnquP?uns8)qr/pj4q * byjz5    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of, nacsfs0( l;f helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperat0sacs; n(flf, ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms w,4pma yarw o85kql8 1speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incy 4w8mq w8l pa5r,ko1areased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t4 y (ywo0m 2jgctoab( /55iznfhe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. cy0yf i4m o /jb(5oa2wn(tg5zCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at -acc45kunltt l9+tp8q is(* l 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas isx),)ityn +syw doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fnstw ) +xy,y)iactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed / hj imdlk0 ,no(kg3nf)u (+elof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rat .g6bioe:ss g 6vd*eb)io of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sq s:gebgd*ev6 i )b.o6suare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nd.twt6xi6lfl2p(, v(zu gbb ),zl v)litrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmv. x.-2ihoas :*btie s1.swyt s speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule*l8j 86;m dgwa whha/es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acidv2/sw :g e jrjdcmuf: ab/e (2r29fj6t whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living j:69r:ejtabdfcwe2rf2 /m (/v2s ugj cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr; cqo t0 (ndq/*ivrq)uitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura3k1 0 : mtw+nw5apsvccnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,etkr3e)hri7hkt-8ol7+ha qp9.s 9 b y in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase 3c1p ce/7-wzndi txx4 when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 - 3twzc c pex4idxn71/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if tha+ *o5 qok*o:g3nkkgme humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is nogk g35o:km*ako+ *q 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure amh6et6u. sb fftl*uxdni6q02/i - zd1t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0. y67bf) )ocj7(o c9kfzi gdc(h72 atm, estimate the temperature at wh 6c(ioy(gjfb)c dzf97ch)k7oich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatup(:jtxo* ayh: q4u9i xre on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is o4(*yip tjq:x :xuah9 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature ism- 5bgy9:j;bp 9ghvt:wp qip 8 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wa-)0weuls qrtg),c (h rter is boilin)rrhg - w(0,tscleu)qg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680- -al*zdrtm(jlc,-gz dnj fh q(.i9g($m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew aqc)2nv3h-mv point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculpp vlpeatky* z 4ab1,mo/ *1c i1(sl6te (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanplv(al ey,pm*ckzso1*4 i1bp a6t/ 1tce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface +6gxl 7c qg red/r95rk oz(ab9o1u qn5of insects to the interior through tiny tubes calle 5/g 6d obn e9a5r7qq kg1xucrrl9z(+od tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape .5le4r ccgl84v nc9 hgf,t7plmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measurem1xmv5ex j2/u has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room r e3xw -(7gvbvtemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at (e 3r gw-bxv7v80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b ;ggw4hr)t ;vtalloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction ofr)v ;t hg4wt;g the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o f es*an*r.v+iphx/k7f length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume * ks *xe/.vp n7fa+ihrthe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ab6dyqq 2qgys 8h8)wl ikd+tf3 -out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure atl; ic)bv myjk( ujjv39a:lk.+tainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou (j3ckjy:umbiv; jv. +l)lka9 t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10m. mx6,;zxt ev m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thizvt6,xemm. x; s advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmov sfm u3 wdryj*0p,)2msphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed c)0 mdj ,fusm3vr* pwy2orrespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa2.e 8yc7 xh-gqvs7ey bsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770vw; 6 0 omonk6(ov cvw-u1xxs4-gp6obm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric p9x5zro4s fl )y:, hmeiressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totazy94m:orehf, ) l 5xsil number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed n6s 4mgbrc6*yqw7. feof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospasr1rm0yxx *)h(ss m4 ital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13x*1 (ry xm )rshsmsa40,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lykswb yb ,l*5l*:b+qpiquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline d*jam f) 5-fxsfixy.7at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were toc2 azbk1 .e.giq)*pby fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g 2uaqch;/qsg* j5qo )2;rx(slq3xnhrlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standronhnn nbra 4;s -2m09h m.tt9ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully o6sey );gc 5cnfgm* fjs z:01tcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earp4 m 1-vp)vqcnth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ix,hzixdkf /) +s suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060hdk f/,xxz)i + kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0yv)5so.wt.f-s r z /jy0-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cs.vy-st/rj5wyf) z. o onstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingikbibh, 6x +qo: mrl3/ two days: i 3bl+k h /bxmoqr,i:6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densittj-vi*rp l t p9jtv4,ijhd,/ 6y of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempvjl/h j-4vrt dp j9p,ii,t t*6erature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gasv j7e:q4zld n.d1hgd, law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equaj :dq v47dz1l.he,gd nl to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peo )ifc/9sx(p/ 2 fadpzbq ;x4arple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar q /f/) x(xcabfip4 da2z ps9r;in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg