Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Sehak-tq 8m mk37e the periodic table or Appen 7mk hkm3at8q-dix B.

Name several properties 7q;q/y;66mis1vtc k2d ushawof materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.7yi6/vsu1qsm h;q;twd a6k2c

Which is larger, 1 C ra )7xmxqtgrw4,vxk6 gm)4s3$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eyow;5gee2c 8p pnyrl:6f07)s jc2ecxquilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can youey;gpcwj e2 o s7:f e8cl nx0p2yc)5r6 say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip;i 9nwv1xio/a of iron. When heated, the stripi i/9wnvxao 1; will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coti u9:wb w j6z6ql9qz5efficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usr)*ye*vjyjtqbd4 l .8ed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different by d v*j 8j4.lqy)ter*temperatures.

Long steam pipes thadj9njw-d1l8w l:ct (:a uhti4na6dy 2 t are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wi :lc6dj (w81htudaynd-watl:2n9 4j hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder du gt3jqs*8qlsb5y .d0n) 1rt of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placje/s l0s3h wi.ed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendsis.whsl 30/j e a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if 9 s*7j-7otr. mf6lxbmj1mwmc one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent f7w9-tmlm b1mc jmxrso*76.jparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cohugo lr*5-**-s mnifn9kbi* o6f1fu wefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise ou u1fn-h- *5ofmi9i*n wg**k fsbrl6to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura: xju y8pyu03ite at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so,f -ui4a xbt.jda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will no f ,-x4i.abujtt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly c , 3 rszzb*9ymiw*g4;r.vtkcoompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecule b; .m*ti gw svorz4z3kcr9*,ys when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decro: pxuu6d/ :bugoqo:0ease if the temperature is/: p q:ug0buo:odx 6uo increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theucvvydh k0u;ha1c0 r(u x(8y u.*jp q0ory and the relation between average kinetic energy and thc; 0ck h vu(d.(yxp 01ruj*yavu qhu08e absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followg3i.mc4tk; t m*bi 88oex7ewvz- (bh as from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ra ;q odx5.u-jpzf k09tvtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must u9r wd;*6dd uuhave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain d druu6uw d*9;why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whatve8n ykb*zl-, can you infer about the molecular properties of one ry8 v,ekn z-l*belative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry6h -x l2b(noel day at the same tem-2el( h6nxo lbperature.

Is it possible to boil wat( d39:e61hatjeyojvaer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempeg ,rtpsj1 3+mb3xca)r rature is the same but the humidity is differ)rsjm a +3crptx3 ,b1gent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated thg1ff;vu 6h(t1+pb pautomobile 6b+ht;tp v h(f g1f1puengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintey162/kpai)i: x lq,qwp2s d2bethj(dr (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper p larf (r/*ejo5enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram7+w9pgay)3shavbf 1u gold ring compare to the number in a silve1h3+wgbsau fvy)a9p 7r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is w ;llqlwr x1q7e(1) /gkm1bhpoften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?/1erbwl;gq1(l wqkl h7 1xpm)    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures+ry1me9wc:)up gu rx. recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0./a.v 4vj rcvalu. gq * 9/3rougxc3m(m0 r3 ug3r4*qgm (j. v/a.vm vlcu9x /aco$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built q9. qz/hqsz/n 1tgl0kd( nm+i of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m or- yk k(r:mcv 2hhq31l1feox6 e6v 5itall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Jaehlovqro krcm-ye 5xh3f6 2 :i v116(knuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,ncxaa n,3+l- b rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm+nlcnax-ba , 3 in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 7sq8 0atfdw5j at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vog, cgdw zqg0eoul4a/ 7 5-efn120gplmlume if it is hen,/lld7-e4m g0 g2 wu1ocfeqzp 5g0agated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim j1 c9xp*us9xugmyv. 3 with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 2 6lf6wr6 tnfu$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r nyi egot (osg,463*uming made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a longah n4bfq6 o kwus*sw3.*pk 21g, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effecu ng.2skkp1qabw 4sf *6woh*3tive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitd os/qtj( 4hcj/kw*vd u t.-b;lnk0:ly1 ;blny $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of l-w/: 7ag nqoo18 pmhkdinear ex7q /:ndph8-kooma1 wgpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropbq(xhb4 (,08cfqpkahmi 8,kop(un w8 ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock sxhx )f(iemxcpxv +s9 )7j;xph2;rr* is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 19s +fmp)xx)ercp ij vxhsh x;(27 ;*xr7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of jinqwev3t070 0.140 mm. The bulb ha0e7njt i03w vqs a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating aboutk ijq,j- 7(vpthbg+;k its axle on frictionless bearings with k ibjqk(h;t,7jv+p-g angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whenvr;jznu1f-ir o ey4,bpcl1 9 ( at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 b (z4ie 1rfuyc9prl onj-1; ,v$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ar , trww9jft*x: ,8sdt3io0h tbev) 7xrea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 223yl n2h npa.wt* ls6dj/tg x20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thdd9i9ruxqv0wxt 6c3j11hj(* :oowi ),kdxem e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature.c7y k n-ud*vsx2k9wo on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth a3+xtj d ft/ms-nd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enol hzg4 ( jmr wzbq;7-g50ap1ngine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2z;nh40 5mjg gqz7-bro1apwl( 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at ST*nnwd-lpuc hln )c c/4uu zfcf055(( qP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21e5 pfdbj b;x003jqkbz5-l4ep .6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogx 5 takk gasmr;w7bh;l06. jmp/z /:wmen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 vcl:,xnx e(;u$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdingvj1// 5ivb9h/ ig dwfk) ovx5l 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?v bgl1/khvi) if 5oxdwv/j /95   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of +u)5j2.6bnsqv 2s hjl )zctpu$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achiewby zwuh3 wu8hj8++e2ps3 ;xnves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon,puy;z2be8x 8+n w3hjw+huws3 which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withj/pt- riyc*de- 5m/at air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.hfw; t,ds -/pz.68siqng k;km;sgr3y; fo nr.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and ye(y zi (0cl(s20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of )/2zo+gu-x 72px (fspv lopd qmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mo4np1 c*x5whlbo/4xt clecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) vbje4pa l qt8xk/:9 -zmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.90ju0 ( 6kogcb7xc *s gyq7flx1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are x1j s0;z lqt atv5we*-in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of c * a510texj -zswlvt;qonstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene/nm8 buy3, sprrgy of an oxygen molecule at STP?y3m/s,b8rn up    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o aq2c)-8d2va ,qpkxthf helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abo ha )22qxkd-cpqa8, tvut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incre2+ kqyr x0jrx1ase if the temperature is in+ 1krx rqx2jy0creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have then 7:iv:8uko ty following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp ikn7oy8tuv:: eed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in afo v3 wkh75,,7q,etqxjh)+*zbv b nkl gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluj.,up,,xo 4zxyx mbko( mjx)5hkqg /2me is held constant, by what fa2,.hqx,5 x bmk x /x)j4kjoo,zp( guymctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given b 5acf)(b h-/ms i.idz5jyhoi8 y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thm uqs9).j-ycauvxwm/g 3l 3/p e ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squaru/ m)pacqs.v w/9 y3l- jxmug3e roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molee;nu*xhw7fkk 4y du)+ cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee r+rl q1;h o,8v3tkut d7djnw8n1w6fad of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disf07w;mped /4qol/lxk tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spembz n*a c88a1fc3zh f+ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinc8a* 38z fa mzh+1ncfbg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writr:yr4ncnu;laey9 5 lt( 1l/rxten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumub;rel lg-,d e5snx5l6 .j0nu, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phabgm m b/ v1kik-. bbanh9/mv51ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prea,/xcr9ccg pf;8 hoc;+h p*omssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 hc , 8rg;c+pfph9mo;c oc*x a/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxi.+b;u x d(ziazmately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature xdzau iz.(b+; is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac:ciyuoe+u wi t2 z: 3g4)h0ghie where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0. z+bjy4 nh:+6-4dla)ifj60mfe odk ux 72 atm, estimate tha+4h +uy)f-fjb6z4kdli6: njdxoe m0e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d )8t( 1yz1ihmvvm2 uitay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity y1hti(zm ui8)m2 v 1vtis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on aco+ l0i//ql.sm4un jn day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure igu 1e 7eev-+o;qf jbp*nside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperu- vfepbq;*jeg e 1o+7ature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ro bo jl+d)pgal9lg.r. 5mox(p3om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 ccu 39mkn0g mtk9i)d,$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needesoi. *e7n/jn ;fda 5aid for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distafdoi5ja. nnai7/s e*;nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through ti)a3 sksd twyo22zems1x 4 8j5wny tubes ca k2z4)j8sxt1eow2ssw5m3 d yalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapeb3mi t2zunb 8v6.c fa: measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat7 5y tww21zqlmed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at3) se;w 5h5btrhi* daw normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a rehtrwei3 5;)d5s*ab h wcipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gmvlb 4au3 y:3xir7bl*as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been vb3*x3ab yi:llrm u4 7blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculescy 4kvp2 09s 8ogew;qx in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature o p 2x wcke0qsyv894;gis 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ekg( 7iu.,ni bmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the ywk:01bfpb,y best available vacuum techniques is aboyypwbk10: f ,but $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capac )iycny o2k(jc /(ewb3xh l0jtve-6*sity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what*)i2 j0s(v/(kylwx-o e3jh6bcnt e cy volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from th/hr 4.jh nby dc,lzy,xg: 3rc6v/yx3j e Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nos 6dyj/ vzng.xxr:,hchcrj3/y4yl3b, e of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increase7 w +o;k)f5xktz mr(qld from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeis(d2ea 8y0d+ :mskxqdz jm9(v 3ut m9 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sue2 o.zk(uo qvl n26rg)rface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mo2o(gkr nvq2. eouz6)llecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta*2 zt s42n/c2pz ijssdined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has g*(qdcn 3sh1z s fi6l6oauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the fls ofn* 6 lcdqszh136i(ow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in ahb+u+. :m3ynz r)zh oq bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline :.1 m6sqesg.nrp c6mrbk3.g2- g9 n0cstscuhat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly a(ws:tiw7 fkb.-a q/wjo(1hg vround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto akm1j6ftg.v e(y( zh .el.mrw0 vb53bc glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stai:b 9 a0le+z5vkl.jp undard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a 9oajy 1)n qe0a(qoyz02q*wyo pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 2r4 bfn:tl 3wdyi;v)qis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against h(dsjg6p;/, f8vx e cfgravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thj,pf 8/(xhde;v cgsf 6rown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherilw,lkg vb)e,: cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant g)llb,ekv:, wat 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor press f5w 4tl9g)qiw2j0hy vure in the air on the following two days: wq0jtl52 hyg49f)i wv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, andljo, y 4zqo856 shhnc8 when it is a solj4,q ycoo5hs6zh8n 8lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t0w. dufjxlaeud8q9 g,,r c8qb/ 6w0*g jo x4adhe coefficient of volume expansi4*0.fu8 /ja jg6gcdw8ddbq q l,9our, exx0waon is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly 6dj5az;pi*klkl/,qrdehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If ijz dl*5 p kaq;,rk/6lthe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg