Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumixcv nhg2vd)rh/ke +.8u9he zw ;byi6bj- a16tnum? See the periodic table or Appb8ek ya j2cvh)r6gwht6ni x;/u he.1db 9vz+-endix B.

Name several properties0ph/vz je nq*964 dyes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.h6vye e9dn*p 4zsj/q 0

Which is larger, 1 C c3z ola7p ah/w1 v,bs9acn1 luzts/4; $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilbn o- fk88q(vjz 4k0a0di c0tnibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wn 8f0nq0 jk0i 4k(t-o8zadvcb ith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumi1 6xy)vi 1t qq dgqpib/s)n/2dnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1td2v/6ds /xqi ) )gi1q1bypnq.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie 8*wsvv+ y* (gaq jwup.(hra6vnt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control 73)h ie9 1ynxm15bz47ft crn3zmxsx3uae 3aw a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liq7hy1izrwa5nzu3f mtes ca1 ex 4m)bx33n9x 3 7uid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes thatrgtd v7b zj--jcc*54j are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a j j rjt 4*gdc57zv-bc-U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu+a 1m lt+pqekgr;v;b;ry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer if: 1o. fduhr 1ws/e:avs first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desrh 1eo:wd.f:va f 1u/scends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapih2/y3jyhv 2j0 o duuv(dly than adjacent parts. Explain.2y 3du(y2vhuho0jv j/

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefyxnh1.au c9r(ficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary gla aycrx1 .u9h(nss (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuraten5ty5t8b j(t yryv/3n/y rj3 +dbiau: at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willt3-hs zzb) vq4 cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What3)-s hvtzqb4z has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tev,- dx3 nmyxwvr anqp0 d4;u 4pez(t,5mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mome 5(pz4y v,x4u pdn0ev-x am 3;wnrqt,dntum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sp:; ihkub:ykz 81yq 3j(ddzyp 0here submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incr :k8:0yyu3( qdd byp;ki1zzhj eased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law hf)2 b)c79cmkbu9n6v.fsuiotn0la . follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatura)7nls)0 mccn9uo9 b tbff.k2h v ui6.e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet0 jj8h/vmz/uza-x;am bm * 0s-(kxdhp ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosr47 cwajpikbeo1*v .84uqu 8kphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimxgjbn4 eqj 6q2:s:na3 um speed an object must have to 6 :ajn2n4e qbj3q: xsgleave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates morvp dt*h jenroy00u6ex+8 a6t.e quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of oe0h8nrudx0oy6 6 at*vtj e+.pne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabx50w.k-5op h;e :va 5umxnq kyle than a hot dry day at the same ten55yehuko qmx-;vx:05 a k.wp mperature.

Is it possible to boi2q2qie;g02pdpinp.w7 e 4kui l water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whqfr ,5j 4xcs5mjsqj+0 uo2 4veen the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid aio j f+xur4q2m50e4s,svqjc5jr at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ov+wmrm qd+:gieg 9lmew;bj3, 7erheated automobile engine.9lgg:+ jm7 md rbwe;w3,i+qem

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter9z lo1yo .ror/ (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there wxj mm9/z (4ny7f5dst in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring c ;x)vk2 fvb+myompare to the number in a silver ring of th2kv+xfv m);y be same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofte:c .2 euqqtrnz40n oan gq1x27m0 b*mdn taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?*a72n 2 b xnodtquc1m40 .qz:rgeq0 nm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp52rgok.t rxeo qaz6t5/ lhk-6eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm a -w w9k2 gfw3gd9bpwk97yzd su11v8tat 0.0b ps89tww7av1 -ug1 9 ydk9gdz w3w2kf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (: g,r0iid*-yhgnm1w:+ko ewh20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bun,lax upd7d1 )ilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (aver) a7l1xddpn,u age temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usqnwxv- 9p a;f s6jf0;zed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steevjqs; ;fp0f6na-9zx wl rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atkme,t x ma65mr* qkx:;om 5n,v 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in g 6uqtizs (n29diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heat96nq s u2tizg(ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL a gq)7ls/xw5-vm 2 7mkht m(edof water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL on87ve9as-wwmr b;7bauo:72t;o xzf of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20fr7dj.y4dr og4do 0mrlk/./m $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contain5qll1y5 2b:f3ww3*i sdxitsned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tdf bqlltw2:sx 5ys i51nw* 3i3o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de0v+xx rk2t3vy* 0dxvwnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffirqh1,l0rfr :yx 4q8 zwcient of linear expanswzxl8r :h,0 rq4 1yfrqion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so jsxmsorze 8s w+:,54fnz1ft .t3y6eolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfanwjp jz)i0rt5lc7 (z5ther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 t z)z0j57l5jrnpicw($^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h0mc nmss02a4 jas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbn 20 amm4s0scj has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindwajpz7hk)*ha9c / l6rrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v6 awhz /c*a)l9hkj7 prelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. o80 fqylnsf ,3im, 9ssHow much stress is required to keep it mo syf9ni f8,0qs,3lsat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be* fxpcl-oe/ ( 9+yjlczam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13tvm o+y.epve9+8 wf4q 4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o 7ynk:,/xy2bczfhe7elpz: ti 7 j5sw.n the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatxi4.-uy4akk i:al7wi5he y0 v temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of7mdofr6 j+f/6/sc(y 0mg dfopnp)l y/ql+b 2h the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prki *,5 k )t8-c(u ntvbq7tzgbcessure and a temperature of ab)vgbt 8iut 7ct,5 *k-zbk nc(qout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideag b0exmc+zq ,(l,fkq-l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containc.u0 nwa. ;cxss 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg oc*e z(la; kn9o zo;x /u 5xx:lf7/sobof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumbmh 2* h5kty;rmzl 5o: gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0gi6o1j p2tfxbcq0js zu03 m;z-,u7 i j kg of argon gas at 385 jf;2c31,ux- mjq p6zb0o0u7jsz tgiiK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k;cq eue4; 3xjdi+x .atg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by*+v px4 utnv.d. 3j gz8*lhgyy heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suj+ut3pz.*8 g y.g*h nx4 ylvvdppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a r 4k,(sxve6rst 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ir,lxc2x8j /jjf( ;nu18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hana7e:e opeb; *xo. r1pld at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /q8bkhmw* /n/6y3t)ld o/vld l $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mo2 *.k riw bm+xq6xwph,esi4(blecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) yv*9k+dr )lo9a+n x mamoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1gl7ou u-hv,z/3(k/4u ga xblc $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o0 * f(cfygr7;rd ; b9mwma.yuwf air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileou* wy7 agf;0.drmm;br 9c(wy f took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationq6v1l 70jtg:oc s qwj)al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STgjwv0jqt 1cl 6:qso 7)P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a s azwveq;7 m*1bcsy7:temperatureszb7wm*a7q :1vc ;sye of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase kk6hh;w tbx)-n3 qb55vfn x.q d au6p7if the temperature is increa.h6h-kvxk7f b6 qu d nbnx5tp5;a3w)q sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the alvx v* 9kmw0:following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3,w*0lxmv: 9k va 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules)pwv 7 x)pig8b in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what.r qt-s u(msf*8 vdhmpz;6+mz facts*mzp-+ zhf v8;mtm(r6 udq.sor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules i vmd8a77w9l.vxdf 4 vwn a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sa:rn,rd /l89ot t pp8hime temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds i :ri898plhdrtn/ tpo,s equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conq1li 9ujvse i57 y8+swtained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s8z.qw y.8gyc speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweu(ufv -+kiqfz4gfs3 ul h)d0:en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminzq+mylv *mpab gy*p -zv9l,(;o acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce+zm l *yz 9(vag;p l-,b*qypmvll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurezbgf.a/m0 bdd pzk/58g9rux 1 P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of -bxtml2f/ 3ify-0 ju1xdt -uluranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatscc5ayfc7+*g z5o o +o phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperjg x*7s51 ;nj6ehplwqature is (a) 907nw5jh sjl6xp; qeg 1* $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whn.q iu 7 d(*gy7cqw5jnen the temperature isnj* i77.n5u w (cqgqyd 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at ege1w2eev ;1t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,jkkkn qf)p+ 6pngd k),nk4w 5jt-c:o 6 estimate the temperaturejkcn, n +4:w)5gfk kjk o6q6p-nkd)pt at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is-fb9 mzn5kl3r40u gkku+ a ;xh 530 Pa and the relativek gbuu;mfxh 5 3 0rkz4lak+n-9 humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the te3:z dfl;+orew mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is k- 2e.6g++ +rv qsr h5dtksphqboiling at a +d hs5ek.thrrg2-sq +6pq+v k temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room otwi9ao54:s zpej +z8pf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 2y zbx zshsz*(3vr-/ h$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to di ghf26as +;4 at1oiv-jt86 axy4edafsffuse a distance4ta a18osjyf4dg2h v6i6- fe aa;xt+s of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from bai00e)j0y1 zcz4 z ruef*r.r the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm z e.j0 0u1r fzecyriz0b*4)arlong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratez+rf;(z o evp18 r5kgid at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape2,ujt f c9c iqm:(ug,efu0kc 9 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normhm6/vdb /e ,tfal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL oed m6hfb /tv/,f cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in ai 3.l frzt/3e0:ezwpp helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased t/3.r z3fewp: tlpie z0o 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, abh7o9be; g) .j*56keiqhu ldb nd height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe e9j b6 kd eqb.;lhubhg5)io*7rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofu9 e yprsd6qsuwu323 : matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t3x s*aqz f nak n0-wh:nn-/et5he best available vacuum techniques is abouqnk 053:h -anetnz*aw x-/n sft $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa9 mt 34thdijy p7de 6g1*ge1hkcity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to wha6thg7te*1y4p3emg d hki 9j1dt volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thecocvx/c;prk ds)(ea s5.ennsv)x : /3 Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; inc(;kdrpxsv)3 ev:neso)cncxa /s ./ 5deed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromp;293u+pw wqu tiz: fs 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7qu s) mr230idz70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of tm0cu7 yl6gv 0 tqd.;qdhe Earth, estimate the tota0u yldgt ;.7dm0 qqcv6l number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol. v0np8ldpil61fv yg3 ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ok*ka5( r6reh +lwsy9-sy sp)yxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min.6yrh*5 sl+ry9wsak)k - p sye( $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqufjazh5s1f.e(tihe2 ,id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 41ixcdfr y eis((m-2n 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snn4 tltkx)u:yecus a* 6+p0 sh9ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl814,dp s;pp.(wou ixlcciw u4ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoqg2yhf5l(ex7k r welk 65n n45pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of ds*0x5(ugsxi 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 3cjbs vbr 801wowy52 pmu+g4j/bj1xn$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls fl /;cp+ah0nmtuc :d0 thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboundtpcn:;a l/u+mhfc d 00 from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0vrxw x65r5yg ;0-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rea ;5xwg5 xvrry6ches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dl-b(f)y7 ,wcjr ker 5cw .l ufr79rph;ays: u w k,y 7rrfhw.cfbl9er5 )r(; 7ljpc-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density cb3tc2 eu4/yed fjk.6do yj,5 of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherdyjdecc2 6f /ye5bt u3ko, 4j.e the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law( sm 9 :lh3jvs *trxswbh8*;4m;ddt yn to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volhhms 3wd;(:;d4 ssntt9m** x rb8v yljume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.