Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron m1zuz8hhz(t:or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A:hhz8 m( z1utzppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploi7qz; 1njl hllb 4v,6kfted to make a thermometerqkl fzl64nlh 1b7;j,v.

Which is larger, 1 C eeie2 bjd;u)575p0h 9u k bdxa$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, butfi-6 (3 ak/zo;pvq nwd7pt, do B is not in thermal equilibrium with system kwn tpa7 (o,p;/o36 fdv d-qizC, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of7)c1 g;iwu1d bzexns3 aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip wdw3i;ugseb11) cz7n x ill bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien7 h *q1xxp1-djnp g 6;qhj:tgot of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fhss6d( zz ,; 8n)kh(9ku zlrjnurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts ele9h, z(un8rz(ljs k zsk;6)dhnctricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectio0w (xw)2qn vu/1 inwjen in the shape of a )vwjqin0w 1(we/ xn2uU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu/btua/xy/ c:( q vsxhrdp2 2td3ogd) lbi )-/ery at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotw h mk (o6okel/9mmbxtl*b;+1 tub of water, the*1m9;lkohm6 (mb+ /tkelwbo x mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more )p:a dqj/p- yxrapidly td: xq pp-)y/ajhan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gladylt1i *( *s0kbn2ggiss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise tkg* *sbg20ty(in1l di o the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20m o5 o0gw d)xytf6 0jl+o,+hub $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottrdi83d2el0 lyjcf p/ (45hetkom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stan2tc0(jdleplf/d3 8 4er y5hik d up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by punqsm-- *mw0,rvp -vpj shing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the wvvspmj, -rq n m0-p*-momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force:pn.,9s4aw9pancu tp 5bf1es ))npr d on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperat 9)nre .) :9 tb5apwad1n,ufpnppss4cure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and tm :mc:bs.0c)wow8n2t(-p s jnibr 5r rhe relation between average kines c8-ror0pbsnn5 w:j)mc:.m(r w 2ib ttic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorynks3*wqs. 8wm.

As you go higher in the Earth zlzw2, w*o -d,ekaip1x(g6nq tc2-wc’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objecc3*5 gf0ak zret must have to leave the Earth and 3eazcrk5f0g* never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick7 ye6;bkb bqm9ecn 60yp)jfk05 n kr6aly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative toekn69y kq6ybprcj0a70b f;b6kn) 5m e the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is ixf 7z.3b .1 f(axgthyfar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same ti.z3yxbx1.afg 7 ht( femperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (209ks1 - v vnu/n5q9tw1e9haord $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when t7z ngkjl4sq02 he air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at zng 20k4q7jslthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automoi/-r:nucsi2q3i mbe 3nmo8 u3 bile eng83u mmu c bis3 e2ion/:3nq-riine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a iy pfp3,3 ia t*dmi:dqb3z9ug 4)1zu3oan9 tblittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen2je-eil4b j /tt(.vk ih v7c;kny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare tod:m/2pf+oci6sj )s bb the number in a silver ring of thjc/b 26 )s:fosibmd p+e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to b2jmfyjofd.)j +7u,), flp pp8 bgg;qsx1wk:te 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? gb,pp2+jyl8xf w oujp,g1)ktjs7;df.) m:fq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe9; gn2z-igv7b ewtw,kratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column 2h-4.ucxbnvx3rl+ zchas length 11.82 cm at 0.0 z lxbc.c vh+-xrn34u 2$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofglcxlfqy4b c9m ,)km,d,- jc, slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) ico jf1fg(qc*2 u df*-ss built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muccds2fq1*jofcu f* g -(h its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet pyob1u zygwnr(p75( e cq4f*6 hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamey c7b*py( re5n(6pzg1 4ufowqter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4kj-d 1xe /m6fd $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be it2st li51 nw t/vob5j0oaedg9:rwj 6)ts change in volume if it is heat jetw 2aog0rtn:w/5ltbjd ov)6si 159ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wit+7: 6q,qhqpiczrwx 7m h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water qc 1fx:wko888jq j4xi at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is t7k okj)9-igp ao be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sogl z8zr4uv4s0- fip m, it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxima- zp4irm,fuv0sz4g l 8tely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit ekphc9srpez(*0ek7- k6,t tn y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of qoives ;pf6 ,6linear expansiop 6ofev6 ;iq,sn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, hbj*x26v lgn2y7 -rdt 5m,mbs $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time qg+ .t kpw.s8pn 5pymb exvka -85ug40at 17 q8as + g5g.tp-nbxup8e0 vmk p.ky4w5$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha1e2n.yxh(gsqbrm t.+ s an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofbmnre t+h1(q .sx.g2y 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 5;qfht:x*e89u dybu) ml/s npm is rotating about its axle on frictlqtunfpbhe5;m :8d/ uy) s9*x ionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dm7 xa8 m5 ali85spv9ehesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increah855 8xiv9ea lms7am pses to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosshxb xr6 te t,lxv)2.1 3nkvrw5n aa0r8-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122.q:ji xd76d za cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperati5yu r8fxd0ld.-dupwd.a.6 fures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah* czfk mn7o0 12csuzi0renheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter) hj1;x z6 ;zetcfzz2eior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric p(gt49a ,bbd hd/i9dlq ressure and a temperature of about/agdtih4 d9q d(lbb,9 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge.6qimdy um0h,n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains tnn 29hs2vfx7+;pikakt /tq 921.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg v0n)tenp r/q nq pc 4y0p5w+n9u 8kn2gof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas yr)ka rmg..us0.,3 bz g/xtfk u5a6mm is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 k xs dvwe3vax7v6q8gfxo 45 i7:g of argon gas at 38d vsx:7ex87ao qiv345 wfg6vx5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of +/ufhe7fo9 n vcn q/j 3pw7ue+$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside ) q wggddq1r4(rvd-p5the balloon, which makes vddp-g51r )4(qq wgr dit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1m0qs6un zcc896mh p2w-ins f5 a /t4io5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0f x kpv.ihstdq3c elm.4/8h1, $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s +ox f k0b)vmojh)02e lhand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul 1a8sta*ds0ji* io4btes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?o-a ).;p m(ufcakwvj36 pcbil+ j:t,h How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o fw5qdmck -+m-f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 1rxw9 cugzi;qb1a8w1ub 2 4ir5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i wa,kdk--5zr w7x yhdg.ceb-0nhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high wyd-k-.k5a7d0 - xzgw,bech r and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule x*0n) 0wv29lllnik bt at ST )l*nx2n0kb wlltvi0 9P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sut /sti9*km-efv5d *o orface of the Sun at a temperature 9 tkf*io-/v5* mdes otof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of kdu 6 h(mi, je/7es5-;xljim xgas molecules increase if the temperature is incs5 /xilhid(;m -k 76e mej,xujreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unf6ymnq+(m,ny0fg b2 h/ wg;lnits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cab/ql;fmfg0 nw myn n(+6, ghy2lculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g 3 ub-lyft3p,zo59rreas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doublthg6q;ezlwk ti qa2k4* 9.z6 ded while its volume is held constant, by what factor does 29.zk4lh;zktq66ig*weq atd$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculh;zvgso,90ht1 ewz,ssw.0n x es in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature,1p :zc7lkfwt0 the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the tl:7 pw czk10finverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8c oxxmt:zr9y:q cinv0g9-u,0n ,hg9 o.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed o.gh0a;mxj ).2cv6cj bzvb, lc f an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between2g+mq, r5 lrfp nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89ac1gd8oy 3tj 3 u in a living cell3acg 3tjoy1 d8 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasvuoh dnk -m-(; can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uafkc t;lww bs(;k,3-oranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases c(17cw8h qrg v kame0q9an $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature iuyey x y 9-kc2i 5my3t5vsha*-s (a)y3y mxyvca5-hse59k *itu y- 2 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidx y5r ,,j.fmxsb psk57ity is 50% on a day when the temp, skb5xx,p7frsmy . 5jerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressureas.v3l/ asu0v2.;x6ojna tza at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulaczb ,z g1m79zrr place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waz97 zm1zc, rbgter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pr,op w61zk eobtyh.*e +essure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%yot, +p6hb*oe1zw. ke? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres,yipo i 9,j0:hlmbq7+i/0x cte mmk b/sure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressu/ o4hx)f mkc,m-xe+oxmo ;ol+ re inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of m)olxc+ / hm+k4f;o-om,exox120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room swq-1wrp8pk* -8yv azof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ol v(wq*5qrqg+f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecuztb cv-g8rg5va j42h+rh5w0h le (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distazvab 8+hc-hh wtv g5r0j542rgnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throug/zszor;q n-1 dh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 nz1sdq;r/ -oz mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20or n wr/gwm5deg03x34 $^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me1(md-fgwi . (7nponweasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norms26. jej1g dk hsh0ic-al room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callin-sks 1dcjg.eij6 h2h0 g for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. At n7.xnlxr9n:fter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decr9t .x n7nx:lnreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1us4z1wuo;jqt d)2ar, m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturou qw,z;u1a )s4 t2jrde is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matteenlaf 8spza3d3jor 55,.eq5nr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t l8n11jdapmi6 echniques is abou1j 6n 1dpali8mt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full j(d3f z70 s+l+mtfgt fcapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacef+f(f m7sgj0+3zt dtl ? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospherev0q68v)vu g jx+1r,m/tiy0glbth (ph at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this sper86b)v tt0h,/ uj 0g+v1 qhvgpmx yl(ied correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inexphd,:)nm .1+:8tgq ytlij )at4v kicreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume dr c6wa: c**1ngld0yb of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ear9myb4ya: ) snjo(8/m6uyq lq rth, estimate the tot)yl:jry(9m/nu6sb yoa qmq 48al number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m7dbk /11rxoo yt oeo94olecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hab0u/p6n a.dxospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L n0pab6d/ uxa./min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b sdqcy20uep 25owl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 0d 9trt oj( pp+a7ww3rat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’sdtu4iny 7vs+0bc dol 7qno7/ 9 equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightv0j,+aam 5zi1 n- kpcdly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in nvob / wocz j5hn)bl5:)5kf )hthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm pulux .bl -jt(ad2z--at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth l19upo, ymdz 1is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity byo4am:u pt zv64 -e,asp tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are th,:ve4u m aopztsp 6-4arown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases9r . /(-g gmjdxrern8el)kz r; a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re /rml( rd8;ngre r-x. ej9kz)gaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in thos5t5xfqwx5,vjo5 0imy 9 pb3e air on the following two days: b3v swfq5pm,x5 jo t5xo09yi5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenw hie q,1yjb ggux(p(6j7ph 4;ce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deehg j(,phe bgj w;p71(6xy4iqup in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal r*7xjm 1;7bz8 /ceebnbx.t zy gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exy8. m *e7znbb1j x/7etc;r xzbpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot ah)dteq h 1c)o5qen3p+w )1qhyndy*h* nd mildew. If the cellar 1)wyq*3h1+dhhq) ) e*pydt nnoc h5q ein a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg