Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 k yinihxu./ -o yle2eeu+v gtfz:7h8).g of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append.tiueh+yhuf7 8)xvyz:/l. 2-gi one eix B.

Name several propertiesgg v-g:cy 6jd* of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometvjyd- g:6g *gcer.

Which is larger, 1 Cwogjag h d7:-8xxk gi tib /2/g,,drr-u/b n8w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withybvu/(xk3jl rq3 rt-5 6fs1wy system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about th /631y (fu5l3krvr-bsqjtwyx e temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists ofq7 ;5mb:3hip6rrvzv l aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of t5vh 7 ;3vrlbprz q:im6he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffici ytd-ni 51pz1ment of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a.qt;*qe/-k fh8g v3qnhc.w pno, ofg ,t2ooc* simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different tekq*g.w hgcf2/t.voteo c8onh-qfp,,*n3;o qmperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape 99ar4hxw1gcuf ,l n0wof a U.u1xc499rfa hn ,w0w gl Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury a md265gu xp-zwt 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomet7gvb).r5ns/ zn yfaj vl(i3 x60s6liver is first placed in a hot tub of water, the merylvfvji6bv/ nx6 7a ssg(ilr.n0)5 3zcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of ijyz-+ -j0gacw2 8 3hp o.qh;lk3esvjct is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explejq +pkyzgh c3.hjw s -80;32-jval coain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass ihblrpkdl2697 xyg n*mh5n/ v7 s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resista7ph b25gl6nd mvyhl r/ 9*7nxknce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accdd7jw4*/0kr aioeg+ sk96 9)cdyzwd j urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge szj i9.of 5pid4k : (gccg(u9hho badly the can will not stag.z5 pfhocc u49:ki(i9gh dj(nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (s 8zvu;atbr( gxkfns51 rh4c-8h-too9 ay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these ch(8 h9xc1rbt afg4 -rko;t-u8h sn ov5zanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forceo i8u(cf3mzkh3*qb ihp 81x6r on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature i *8 rzf83kob3h( xuhm16cii qps increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and th.0fix e2bx;at9lf*q) ca9 glhe relation between average kinetic energy and b f*2t)0hc 9fxaq; e9i.axlglthe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-p xp e/. p *rjbsc)lv9vt/y-vn0+ph 0yLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,8 fr( c l-z pz5rkcky-sy-n h40a;,fg4mda,f y the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the 3z6su3gp:dj tminimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the tsg :3ud j36zpMoon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at r-kxd g(eghem-5rhp1 ) oom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other-exgk -)edhph( 5g1mr?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncoum urqe;1qs; 1xj-rnp: w-jj:t 18i fvmfortable than a hot dry day at the samt:1rjn ;q-j mpu;f1qi-1j8wxsr: veu e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room te8j: r/h x+aacehxt6 m6mperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffnw; og), us+b6v nlt8werent. Which is more dens,not g6su;bnw8) v+lw e, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhva p0 wr;pxi).eated automobile enginp v).prwai0;xe.

Why does exhaled air apt028 yxmf3kesm * 3kr+eu-ucqpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram d56mb ;jc8yf f.pkp5x 2ix v5qrg;q*i copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in az./nfym8o3f yy*vlxcd .8k0v 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samfy . xofc83lvn m/.8vzd0yk*ye mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whathv 9q4bcs o2qseyj74 3 is this on the Celsius scale?hq vs94bcy47e s3qo2 j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorde5w2il i6z5wzad are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has 98-yff)/ zt; e /uprbuufoc x6length 11.82 cm at 0.0xrb zt9fc6fo /u/- fup;)uy8e $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sao:n,dtp4 -vctmp6)rk d,ead1 krj 73labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought izkq4 mxkzt-eg:um77mj du 62 cu7b24 vron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chang4udmkjz6 k2gxvezu2m um47: -t cq77 bes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holmlyb86htdl0l 8d rn;(wvr.rg k d+)o3e are often used and thvgb8r;r8wdrnd.6lm +kl dy(o3l)0 the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atj*i.3 nxh7edx7.bm g t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diame..bgapc* n8 mxter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 mxnb c*p.ga.8 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillbq ud+ds2d 3ix7f-c*oed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at/l+y3990 kycp,w tmjkd nw6ht 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placgbs5lnj ny(51us(*e b;kxxl 2 ed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lon0ns 2prw zc2g+ql:z/ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefc pnwn: s2+/2lgq0rzzficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change iny:r/ kun tr-vmfha74 3 the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linea.,fptp.k. qjwyqhpcsgjo .3+ 8.inz6i,q 8 sqr expa 6j z3inqwhk8jp+ ..,8 gp .q.p.qofqssiy,tc nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic mc +1kufl c--usolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra4uuj al b1(ct9ndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 11auc9b(4l ju t7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ihquv ryq./59 dnside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb .h/5q vu d9qryhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about7dvsx)o m7iymf9x) dkp -8y ;h its axle on frictionh7k d8y m i)fm-p 7x);ys9vxdoless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much st4fuyxy59)yo *nl/ yqh 2jye.oress is required to keep it atleuj9y. ofq4yyx hn2/y)* yo5 this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional acnb-*;f s i0egrea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.si;*n0,(wu j9ugn u kx122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale6wxvvn q0 1fj0zq9(m,jy ,fe b:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature jwg9fx.3h i -aon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth a 2ag9n:n7olw( qpwd2anlp14ond Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combul zcn/3kf2jo2stion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abckf3o l2z2n/jout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas l up0t bfhn* cus t5/tfi7a*2ji2n1fpe; x 8jy5aw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 1 qt:4vo1 zbxvr)6gwic jd0d. kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of) 1dwjwqz m*d,wu) h-u nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ahqh2a6ophoj;5( eemi/ (-bqz t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaimi75)mgif0dz s +7uf tner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385+usdm7 zf t5gif)m07 i K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg qla(vc p-z96k1* wkw0le owr.of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoye e7,cnd8hx:kfmb8y on7 ,-ibant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon im-:,eb8ce8 hny, bofnidx77ks 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with azjq(m4 k- mde /4ow:hrir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18be .)( qx * du+rpq4hk8zbn2xi.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon9jjdtq +j*ous;ya; n. escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculdi 3ifzreuwiei+6 d4u: 0ta)ze30ko)es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa*6r1jq7g z ufv,+ozemb,t+gg j..v yxter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) *oj8 vgtkx 3-xws/j71gq kn 6qmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. iargzsv+n-xh o(5..1 pac+ yt uup2u+1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air / g9op nmo,vh vz8y80ware in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosp/gzomnphv089,yv 8o where is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energu6t6m+n8jh tkn ;n cm9y of an oxygen molecule at STP?m+t ;j nkt 986mnucnh6    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of twrfi:b5 u-xql l gw1z)xt7 35che Sun at a temperature of ab5llzg53u 7bqrw:twcix 1 )f-xout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speew6) e2j ,lqkeud of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0) k,q6el 2jeuw $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spf7xr4wkbfg1+8tn p7c0 m+h* n-s zljm eeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1c7l-ms h jbmr 4xfz0+w8+n7 gn t*1pkf, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g sac /wgv u31(-uotg5gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wh3/c l axudn.ob(5 1dl4hpn6xu ile its volume is held constant, by what fac35nbd6hlu/cxad4l 1 p .n( uxotor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gakou9.n0w +lgls is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio ofv8 bcfksx g2eq7 s,3c) their b87f, )se 3gvscqxc k2rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed oj 0kbrh:v9 g2 ro172c7pdanbscz5v e6f nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ).om*hy8pxheo de* nq:5hfo*of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?wr 5z.h8 zbf2q    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sf,.l3odf7 o)*6j thmah kz8vnpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cefl tnh h m 7o8zoaf6)j*,3vkd.ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pi-:6dp(f mon;)b 9 jrsx*xnn l of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranil+e 6+ )sdc+wmzyiz8 yum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can,zn(n o;8 hw xg,o)urn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm 7,g8 1hnednksq;eznk nlh +93and the temperature is (a) 90gn;eqknk,le3+17ndhhn89 sz $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxima ks1x o(mpwr:dt )b 5h-)zpfvkaz3x-9tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat wtxd(haprm)-9kz-3pzs) ko 5f1v:xbure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bosy +qb71 8gzy4 apbyu7l/j*zg ils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains issh)e fi 14f1i8ld 5)0al ibuipfx9nd+ 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which d xi 498el 51i fliin)hbdp uf)a01fs+water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when t m rvzauk-2*i.he partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? mkavrzi- 2u.*$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t,q7eh goc2, o82qoout he temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wq)()qb pmx;h2dz d(z,y behy5 ater is boiling at aqzq);b)b(hd x yp5 dem,z(2hy temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of (ds2:d 1wp)t2)jkebekv8ihluil 8p5volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 zvl984s2we md$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table s+vc 1 pvqes:;13–4) to diffuse a disqv: 1ps+s cv;etance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thhx*c. )gv 3icze surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abi.v 3ghcxc)z *out 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurenht7js-r *;kvb lvs;fty73 w8 has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure 97tt,w.xdw ;zwqvst-(yfc g 3has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How s:bd8+rp,0 rd/ n/5pbtwsdpv much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,/pt0:ddn swr,r+d85/pb psb v if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas mjpx:q txwbz9(c+ 8y+n 8;j9h3k vc dccylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure h c9p(cbc hjx: dkxzntj8 8+9 w3qmy+v;as decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rzh p4 (-cyb3fcoom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ib-ypcch3 z4( fs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one at e:iznr)h:+ z65hqcgpv g;ek 6om per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina dea5 b(vufxfxfyk1p34 ;op;)ble using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutp354f;fypofk1b) vaed xu;( x $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m be;dfx0 6u b*yyb4me/zllow the surface, to what volume would his lu/fuly 6 e4mzd*y;b0x bngs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at qj5*+x sio4 vcy+n4paa speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond t+ vn4iq+sy*54xc jao po what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal y0jb 1y1fbh 5k-- ;jtsiedca*ns. u.rgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 72xvfkw16zq9el 7b * rhua)rr)u ft) 8t70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at thuk ped )s44ve7b h.n+ee surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmoh n+d4v7e e4 pksu)be.sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m 7 t-i/rycw* j;r0fbwiolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen 6( vfsgv9 ee4yx8 ccv+v;r w:zused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) fyv 9( cwsg v:e8c6ze; rvxv+4and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats inmo qavy4yim2 r78s0yjz.*2 f t a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline;r9ef1:-- q5. fvbldpqv pwet at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’sd dni2kxc0 v4u6q.f -qfmu(9e equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aqv6 .s1wb5 vbddl) ;k z4*yxng 5d5wvrt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand7;bl:g4 jurq4zlvmulj, tw)7 ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pr b:1kmzvu2mgm+ k(i 4dessure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartp kj fud+zf dc.z 9vm8l19m/9+ubpm(ph is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against odu)zs s s /m7czmzw+s2 ni703gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound icdz 7)so7uz3n2s0smwzs/ +mfrom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametemtkbhdv+h; 9n ,obi e:)6jc/z r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is coi /bbot,9d j)ezh6;mn h+:ckvnstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followev 1ne7hv1mt5q)n9 y,z 4eewx ing two days: en54vx w,m9)17e e1 tyqvnezh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron-fp t0onebx 9) at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth-nfepb xot09 ) where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an int rvm44 u:jh9deal gas at constant pressure, the coefficir9hvj:4mtu n 4ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.