Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe; dq4c5hynz0htkkdcc-+-:rqrr .2vwh ; pn z -riodic table or Aqckp5dh;zz . k -h wv2r0-nt-;d:q4+yc rrn hcppendix B.

Name several properties of materi r .iu*dmsg2 c8dm+cd vco*+v-su, ,ytals that could be exploited to make a thermometer.cy v,go8+-vm*.t,*s r+ud c cisd2udm

Which is larger, 1 Cayury z*zea- d (w id0mflm;;5;8m. pr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syst+zpd m73u1l odem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what cal31 +u7opdmdz n you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of al +v *,c bcfyk):hrr*hz75*zhfk 6wzuuuminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: yu r h5frkz*c +7)hh6c,vzbwu kz*f*:See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiej v(3sfq 33 7is1ku3(reaxynant of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a u;jh 8;(pfetfdiagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electri ;jff;(uphet8 city when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fi z h rlk:odh:cud)7k)*e fku0 ,+ aux-/rzczw/xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of u)x0cca+zk hw rl*: : h )-7ozr/ukk/d d,efuza U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lzaq-u;svfr/6 2 v qn8qead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass therr6rh/m a5pn4sw:xvi* mometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explains6 4r5w:rip*mvxnah /.

A glass container may break if one part g +q-r 3c/zbebof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expcr + /gqze-3bblain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient g2nfqbt: k;/2wvx ep1jxas ).of linear expansion is much smaller than tha x.gp 2;1stqvnafjw): bexk2/t for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurakm mi3)3 e:pr 1oitpfyvce :8*te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly tla;rr5.c5wynb jna. :he can will not st5 arlync;5jar n. .wb:and up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comprege,-- e-7t )aaqdlod slk5j 7ossed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the ma--d 7eqeks o -ll5tgoa,)7 jdoving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherear.isc0 u4g 6:ged l 39z4hinm submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasel:shi6a.m0e 4z3cid 9gr4 nugd from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation.osckhrf a ) :,izi.2di30qqi between average kinetic eneri ),dfo q3c.sii.:0zah q k2rigy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorvpr 5usc-div:a- ;*-f5 nv aatpvb;.y y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmoiy2/ r.l)lc rnsphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum 97qdsh3 kw)yd speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esqd)hdw ks7 9y3cape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicgp.d: q q;wn;gkly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to theq;npw d:gg.;q other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fas2g - 4c (ck(dufzvscc:ia8o) r more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempesc2-s f) cgu(d8 a zkci4(v:corature.

Is it possible to boil water at roomd7ojx 9p31j+(s rii ub temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air lcu1b abayvwd3e 7*k/*1uph2 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi 7e2u3wu*dkc hv pab ba11/y*ld air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerouw vtq- xil2)m6m e7: r exa.adqk,wy89s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engr.dq8etve : xxwwma, ) l92 ykaq-76imine.

Why does exhaled air appearl dxng5lz tll70 ,s:e02d,p nw as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a o.7czeuan,-4xi1dmi 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbericbu*wz 4g 44b in a silver ring of buwcb444*iz gthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is ;co2b( r)a uluuzjp.43uo 6ha this on the Celsius scale? oouju2z)aru.h u (cbl463a;p   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest ana-jzxs;(dib7* szdf9 2:xm loxk :1dcd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thejnrk spa3u+ w;,5x;n. c2rsfxrmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0;nrx.c +j;pax5rfkwu,n s23 s $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway isca 9:)ioeexo6+ wl7k(m ; iqza built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 mgywmj mvi 1q6 1f,s8nm5u,g 9a tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperat vj6 mm igms,ay1,u1fnw5q98 gure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger4b, c*tasml*b6l8 it3lom: gg than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in d:gg8 blo46 isb,m lamt *c*l3tiameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at j,cq u3karw +;4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumeq 1ah id6crq.s2 rtop4-0 0iiz if it is heated from 30 i.r0t az1dhq4i 06ciorsp-q2 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t g6 h-80ia4c2ptty c;qe8wcjqhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 oew wd5(yuf ;;mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro(r+9t29*et.ynxv ,bni ytzw dn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i eyw;cq:h)et5otz+3v n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the co v5 z3cte;q)+oytwh :eefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density lg.wg2 d5zo1y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e:in4(h603hlf c 6o llb9q qzibxpansib q oc0 h64b36l:i9q(ih zfnllon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, .h0w 4aqcu zqh4;gaey;;(fi b$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is maomo8-.trzw/sc v+g a 6de of brass and keeps perfect time at 17oz6wgvc a +m- tr.so8/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diwtkdsq 4.;e0for a1x),qu7ktameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2 0qow4s ue. k;kt1)rq,dt 7fax55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of ra4lp9wn:rumrsl8c;5 anj.e/ tdius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with an :rjwellm5n p9t8a;nc. 4/rusgular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is require7871nb snwqeo6mpx( b6r(tha d to keep it at this length if the te8tr sn1(x eq (a6bhp7n6ow7mb mperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofx)9 t((ere5asg6zlob. . nkfk cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1bg 79c(pnr* as34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:(3 hsjh kmm93e
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera.rt*a,v ;fo hsture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000k*kw/m 0 2qsujm,tq9vr7t gd ;$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphericf15 ro6oxginym 32 hw3 pressure and a temperature of about 2 wn1g3hmy 5f6o3orix20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideab jz()lrueb:,l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nc n6lc-i95 ovvitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg h n/z baoj x*l(ms*g2ktn:ft.o t*7y010j lpc of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at g3;hkl-c8u0v dd gb(n10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdis:kk)v0mg -z:ci ih*u fbs33ung 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 s ::g*fmkuh)iu bz3-is0 cv3k K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k3se-f:abt)y qp j ev(;mns:8lg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insid( w-jn 0x-ew ra+*jepmn ;/qgie the balloon, which makes it less dnqm-;gwa/*+(wrejxi -j 0 en pense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with *k x-d;2opqi,8nst nlair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 .1zx e g-+hwfs$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand /7 i mrqu)sbm h(5n/ilat sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculee6 3rs4s zkfh0s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho t2+qjr1p 8myx6v7x 8r5zocp zw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofz2;dw6z 3,xp )cchumd (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.07zntct49 oeayy13m61 ei abav-m:5 esz i0zd1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha/r q-mxfh5w(f t were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosp( hwr-qxfm /5fhere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinet*7fgi ahxitcv-2*r , hic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPg 7i2hxfc ,itv*-a *hr?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface lm+t uweme 0:c13i o,pof the Sun at a temperature 0me3 wel:mot,i u+p1cof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thesfipfjs -ficspn;u70:i9befbj,b731q d74 i rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i 4psi ef7f-bb,fspi i9 b71jqd0 7c3;njis:fus increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given l uy;z,o7gya, in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, y,;z,g 7 uloay4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul +tm92xuvx u3lswk tlht .;ynq7: geb3;:u9ques in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by qecx +wanu f9+nn,/7vdxb3m 4what factor does9 f+xnw +4eqnv3xac nb/,m7du $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofa g-e.oy.gqgq4foty +2wsc9+ molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samvqnf 5shhesd3w; j4 v p09+ow*e temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of w54f+;*pejss nqwvh 3v9 dho0the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen-m15w5m f7da+ddwiqz molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy vf7.0smtp)d.khl+wl gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance-xecue rajyk7 38xk(- between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an hh jdu.jt8 z0mvam)uc( d71(hamino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a1 vjhtjzmh(auh( .d)m0cud 78t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas sxku z.ag:ns**n1h,rcan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,(ivhg m3t*q/b/u pg66kq k zc8 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can midcg. jr / /.i1.xear$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whazx: u1bg55cu 0b6r ;mf kzaw2en the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) za15x rwac6 gm2:fbuu;0zbk5 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) qcq(l z-m7-cs.1ve ykif the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatc.ymqzl7sk1 c eq-v( -ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils alb 183*i wvbdn s/rnnj-roy) /v/ock f 3xt53kt 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the up6h*oe k q1;118 dmohqu5u w.xdu j8bmountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempoh6 1 1wje8duhx u*q;dmub85opuk.q1 erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 5; drhcys1jl 15-azl l.dnl1h 4:fobe;30 Pa and the r11s;ll o1cynd:bdz lrh5;h.jefl4- a elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of:kemm iey575 +qd+r ud water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cook-g 3hhn )0r*kqd3:9nm vbcrxter if the water is boiling at a tempera x:0nrcdmv3n*-) k rh3qthg 9bture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluc -h1m4xoi5 lgry; gttd;j*y.me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de9e2 ejkzd,vo,w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecula) xzliox+ 20je (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc 0oa+ l)jxxi2ze of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of int,xko ..o, lecsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional a,ec ot,.l.koxrea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beioyh)e0++ 42br-4 u s qcpvykgen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratlv:*e o 5fii6oed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at -k4yat :dn2fmnormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the fy24- dka:tnm water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyrdju-i5 s po/hr:hm)bry) 6:j linder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains ind puhi/6s- )o5:m rb) yh:jrrj the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m3z+s/.7z)d-gi omunbunw lj+ , width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is-j ubg+/.s ) 7udlznz3mno+iw 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densi aqxgut886 fzpeeusfn8wfa**x, )8c:ty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is * uxjntub )j;:aboutb)*xju;jt n u: $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m rdnr,tf z2p9:below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicklyr2dt :9zfr, pn rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmidg9o99 )3nm nrw+ af67ogl rposphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) string + w997ln)3d6frg a9poimroking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increah xexd,,.tlcl7v .cab35 tp .wsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume off+ ;lp, ethk, mr)mhr(za7vl1 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospherid.j:anvoqm69s+8 cxha r nd0s +ex 9v9c pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate th9ex6no: adm s.q90rsn +vdxa8 c+9vj he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroger3)cch ieb;6yrg0 zs*n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaug8s-o *ey1pt) mm4de,obg t 3cme pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) anm1dgb4et -*cp8 ymmo)s3eo,t d at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlhg4 lv5.+x 4rtsf b;qe of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli6 kjbww 9;nbo6oy8( o sf7oogc;k1j v9ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around thokzg7vkk7zd/1m -- gde Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontocjbhapdqe3 gic 6sl20 /i,-1o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t zu )lhsnuy(*/he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20m*enc vir.d j2 yu.sy20,epe9 $^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froma9b*7 e mmr2t siyg:a)phg: 56 m7nkmb the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thosh,.*5.hh,yik hlfc rown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a ma*h.sk.hl5io fh , h,ycss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericale1os kfugo5c8 r.nsep*d8:7x ) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature issg8*.pr8esx1:necdf u o k7o5 constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followif:*e t,swz/rk m 2+xqrng two days: +q*sr/wkm :, z2frtxe
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is y 1jk.cd)d:new pzh* j.n )8aza solid deep in the Earthz :e 1ddnwj*nkh.yp)8c .)jza where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons ws+rl wc8fh ;9d0tl3wtant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to9 fs+l;0l rct8hwwdw3 $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent r z87mxgo2s b3cot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 208 7bogxmzs32c$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg