Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodichfh*ic00 p*pm 2p)b1yme0alb table or Ap00be blm1 cfy0pm a2hh)*p*ippendix B.

Name several properties of materials tuglm.n.ol8 j2)olu l57bk1fthat could be exploited to make a thermomet25ltnl.u ogml 7 o jk1blf8.)uer.

Which is larger, 1 Cmsf, 8l)dsbk;bcl,u- 3 8v oxu $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi7; iwptjt -i ibb9d ohrq11ufj+7zg, 3th system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturesbitq 3jr1+ub-9p7 d;tg ihf 1w,jo7z i of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip5td-hvpkgjq1t/o.f v:.o q 2s consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the svf t:g2vqh-o5qdsjt 1ok.. p /trip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear+ifjw hm;; +yf expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram hdn(b7y4i .:c2dqtc x of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device co 4xd:q bi2c7.h yct(ndntrols the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often h e(.9.iwkai/ fjo) gthave a section in the shape of a i.g /fok(tah j.9e)iw U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at:eryp, 1a-eh1d cjd t, 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pla jr-:ax0b)m wf*0o2e80pi dnizw,la rced in a hot tub of water, the mercury :0brf20)o w w rpxenj*mz80i, ali d-ainitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bregxcq ms7*f0 )sak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacensmc*f )sqg7 x0t parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thattj4 y 2y,2vpdyux9*ry its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the i ry9tydu2j, yx*y 24pvncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, aun8tulhxf6xn byx+r;3; 1 n5-x-lpp rccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so fkv0a+1txpv iz2.ki-l ,0wrcda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will k2- +.zpc0wl1t vkif,0xirvanot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing do42 1otyp;hjyhri; dz4wn a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum pjd1r 4 tyzo;4;2yhhiof molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water in hd(tu w02j)jxcrease or decrease if)hw x0du2(tjj the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory losb7 n9h-t +ta90hqlu;l .duand the relation between average k.tbhhl 9t0+ n9od-l;usau7lq inetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fr5;hnz2cb4gk q om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eard i,5zlj 8 *6 lqlyva3xjm(td-;td-fxth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havlzka31tw5k 3x+du+h dg qs7u)e to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicalx3l 1d) h53qk7ad+gskutzw +u ly no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quic(6 yul nz,)kp dte+wv,kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proper,p,( ez u6kdltw v+y)nties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo.jc9(gc ussi 9u.tr9irtable than a hot dry day at the iu.r 9j9gc ic.t9 su(ssame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at rooccpy* sl.bl4el.zi4ze ( i5a/ y3j8k q37qoqym temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when thevk;b()c g. izux 1hgmgq.rz3 4 air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more (xg mqi)ghkc z3ug;14 vrz..b dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tomx t/ umti:e30 open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engite/ um xim:3t0ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig d7 0zingn(c7r. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppb u2kwo cj6,*eer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n.9x-1a13zwbq wror k icg7wiq 7ul0 ,6wack4p umber in a silver ring of the sa3 w9w4 ikbwa lr07i cpwqk o a1ru7.zc-1q6g,xme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiu rivta pib1olx,) e l3f;sr5-)s scale?t)bv,erx) fi3ols;lp -ira 15    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anr d -jemqpoe*am r/ f-b8br + b06nl/hfs.(/srd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11. byrgp3v ogp h .e+be.(ji7q,:82 cm at 0.0 eebj .. i,(yprgpbog+3h7qv :$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo am1rwi2( hjvbs518x dng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig.de 7l yt-x4. qt(;ytnx 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tyeq xy7x4l.tdn -(; ttemperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often jyzqk /kpi (p*.6nhpxw9- zz+used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in q6p*znx-9.z pij ykwz+h kp/(the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ;gt--a ybiq :nlx :+/2zkg0ee (oukte $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in zxtw1 9 6w3hktdiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is zxh61w3twtk 9heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o6 7gfmb98i tmmf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a-,/c bei9x+j k6f0ka xrgp4d jt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of irz4 xn*(ueua+6dx hd4g on. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, 1 kmajp vw)*sfad4hbnx467a* u7x j;anarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient oam6xxn p4bf1)7h4sv wk jaja ad7u* ;*f linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densibb*a4 nhv/q orkahzy : cb9)eb5s*p+; ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiwlzl s+:m 6tf7ent of linear expwst7m lzf6l+:ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sogypj0ne(2 8udow22rb0lt : zt lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe 4 3l9g/ymapycrfect time at 1a/pcg94 3ym yl7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer 5vb6f9+ lcvc p a5yolxqs-.w fbn0)4dhas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb lf.4o5 +c-b fpylcvb 90v6ans xq5)wdhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4l4d sczqx:+l;o q-zq- 1 m is rotating about its axle on fricti -xqds+q:zoc- zq4ll ;onless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1qwv (blg3o0 4 unlc+jq+ api o;3c8*uj5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at tho8ogq u(;0 3luwbnja 34vql+c *cij+pis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel 0qyz5 d/ g a6j9hji2srI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1boor.1(tgm 2t22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kx5nqe vt96:gi/ wi ikkh(p:l :qujo)2elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scp, nq:xte4l c)ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in)bd tn7 jgj o6jf.(a+tterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos7ul-xkc(um4 q pheric pressure and a temperature of about 2q- m(u4kuc7lx 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasba-/neq;d4v p law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( gjn.l: yrxii.o0 d( 9k0nlmm1$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.63x:orei7r m.onf ba*5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli ;8jif ,rvy oh26(mn nty+yi+num gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdingoqsbk;qn5 1b. 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K? nqqsokb.b5;1   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k1sr4 zb hhw9fn52udx 8 7sl(uvg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air dd c*3g c3+lqiinside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppog33 did cq+*lcse the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air u3m 5t; +9ykr0ke / g2cgekmdpat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 182s-9 cw4cmxy *jbqh.:jmmy s6.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balljnac9d2uec 4/lh+ xm -oon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moo b v-o2u-zio:lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in( :1n00qpx m c6gb p9kjx3voasyinx7: 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number owtv kd bq;+; rej4p3kp)x5e )9apob4of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1,q:t*c 9nbu)nly/ 4 jtgz a1ta$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2tt )zph6h t7d0.jmk f:.0-L breath you inhale that were also int0d.hh6jt:z kt7 m)fp the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational ;nyhl4mdetb d(tb 8mzwx5*r5( 2po k ue0+ni1kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STi1o (zl mub dm4kehp(;xt05te b8+ndn5 yw*r2P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neb7r;18(y nn lsp suzdzf36er 2ar the surface of the Sun at a temperature of n;f( zdsn1eb7rsluzr 3682py about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incrn p,yblz 2j,o+ease if the temperature is increased fr, yo,jb zl+n2pom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unio7 mrljp:. -;pm x(orgts of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,m ;jopo- (.rg7:xp lmr 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas s:g9twyxi o4aa bd6; o-.tze+s*, fgjat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubledr0 . p/,djm76 2d yzfj,tpzlth while its volume is held constant, by what factfhpdzzy6d0jrtl mjt p.2, ,7/or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed oflqau5u,3l . svbz e5cy1f,7 :dx2astk molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempera cq5)+p*2l ur tv1lqz9r)qkfwture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equtk5 )qvw 1q)*qrllcf+p29z rual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nit3afv: pzq-v 1k)kuro6rogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe.w21j mw(al1 yl*pwb -a j: xuvac6eb11afso -ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenxt +y* qx+rbwbpjd 48) nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms b/iuq/ pfa(, l5 nxl7c kh0y)ospeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 ui(/ac/p y ob 7lxn5h)l0fq,k$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =9a5g d.h e/diy k8fk-n $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,o 1 h1 uaf+a*i(0isudy5oiw0 f $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur zbx)2p(zym.tz1.n rye, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem+asf 2b2*gu vzperature is (a) 90 g2 2z+svua*bf $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5mm/-/c tv5f5db;8b z vsxk81oqeh1d b0% on a day when the temperature1h-bfqtbsk5 5mz/ xd 1 8mdvo; v8bc/e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe-swi )mfw*;t dre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta(fy xp v*/xd+o/t:evtins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water xd+yt: xtv*f pe//v( oboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P+ yt5)opei t wqh0j:n2a and the rela:+5p2i)eo wtnj0y qth tive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of dnrlsuo 53x*- water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate presseh2o-)h a 7pwgure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120oe wga hhp2)-7 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume oiyg-if*jts.1ns 3 .i 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofy)g .3)ddfuw- zwyk (b iz/ol) 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse kro7i1 pp; wytni /4(ea distance of 15 1ntkp i(i o7 yrewp4;/$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c3zzv8pnwp1oxh d k; 4(alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional arepzox;p 1 ( 8ndv4wzhk3a of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2d * aof.,uj.)a0)n7pwjzpaetfp e2w -0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been 50 2l+sxe yh 8090er nbgtfwrwcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempera4 :nhj4)dee)mujyhm 2ture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool 4 4jem)ydejnhu :)mh2water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After + e a-yioadu:mn:swz- ewvjnt83d(70many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrease7 m: tn-juwy3 ia sanzoe8d0+d( e-w:vd to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, u4so. + g.y+o yx)sc(lsft3vj width 3.1 m, and height) yxfuslov4.j(y3 got+sc +s. 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ol0q(+sauwcy nzn9-h+ ef z0/q f matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using te +3rbrjw +57kqooq.khe best available vacuum techniques is aboutq+7k5j b re3woo.+krq $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belo fg)dk* e1ri/g3fdlvf 9 9*acqw the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ag*gffdr3iq9/ vefk9 d l*a)1 cdvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters nf( gl h1;p/* j3gxcwcEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle mwj 3p1ncxcfg*(l/ ;ghust be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110sey206ky8mei-0 +ax y5xf f4 )bwfltc$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mlt0s;auwd gy 8f3luq3wf;mvq h8;: o 9$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surf1:g3vhq0 gccaace of the Earth, estimate the total c vgq:a3 gch10number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculy : 4vk-9wwb f9go)upxes contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 200dq5 t l*oh-,yb0 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric press bd- h5q,ylo*ture, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl a9-h ukkj( p;w-fttamr: 1ks*of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli3, iw j 9 e1qlpvibrb:s*g)-rdne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equaf) j3nr2et nw.tor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onj2w7/q;loj x dto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, / a6)cfju 34gsh pkj5nzl )km*adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charuh)jtsd ezhfwj 8 o,m868+c j4ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth xr;wpo 7: uu;bis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrs,l9(uxc825xhgayvu1o xki .own vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thr1lx2 gs8.u(vkcx5yx a ,9uio hown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromc( q,k7i q kcp7d;iu:f a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Howiq uc q:,k;dicfkp77( large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo22+ o1o-c jx6pvceg hkc3kb0rwing two days: 3+v6ccg21e0p ok -cr2khbxoj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron awj r,8ae2x fn;t STP, and when it is a sr8fx;nw2e j a,olid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tot3 c s)x29wne(le ahj2 t9i7ao show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansie( ic3 x9 t9oantw sahelj)227on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantlvd2sfm q 5nljo6 cu50*y dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the celsuo nj05q m5l6v f2*dclar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg