Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum s, qobi/ -3wz ;epf:mf2p1 yd*tmps/g? See the periodic table or A zsp*1ms;py gem p-:2d fotfw/qbi3,/ppendix B.

Name several properties of materia4er*1)nq4)qdq bu bzqls that could be exploited to make a thermometer14qn)q4rzqq) be d*bu .

Which is larger, 1 Cz+m9kn cte7 k: $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sysav0-zp2akn2ee+p j n0tem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturepv020 k z n-a+p2jenaes of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wr-wb3y. eg2wlddre 4.hen heated, the .w - rw4 .dgbe23dylrestrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expaqf)1m+ldkt1o nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thern0x wqb .o6htaew528vmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the f 5bw6atwq 0v8x.h2oneurnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the e7 3a hw+1llaxvj(1 d2v)*ow sdclss5onds often have a section in the shape of a *ol1s v7 1csa(a2 sl+l) 5jwwoh3dvdxU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsr, .8d udkcild4ph7 4t in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in cnyl9 gt+f:m2a:m2 xf-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit fn9a+m:2l tycm f2: xgand then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one fcaeq: u. r (w(0of7wcpart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partsq ffau0:(wor7.ccw(e. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that i(6u ldyt(*z38 fc qxrsd./aujts coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13zrfd( cu 3y 6*at(sdxqlj/u. 8–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atqy0ie7 u) vn/-fyr cr3 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its+5ek ysp .las. bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hspy+sa5 . .eklappened?

When a gas is rapidly compress)u 0bu5. oijlmed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notin jmi .ul5buo0)g what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphqjht )u;vy5 6pere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inc6yhqupjv5 )t ;reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words howzfaqxd4* -v2f tvg 87f Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturx8qdgv7f4 av *ff2zt -e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thev3pu/my(-0zfpx,o nwory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rqgrg4)x 2 /ai/-jwn spatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an d90 -wc ij 2wqm+ kgymwr/3u1zobject must have to lea-0q w w /kzcd+2uigrwjm 1y39mve the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cajzv- flc, g;41kpw5di+i h* ghn you infer about the molecular properi,pwjl;1d h5gci vf+ 4-h* zgkties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day ldzp/ize j3 3e3sr: 0+st2p+x kmp9 msis far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp+j 3:sse3+3pz dpi09m/t2 eprzxmkl serature.

Is it possible to boil z8*;vk -,d c bxwou/3irdc4id water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i yi04, fcb;flgs the same but the humidity is different. Which,iff0 c y4b;lg is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open;vblwby ci;/v ,xv uceq;-7b+ the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginebw /x+ v cucbbv;li7ev,q ;y;-.

Why does exhaled air appeaj/ 9ux.-lf gef,kfi+ar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram co ,-vzc58yt icsfsq7;s b* puy8pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r-w mmda. jj 0:db s/m,fu5ubo6ing compare to the number in a silver ring of tbaj-o65b.uwd m:sm /ufj,d 0m he same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thisrpo9i2. j xp.wr(+hqs on the Celsius scale?(p iq.rr2h9osj w p.x+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 nysx359e8opg0j6(,.ywrmyolv j w9s 6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass ther ;v6fv6pl59j+xd s9 nzu qx,bsmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.vfp9u b+xsvlsznxqd,65;6 j90 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longehuw1 5jo /y.ji d.f(.0t sbi4yd,n qj (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig.r4fn 6ujtis2,lgwma 9u*. i0g 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Et . ai6n*ui2lfrjugw,0gm 4s9stimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets th y+*86 2roirlhthh qs+at are larger than the rivet hole are often used and thet8*+ r hr2ih6slqoh+y rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at slsbusjl9n*/*emb0l f1 x jht(0:s ;n4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will*x c/q3,ysvj . :ptgkcfw-:od be its change in volume if it is heated fromg*jd qfc- t,:3.s:w /xkcpvyo 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim go *3ay/94clj-1pac pq;i znewith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at bu v-q gal17xa( dp86d20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro5x1 nio3cc1cq1is 1 dfn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i*d)ou r; (7gczwokv l9t can expand in essentially gc r;o (v*ldkuzw)9o7one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densisdqv 1d;euy4 5ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of vsh+yee3e wn n+657dflength l and width w has coefficient of linear exwhd ne 37e6e5+ yn+sfvpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so2flag) pu dza72mdteyp73*9p) bt; z jlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of. :nxie au*q cq2q7h5a brass and keeps perfect time at 17iex 5 .aqq2q*nuahc7: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuyywszc(v8;o70-xjr:.ve tw o ry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo 7(v8 -szxj vy0 e.;rwwooytc:lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindqkrs*v8st6dnr a56a5 rical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictirsr*6t a8d savqn655 konless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howe a3t; 1fifu5/;hpa5 fxs-yfi much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature inca; a;5f/3sei1fy ff5uhtpxi - reases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beeli1 + 0xs5w dgb/uy9xam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12bet*sts b, 6 2fl/x;7fy( anuf2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ketlb )5+d h:knfc+ff)i ,zxj,wlvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera ff wt-2/tjsg)ture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000 e.s,mbaysm80h0li.nqlh .z *$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eodm 4.cwq3/-m v9z8i aqgeb/xhb-be)ngine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a-eg v8qx/mw -i.hq 93b)e/c 4adzbombbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ox0 wlvmdhos9 .m o1:as*ygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrof-2 ,lwxsdd a9m ,bwo*4;v 78cmdjcj fgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 zzdz. bp2y0)+ mnnl+p kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas )w1:gp( dfvheis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinbw:1 ru azk16og 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 ao :kwb1zu6 1rK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o ;.u+qrd2x 3vwzz.pi vf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air i/ -l9 +srr7:qddef inrc/ tv9jnside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon dtjrd9+qnei: f7 l-rr/ 9 cs/vis 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at2sq;uo2g6 4nuahv+*l ae o-n d 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0li s8r gn lpu57vg2etv-y+ui(j6n *3 z $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0qm*d nt62 zxyl5dcy:b(6u ;zw $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculqc1 a1 b+u8h5lozl f3les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water g g7mf9vbe x55are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of 1zjtbz**b2b9/yzl p v (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.5 u k)fedgihm-qlg4;q :sl8 f01$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculeb 1tk6j7yenlybgozn c9y1(b -(9ul8 js of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityot8 (gjb b6znulk11yj lb c9-yy9n(7 e.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagejv)un5y cdnz a:7(id6 translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPvd7zui)nna 6 (5:j dyc?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nc. j0rd d: / bw7/zzk/(tmmsbpear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000jd b ://z(zp t7w dk.c/smbm0r K.    m/s

  By what factor will tzj1w/nse9 )k dhe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrsnw1 zj)d/9e keased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, k: 7h2 o83 dgqaghyt4pruz+m(0 dpthghm3u:qa+( z27r k4 o8yg, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesl(b3y6c nnr4- 3mi;do- tdlen in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is 2xdpn5c 4qf fa2kc0tvz/m*3r doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor *tmd05x2c ffv rqkpnz3ca 42/ does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gat agq/lr x.54xs is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thm y sembr(tbbbp1 y )b/v+zddu57(3 9se ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inb3bzv1(/y b+p (5y9m7 )tu ersdmdbbsverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containej7h, 3 qr) mzwphi, u81yblg*z0jl:qsd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculeu4 b-o4ybw(w2s urz;a at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculerjw): g8ws k0mt6 j,yos at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inw,94ib)u/6dznxi ot,k-x jkl : rt:x q a living cell at9k ,xjxi-w ut4 r6qn ,:xb kdi:l/z)ot 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P lu z.jikvp8bvs:3 /c9= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniut txbyzz)x+;)h8nc -./b v-xz udvot9m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can b2y; :awnusl .02qo xt$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ih, gh1xmqru75s 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 1m7, gxrhqhu590 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ifxshqk fz+8 1s3 the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatuq+8z1 ssx kh3fre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils az d, -p9k:t+hns3hue mt 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 qk2b:v6dhyq (atm, estimate the temperature at whyqd6: (b kvhq2ich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of px5l upqqk5op-s8)lxn- o( y/ water is 530 Pa and the relativ- 5)ypsqp kx5 n 8(oou-ql/pxle humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water onqajtl3-9n2g98h o qbn a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a 8 -x 2i:zf f/08ttgq8ojoz.sgstc7 mrpressure cooker if the water is boiling at ./s8zrtctz0f:x g oot8 qf-s 7i28jmga temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume yk0;ciq 3cl z/680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oao ubz2wp/2gu)/n49sb:e im q ds 72amii7+rtf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a p,cmtnqi(rn oe+-. j 3glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 nj3qio, p-+(er ncm t.$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of,. m+ph:o xkuw insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lonpu .hxm,+: kwog and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib6f9ny al i+b)jrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been j s09alc;+tm4 zoc3decalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temp9uhrqw ksf64 .erature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, aqu kr 4.6h9fswt 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylizf2g 1s w:q1vdnder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remainsz1s 2v1 qf:gwd in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a 9qqrhn2)g-hwu f fti23:;k yjroom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperi 2r t 9q:2gw-kfu3 nqjyhh;)fature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about ogsj1m/blm2a +ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availafn.rmxh*1gc.0qj z1qsaoy+z+ wy;)j ble vacuum techniques is about xomns zfa qj) rjwg;1+qh+0.zy* c.y1$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills 2yo sz:* mujtgz i,3lbk4mmm9,):uzohis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfac mm*,b)um,zmgk3 i29uo ojtz: lzsy4:e, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at ac/4 3chk:6d8 0 f+pszx;rf xrr;a sqlf speed of about 400 r;f3ah:qf+6ssczr;k d /lc r4 8fxxp,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas ic 0r rk/by /s8s:62so+1svkw1 odyqty s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of htm i)m 1zj(nnx05n ,n0v4pvh 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the6 yo ftt3ml0 )1 p1ogm-0rj;osolxo4w surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea1tl3tp-;o04mg 1 r6w oomxsjfyo)o 0lrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesq6wumfmi 6n pw:jy,x05 nk- 0r contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a tjoa*0( lb /nmw17cgg d59nsshospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is 7 lcgt9mda( j/b50 wnos *g1snconstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl +ofp anzr :g/;of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol yd:0n+zd,+(y b1 hts2uwrnfwine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around thbzkwe)*g3 ok 9z +jna;e Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto ip7r1 u-k2cija glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted f*d.r:w 1,bxikx/lw 33 +nspsze( vpqin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 6pbtqe jtov;o5pk dur/c 7tx.i1;4 .iatm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E28v yy .r uc08fao3jf0 ykt2hzarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aglbx fgy+88 i/qfz l*5fk+sso,ainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it.5 lks8lyszqf xfo*8+/,gf i b+ How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases eeikhog:v93enfy,4yl 2;(ud a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constanehfe;9ko, glv4n :yi3e du(y 2t at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water(4u0r j+eq g4uzjcey v10y51 ytukg1d vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: (ej5+v4ytey001 ygguz q4 rjukc1ud1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STlu 4l1lbc, u.xP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isul l.1 ul,bcx4 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas y5sti 5i(fp ,vlp 9 sv7nu9l 8u+l5awaat constant pressure, the coefficies5nv ,ufp y9 8lslptu7w59+la5iav (int of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to p6/wlqa)-r hosrevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at sqao/-h6 )lrw 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg