Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or1sq3sa2 npdu5qn-o+ 1 u3:fa3t 5z dr hcqj9rt 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenda 5r9z pdfqc:n32tsd +as3h qu qu5-o1njt3r1ix B.

Name several properties5hc3:okwp 9f kju q5m) of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer. kokj 5 f9:q5)mucph3w

Which is larger, 1 C b,3ozkrp3 3r cr 8-omt$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equils p9 arxgla74zv xg44*ibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you 7 4*9 agvazpsgxl4x 4rsay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum y st m 6kh;us*,.3uo vkqftm2+riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on t;kukyqth+,sf*mmou .st263 v he outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansinhdpiuc2;;9 x on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosta n2vuzpcz)3i 0t used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). p 3nv2ziu0)zcThe bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have axa8k/v8 q/t/ht bj-ec section in the shape of a U. vtjhx/eb-tak c/ 8/q8 Why?

A flat, uniform cylin -bc8zn2xet * )x4 dez4x.gsp ukpqf02der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa/t;nzb o)f3ybter, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expf;ob n /tzb3y)lain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra8nv 5g h d,5+yi0ixout(pa 9fcpidly than adjace+0ti9auog( dic5fhn8 pv,x 5y nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expans;2jo2dnbxa;7:t:h0y:hz3dr ) baa) zocfbboion is much smaller than that for ordinzoya 0tj 7oacaoh22; :;:)f brxb:z )h3nbd bdary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock m*7m2x a;pom fm wd-aow6kk40, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top tol.p( /, bdbqnd gh-5ke bulge so badly the can will/gq5he (pbdb.- kln,d not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (saytod3) up7lq;f 4kfdi2, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of tp2;4uiq) o7fdl fdk3molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increar2,yztoake r, (;gwe n88 olc7se or decrease if the temperature eyrclge,zknra o o(w8,;72 t8is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law f;x x ml6wc*4ycqr6o;w93+ rto3 u/ar -efjnofollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic uw j/3;rt ox ry +qf6xfoo*9 n3re;c46-a mwclenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gb:zqu 4dqg3 7 w+auux.ay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in orm mf8lc,;t5n 2shn2 the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ea8/2oov s+e5 v eevu+qprth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is 2ueves+58 +/eoqvp v ofor the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempuyumy.vx9ydsfce7e1+3fs0 )erature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiefc9f701. 3yd+y sumsv)ey uxes of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mj-80 jzwc9iod+3q fvbore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.qbcvw 0ojd +zjf39- i8

Is it possible to boil wacn1xa p) 92qzc2t;yvl ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatfr:c0a m ww7n;ure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more df aw7c0w:rnm;ense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovfo tz4jc oj+g pq)(0t wp5gi5;erheated automobile engine. )wgq f4zc tpg5o5itpo0j;( j+

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clf lzx6 2jpbd- *kn)oxk:bt3e1 oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a /kb(lpmwf vw(y48kx0 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of6d4on1vyhx 7h( w2bzc atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of cyonh 7dx1 ( z24w6hbvthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What um *)fnm/,ikbis this on the Celsius scale?f)nki/bu*m , m   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tec8 x- m7kghsp9mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, :me*cozud;bbd91 jc6p-i)a r5cwmk9o6i ec6the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.:6 o6i;)w-ab * dmcjrezm5i6b9p9ek 1cdo ucc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bh.qiz:gl( do3uilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.vi 8 l(qbd 2 ;vb4,u*vby1aczv Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aa*,48vbil b;b21zv(cvu y qvdverage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lar:;vs epjr;c.hger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) b pr; hsvej;.c:efore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 z;w6 v*v6 hwtax y zger**ep(4$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will- /urtsd:cow ) be its change in volume if it iu)c/sw ort-d:s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of yc j(u.ms gp2/water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at/-/:i +neaeykab+ q jl 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 -e 3ow -iw3wheeb2f0 y$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i i/obsm/ loavctd6/,5 t can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of li/ti/lb s ,aoocv/md56 near expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitygbn . jubv* rhbligg*x -rp 70f66rh l2y4p,,e $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wid+s5, +eib,p)c+4r w dh ojrzuath w has coefficient of linear expanh p,z+re4,cui os+r)w d+5abjsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solm 8uyga7t:e 32pp 9 eikqc*sb:id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and vosws44 v d ndq4n j5 +pw397cmzjcl91n3zje0keeps perfect time at 17 0 jz4l35dmq j1e4zn s9wvwcsnnpv47 cj3+ 9do$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamety.)cwvj +tlq (h;iel8p yv )/der of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumhc)ld( iw8v)y/ ; p+etlvy.jqe of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whfx+ ivcbm.,awd / h8;k 6i:bmsme-ga 0eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on friction+b ;eim/ mi wm0v gas8-fc6kda:,.bxhless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dewy cdp5 5bh2s;lr(zx2sired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the t lx22bzpc5hdwr5(y; semperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel m2k i- d 2s+wntckha(*I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at7)*/* emexgp+ dtq lz lq7xuz/ 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on th*. ax)x hvgoek -6hmz:e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheituz/hz :h s k7sx9d5wh4 scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the st.oxtndyf 8z ;1 :kbg (t1ow8interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressureh,zihs;mv; . g and a temperature of abh hs gv.;zm;i,out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitylg78o*0)2znwa olfak of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 9.1 csuojnrj; 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o5)qf dp)u+kz fjks.j;f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1a7x*nnkoqa85g8ku 6hysg5) x 0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contain 0k 86bip va)hle,b0 ajbu*5c3nyh1mcer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3jl abke3c*8yb1p500imhh, ) b nuva6c85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg . ap/cv*wvx64 ;dqm)k io /tegof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatingez;j)) wwb sn9 the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloo ewz)9;b)jnswn is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ax0 dg/d(-21naslngg6:epd y i oa +p3tt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.15h*b ge6wzj lnn+i vht9.a o,0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escap dn5:j5k4kqdyh 6pj0tes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec 3pj zgb;1g73*uxy9rrncdn1o ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mz/,2 .sojmuc py.)+fh yijfqe9.i d4n any molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (op m/jor; d7s.a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum+wb/x3gola8z ; -hk xce 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculescpe c fv8p95e kg:o):y of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high anpep9):: o5cg8v yk cefd of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygenqnbo-uxz b.2; molecule at STP? b2z;on.xqu -b    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the b2b) lom:skk0 Sun at a temperature obs:bm)2 k lo0kf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i8i(ti6pm5x+s2 8mj zdr3zmx is increased frs +tm52zx3j 6idxi (mi88 rpmzom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,g+z; 9ns5 8v )rgcapfb 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp gv;s9g)ac 8 n5fzbp+reed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol6nr6 /ir1hgf3xnz ;+b lbhin(;so c)becules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan*k.pb n*;/uht,v n xtbt, by what factor does ,xb;p * *tuk/h vn.bnt$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givk;b0ew- ufp:fe(mm 74 ia9 iwfen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempet 0bx/ s,09phcn,e aun0 kdmw;rature, the ratio of their rms speeds is abnd,0hu ms9e/w; xckp,0 0ntequal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in gt u.yzxi:p5 dekf/+v:o3 ymphdg3.4an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu 806wb 1(heulujfau(w, j j3lcle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betw /q)6a.oizc lq,(k fr 8eigzv5een nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spee peag2+k8pr2u jezmuz2fo5)) g0k 4 ifd of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celzpg 0e5)geuiompf +zk) rj 22a2fk 48ul at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu3,anrrw vc 7z8)y7p(y ,mkew ) ,rilqvre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu8fhedw )/ev3kaixdbvvn9 2 vj; 58zc)m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, umhndevh*rc-5/, x ;iin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatd0ojau ; o(yx9b.3b fve8wf q7ure is (a) b dob 7w;3089xyf eau .(fvqoj90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approq bsgl* u -i7ssy;ww*,ximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatuygl swuw*sq,b *s 7-;ire is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waraw4dcu47g3 8s7 4e:z(wgf sns skwsk3a 91mo ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 us msun10h5k/ d4ify0atm, estimate the temperk0 siyundhs01mf5 /u4ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of w9syb053 f49d b pyi8pfh,nomfater is 530 Pa and the rem s 349 5fybopnf9b 8dpf,0hiylative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watervsl-5-ci8l 1y7yrq sm on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker i usg0 qql)9vi2f the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 is 2gvq90qul) $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol +s zcr75,ncw0q6 nqduume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of alabw2n5v; ,nx2bb9k t ik8y25 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinei-cl uuvn6u :oa6o 1;v molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a di ano;ul:6oi ucv-1 vu6stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiw-. vb3+qwhmi or through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sect3ihw .-b+w mvqional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibs,o;9.aqyps 3afuzm )rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca*;4i pjv4lg.* c fjzu,w kv-6 ;qewoeklibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturb:aw r6:zr dki, hc 4g fpu*fs5d92ik/e. How much error will be made in a fraz2: i*wc6bdi,9kh fs5kp /g4: drurecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 zst k 4(bn579 pvddbid,f;v5 katm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wha;i d (bk7 5v45fb pntk,9dzsvdt fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of 2 kcwjox*.vr( air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp*.j(o2kw rvx cerature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d0 vfh qag8s43iensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vaavq3 uddl3,b) cuum techniques is about3auddv3l b),q $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ozt*sh 8 15pal,zwq,iv 4x9 l(p bpntd+f 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rod 8lwzv9qi 5( a*p +p,tshz,b1nptx4lse to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frdrgb wtj,u-zb6hfq(q(y 56v s5 h.1yiom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of g5qqbdtyjz -1(r.5 (whui,6yb6hvfs this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1bu5k ka 02t5y u)0r6uc6 lrcll10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumepdtpc- /gnm0y0m/wog 2ky( u) of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, gzya h;uoih9ep8pux 2 s9:57festimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth e8h9oa5:f 9izph7;yuxgpus 2’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in h2c;1 2 wvlgt;f*xu;x2qp1 p zrmi+bua 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of p 1m2utymzn1 fvm/i92oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How zi21p9 m u2nvytm1m/flong will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquiw xj3 s5j5zc:vd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolz7elwpp)nxsy9k,4ehn4e ; + uine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equat4z)a e2il+qi7 ewi4mru7mi;j or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas5(6g.g3dblari6 duoc s jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1t x37)zg00 igm7o7ws wnrbh5: ktr- qa8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has d,2)h x0mppis8 4zmvwa pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i2h9; ze 5kg,gqtfle6tx 9jefg(0s :w ys $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againstd6+ vd3e9pi.n u9mxar.yd 6xz gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, ax9+ivnrd. dz .xemd93yau 66p ssuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases amv: qeol(;9zm 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature i9mlmqz ;:eo v(s constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followdo j//t7jdag1lit4 do5wn/l , ing two days: t dgojo/da l7j/t 4w,n l1i5d/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffe2lrf0b(i+rb /gq 6 gt bq44 4muegi;cyrence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in mb y+tegf i40rqu ;4/2c rgibblg4q(6 the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show9ipvr8y *l5guo0- :v3 iiwyth:dn4i h that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t oi:hwv03vp5n8: rh4dly* -yu9gi t iihe coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.