Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg (-b,wju m r0 af 5coorx(o(i9yof aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bfouyj0( (xcb o 5i9-( m,orraw.

Name several properties of materials that could be 3tdfhc5gndz5ob ,1cs8t14bh exploited to make a thermomete sn5h 14d18 f c5,gz3ttcdbobhr.

Which is larger, 1 Cdvk27 4 x:pxefpb wo97 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B q 1ym,. h*jkecis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, jeyk 1.*mcq h,B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetov (*,f.9waw1vx cn5uou b)e fed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal veuo) vb f 5fwa1cw9n*u,ox(.will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expani/ b:jn 16ocetsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpl(nov o il: *r )lrms9bs)k02sxe thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conduc nmkor ls0 ):v9(bso r2sli)*xts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s9zpk6 c3) lwechape of a p3cel9w)z6c kU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0dd,2enezh5;/ td mlwva3 2ex 6 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pg + dds ,c5hn9d*+ddaayhbm**laced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially d *9ddy acmdh,s*b*d+5ng h+a descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may breaedww40 zjl5 jc+r+nvb yq;2evsv+k63q65pfmk if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expla vf26 s6nbe+k55 vlqvw dj; cwq4ym3j+pze +r0in.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficieniky.;xkxg5* ayo+ vcg 5m-5if t of linear expansion is much smaller than thg oc5gm 5axxi+ky. k 5iy*-;fvat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clr) 3rmqa /3ikzock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge )s,8tuh zhgh.w 6bc i5egu3u/so badly the can will not stand up. What has hzcitub/ 8 s),w g5u6uh e.3hghappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dpm ij:v-cm:8tv: xo5e own a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they stmvx::5:civ -o8 em pjtrike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water innch h+m-yy ;8wvxk511ut bgx:crease or decrebtyw -g1:;851mh vnyh xc+uk xase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relat vql1;mtzg w2 6uz1)03;e url dtnm,ywpp yd51ion betwed)5v zl q 3y,2d11;nrgwpm uzywp01tm utl6e; en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’ogxn ok0 / 7ev:zu-kr6s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartcem8v3mi ,a t10wsa3 n vmz03ah’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tf63tl( yi efq53f tcpjz -)wm:he minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmqy 5t(e)cptjz:i- f f36l w3fmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mo6 qxvn8bv11 q5 x-;qq ce3yrms)7dziz re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proper1d8ens6xbmz y rqqq)q7;vv5i3c -x1 z ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hu6d jbasqe9uy */*sm ; r5bddthj/p6.vmid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the .s*t dm*e spj6/u6 ar;dh d9by5vb jq/same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tt)3 z7p(bumq/ 8qe yzrx+u.jvemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i6q/-egfx * ijys the same but the humidity is different. g f/jyq6xi- e*Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rhnft xyk 3ru,ga7+ 4r1adiator cap of an overheated automobile engau, 3krx1y4t+7hrgfn ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. uo).i3j6 z ixj13–28)?

  How many atoms are the psf+j)4 6ip:lq/srsi3;mex-c dy/ ubre in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring p **ev.ws+ddq compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masdq.+e *ds*pv ws?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tv ws7ezcdvg t4m;1c(c z)q ./qvx, qg/aken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?z vg(csqwt,mq)c7xed g4; 1v/./cvqz   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rvp d8(m-b9tetecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cva e0nhhz9hm*t-phs;m(nz+ 6olumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 v-6hhp tnahz+* m h;enmz 9s(0$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonk4xdd3 3pq/pry )hf2fg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13w7rzt ce:7hq jp -r5 evsv1l g.):sr;h–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Esvv- rrh: psg.w q7j7 cel1):zt r;eh5stimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th y,oe-d;t 0c/eb1ece he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diametereeo,ceh/ b;et1c-0d y at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water8 aws6ye it.e ,xo,2klmn(qh( at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.w+ p (/q5yfkdp)jqyllb 9k 22q75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heat)9lqp2p5qbjk+2f/kyydl wq (ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b15v8ciq -yrl wkp :pj5rim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL op-s v wh4vkjxa8axp.+ 9yvs;3 f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed ingw )7mbse0cf wo0l w0- a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow iv6d5 vucd,(q cf48yb vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficiecb,(cv 58du4dv f 6yqint of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changezt-z.;c u qlz29.fkxozx;*ykxu c*0k in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h tl)9tti -oc1cas coefficient of linear expansic -i )ltc9ot1ton $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, r0n kd3tyrt 17+nntf:$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect th sz(*8,fikt: ry ue7aime at 18y7k,eazs: tu*(hf ri7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametjxf t5bv71yzc fv3o7w u;. /wxer of 0.140 mm. The bulb hasv5xwzwxt.7u1 cvf7of;j/ 3by a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rota9lxji8rom/tpd; lao jifrv6-svy ).z .:c+ 0vting about its axle on friction/laz fstr .mioop x -l;d6j8iy .+vjcv r0:)v9less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requ1j)z drgq3*miw;if udv + w1a1 i(k,xuired to keep it at this length if the temperatvxi*1rziu;dw jg1 f3a(kd, mu1q+)w iure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arz8uhq02ef +qh6 fp 8pfea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c ;da.qlx/ k.-akh)/,r wb bugsm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sc jz 2)psogw sv,1n,fe-a/3qfsale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal cu0crrd+zrk q1 156qve?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Suqg(fu+./1j y zx0xcu fn are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and ag0r0sp8q p/r29dhp 1kqen0 eev:lh i8 temperature of about 20isq8 0n 1g0rdv2lh:8/k0e 9ehqprpep$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygeo3oee/ 0t r.nesd1 x l0i1ceq*n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nf- y8iq6rbr*q o8smo3itrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitroy e f1;qfle., +5tgsujgen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10xr p /vr-:)js9 )a2ym 96oraxbyem;b h.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a2u66 8nm muvktws*j(nt 385 mj k8*v tu(2nwnm66usK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 /h3xyntk2 lo).;gdpe kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air iyro;h 0uy4; si4xb vj-nside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonbiy vx y;;oh4 4su0jr- is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with abe; tv 3bdh;2wir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ebzyy/qix5 //gkz8flb88 w e) $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at se h:mtzenzp -9b+o; l9w4 vwjl9a level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / c. :fikesfg-)$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waterhbl2t w ,g6u(g ns7jy7us a-9j are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molek,3m+j *(yq p oqopn7os,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume xp(z r3obuz (on// 9hqrp e*f(5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha:m-wcabfrnnktr;yvit74-r .+ o- ; bj t were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of ontnyfm;rab- vw;-- k.4i7 r:rcj+t bconstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at h-ar(jk+n su+1b+ b zwSTPwu +jn+ ab1(kz-sbr h+?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms np*z3p q+ eavzo*suyj5; 39tzsear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 p3y 5*ta jzz9pszs 3qv+*oe ;uK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed omph/yp1a u4 4cp0 kjc7f gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 kpm h0ac cpup4/j1 4y7$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, xo7e wmuy*q:9s6s j4h1xec4 a 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, an ese9:u x1*oxh4j47cmayw6q sd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas aln1/2iy icrfk4 co x/hd2buc s)oj4s 7k)ub61t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, b3ycrhx6pa*w - y what factor 6ychxw*3p- ar does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed6f z4mzj9-i6tfxc3s*p vla5 f of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gaseo,d wq*,3 ufspas)o.ts at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal,), pq soudat*wo .f3s to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogea:pl5 /l/qf 9)dc/ze3ayw;ewaq)rvgn molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mogg- a;019fyct mo v4odk7* zutlecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at n/ vpi 4-zfsv+1 jn-emSTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m -o8kxrh,raf8ass is 89 u in a living cell at 37-fh8x8 r,arko $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cak vp:3 vdjnr3+n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6n-x3pc h-gk2j jbzga jauih i:/+42bum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases0 :kinhb -y8mnkj sa:7 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 v6 .9.i3zlipnkghi y)z *bta9 atm and the temperature is (a) gv 6z)y.btaii l93 i9p.h*nzk 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hu/5e;u3ai6r:n f *ym ,pnogw. zd0qhgnmidity is 50% on a day when the temperatq n6dhng w go*mn,;iae.z0/rup 5y: 3fure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water;9 w2ua pexdr-k n-1cn boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7k nex,fplrhl.;. xw+52 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilx,.f knh5 rwp;.+xlels. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P(o e;64g ojzcea and the relative humidit egoc jz;oe(46y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water omi99) tb q xfbfq+ 57eeohz7s,n a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insideg 8 3xozxmt curdjl)g(kw(+) - a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12ugt xg8m(d+o -3 zx)lr)cj k(w0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room olrwx9w) vg++n 8tv)hs f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of ,y z+ssudmmnsk9635.6f qjrs 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neeamx mwlo :9 e/dl7woe65, d wt.gq76aeded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disa5tm w : em6dlw e7w/ o9l,od.6qax7getance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insect2 jacqxc0,jk9 s to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crosc,q j29jcka0 xs-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuu+ax 3 dg)s0rure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrateo)+t7;ey5 odrhgisg-u a03g ad at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperk12 sjj1wxmr;) ohl2c ature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wateh2xcso)l2; rk jw1m1jr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas ,:zl9bb3(ep,2 +kl bacb5 np 2bz dvvlcylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 a :bbzz5l3c an vdpeb9vl, bl2k+( 2b,ptm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of 8cuy9 o 0mi,czq 7cf06xxz6siair molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumex i0fxi oz9m867czy 0s,6cquc the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte52 +b6x9;yvbni ngezp vr6 u(er is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is6 538j;*vrcrnh+la l ox (cwgl about8ngacjh5vl3lxrw +l*o( ; cr6 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 3,(7 yzh sbbp5ncg4oc 10 m below the surface, to wha4z7bb (pc5 ng,o ycs3ht volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of (fl),ipt-qglsp-*1+ i3 4 vwwbpbg rgabout 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrqp, g+bfg( p rip4vlisg l*- -w13tw)bogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incref9y5hwhn,+v gased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 79rlfr 8 cj7l5mxicmr u1/b.4e 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmsg6rq+0pyc u) w89ycqospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate they0qy 6cspqgc ) ru9w8+ total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a i2begoob1q +afy (*al f/lip. v,u)i;7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure jdf3+ p+gfvl w,031xsu:f uyv3b0 eic= 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, meabclv d 1g 3feipw ,vfj033yf0+xsu+:u sured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu;xhi k/xfj. vi*9l(wb id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a7a03u e /,owrtkkq gk xw5e-,jt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the 4 g55*x)ktd5h 9scqb zmvbc 9cEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly o8as j.kg-uor6nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adcdiqgs6 mdb;ry . ;8s-opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1i8nzq 9+qk.je95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thezs;; g z)e4uh)3ry+qlpfx4q o Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenmi7,c),zde lonis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg ad,) ,m zcloe7ind are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbleyfgoef7g: 0 4b of air from a depth of 14.074eog:0f bygf m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following(c ;:f3*kdautwr ro 6hosz5,m two days: * fzrd6ota rwc3,: (5u;hmosk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron v2t/5 i-+ )kg cieaxsrat STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperak5g sa2)i/c rt+ ex-viture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant ptwcilx:af*g 5rf;ks*vnh 3o c-2j y1 -ressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to -;gsvfkrfi: ya**xlo1 nw5-cjhtc32$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to4n(dy.n: qjqp prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar n q4dpn (y.jq:in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg