Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perioh+j7.a+ae7xhze+l w d uq7 bp)dic table or Ap)h+7pa xjz7e +ulw d+e7ha.bqpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet9pc0v1gj/m /igb; *izou.mmx b . zc0 u iopg9g*vxij1/m;mm/er.

Which is larger, 1 Ca4o 6 b0hjxp0w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equi-/fc*eijhxvo 2q9 c7 ilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, x q/o7vj*cf i2ec- ih9what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iy90orguw8pqmy8 et vu9:vfn.t /, 6dm xi 3i,cron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be onyit,gy uwvc:.u9/ert x8mvp9nd fq ,0i8o6m3 the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansbpm laquqry3x+ge2 :j 2+96 urion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simhl 7lgp( 7cehc0sdd -(ple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch 7lgds (helcdc p- 7(h0both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ar: vyfxu/n)gk6k3h ;.wxu,he je fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?e g, .ynuk:x6)h x;vwu3fjkh /

A flat, uniform cylinder of lear.hy j-4c+4t mi7 dp (vgqa6 v.qrcfg)d floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed i jyali b8.265:sb/zzpqsl +7tkyil4q n a hot tub of water, the mercurb 7z:pq.sltk iqza62js8l/ 5i4+ yybly initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled i 4+eyv)h lyj+more rapidly than adjacent pa)j+yliev4y +hrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex mo 5irwb/c bfv);zrf( ,2nbw1zla 4a( glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thmv4rb 1 /w;a 5,if( onlfwzb )2acrzb(is gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocljq , p2yl-n3ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can op7qy; ru25jrwill not stand up. What has happened?qp57 rjru2 ;oy

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pus/pm4uj4 -uua khing down a piston), its temperature increases. Whenuj/p- u aum4k4 a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase orjwz v,vmi:n // xrk2i7f-x p4ivz4vcq ,fg,d8 decrease if the temperature is in2wd ,,xnvkqzjmzv fciivirp7-: /v,8x 4f4/gcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from b4 t, k6rom njcuc9uqu a0ssv9e/s *6,kinetic theory and the relation between average 06 96k9vb4e ,ju*umrsct, /ocssquan kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-22wu)g09yww/(wukymk g2ldiq2 la i+ Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmtcgn)p)aq ,5 dosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haveo) o.hd2,qg :snbx-hu to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass.) nohsbxgq.,h2u:od- Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room+bzf3ke5 c4,ixx f-rm temperature. What can you infer about the molecula-x,cekf rzx4b+ mi5f 3r properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at txb cx 7a9ci*a2he same tempera xx*72b9 icacature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturzqdz1i: :-re we (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is :i w:/g1 ,4eilbnizlmvds58rdifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or thegvsz81 i/4b i, ::lmlnde5w ir humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeroh8pevz -(ta8r us to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile (prt8 -v8aze hengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit+ c. u v2j8 ,hv4ultbigqtp*w0tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are ttg bn,.mxa qv w3p78i:here in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number0:ge:f6 wk ;.lh qhki5ke cnq;s(r b8g in a sik(r hsihn5q:qkec6gwfbk0e8 ;.lg:; lver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to ,jm jlvk5lt5,8ejz*roav. c: 0u gova++f5dsbe 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?f+evd r 85vj*u 5gtc0:+l oja5js.kzma l o,v,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recs x- -/eq:jyxlorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm al h20gt.d x4yrt 0.2 . lx4ytrdg0h0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built omk-zc(4f; 7 m xk/65yjxjm pttf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatel ;w;qyttl6o ddm6eq7/sl a3 .jy 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januar m t6ldq soe/.t63wq ;dy7jal;y (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedw,lad u.fz 5k99ihay: and the rivet is coolelyz:ia 9 wdh 5ufka,9.d (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atf 9+qw: u ta, 0;zttz7i-pbjto 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ihtc4 dwo : ecwav.20g2fmu s-kh78:wvf it hgdw408c2vhw kuf27 -ao : cs:etv wm.is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim witm9u*l 8 b6wr6o bl/vmph 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLcns . oi,ws1(3ya )asw of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in euw1tt ( /8frml mav9e sm04r)a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containej(lenu54l6ldxh60 q l d in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is appr6dl4u 65 ll0q( jlnxehoximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in .mc,nk1u1ef v the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le iexmch1ohz7v/oq +29ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansio2o/7iohh+c1x9qez mvn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidj6/jhw*b;fnjk c i6/x , $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brassc 72 .n oqfx6xl ,sshx*1yc(pq and keeps perfect time at 17 xqh1 (72 sxyc.f6*soln qcxp,$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside ditejo txc 6r/mu 5* yu/(z7pqx5ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumtxu utrxop5m7*c 6/5y( ejqz/ e of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whehg1cajz,562oi ly m ,v 61ymdz+xmc l:el of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with an,,c:5 m1zjzhl y6oa2x myidc1+mvl 6ggular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when-nghgf kds+7 pb.4-j odo ub26h.) pon at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature 7- p..n4os kohgpnub j-dh6fd2bg)+oincreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ow7juol6** jv3 m l:vbmt0h2egf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.0igr/t*cn u5q9i5lxat 6k2 m t122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures g wwhtt(r/)k0on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit)0uugf j4o:kr scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in .suu; jityn(j oon-yl:)52l c the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press4o (a,ih1x4ui 3k rtq70mhr6dwbvvnzn +1nd +ure and a temperature of about ir+7vi n h1xv60q4,wkb4 (n d3an omhrud+zt120$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usig-to xv4xmg21cao ta 4/u- 8xwng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2ds1;s ug0 *hve1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cohl ) ,+8yp,in5yu8um dc4 (ww+kcja;ga h8hh lntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliunh niira(b 61,m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaif)4io5vg4q l) aui58b b nrdsy9r8s-pner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kuq) 8 5d4- sb5ip9)vog4i afs blyrr8n?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of yg )3)nme11n,kbqoe8 h 5sic c$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloo+ z /ld-d:blran, wh -/ald l:rzd+bich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with +35zx br c6rylb(+ktefe* 1x g/btcbi/). esxair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 185zf;t ok1 8clo.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a +oa6gyg w5*sto q1f o7x7g7exchild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecuthyh9cv+ k5qq eud 4(9les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there g3 8p;j:edpya in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles9ydsk-yst1jgo 8cx .3uf0/ eo ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1jwv+ kvtts8r, pn9e9 6$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of airq w /pla9be2+c are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is 9qa+wce /lp2b about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecuo1a nmi3v;f ,p /sp,bsle at STP? anpv;op13 , bfsm/,i s   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surkx6s8 4ng1i qntg)l :vnawe-, face of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. sli )q kx4-tg1, nn gawv:n6e8   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ofl, gbc21qj*2stk oud0 gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasdgs t0221*qk olc,uj bed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units oj-x2lad0 ;( (5.c zrrfunwcudf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4f 0-rx.u(lwa(z2dn c5rcu;d j, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul q8crpxwf3 m(t6g; /k-az5f7om9cvzpes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while ith gz7+)y- aszy0kg sm7s volume is held constant, by what faczmg+s07yza gky-h)s 7 tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o2 99shhf um22 rrsj1yquk0 2uvrth3i 3f molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaq*oh,rhb3+i+ fpqx- cme-xx o :m (bk7ture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thc-,7ope+-ohq3+xbmxh*( mbrk ifqx:eir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrog9/zpx+ :fd7 5-k awixi,lcxrken molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedo(0upqght (9m7wz v +p dq;9mw8z,u si of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanzj zl0 e1f:b:u+sm1qpce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminoj*m7dzzh. ( by acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at b*zzj7(dymh. 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur/cp7vq8y:xaheqx e2 *e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu3 hi)e1 ik 1g(br*m7x4e+ yyjido2n kbm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, 7gh5 onyq(5crp5 cma/in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when twzvtwabcna 9z :;b)5/he pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a): tz vwa;n)9cwa/zb5b 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the wkerjsv,2k o35(+z w zhumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature 2os+z5vke ,k3zwwr( jis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where.8vpv qwa o /,pmc+px/ water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouny*wo/gtl6d /r6hxne 4tains is 0.72 atm, estimate t* n6dle4hr6yt/o /g wxhe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Papko4rb 68 -tvnkcr: +t and the relative humidity is 40%? bo: c pk+8n-4rkv6rtt$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure rppop3, -k+hb)ls o pjn r+ee-:dsa7-of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water isfh.h9*nr vt o jzo*;pxko4iu.3zjg62 boiling at a temperat t6zn hrj . v*z*i2.3ho9 o4fug;kjxopure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of ;j5ys,ni0 mne volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinin82w sqx uo73t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed forq,)q erun ,a )/o1vw-)aixvhj a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 xhrwv qe,)1iq, )nv)j/-aua o $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through/n,-b c qp;tvp tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lon-n,p /p; bvtcqg and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenow9s8 u ; d czt44**qqh6amilp calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hau :+v +/7sw kkv8ti2 1xz2kyf eu3lkxvs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muc/on0n(:)y cwwrtd .qfh error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at . yt 0:o nw/(wqndcr)f80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylin)9u a **g zs1cnwr3p5a cz+qzgder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What u a1n gw+rg53qc pzac*9z sz*)fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules jbdeiz+ -+tmbwn;s: 7k;5byg in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22tkb+z;7g;nsjyb:5m i e b-w+d$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abj+6hu*r .frk0mcy/mxufc ec /,0 x7iiout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availar 3(4xg5t is iozci6z7ble vacuum techniques is about zi4zic 6 gt5sx or3i7($10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below thr()3sis bcq1.gk tgk 7h58 iu 3n6qjgve surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is tcg gj7viq 81hu3g.r3siq 6b)t(kn ks5his advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosph: wg,7hqme0mo ere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)qmmw07:g heo,    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasssd2q784 15 yuuf7 jcbcf s+csed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume t d1md dm,nfh05-8c 95iphjrqof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth;oc 7 kqaiz:5 qiyb xz7-rt57s, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherzyzbi5 7xac ; t o-5qr:q77sike.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in zl;t cn6 s wyj,n5/14tj f.fzna 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has g3nvbagu2.n s//s(j :8td fgj bauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressur j/g:j. gbvsnb38nd u /sa(t2fe, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in aj,g088zd i kr fmnq1atjb +f:+0 8tdha bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at.) s rppp z9.b7*d( 8wcdh)m1y ctrspt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equ4wv4o.7roqp5 w8t yoq ator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atqd xkc 0.4+jtd 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stao8nbt ddh(de0s4hs*4ff vqq4 +f (n5u ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure oqqdn0+ pi: tar;a5c5sf 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromp 7wqk 27hs- *ykzj.0mfj va6n the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended on;) n evm54 udoz8.btagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are . )oeo; mnz 8bn4vdut5thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3 n/iqlb(q t4(s.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gab/(q4( qnlst is. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoin njsxn.m:h- /of 3/j days: nino3x:/m -j hfnj/s.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STmnk*o3h+zw5k7h/ .bk (naqy iohj) 1cP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherwqhn/kibznc1hk. m7 (y3ok oa5 *h)j+e the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a(xyqd5v+w f9 jvm2t9z n ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equa9 q5yxjfzv vdt9 +(m2wl to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.