Which has more atoms: 1 kg olr zl4; :+;:;qslca4yixww/kyh7t yjf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendkxt;hy7i l+4lr4q;yw:yw /l c:z ja s;ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be expl. vl 3 k6mq ( yz2ehk4+fg64owdhg.svdoited to make a thermomet d. +d4wkgs. 4ovf3lmk6(vh 6yzge2q her.

Which is larger, 1 Cecfaq2i8: 4 dd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sms or /c-huz34a5 .l(8 uqlghgystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C,5hu3o gl gc/(ahrs84lu zq.m - what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of pfe/,8x/iwn9 y vu (w4lw d7cmiron. When heated, thywuvxpfd c7e,i/nm w4wl /( 98e strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiof fnysfo c.2fafs +2:3n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a 6dg2i5 v +4cbz g/2: vc:c rtepi5dceafurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls dcr2ic: gb+4z :/a 6ipdt eec5v5gv2cthe furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shh -r ar(pgjmv*78u 4uhk8ral- ape of a U. Wa-au4hrjg-r7r (lm uv p8h8k *hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsuz+*ij(xu )l sx:im 7waych,, in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed;t i2u/xn8nhg 6j lbg6 in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expla/btij6 gh n2n;l8g6xuin.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or corbugmrst) 5)kf: *9hboled more rapidly than adjac)gubfsrm9)* hrt kb 5:ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffi1(sdsjmo ip 76cient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thiss id(6po7js1m gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at:6bs7dg :p p u1a 48yo2orzmza 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bauhel1k+s) wq+ l38l oz)aku,rdly the can will not sls+u3)q)+l,8erukl1o ak zwhtand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing downd* rjaw7m) 4ma a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to tj4m dm)r*a wa7he momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumin;sf 5t0s ktn ltz*40r)hr+ndkum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaturzr0s *r0h kfttln;)n 4dts5+ke is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Ctwxh 978f6wmut.z sn0 harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation b8.mh xts60zf7tnw9uwetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from2*ios2wnb4 fg kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, then+* z;jmdh gi*n)/1k1vnx n se ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimun0ng70.oh lfgg/;lmv m speed an object must have tom.g0o fgng7;l h0lnv / leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at 20 t 9hxllau6/zy.l2k ;xryyhtt. t4rroom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular .lrlt r;2h2at4y yut /yt l6xk0x.hz9properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at o5 er nmq*lb s2bl 7aa;.x.icl5o4o;hthe same temperaq*oc4 h;7l;rnoab. sabml x5e oi5l .2ture.

Is it possible to boil w8bvq u8 vkua3sf8 3q8eater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when cdx 3f a9l1bq4the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Wh9 1 faldcx3bq4ich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous c)pd: bes4d v57/inb9sxce )sto open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilevs esd:b 4b)9n 57/se)pidcxc engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whiteth * a ps:b)f-j1u:jze cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper eoo vwd,g8z/ttt 9q ;8penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of a/,/+caqr kc*dlo9j 8 ey:m dfmtoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a si/ cdm :yf+mljc ,qr9 *8/odkaelver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius rbhkar68vh3+;r t nw7iapwl/ dww.k- s53vi.scale? wv8ib;+ht-7p33h aivw/sr5. r.ka6nk d rl ww   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and , 3nm48rqdq milowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometm *anyufo , 1adgsu34,er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0,31,udm4 ua*so ay gnf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1 e iygag892zle2ka ,u.mvf/ ub; l;bzer4c7t92 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m ome:paq,9p3i tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average,9p eq m3i:opa temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ept ,q.2gtdkdpp7xk jyx0/en/.(h(qare larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befoh p0jy((etpkxdp/d7 nt./, k xg. qeq2re it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ail3945amjdgz , 4ikhat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b *9jq e4cv4 kdw -,nyuun*rl2ue its change in volume if it is heated - cnu 2jy *rdeukl9wq*u,4vn4from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tho8ry acs/.fd57);+czc c0o/ssz bvp ye brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 * m lhq-8c igjqxrmqyx,(o1:- $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in iywtf 7)3be ofq:45su a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall(ug,.hqv*w lqsrw+s 0y one direction onl.ss , lhgr(w qwu+0q*vy, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den-d0x qwt n828nm5i*l -alail ojco0;gsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w c f6bz 8lotx)7;mlhqn1k .7ck has coefficient of linear expansio zol kx 7)8kbq1cnf.m76;ltc hn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sff xcq)r.b 2,z i,c2njolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cls5ewingmt 2 eq:g*5 y0ock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 n *eg:025 wgtesymi q5$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter f b-siaif70l (of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voluf0i-( asfi7b lme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radi c,:*6irqqvtsk6g 6n1o fjy .gus 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu6v:tg6*q,y k j scgqonr6i1f. lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1ap5wi48 i fe: p-1cjup5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35p iwceaf4:85j iup1- p $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam n) .n*jdwuyh 2of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm n8z+-j a5snz qbv8 /(.s7qwndi0d pzlgb )co5at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinr )9t.etk t2da scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempera:ipubb j,c grq0.kq cj 9qysf 1k/4x6:ture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Esg3 v*gtbjtl :y iur(8b0: dxv9y ut:4arth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion en i.x3jvinh4 0afnj/.ygine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abxjina hy0 nvj i4../f3out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the*bjo8:xjya w *g(.9fntn(k kf ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiybr jx i)fh3pj.l(5c5ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai+2gkj 8ympsfh4 +p c .unm2yk6ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaslzn dq)1g(tniw70 zdv8bhpyhr.y25 6o k *j7y is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c8m(ag ,fnu/l6 w6icf+zp w,ogontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 (6gou wiw f ,+mp8z/,fcnl a6gK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k(/2k w1yvtdsyg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air 5szb(k l7lx0einside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ba5 (slxe7z0lk blloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air unp o1b qofyw+ct* i/*9hlrxr/6+vtj )d8hv+at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at eb;(4n9ot xh os+mtd718.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand k k-v-d9b ti 23belbohg: l1e1at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculvzra93z1usd dx0e/ 3, qbwc 9qes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howu lg4hur*(vphml w75o y: 1s0g many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole5ll6 5-98ejh( dhk0czu4 v; litaj mjbs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumc2xi*o ,on b zaa23:si *h4idme 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecx k:dwwe,pm:;ny +5ziules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breatd;pk, e5zw+x: i n:ywmh Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygeis gg69 -zd6 +zopntc5n molecule at STP?g znpg5s -+id o6zt6c9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempiys3aj40 .gnt eratures iy.ga3t 0j4n of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sskg,5y q7jl 5ol7 ku7kpeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increay,ku l7qlgs57okj7k 5sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,/ x:2qziog x)t 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speedzi)2: /xg otqx. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecurtpdj l3rw e6b3o1r:/ les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubcy-+ j m 2-l.rddeaus:led while its volume is held constant, by what factor d +- delac2.sru ydjm:-oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleco cgq28l v7n/(w*hnkyules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, theiyf.bqaqkq1 (*yyou75xyd+ 8 ratio of their rms s7qy8d 5*.uxf aqyb 1q y(oy+kipeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in (/8fn2enzvbjan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy9 gp ct1;kci47m ))cyg e-z b9txyl2qbgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? vza fad.9.h;y    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li g-p(sd2 jt0nivz3achzb)( 9uvin)tcnaz (z2v (ph-0u3g9disbjg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr 3h9p+r86 rdus62ix zekf-u 0v ikudo8itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumi ay/f4 i akoiuze-u49vr015h , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure 6+joxt(y2l)j6ytk .g u g*cm0t 6mttfjn0ws/, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whddid jh(a7i:i 2 jn1ze;j0g 7men the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)imjj;1ed0i2d (ng7 z:h 7jiad 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a bek1q c1b/s7j(6qn thday when the t /nbkhe7 b(q jqs1tc61emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whels.,vb+c h 5hrre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part2ydps1dz/: oz icular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate2z sdodypz/: 1 the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partialqc .cj:qp8xg* pressure of water is 530 Pa an gpq:j8qccx.*d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres cg1c w8k)ngepg:m( ;psure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressuu:r :2p bayo)kre cooker if the water is boiling at a temp): 2ab:o uykrperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rrch:0kww: 1 bh-on; xce )7ovnoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d 3y -1w nr4ekjrdp*(wgew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to;,ou .bw 5tnje diffuse a distance of,ew .; oubtn5j 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny k3h l-7a-m dwbtubes called tracheae. An average traabm-klhw73 d-chea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated.ca rqpj-70mil4r +t p at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been .qw 3cv;vq59q9nqo rl calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cu 6ifi0nubp7 )d/u-h:jyao5 el p was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are :n / i)fohp5du b i-0uae7ly6jhot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a 1ncm3 m)a ekpp -ka3;hhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder)1nmc3a phke;-pam 3k?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1-:g e-b:0pr3 ,djhs pia16sc/masj jr m, and heigh:shr-1c j0p d 6ra/-ga,b :ep3jsisjmt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one sh4*3hobd 6 ai9e4ukdmr8b+ bfx.(:si3v wle atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available q b;p)ib i 46qgs/w3xosu9*wovacuum techniques is about 69b xosgp;iq*)w4wq/u3sob i$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca7 uaric.6s:k *ee7hk apacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose t.sae:7*h6u ceark ik7o the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atpu xge2b2y(-:f+g d(oxkqy6 xmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striqo exf226xdyggk(u( :+py-x bking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideu wd 8p)cq,omuq/4*6fne vmv/al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume xhd79s q kmh;p,hz1h. y1,ahaof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at tg0rlj 161ukoq 2iau+ihe surface of the Earth, estimatl1g1i0 +q2 uu6kr aijoe the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen c8v: xzjxy phaib:+4- molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presjivu crp6l,r7q.;q:dczrg6:9 l5dcwsure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) anrzd;ji.gp 96ccqcwqd , 7: urrl5v6 l:d at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a slgrg2ecw +6z0dn6 v4bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atdvhj8l6hs6ofitm ; /3d,- rb q 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’m nbze182l* nus equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas51 iy un psudq ya02c-btc3g7 32gjix8s jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopa+(tygnt0f2 zted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has f*y 5z2c:uq:ash)xyf a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth rk2vq.(ff pj6vjst 51is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vee 2jz u77n7auertically upward at it. How many tennis b2 nju7 a7zeue7alls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbl:u0 i/i fg 0v5ze2a ,vwqp )vi*kqzb.le of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a p5ebku i fvqvli0i0wzp ,zaq)2:*g /v.erfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoi stwvq n oc4gox1h5 m.i52)n+ days: n1mxo5i ho+ignw)45. tcvqs 2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thee -l)z*4m,ee v5zpjfg density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherepmez g)f5*4lv ,-ezje the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, tt5r(puz,gm9cag3b f; he coefficient ;bpcf,art5m3gz g9u ( of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people consnh2 67b)zja nmodq 5alg;36jf tantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a)lb5naj ; g nj3ozf7q mh66a2d house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg