Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg u-pu j.f6wcn 4of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append6 pjwu.-n4fcu ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometmohc+qxz03w d m:i u*37;d ch8mem8sger.dd:x m q;hcezg8m*ui s+o3c87h 03mmw

Which is larger, 1 Ck+y sgzpp0u8*fw 1 8rxz0 ou2w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermx ;s8czqn1o y.al equilibx;cn o.q18ysz rium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron pi ldoooq:w*.f 8n(5g. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the i8lfw:(og*. 5 npdqo ocurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficieqpht9gd*82 w(geoi: ogqi09 s nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple tsf9 adb2v7s48kpsg s0 hermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two gsds 2487kssv 0ab pf9strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sjmr1.82g m,a fvxgrxu9 cox11hape of vo.crf,m1mj1 x 9r 81axuxg2ga U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercg9;gy7 v6ix oaury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a howdgx: .gzy*h3t tub of water, the mercury initiall :yhgxd*gw3.zy descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one parx5zixk2ja cb372-)ufijq w v9t of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa2xvwx23 jfja)i 5z7 ic-9qbku rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear ex eu /0iwqvsu5p5 1vh/hpansion i5ue5 s1 hpv/hu0ivq/ ws much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at tvy 3(;amfop5 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodg bl 1*syhw +xxxr24h5a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What glhxwsh4x5yx2 +*rb1has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston).spu l u/9.ict, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of mic pl/uu 9st..olecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forr yh;toqbsq7a 4r9+;ww*d pm -ce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2pab+4wr-*;t h o;qws my7 rqd90 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lcy e2tu k+.t0xaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation betweux.et+k0y tc2 en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fr4zm *u61h jnlpom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of :dy .igh4,e mo$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objuijf 3nye .3mv,4n2pr ect must have to leave the Earth andpf23v.inn, r3mujy4 e never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wxptd+f8y/ 4-dp zw8np2-(wf ogtbl n( hat can you infer dp- n8fx 2+pyt/4zfpwt -bgw don(8(l about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at them4 3y6yr bf m0ja5dp:r ,gqm(t same tempr 4d35jtmap: g(qb, 6 0fmyyrmerature.

Is it possible to boil wo qxww3 vlf, 2u/0,rhsater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempe.ex**s* npys2irc4ldp34(y ikx g5f srature is the same but the humidity is differenen*4r(ls i pi 35y 2xs c*pksfgd.y4*xt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tx 8n 3hx;u2fhdfn;shvl9hr*. o open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile r3 8h 9usx.;*hh;vnfn2 hfldxengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?;o:4cn)nr xdd4d j/cl s;lw8k

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppwubj2uhb1z kg4c,y qv axo,a9 n9(n*0er penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring 9ho 1tjucere6v: 2zl7xyjy (6compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass66x 92rhjoez (tyl7c: yevu1j ?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cewhz vdcmr( )j;8xmuo g9n4 4n3lsius scale?d ) wv cjzmgu39x n(4n4mo8h;r   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reo.d95h qgrvw )corded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11d/77 -x z r,tr-txrbmh.82 cm at 0.0 xxm/7rrbt-t zr, d7h-$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i :o48te99 y-mqroyl2:wubc qbs built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tzsgj.d hz)6+6 6c ae .0igjhyfall. Estimate how much its height chang. yca0eg6izf6 ds+.g6z)j jhhes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the0 k0yplae,xsi r51 ekpm9h66v rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hoph9xa s1meep6 ,5kli0k0y6vrle 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at cl x:a .(u7md6om2;cjc rgy8 p4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametey8w+.b 1 gyfss;:q0lyyyryy4 r. What will be its change in volume if it is heyy0r l+ygs;fs:qyyyyw4b1 8.ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri/bz eqyip, , oz6c1a5bm with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wa+xq ;h7y*dz2m18/ fhuyag a uyter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 3 ,qwm3mjmztcs -74md l(+uhgo qz,i1 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it8 h-htsho el wv3o-4:j can expand in essentially one direction only, show o-h3s-8ewjh4hv : otlthat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitsk0q.d man 91xa;ckw3 2 yv*eay $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w ha4sqtqk6+-8u +g. y.ge0dwqf hxj; p eas coefficient of linear expansion u4qx e +;wptk8h-f6agdqs.q .y e+0jg$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so .cas2iaxt0c nz8z+ :flid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather .0pio8ce*glg clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 o*8g. pcg 0eli$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insi wk5vg1sgd *kfm2s; q-wh w6d4de diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hf;*56vksk-gg dww 2 h m1wsqd4as a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m if2u2 o knj ;4d.:hnseps rotating about its axle on frictionless be:4f kojn.u2dp; senh2 arings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired q iqbe1,m) /wclength when at 15°C. How much stress is required t1ecm i,qb/w)q o keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area.8on.y9u+fmv e kjl z20o5ziho87 bsht,bb /a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c.)eyrmz*w ws;o/ mtc; m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin i j(:s-aq) g4jmasg2 zscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sly :+4iq-fmpb -as) fjcale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures ikkowm yq u1,7:kikoftg +uzzl2* 9 26sn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at a*ll-/xyek)f ttmospheric pressure and a temperature xy*ltf)ek -/lof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ux,-1whhvcpxm u +mb 75hik88csing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containt *q9(orp4j10cx k-qm udiwv2s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta xy5kto-wnp g:cm:-4q 4smhw8 ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu t7rj49 wczu4zo nnie;1dg)uji.+ 7klm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure in /s8al1ect/vi side a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3ai/vcle1t/ 8 s85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of qkf.6ny3. s1mzk2vr q $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air +3uyhr5kmtf6 inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.thf 3 yr6mk+5u Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at avdn3x+ mc9fnu28spt ;::p yp15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18ei+2km3-qs -ms iyg c7.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sc rd35 hz6c.lpt - a67jko-oiwea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec:sf na wi0v0a.ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many rua -4y2r5 ph(khpya+i4u .zamolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of. ai 2o p5-e51jtfnvvvq4vve+ *ijjl) (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumvq o87qvq7) aye 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer lz7+8pi. r0zk/ pztvhe also in the lashp zkprv 87 .l/zi+0tzt breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of anl*5 y: twik ;h1qroe ecp-p1-h oxygen molecule at ST5 ;lqr ywh pthik:1*cp1e-eo-P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea:a 1hcwt)t1z k(yt8ff r the surface of the Sun at a temperature o1f afc)zttkywt1(8h:f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ret)6z 4.vbgv gas molecules increase if the temperature is increag.6)vebv4t rz sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sp1bh-lg 268ce-/npu /b hs ezakeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.zg/2nskpl 1cu- /hh a-eb eb68 Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in1x -hnh el;i8ww bf3lsvvf* f gy/l082 a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conui0e nb;ih8w +stant, by what factorw iub0 ;8+hien does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedui+h8eo ,05c:kvwkofpmg t.q 9n 9ad : of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ooyuc7*cj- /dlf two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theirc dl-ocy /7*uj molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ckc ;c,(st:vp contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyga;l5wvnxzho67+gm/qz q v5 9oen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecn*f)jaxn9j0y;;u*9 a3jr3xu n ry cir ules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular (em3 +zzqi*+6ptr y jamass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 p3taeq i mz+*zy+ (r6j$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P0udbv /- 1ts7h )hixck;qb(vl = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranijhz5w3,)nzfvt c(n i1 um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prwdodm,n( 86zqessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atmc t wj;13r3cs40ecie l and the temperature is (a) s3 cc4j0le ;iw 1r3tec90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidityx.;fzmv53wye tq sm 2; is 50% on a day when the tempert .f;sq 3y2e;zmx 5vwmature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 3m /(dbapkd6nrj yh rxkh,bd,, i:. s090 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estwk:+y) s mwy:o (ndns0imate the towyy:d:wks)( s0 n+m nemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P3.2;d sealm-f d1q hwza and thzl3w.h12;fm- des ad qe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water ons0 cqn61pcxj 7ql+j 8m a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressureqc.pqob/5lx .b64f i r inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatucil54.. r/ 6poxbq fbqre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room oydfu( iau mf7+y04c-vf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin u+ 6l8odb87dej;4 yuq)ngwujt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13 n3evyv50l l9n5no 7zhj3-nru –4) to diffuse a distvlln3-3 on5 7er50vhy9n z njuance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through t yys03(gc t3vk6j f7ntiny tubes called tracheae. An average trvsy0 k (3j3gyc 67tftnachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hztw,j4u2)a7m t ph;egas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure yt*u 90j5 oly2afyw.eij ml2- has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wav :r **cwi g6 r8ce8qr)/hx+qddm*oess calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error 68 v8shi+ c/w qro*cx d*drg*e)qe:rmwill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder rj4u bcj5yrk3 + uz/7p2 qkqh5is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder r2k 5q7zj+5kcyu ur3p/4 hbqj?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of l6 u1mxp 7ge3txm (yt6qength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thxq7t (m y e6umg1pt6x3e temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt *mus)fj,)0ftok+cb ier is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuwf hl8o f7l 659hj,c)h sxjm6ium techniques is abou,cifmf olh7w59xhjj lhs 66)8 t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungsa5 gy*xli*8qt to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lun t*y*qxlai g85gs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thcjxn b2u hw8q3l5x/ ov 1-qp5he Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bh83 lwqvhpj25 x5u-/1qnxo b cright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an d0;f e4lchm.2 pbv9ic ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofsbzht -og5k+ 2 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, j0qf 9 3 bi.zj/,+1plb n5natho i,efcestimate the total number of air 3fp ca915ib j lozj/0+ f.iqnn,het,bmolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molqj;;6khy xu.x-jl vo 8ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen om6q7ef35y1sqwuws 7 na -5axused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylas -soa q5367 7fnx5mueyww1qinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a box1wkwd j3pa3 4fpv(6c wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolm/.ghy l :b(lmine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea1pwe( (sm7wo77tpxuz u;su+javkrq0d0 0 g ,prth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j vp o882basoh* 91hiyiar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inr4y2f8kvpu 26 yv:yjd the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure o0 iu8,i:0iictjt,dkc0*u fk ef 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth0)wtsqoy3* k+jq;avplz r()i is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity ju y3v0t r)xh:by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0t: v03yjxurh).060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubck)ftr +s)me7 ble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the7r+ mf) )tscek temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water v2p:qcm3xpe wr p4t h.*apor pressure in the air on the following two days: p4pm tq2x:e .cr3pw*h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent 8ff2xo y9r bzem 42)wwdifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperat2zw9myfe2 )8br4 xwfoure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for anx7cpw-wfx p-7 8xbjp( ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eq xfpxw xb7p8p(7wc- -jual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehpx)a mw wu5z d:y55v1buy6,w qumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hmavyu)w 56 xb ud qw5p:y,5wz1ouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg