Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alu3+h8 c/oh,gz, ydjnsrminum? See the periodic table orhhy,/j,3 rgcsd+8noz Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be 2k y/v*+4 4ikx/n.y jjh sotfpexploited to make a thermometnf4.vj hyp *s 2kxt// iy+ok4jer.

Which is larger, 1 C;e/7 0)gsps 6ilm*gkvri9 gjt $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ8qmyom5ccd-;cc * sb*ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatmy *c5 * c;-omscdqcb8ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe; / (d wfao48juk 9 ctwex/n1dzgk2a+ln heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–ok 2dwfu9xl4 /1+/(edkag wzcj8;nt a1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expfgsj 8v3k,un az qo vv/tm4. rs/07slj(x: rk*ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermo7j4 vdam/yvk+y 0 s,gzstat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devicey k7ya/j m, dszv40+vg controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape gf)tunk 5b5-oof a Uf b)5o g-ktn5u. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merd ps0i1yj2 l,ccury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fir+lb.-pl kg: *vkhbjef 0 n5 ;yxa)df1nst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. bpxl dan ;y.vf hb1:kn+el0f)5j- gk *Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of inrmjy* 27xak3 t is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjac 3kj2 ymn*xr7aent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coef u;gi:hm71f* mlty l2rs(4e tlficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increasih t mm1 s;yll2l(*f4t e7r:uged heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acl:*7ri .dg/ozwcr q 2 wpvcl11curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the lg.(l9 b77f) ksptm f mjlrdy/,c 1.+g f3fbohcan will not stand up. What has happened?tscf97fymhf/pgm b+klrb1(.3o g7lj,) l d f.

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper vbd)d ypf*f1+;bsij3t. b6 dgature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usid1j*pg;dsfyf t6+b)bd b v3i. ng the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wahe 9avykuj iufru:us+2nxs6 cws( v *,7:-en 7ter increase or decrease if the temperature is :( u7,asu jsi e-v7w*9 : 2ny+nkhu 6rsvxeufcincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fr.;yav(gva*d k+bbi6m om kinetic theory and the relation between average kineticam a ;6+gbiy(vv.*kd b energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki3hilpp) d z0l w7,uo8gnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati* zk65g+ yw:w iealhg9o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refer2fd bslui/x 91kl8ge( s to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically se(ugkxld12 8/l f 9bino atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you6w38ii nb .)ipa i*hwu infer about the molecular propert iiwipiwu*3bn ah68). ies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry ds ,yc:tsmc/55j x2 4k3pawf llay at the same tempemwsjl55atc :xc/,p 4 s2yfl3k rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatsr9efbjk *,l , :k1anzure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humic 3/ctf 74gkt:zy* rhadity is different. Which is more dense, the dry airfht3/ a*cytc z:47kg r or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiaye.jlrb (0ngdt1:: :nhf7 gg nmyq i2/tor cap of an overheated automobiler tlg2g0 d. :/fjn 7yih(byg :qm1n:en engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–xlw 5d2-5k6q-ckh y cj28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grj+b0j z,5ikt bam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gndi kfoou)- 6.ram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same6-).ui foknod mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thq(o3 w17tqm j7ygs, uris on the Celsius scale?s 37m1( qqo,wu jy7rgt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 hb7xtdfrneo l6 82:w)p5mt q2 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.+xyax86a94tcpcq at icy +4 0a890txt4 y+qacc i aa+pcy6x4a0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buiu6p4xvtnshl,dk zg( a t66k/gijp*/3 lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13 8-6)ld)1wkur yisusa–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Eks- sy dwi u)l1a)6r8ustimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the yj6).) 5 biwglhedzi8rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in awh8 j.de)li6z5 b) iyg hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterdtl +g,yq20ln i eb*5m at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if u d1uhn s9c2eo529lh uz vc-z :2iefuzth,+9eit is heated from 3 do9tn c:e,ue 29 9czfueh-u hv 2z5+1i2zshlu0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350-:,p -dpu5zw tz tkfz-.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2qm9wqni+bipo sn 2 ;8t,2p+ ip0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madfmq8xf,ui 9su5 pl1xf5t. o/d e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow v iddi7m7al4(z6u1cnzessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to theud i n64zc7l( d1zmi7a coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changplnm u+r72c h +i.li :s0hec+ae in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengfwk*2f /)b dt.9x:djj mse;ws th l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiond 9bes;2)smktwjf*d wj x /f:. $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro:e3xzn6; 5 . fhcyxh3pc/umys pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1k; (bnjxf5u+y 7 n;+5ubjy(kf x $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insiderg4w+ t tchg3r s/+3ymc7qaog( h92ol diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 2oc9 w yom+4hqt7 slrgcgt3+ / h(r3ag$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of av2f r p 019exprj/c6lradius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle 0 9j1rpxpfrv/6 2a elcon frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desir hsnjt195t ng5ed length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keehg n5j t15tsn9p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0. w7d,rkk*m h)xe 25pbd041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 .ki 5y:r+vjvzbp l33t1cayy. cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ke t8dqdxsg5l(+lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?5pjs8 ;qzup-nln*o xl8 q6e-w    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ay 8;n :x hk29yez4kgzabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem jbd(c0 y3ia0aperature of about j(a0b i ad0yc320$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxy pa;nl6qj17pl;xmw e-gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21 xo/0vt 2)3wlei) sah*)sawiz.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co tg5m8cwo8h z7t( +oveqz63iv (b hw0z44rwttntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas irjs0m botjv-gcr :3t7p(kj 7; sgy(h.s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of (v2bdze (2fmzargon gas at 385 zf (vd 22(bemzK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 4b r,h6omqybiqo+nd088 si 7wkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the )vw*or,m7bizballoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1b)om zvw ,ri*7800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air aehvsv 6wvfy2yq m 091(t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18 jn2w*ro9ln cy v3j;u7.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esc+ k5a baekzr3b plq9-9apes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecutsy/5 lmaetr,t :y7 7bles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? bg:2g1y,skl w How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number gwbxg9* 53q; hrrbu9uof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.wh )54 avor bmuhb3j021$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arz2gyt/evnp6t. r9xyyw5z.n,e in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high xzt,2 e.prg9.yzy 6ynnw/5t v and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averal:6isq sy5n45 bmsb-ege translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ls-qn56is5s b bm4:ye   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of hel-wyt6(4 sm6xl ln9 cwwium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of am t( 6lwnsw 9yx6l4w-cbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed:q2p5jm3m6- uvhf:w gig)tg n of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increg:jwh :ufg i3tn mm6)5-qpgv2ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, gis)vee5ewh( .g (+ c/wyhxd; ttven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. C)tw; y(( xd hs+c/ev.eghwe5talculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atue0s gixcltdr/jv*7 x8u4e16 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wh9.)pfc c*lquf99u860pw7 ccauo ytknile its volume is held constant, by what fac*f l)c 6cc oy. 9ku7u9tnwa9pc0uq8pf tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gj;- nj q2:)kkfyvlx0las is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at7vbf7t,qkvt jcd 1v2 8 the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inversb tc7vjqk 8df127, vvte ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleybmn,71b2 qqqwpz4ze.d -)iys3 l g-icules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at g k*g4fdmx1z/y xo6 .bh o(au10 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance u3f)wr2 0jug rbo* xe z(ncb2/between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u ib/ u2qq(lofq5n a liviqufbl oqq/ (25ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can chs t-qiu5t*, be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumqa; ,ino2ar+ljd+8ze , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can xqext/j6d0 5lmo6p* r $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is lr0it5n;suo*3, f no n0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90nn0;f utolo ,5ni 3rs* $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if sb)ep-18v2mbr: m cswthe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25m s: bb)v cpw-s8m2er1 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9e qlw) l+u izdsx4:l870 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, i(;z c4+wmzwqd) xr o9estimate the temperature atqwz 9+4x(odr);iwz mc which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water. cfsc, 0el szt.q5ev-3 xn-e6dnv9td is 530 Pa and the relat,l3 nsdtn9f5 z6sxc vecdqt e-v .e-0.ive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe2 /.a(,eiy)ucyplub tgzhm)7v; o- onn the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate presx 0r*d8blz/z7+uv e l 2z2zrzsw5 a1snsure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 sv*r bzz 0278 r2zl1w5zz+edluans /x$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68eo :1,mnddazl)bl, u3d3 evf80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deww f j6 kfqg 4.d1ytuwfx2,o/2sw) /fcu point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecul,e94m6ett(w kkoz x:zo t0zx 5e (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disk9x6 ot4k:5zeem0tot,z(x w ztance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inse/fhwp5c v,wk( 9i-/:jff/ef b huy9sacts to the interior through tiny tubes called trachea b//kw95iws-9efj, hf:hc ap( yf/ufv e. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas*vq4rv a i1hq+ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calglot doc n2vo0r+9u(*.e 1 nqlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupn+8 ,z7p2qysm)yc:n;fes1hn3 obywv was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a re278+;nh beqfs3 p nycy ovsz,y: m)n1wcipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftev5 h8 nwls3shy0 (d:xbr many balloons have been blown :ws 0s 8lv(hxd3y5n bhup, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wid,fcz 1rsaw+pw/e4 a5lu* d1 (cazx:t sth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum (ztew1:z wx a*p 4,saul1ds+arcc /f5e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom ped ir 4v-nb-idl;a8 b0ur $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avail+5+d o0 *qjg c vb6qnyjb9ss0mable vacuum techniques is about *n c+56b0d9o+jbv0gmyqj sq s$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.nzor(*zu + mf aa-:oi.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouldaif m:uo-az.*zr(on + his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at6 a;ahwgak380jf ts3tmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with ttfgs0k 3t8 ;whaa3j 6ahis speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr2 rwti..77:xq:n( ye s1a; ux5xeezcgj)hg zcom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7k;xery;e1c 2n 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th8uw2aw0 qh aqh ,n8:qie Earth, estimate the total number of air mole808q qwhq auw nhia:,2cules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7on,t h*g-iajxjc )+(w.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau -shqf-3zcy z.ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cz.y3s -qhf-cz onstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lqcum; wfy4jg8 ck3;4siquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoljt y+57 .vz:too ch(vaine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to 5;u6zgk8(e5 +kp,zwm yiprtpzja 7o6fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass3c 4od 2.a 3l:gqrvnk(cxut/h jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted jsok0 /en dyfjw69.h ra2n5wa9z nv)*in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a,nxabj hp+np,jx(z* c 2.fde6 t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 2hx+gx6rb,s kbgh0 s5 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended ag0j)y4 nlma6qn ainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass o6mql0jnn4)a y f 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frw )c,fy uet(dfi;o(,tom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature ow ui (ty)cdf(f;t,,e is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onpo0dsm7u6 (fu the following two days: op70 u um(s6df
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thf )yu70 1,wd htdiis ( wsfi5e5gz1g3xe density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature ssd117iyz i)5fdhe(,xf5 g0g tuwi3w is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal k2y8rkrj,f 1 agas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equ y1krfk,j 2r8aal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a kifrix .s p3/*ea.*mxnd mildir x /*x3.ei*.mk apsfew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg