Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumi;smzisa4 -l n2o6m9gl num? See the periodic table or Appendml ;ms 4s6az2l-in go9ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploit3n 8bxu;m wp8wmz/jn 4vl3y.yq eu)x5 ed to make a thermomete 5nmy/3lj;b pe8 zyvxn4 )83mwq uuxw.r.

Which is larger, 1 C d*p ybbk,jp)9$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th75 ns zl09bve 5,qwiovermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the i ozvb09v, qlsw5e57ntemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip con ;h e-axl jmbw boe/6v0xbi8wh8m5 m73sists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curvx /b5ievm8 wh3m7l;86mob 0-awxejbh e? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the co y k3*srttnr 79l hcfp.qcw3:3efficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to con)da/ rt ,mz y+3dga+vn(gxt b:h)at v-trol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic striav3-yhv)a / d,t+(+mbtdtrg: ) nzxag p consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that a5drgqavas3) ,2* -thc9xhd4co dzk8 dre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of atgak), dd 5r9d 3c48-c* qzavhhsd2ox U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead wio(f8le cew 5h/sz-8floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, kac c2dy/9. tsg.urx wdu.s0 ) h/a8gpthe mercury inu8hsy.r.dgac gdps9at uk cw/x.0)2/itially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may breaks)bbl m(qq.w / if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partsb).mlq/sqwb (. Explain.

The principal virtue of P1y;c61(hz ) ,iwf uidv48 jgyduk*wxuyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinaryi )d1uzdjh6k84wux* f vgc,y yw1u;i( glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ats+,qz(4 wx/ qzbni(ai 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cgx x081 :gnobpi0r/d ;yf e5imause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stn5mi g;xyoir e8d00:/g fb x1pand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistoti oih6;7k3lita( s2 an), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tem2k6i3ttaih(ios la7; perature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incrfw(6vo ouhva nv-10m+ease or decrease-omvn0vafhv wu 16(+o if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andhj(0hhy6 e90;0bkr)vq qgufo the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturq(gk)hj r;oev 09hh 0yqf b0u6e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followiz 1wbc us *4 ict:4/t2(geyeos from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thc1.10ysh+hpnt(hyg sd( q0c pe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minim+qp :8bm1gbbp um speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s +mb8gpb 1 bq:psmaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whk6 m nikjvm y:qr;9d23at can you infer about the mol nkjy9q3 6:2imrkvmd;ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humi z t9h ti8;ofg.y ,)h*ktkn4r7x o+whcd day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature. 4ior8t7+)nhkt;ox* fycwk zhthg.9,

Is it possible to boi;o z2sb t0+hqbq *:rotl water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days wh76dxh h6xdd x+cvz.kqa9, .nsen the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drd 7,.dzsahkxdn +6x9xq6vh. c y air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofz)uvtc *:ubc7 an overheated automobile eng 7c cu:tb)vzu*ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter n cfzyfczw 6.wl uq; v73pf286(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ixv lt2ic +ge:2n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gramjg pjxt)f) 97q gold ring compare to the number in a silver rin7qg9xjjp) ft) g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on th 0m,:fyx-t/y dkwc 5sge Celsius scale?dg y k5sc,yx:0m-w tf/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 12b 6ucwmqln* /r( ugz;36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has ke) :y 9c p2+8ezx-oihza+plalength 11.82 cm at 0.az+ppe)cix lz e ayhk+o-:2890 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m 0mu)s1w ba3oa5uldv 7long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately .k nk(513x /ag fvurpo300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average texf5pa ov3.k1kr/n ( ugmperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger /xu;dv0su b0l than the rivet hole are often used and the uxd/bs00 vlu;rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at w40h8 b- 0dq 3ufkf r2dv+bivr4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it n,ak6rw v8j uxl-o7ww 8)rmsw3q6pd.is heated fr u.rvadx6 -qw7 )6njspwol83ww ,k8mrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1, 7 j)9r+kvw*1p)z.mj c,giid5f furh clo/r s00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 xzpr wg m(ldjk-74n q,.zha7 by5rq0, mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be /(mt+jf mg,l,gz7q8 o oz/pndplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containvfyfc-p ji1 loo (579u:mfa.ued in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal touv i cf(5u .:1fjapolm7oy-f 9 the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deni7yz( 1l)dy lasity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lenh6 .l cx9m+mvwgth l and width w has coefficient of linear exhm. l+m v6w9xcpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid: ii0m3y6 azpw, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra( gnrv.n0 4gvz1h;uc cndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17z nc.v;c( ug4r0 vh1ng $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercurgh8i3 n mz..7d (dsccty thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb(8t3mid7 zhgcs c .d.n has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiu8v. .5ns jwghss 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v.vw 8h.5 sngjselocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requireeemr6 iw5c01 rd to keep it at this ice01w 6ermr5length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041*dx5+ ko s9sqo*oe5edd h+p (rihe+.a$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 3w8 fvyyvwy((134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturcfvd00 x 7uhscmwm0r 1c.mr 4(es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th4(yl;, z7/m kt /dmhbyvdhhi/e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Su7axz khd- .xa:n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aij( ;os wm k(4oqw3(oxcr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 4 o3 wc(xo;( oq(ksmwjabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the7 mkuco*lra gpw*1r 5wja5:.v ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogengb4llu72 d8 (xr hcw6/5r4r; tw nwkbu ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgy ck6hzw1d6n7 of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is :tbybw gg( p2jo;yb:1 1gu+mx at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas i.0 gzmjf/z:s +vvkh. at 0k.s/gz m jvi f:v+.zh385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0* e23 emi(l;gsvub3)h *b iduk kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift ou3-0 nnr 9anykx2t 89pzmh yr9n4kx9 by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of08nztrkpm ahnrn9 93 uyx-y42n9kxo 9 a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at ch-:g4tq7+fll:nh2( k prboh 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atk +8moxb,9ar acf7ly5 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’(r-fckl 6n2 sms hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo/m/i xfifssm.b(o(, ;5nh /fu6 ymtos lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are c;f k;2j lqb ryaia4.j*p3wb(there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number om f2 hsq99xv-tf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumq hc8shick,q 5rg :j-ze i8+b-e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thle;);-dcopqps1 wyp )at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assums eqd-p)op; 1)lypw;c e the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tranu1e*u gmr1(c4aq6saaslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?ceru1a(4g sm *a6 u1qa    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the subg.* 6 pfjzs4)ezi/ chov6sp ;9 bvhu7rface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 zsvsc)vp 7hu4izbj/pg6 ; .obf e9h6*K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe;3+ o b)lh lnsa0vpsw:ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from :n0abo; l3)sw vh+lps0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, gigq3r aj9b3o3fgr0l*i ven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.aglig 3rb3*fr j03oq9 $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a1t 6sv dj, .yzikrm-duv/ ap2eqax:(*t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub 1j y:k+o:vtgpdre.acuufl b4 8;zy/1o1rr e7led while its volume is held constant, by what factor d:7 l1 fvbtyor:grj ey4;1puu c1oz8ad. +k r/eoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of * -lloa gl3vd:molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatu mu ;pzn.hz7rkf/x3z *re, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootsn./7f;m*kuzhx3z rz p of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu-in nz.58ggdb q/l6*pa(ok mtles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen tcsiv24 1 som4yld)0 tmolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul3qy gh1h)9/4-5kzjnk vd0 ok(gakh yxes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of*qs*ksc,z u)n an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celunc,*sz) *sq kl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrsx fo-1: oa.d+/ trkjr+fw539owj nilitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 0qo7:*whvjq t $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can :ap 1-ohp r9yw$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur 5cat7n 2b36b/:zidvugixe6t a hj 77se is (a) atas6 z:g5dc2jvnuixt77/7h3eb i6 b 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hu.g1lh gzeq7h p-0puc2midity is 50% on a day when the temph g7z .e2lc1g-p0uq pherature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure dy rrh e13. 9-g/zaz 9uv2vdyxat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure my1jx8n+osx u0:sn ep5fk;:ml9m-zb at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whicf 1:e9bm5x+knsu-z n8xs :oj ymml0p;h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatureti6mhx7m(rsqs sx3vt6n:fp0u q65 ( qbp,(eh on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and6b t056x3qxvpqneqsr( si6u7ft ( s m(m, hp:h the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatedny 0h f x,lz29)w6st4 labt5ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressuref*u*olfmi ( fl+q soudv i6/(3 cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature o (*l3 osq/uiiuvo+ff( *6m ldff 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vm16at y4 .dhzdzpdb3o) j2 gx9olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pois)*; dvqxyr 1w8x3nthnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tau6vk/a; tbe3tble 13–4) to diffuse a dista6 e;kttbau3 /vnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inse qcsq ,.z;itc9cts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abo,tiqcc q ;9sz.ut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b., :ep33 nrugpj+ye cqeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2pz u9*as/x gms(qgz8 ga m77m(0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibr4q;;aps l-:lbwuogur k,+q5 hc 5fm,p ated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of c f+r: l p ;;uw4,bh5oq uaml5-qc,kpgsool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inityxsxo8r1i z w5) rq:,sially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fract15 y)xow qr:z s8,srixion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5v qht7kn dg05d*m;d*q m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is gdtk *d;q5nh d*vmq07 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dehd+uu 0qf*;ait+mfo,b 6t5xhnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attm cphz )shh)p/h7n1. x)many ,ainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about)ynh/c. m) a)psnz1 h mp7hxh, $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below aow76 6qvuq6f the surface, to what volume would his l6uf6 q 67qwaovungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a,*m f.aqjpl5n7 *f-hxzqbbd1 speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what ,z 7d* m x*q5abjfnph-. blfq1temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isx9e(uf 69 1q3rfvlagj increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of huypi4 +rbf.4 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at n gzl: zs0.lc4the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mole l0sz:zn4l gc.cules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a .b7ezu6lf9t b7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u j+)wwimi h3+bsed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lastm i j3hw)biw++ if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercur+ c bcx3ww2ko4y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinew 2)a5yt xhs52 n1gedu at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equa+ xdf;.hu( ,p m)xbyaf o)jwwr(;rkxyy4h: x 9tor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g ocy e/aqcq5g lue25; zo6.og4g:gb n(lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in dn,g qe2f.d bmr:-d.rthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c,v0f3xq 7 8a.l fx qgry:0xgdjharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear/xx u,p ;vz*ww1 (y yk*2c,ab:quiiupth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grad)ynw5xfp9b6;rxl58 ( qbv zqvity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and ax9bf5vny)qb dx; 85pw(rlz6q re thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of nb1u( wgs/*-wc-py teair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches t (gstwe /1 cypu*nb-w-he surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapo i9c1no4d ii 0-ldk.ugr pressure in the air on the following two days: gddii. k-n 9ui40 o1lc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densit k* m:3 r8vgfz e,mntar)q(na7y of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep,8a:r(nqntz )7ek*g3m mvfar in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con 7n8casud11j9wj,13vjc+f we xade c 9stant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is e8j eeud1,x cjjaa13w 7csd cnfw99v1 +qual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.