Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 q/ l211ap*qh: duzunrkg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix pl1 a1:dq/*nrzhquu 2B.

Name several properties oo4xyg2dmhgkz557 aprj 3s e1 bu45by;f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.;m3 ba41zepbyj g 7kuy55rs4o5dxhg2

Which is larger, 1 C):vxy xa u(s*4hiw5sz $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therm2zzt l932o 3mlsag pm4al equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can y llg29 mpo2m z33z4staou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irods zjd3wnxuk) )2l:ili5l70 b n. When headj)i57lwl ) z: x bkliu203sndted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ofo87rj 56tqf/j :brml vb-i- cw linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple rzu-v .x:;btkzs51 tu thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid5t1zt bzk;x:v- .usr u mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ava 01(:on: puhop*ewof a U. uao*w10:(:a o nhpvep Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of c;nr5;uy ba 0 vr2l(mflead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed ie*x;g 4mq/et) nfa;g kn a hot tub of water, the mercury initially des*;eqegnt;4x g/a)f mkcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it if-ql812u nnvp s heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partql8fn- n2pvu 1s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glasg3hw/y, f1 e1lh1nsl gs is that its coefficient of linear expansion ig hg1/nfw,1h31syle ls much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20aeph4z:fu jz v.)f3f4 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willr y(- rm1) y7rshz7xvx8ye;r u cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wha u7x 1)7y( yvsr8-rz hx;ryrmet has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byze xan5h::7yw pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentumy:nze5 hw :ax7 of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sph a,h-f, slh,jnere submerged in water increase or decrease if the ,,sj-fla, hnhtemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theok ;/w*gv:jpwoa vm4-zc *equr8l.b85zxdf9try and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperu*.a5b4dg l8tm-;fvk* :w /oczp98 vrxzwqjeature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet8fq3nes k t43qic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphe61rr f4, v(t:g*c lwe7eg.bvmsaub, gre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obje.kbl rt*uux 4mog5y; if5yh0/ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The e lx /;mt obg.yy0ki 5rhf45uu*scape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more1b2 1: toofr -i0vo9oftkx/lo quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propero-o:k /fx191 ob tltiv2o0f roties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far -la(och6b j )te 17mecmore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturem7o- j)e ab(1ehl6t cc.

Is it possible to boil water at roomvg 7hc ijn*q+:z68rnlo 3fmv.n r z-b3 temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the haya6 vubj opcwgr+ *t- )s*0;iumidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry aii)yua-*o; sv w6rb+0t*j cgpar or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autom3nju k3hxqvz43bo- 3 kr z5to8obile enxqozo4 -bz h5k3v8u 33tj k3nrgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud ic :e iu-uz b-7it( hhnox7,sr(n the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thereu +273briviw qco zx02 in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 3v e/m,g;goljwu7u((wx of:m26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of t,uolgoe( jgv;w/m( : ux3m7 wfhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” ixu4l(8hk a(rzs often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? zrl(4uh k8x(a   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tgqyi 0upc51 n+emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol fpgncz5 s(x 81column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 fx18sgzc(n 5p$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 jhi ( i40 yuv+t1f+i+n.vi.qwheh*jj $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fi zdnm;b5)mofc *m22 bpg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes5n;md*) bbmoz m22cfp between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ri -rflxs k/)p :pbav31bnsa58 ivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice1)p:n5 r8 bibx p-3/fvss laka) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water u7p+tc: z3enz at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7 w;ga5spwd hxonh(5+x 6)y+o f5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated ho fowxw 6+xdnh5(g ya)s+p5;from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.08v 54;qg fcc77lpqlof$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mkbi4i a2:/kja L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iromfx4y82rmgl *has 7 p9n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it canxc ;a:yqq 9s1a5 ia(my expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equ(;5:cxmq9qsi1aay a y al to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chjk(371;h xl f-ps5 6spzblvjw ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengzw 6pk ja;cf-y4kb xh9,ux.b)th l and width w has coefficient of linear expanb-k)p64xh,wyza.cb9 ;fux j ksion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid+8nr 8afr*oip yobv;pe, g*:3u hn3dz, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect ti:6bffy29jlp4) f6n 6f/ aj3ye ga ztrsme at 17 at:b/fz9y f)r p6lafsj 24eyg6jf6n3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di wi59xg;aczt. -in.daameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofiictg-.9a.;ndzwx 5 a 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radivy -3*rxe6att6 i ( n0flqke79jvchn;us 0.41 m is rotating about itvnex -c il9;k fa0673nyh6 *rtj v(tqes axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when a. cn s 2afm)d;s-dgu2rt 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasesn cgmdrs;2-a2f).usd to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0411ij .nlhz7/ i-tceqr7d-/9c vw0 cvsn$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1 fqjup(ur4s:vk01 k8o34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempepar4ddbksy*5b 5gnr/n 3 m h)-ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sca bk. -. cibe6s,fajox8le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eartoj y-h4rnj..a h and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmhkb3m)4b() 5jmr3s 9mzt jrp sospheric pressure and a temperature omj(hb9 3 jmrbz tm)s)prks54 3f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitfibuj5-ar.3.s5p sz ry of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni/wolzpf,/ye4iwj fvhj;/q / : trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen .o2bjp3 5 as/l em-bqm($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gat;ny,w8gksi rgd wh4(pn,bg g: 3nlam1:2yw1s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 k0 ;)gl. twl p6u,bh oj,+9;ehberuutq g of argon gas at 3;e+oue6 qtu,glhbu0 h) r,wb.j 9;ltp85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of fsx lw76ax,w2 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidepn;k.-d t 6dda the balloon, which makes it le6-d t pd;n.akdss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai;pz k(6p8f )5 bi0 apuuscs;cxr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 183x p: ,bxfwaii0v(f5u.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20ewv x/9iiiv6 *ed0y;u .0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number fnsao6*3tu1pmjt* h96 aq;t rof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1i+f0 jzmt6fk:az f:z).000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (at/ zuj exc*;7u) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume t4tn:scz0-cz 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar b hv6dtd8hw71*kgbve 4 sl:n,e in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high an6sb7lh: wkbvh* d d 4vt,n18egd of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trans4,-rk.3x6dszfeypqe:yx f+tlational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST:,ffyydt er s4.xqex -+6zp3kP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near th:xg nnbrkt2 ke1 h ./upgej*)/4- xdtve surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.4guxg/-eje kb/2v nk*dxt) 1r:ptn .h    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed.okr0hdy)f u43gwb x , of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0f,0xyu)k 4r. bdhwo 3g $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/ x9*:wutg8uyy s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp:t xu*wu yy98geed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga ahj(q(p3jzdg. zco8*la : (rvs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voh9-v(j capo 5ilume is held constant, by what f9vp io(c5 -hajactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofklyg g.x;*wq3bzy- jqj7q* 9b molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio obe 5thsjt7p6 ,)/k gc gdf0mrx,. way;f their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roote/yjwcgt sp6;t ,dm,ab x.ghf05 r)7ks of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed o(*j lzl: 4ptk/. mrwekf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox )gpqd*o/cqql9 nt8/ lf79lquygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul /bu,) x5zkyk4wmi/wdes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speem8 1akefpci -/d of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 38 /1acpeikfm -7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtes k,mm7;nb ;( c4fnjrfn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura6zmxfu/ qf 2 ch(b.o.qwev8 my-w:;kunium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatakm2r0(9 vbnb co9 l 9s/uc8gx phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ft:kxc+*r nn:jnbo)hi kz11oe9*tq; is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 jif*kz;)hn: 9 c:1 bx to*nr1ok+nq te$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on anbo;logk mr)at4+o6ly ng99jk 65 6bq day when the temperature imo9 66kg6y+aboo 9b 5nllg;n )tkrjq 4s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at 8hpl i c o1kpuq)/qh1)a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm4p3 iygtk23a y, estimate the temperature at whichp43kyyi2tg a3 water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressuzfxwj i9c 75s6re of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ixj5zwf9 i76 css 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressureyp 4 :bi 1ca;;u.juvngm* ey7svtw(w/ of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prf mm6nvwd:ysts/8 9v6xq 5)* (z insiressure cooker if the water is boiling at sx8ys fn vm 9ndrvwm sz6:i(65iqt )*/a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r9pq.wo+z*k uvu u7 es 85dkiy/oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of idex2duu nf+6 5/zz i5xhfs 8x1gn95n 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for2r j7v rbcyhw6n04,s b pw6l*p a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancewsy6hr 4pl72wb6n*0r j vb pc, of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thro3 l*qkej o1x4sugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ar4le xo3skj1*q ea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a2ckjx.d .5td4zva +br t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measue.n uf g787wvere has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. 8dsc uysw*;invs.if++y(tq s s9eo96 How much error (wsf+sy +69 s;.vdycinqsit s 9u8o*ewill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas p/3r66(ctanex8j pq bcylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wrtpcnj6x8(q3 p a6/behat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3- lore3. g60nrpkpr(j.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22k6oe- .p0jn3r gprlr( $^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is yadfdnf, 9wz8f(o7o )about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attai r/wvy) f(3xgkglx:oh2qt.bf d,hp88nable using the best available vacuum techniques is abouxy / )fq8gp .23:gf dx t8obr,l(hwkhvt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity4lw)9bpl;dx-0 7wjkwzo;4zfi *cs s h of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand o *47 -s0wschzfj;k) 9wxzli;bl4 pwdif he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphereg;fm l+gg 5 5j/njp/ftalq23t at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle mustgg +tgn lj2fq3fmj5p/ta/ 5 l; be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an is lhjp15s xbg(,;mvt+ deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oq*h98kiw,eua 9z d*vih5u) iff 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm41qj.d tes8d rospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate thej. tr4dd1eq 8s total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o*jo5h e,s,qql( u+. ef ahi)zgf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge preefybwr 7cf oo 6a0ityora9c;14 k6(6hssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 2i;oy ke rba6 y1 (6cr47fof0w hac96ot59K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquo1/nizr5ieyje;i 9:kid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol/ w;fop-eb+a vl.xhe8ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroun rt rslp,16/wt49 fdfud the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2)rr sp3rz e8a20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted il2jss 2-n*)hdqcw*l-/ vd x wpn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargeh x1)e3; jgrgbd, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea2jbe 8tksxyct(00f. drth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againsqh)g+v+iv lb,i ymv*)8jdnl *0y ssi4t gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis bvv) i ns) yq+gs+j*l8*d,ivhibym l4 0alls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ,w3q-x(hjvf l. pkaqya8 7sr)of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches t,a3y)s(q l.akjfrh8 q-x7 wp vhe surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the f*:huxt)z f-w ;0noch1t qbu)air on the following two days: fuwz0 :cuqf*)- tnt xbh;oh)1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densdq+ e2 4arlssp*8 ie(vity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the t2sres+8el i*avpd( q4emperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas a ;z++u w6 e9ipdkj-eblt constant pressure, the p9+ e6w-j+;zlbuiekd coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarssxi vm:c0 qjk/; dnfg 0*w0oo( to prevent rot and mildew.wo(0kmv0ij;0sg/ f:cq on d*x If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg