Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe5,b 1ukbq8dqyvv 6cu:riodic table or Ap,uvvdcu6b5 1k y8qq: bpendix B.

Name several properti/; cjibpc nt6ol5uid5yc0ei7 hz56 9pes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerehjt;5/i5c67 y ulpbd9 o i6ccizp0n5.

Which is larger, 1 C x4p4pg.ssd o. $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilf*6;uvu 1fl0iyv+-rvuw z-f d ibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with syufur6d -0 1i+y*flwf ;v-zvvustem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip o8wa /*)8qbj.dr fcpicf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tablibrwpq8 cj8 .dc)af/* e 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear0xiecnq+xlwi29 k)+w 2b+nfl expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplpfja;hop 9vo;)(z6-ht p p ds1e thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. Tv1z(ohjoa h9fptp sd;6);pp- he electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oz;/f(c-it ney ften have a section in the shape of a U. Why (tz- i;ncfe/y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats s;j p-scq9g+2jh ei(d in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placgwji76 9q xxe)ed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risexw i9ej)xqg6 7s. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofhzxjc t m+;cl+p7z1o, it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent par l7oc+jpzz ch,x+1mt; ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of szkh+ fh38gzbtt63c/ Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion 6cf gshzbk/t3z+ t83his much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura42o9) v;yawer yzt lb9te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so,z1-bt kw cri*da will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeb-1r k*zt,wi cned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a p6uoqq1wqn86xs 3 ukp ,iston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when theyoxwq 3kp q1s nu6,q6u8 strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminh*s2m krt n81pjy3mx2r9a1 wdum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if t8km3r2wyx1r1adnt29 p * jhmshe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati;ourc ,0duc0 ke(uz h+on between average kinetic energy and the absolute te;dz(ukuo + rch0ec,u0mperature.

Explain in words how Gay-L 0sg3p;zh am990qlds eussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 2:c e0jev6m yld-k14 ujf vve9of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musf*w8(d n 21fymqi ebs4lkxy7ws)*0 kf t have to wqfn 07kl s)k 1**8(eswbf4myy xfid2 leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i3 h*v) /sewd)btsfv (infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the others/3dvhb* )(w)iv sfte?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tha/1w /yo5g w1pjkxoj x m)1bt+e samyo) a 1k+b t/mwg/pj1xoj5 x1we temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room teq/s j*h --odbr-wj4u amperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is boiq22q1j 8afthe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at tha fo1jb i2qq28e same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeri, 4c9xpbjvw8ous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.xi 9 jwbv,8pc4

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)wrqtw:t39 pz; ?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny a-2cyavvp5 ctyh ,//ljn,a+d ?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 24 s,hj, ,2 uxii kqow9*kc(ofu6.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silw(kuoxf4us 2ih,q,k oc i,*j 9ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi l; nxw 39hhlur7i;-zcus scale?unr z;h3-xlcw; lh7 i9   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record5pa5qi d un8)ibfgx2.ed are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the az um,l 0u9c1vz3afc8bxu l5m :lcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 m8zaux:uv l9l 0fcmc 13,ubz5$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m ll.4+cni zb1t qb k*b4zu3 sm6rong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bui0iqcj-,jj 2e hux/j pimt7 -p5lt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatur m/xq2ehjj7 -u50cpj-j tiip, e of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are h.(i n0wd/c8l hxs7p rlarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole.c 0s n/8hh.d(xiwlrp7 A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a5 8g:/au cogbst 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7)+k0 vciw eqgcl,9p8hfs6ms8 5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from8gveiq6 s08m+ph ,c f)swklc9 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL otk2h*n ( cb19vrhdx+ mipn *+wf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watloz:- fcidt. dp:vpy0.phu,5 er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ob eero84k(g(caxv40 x f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contai1rc8mx d kol(bu/3vl;znv9m5rp, q8mned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equab(qm9 m3dz/;8nrvcru k81vmx p, ol5l l to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chank8 m-)dw hrzwz4uuv67ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wl sq( tnxqj ,)4syg7p+idth w has coefficient of linear expansiqjty ,n7pgq ) s4lsx(+on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicuoc wz11h62yrue+ ;ll solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is m 0z -cwm-1i ii/i13lm fwlckd1vx09gqade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17v- zw1 m13/lqc -iimfil1k c9g00dixw $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermom f4ay-6y1yj(xgflam 5idu8.meter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb - 5(la yymdgxj 61a4fyuim8.f has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheelnkriu3y0p f ;0 of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle oni0 p;3ufy0rkn frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muzqe vkm 9k28ejh++f,xch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasesmf+z8eexv,+ j29kkqh to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam o:gwv eyq7( i*kpu+( ac:gs 0xomz*1gcf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122*kdtu53irqs 8eagk p(0y:x c2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tep9 l6ey)nvoj9 mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu8czvkz9z 1b9p re on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte/ym znqgy/ .9mrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure nj: 4vionx7/g 9z6ygb and a temperature of abo9xygn 7v jgzi:4nob/6ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t* ivlgz wc8 pz33qh3p,he ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21sw 8v71dd4tqat z -97phh k+ib.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro;,ppum)4njfdsv/ muy;, k sd .gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.n2m.4 eyhv4zq v6 +xoux/lc- s5sbxvtj6sw 820$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insi2s t5yg7( (g*dd;x ncerfg:ut de a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at n;gdr ( uetgtf( :sc5ygx*27d385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg olx ki 7jyvn126 qf),lsf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its 0fa-y4rw ms v/buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a yf 0-4a/ rvmwsballoon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a-;i z)al6lut air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a)udv,spg;4 p-7 z+ mov,moawm(aur 1u t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levem 1nwus vs848nofh bu 3mp1+k,l and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number urjlqya+-xx- ns 5( 1eof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water aghds-/x0qgu6bsvr mg; sn1:v /rs .qlac) x*7re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m,*mz / mmovp.b,b7ndgoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumej,ct eu enfatp+3(f)xqn; fj9m( g b8/ 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh hk;1yg bni-n.ale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere isbk n-n y.i;gh1 about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST(:f v(a0ej j7q b(svqgP?jjg0(vev( bsq7f(a q :    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of th5y2mh icql :2g84 2wn8 hiqzgge Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. m25zchq:g2wg88 ihn gqy2i4l   m/s

  By what factor will the rms spr53m h4wp ug:pb( yq,fu(2nt veed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is inwq y,(u 5v4r:p2p (u ft3hbmngcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6ml .ay3ua*2d fx8w-dm,qrr;j , 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,ddw ualfxry*;q .,8-marm3 2j and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu )k ci-pjqwy22les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itz,phcg xt 6he5ie0g 45s volume is held constant, by what facto,hp5 6etgz g5 xc0hi4er does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules zg +b13ut epr3in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same z;em. xsi uf( b9f7,antemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal ;,ixf.ze9a umf7s(nb to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogeefp3 *xeh dm65f-x t/in molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculex;,n7 kzqmt 6m at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen j1d;6h*0k p 5ho;o gkzzqvl )amolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an 8f6tz s1qbpw1zxbm w/44 x 9gni4+vgiamino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinxg/ pi16q8w49bvz 4m1 xw 4gti+zfbsng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuresu )x8 1ac 99/f gpey kxx 27snxzv0rd2bhc79z P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumkuqe4 qty. f29, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presrp7v vde2bmz, )q o*5ak:)cn jsure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature. krq- yj9oly; is (a) 9rj9 ;ol.k q-yy0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxis0mi)td mjbpqn fg:3(dn/2 * emately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tsfpiem:) /(2q 0nnd*gmd3jt bemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure atj,e flu/lvug2*q +t:t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plaeoiaj;l/ / m-ee ;gkr,ce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whicho ,;ej;/-mkli raee g/ water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dmjxy86h;xb.0r 0cwl b5zb ex4 ay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi c0 hrz 5mxbx84j;w.b6ye bx0lty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaxrpe+*n 9j hg/ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurebcd(bdoyqf k,49 e3v:o*ozj(d ,wf v3 inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatf3kv4e ,(wdqy f9bb,vd c (3*oo d:jzoure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in aoyp4a;q7* m jz room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point md ;o;wsp)4ntof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyci 7 /sike8yed e)g/w.unne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1uid./s)nee 7gyew8/ k5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through; 1 9yl/ukuj1(w4zq i7wmdwtx tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is (m14/uyit u19zlj dq7x www;k about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat0f:a,h rvkj8med at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a.d *dppwii6h98 thc gxb/sv+9t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup ct h3zq7 z0b/kwas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be ma7z bk3htcq/0zde in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyliq/5l 1n qgtv.pm l0d5v 3apskb i3b/u5nder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractlv. 5 lpb3td pu/qmva g5s1qn 5/k0b3iion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1p/( ttd )seejx9tcv0 n)v, f:g m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatur/v)f90dtc ep( v)j n,:xsttgee is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityp*81 mn0crpqr of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum o n1v.rroy). ztechniques is about.o.o )r1yvnzr $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his gtdp np,h)j,n h*n2k4 lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume woul4*,h ,dh)ngnj ktnp2pd his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return,v zpa4 ho;w,cing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (B, 4h zwop,;cavecause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of abbv; xj - dna8(bedq/1n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofkm swg wk)3hf//+vh ,j8ennf+ 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at txe*3o hk 1edxa7f, .zbhe surface of the Earth, estimate the totalod , ezfxb.3xk 1*eah7 number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mola fph 9bx20r/vhl :b lw2 o;j17qrb-ykecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaumpet;1fo k m;n;h*z-oge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if tk-hm mo; ;z*e1 n;ptofhe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl0igp 3v)w*aehsc 8sp: of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolihx4;s g2ly kiz62/zlx f,90aab( qxoone at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s5gyydk-e 6gz2 equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aksgd 1 uf hs;rf3*0 ep660w:yed tzv6bt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stanlc vukd)a r;k:, a(hd-dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c f:l ) -c2edx*usufe/oharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thibddbhx9jy ahm 5 9 p438g.p5ce Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended5y fe3sipjps-im 1)+p against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwardessp p5 i)+3jim-p1fy at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dept i4ae xsm/:o+j8epsqxt 5hu*+h of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behave /*xeaeo4j5+:p qi m+u ths8sxs as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the f xqp1c9/9 xrelollowing two days: 1erc 99x/plxq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent ft95tldp pp*0wo. px gx/ t( bt7wty;.difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 207.(btgp p*x w yot9lp0 t5;/wx.ttfpd00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to showk o/xg2 axot xieqt v+5q 835k.6zja*w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffi* x3 t a.jk5wqogx t5e8k+a6v/ qio2xzcient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent;zf,7 n5 k4pf tx:e5ye7otamj rot and mildew. If the celj,zft 574fax pkt;5ye:om ne7lar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg