Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron ork ty iq;ey3okx s9r1 ;81kpiz1 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix kz3p 1 ky oti ;xqs;y1ei8r91kB.

Name several properties of materials that could be expvcuu 5w(cjg 58loited to make a thermomete58(vwuujc5gc r.

Which is larger, 1 C j/)ky nat-n*-gz gdk 0$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste +xg:iz;d,rxe oqh 8gy;jtm:8m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system Crxq8tiomd ezj+8, : :hyg x;g;, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic sts,w-6ur alff vo44 07n,+.lti xkmue y:xy)fnrip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See T : rv6xml.n-fl w04f n4,af 7)xsuit okeyy+u,able 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lxvoy(,0h c, wfinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f0xcwvg ; nj0 :ylwdv8v6+; acc+vym,purnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electric a+lycj wd;0p0n8mccvyg,v;v: 6+w x vity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section ie: vkfhk/b0o-n the shape of a U. Why?eh fo0-/bk:kv

A flat, uniform cylinder of m/,adnix2p n1 lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of;jn)c pij4lao; gu2m5 water, thej;cpn o) 5l;ji2muga4 mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is ,k ip c45qo gw0.egn1duso4wa8cuj4cl 9j8 2dheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent du48wpsd.,g4ciao eju8lw cg9nqo1j 5c04 2kparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefs-y94x0m yan;zki 5 lnficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increasinx almnyy;5s -z 9k04ed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratmn 40usv*bxj lru94x7e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itk2-* e0zajp kfx:wg -fs bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has e -a:xzfkf-gk0w2p*jhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by qzu6h p8etim7+ 1p)o upushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory6i8 )emtupzo7 u1+pqh, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forceu (5.0haxshbnsx:zf/h9l o 9c on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempe0sh9x/( hncls 5 u.:ozh9fbaxrature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law p s p+5apdrk mrdywz6ww6.)3-follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic en+dr5w wp)- rp66z.y3dmawpksergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lut63ql mft m+v/) u5ghsssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the E8ylb2)8wd xf ksk-c y/arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers t;cma 8 ;d l(aj)gcqsr.o the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’ ;a r.c;d(slacg8qj m)s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water f1 9 l/yrb*tfkat room temperature. What can you inf9 1/*fkyftbrler about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day ++ ymfhe/)34ogyutdc q;fxu/ at the same temp+uyc+3fem4h)/ f/t xuq;ydo gerature.

Is it possible to boil waykdrf8+ 6m0spyyj;.wter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air 9crgv a63 e9qvtemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry g6q39rv vce9a air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ov8o5t5jyn o+bjck4j 4terheated automobile eng yn45coj4 jb8+oktj t5ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig xya,ovggcck-8 +:1li . 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppum/ih5qw z q6lyk.7;/xo t y,2 vq5fcker penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26wt7ums u7 kt.0gbx f-(.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same uf -ku0t wb.7m7s t(gxmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sc3paku sam, xxb2 6zz5vs v,t) l:sr(2oale?x3 zv,tap 6asblx su:52v,km( zros 2)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loweemk8mx zzx444st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluhi*1otarce+ea 0 ve (4mn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 evh(*10c4 +eaa ierto $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl6 6vdjp)2zwjs5 s5 mehabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13sv*86ttb2y a k–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Ju *6vystb8 a2ktly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole aq80u* krec3zare often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A8uc aqr k0ze*3 steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 )*tn4s rmf5br$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7)ikuu9 t6h6b e ec3ih*5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is )6chkuh e*b3i te9 ui6heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wimpkw q5nef+tj* 1xl (*th 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wateraxe4.sgj0)qq at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At n6hoa.za l6o e.)gc6b 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i;,+zl )nwks03k:v9rrz o y 2qn5ahzw bn a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately 0volwna :,sh; rybz)kknzzrq3w9+52 equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityr .: dvvxhet x:6 xckk3i6m1*l $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has c,x*t+txp ryw1of tf;155uogi oefficient of linear expanp1if 1yoo trg f+uxt 5w;t,5*xsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid5bcz64 r ( z4gesv28*feukz pr, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee1* 4or 2spw4/,wm6b1 r5fiho(ev uthuoqrhw 3ps perfect time at 1puvwqh hs(b1tem *wo4orw51rfiu 3o64 , /h2r7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofgwnzhog;k;a0ptx hz1 kob 4*o ob 1bc(s9a0 4* 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vbh1cb0z4 og tos9ha;*pz *(k ; nwokaog140xbolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatv049 xpcu/g:fj rzl/ bing about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vpu/r 90:jc4 zxvlgb /felocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thgn 2m3wc( ej6be desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at t2 w(ecmjgb3 n6his length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam :v0 mtelyo(04xq hj,k of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c/7m j h(:3 qywttw;xivm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on1jtax qnj.69e the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sc;v35 qv5./myoah4pun m1d pio ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ab y3qvq,,cntdu3 *wm-dout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustior8 v; -cvna )v6nef;( nupr:oc:gl;vw n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abou)6( cvcvv-;na8onu:e rlfv np ; :wgr;t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gafs 0 )kuh-l0i:ggpoq / r.)kipoh9+cis law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni aat th,n9:cecf /a w:z5 8;:whluuok/trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP b lqs 8pelbm,g7v 2ut73-ed41 ps3j uscontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is attzm q qw*t*.gw ,t+o*n k9is8kn c)kj1 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a *-sugv*. dzjha 0yka (35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385-.0agu*svaydk* ( hj z K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0/f1fh ;h4jtfi 1si:qj kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanqa0 )ojp eejqmnj;*,7 t lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ou,qmjjae)7j;* p en0o qtside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atu-i 1kepp,1 cb 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0j s ki,58y*ldk $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2 wy(em+ ina-8i0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu8*owc0t e t+8ubut xldin),c )les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water7 4dts ai/cm*sb9 r rq20ji2kh are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (np-b s(z bzzz9usp0i2(-o /bza) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 vb7ibr4gib8+ow2y ,r $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you tvom ;8a ri7m-inhale that were also in the v to ;-mai7mr8last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationn ,t2 t,5mjxkzf a 68wrkd9ei3al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP3kaj i8d en w,2956,z trmftxk?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the s0s6s ;+ o6b2 wsfuwlqfy wr34xurface of the Sun at a temperaturew2q6f3xlr06s sw y+sufwo ;4b of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the txk7e+k9 cnn/t emperature is increased f9+ xec7kt/nnkrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, g/fm nphj+l. v:iven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcm nljhp+f/. v:ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules qtnv dd09c6:k in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubh) 9 iqhnq+2l*zv7:rsl bn8awled while its volume is held constant, by what fani q:q7+nl*2w) hbal8svrz h9 ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givehu1egskv hd7xa3/t5; n by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same b4qav +ms2)fn 4u;u jntemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thenqa 4 ;42n)ujmsbuvf+ inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ofar.i/l (n( efa nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed oflodbd(3z9 +z9c ,igys 1d-kof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average di 4q+ xcas:yl039vg davstance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u isxte vctp( t;*6eq-c ,n a living cellcc*exst 6-vt p;q, te( at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wriu1crs53aqhk 1 tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,8s:ie xckz)4 i $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wr lrz)h871s1 edb x4efhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasarvc29 e5h lnlw75 8jge when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)wln29la j558gvc 7 erh 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when theu 3oj7ui7 vb 5yc7jnn6 tempeb76yc7 on 3vi unuj5j7rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watergnp i1i 1dr 5kk2hmwgr ,f d11/q)cg6y boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatpxb ea a9b)vbo)so.dt+ u,7 vo,s4 x5je the temperaso5+,j, )e7 bvbt9a.aopbsx uodx)4 vture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the part8n.gb g.nqt f0.q 0kafzn32rh ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40 artg n..gfz2nknf8.0qb qh30%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tusu9m admmv+; )xd 2et*r4v) demperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressu/,:axzgx2r ahdh-l q 4re cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofr l,d2za 4hh-:/ga qxx 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of wi163pjos-f :uuabwr/m-.r f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pot3ewai6bk( si*gu x8, 0m4qvpint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for azf:)1o+hxzxv1y /j: j q gm4ua glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a div 1au)ox z/q ::1z+f4yjjm xhgstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thfp e9ryy,sb3 /;w4q d n3gbvq52,wvmo e interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An av2 n,fypvv3b4 ;b3/,qgew9 yq s 5womrderage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenw8-h xk:,c4cwll *jwz calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measowp y;kwk v t6il62:63mn6dflure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tem:43e: rwao 6he /s iy l6r4yemf+m+rgs8hfr2 iperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 m8h2y /rihe6rsim+ 6e4glw e:fa3of my:rr+ s4L of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmv h.qn+5+2pz9yeqqq f . After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cp9f yq+hq .qv +5qn2ezylinder?   

  Estimate the number of airuk)8c:ai xl6 sm 2i-qjd-fye0 molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum-kl)2i0cxiajsdu:yq 6 e8m - fe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per hwyw64z adjy x -h072d$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usine5io9u nwrj2g8t j2; rg the best available vacuum techniques is about 85o u2;geirtn2jwj r9$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fullb aweil 75(s.9j*wq er capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface. e57sw9j (rwiqabel*? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’ f+gr8tq5 q4jos atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogengt j+oq 548fqr) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 117y) xfiu hj3)4dw,apy 0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oon- c1xl x,b*p. h,tezf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure84 +gcga gqne. at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eart8g+g ng.4ceaqh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moli:gx8df tk3 7secules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygenatd t21dxwc+7mz87 lu used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last t+z ad1m2l7x7c u8wtdif the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at2z-)gm v .enu t,9oqaa 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0;lvokpz w 6p3knt+f94$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eq )-)h3rmps fkpuator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glavbw76l /*lo+ 7 giiuq fe4yp)lss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado e)hgcwublx7+t) 1 z/cpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, wmt .lr (xb+scr uvyd2y2l.46has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thn.w )qeh pjdk2chc 947mn( 5dwe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown b 8dpq1 g3 a89yvm jy71)dz7vhnxv5xhvertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 dd1ngx 7 )8ympv5vvhjqaz7hx1 398yb kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter +om/v2i u r-cma 3q9ea+vy lv;(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is ua+3vc ym;o2ei-vlav+mr9/ qconstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followinzv2i5v1p)0i.jbl g8 bt x jxk8g two days: 1t0.vb8j xpl k z2gi)vjx8 ib5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density oc p2y- qzy.. utnwyv13f iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the p -uq1 23yy.zntc .vywtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas a 2b -6 32gdd6lsfqzkgr;ru6nit constant pressure, the coefficient of volumud rq32 nk 6gflsdg-b6z;26ire expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people coni ai22zo(gl/ estantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the iz gaoi( /2e2lcellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg