Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? S67: m vr 6vi*8dzh0yy, z2fdrdc;w iskee the periodic table or8 *k zh;imv 6,dy i76z2d0:wfyvrdcsr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermofk4sneps5fh zb7 j3);*7xxlj meterf7ss )3hxl bzxj;74p5*jnke f.

Which is larger, 1 C +9:;r. gzolbbdt1ca5 1 uelng$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium witp,iygv v2w:+t3khhk -h system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with sw- yhkkh,tvp 2 3v+gi:ystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alujre twg;klg60zb)/- q minum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the-k)/ewzrj tgg06lqb; outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lfsjeihmmq0a+ /foce- 98 (a:m inear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (as/z8.ot, s4cw wupj1 5szwi: or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact4tszou: , p.aj/w 8zws1c5wis wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in tpqbuvx 0y1t,: he shape of a U1uvp qby0,t :x. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 2+ jm:-oncm38 9 qr oth6,ih zr8vvacc$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-ini0sai)ls:i -i6 jh5mmk2 sq g--glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury ii6-gsm-kh50: 2isij lm aq)isnitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partt p0g).7rdi mo ;1k0p)h1l .mj qmpcek of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part )hm70lmq)dr m p1c1k0pg.p;ei jo tk.s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansionhzw z.p4 .,esn8fau y5 is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increaeszf8z4u.way n5p., hsed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratzp+om4+v vm: hmmhv2 4.-zvh be at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodrqcb 5mmq sg:-,3ylp)a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wha pg3lm,cqy: b)qm-r5 st has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisg3g4zzr jjn**ton), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleng*4zr gj* 3jzcules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submen 8lijyncho29*g mf: 4rged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incren8oimy4ng :9 2cl *hjfased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory ahi.*lt(z 1c5.*ov hsy*mi v lwg+u wki5;j/ mand the relation between average kinetic energy and tk*5*iahw wv/hyc;otl 5 zimj1sv*.( u+gl mi.he absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows mk.z5n o r:i8dfrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in tha)lwg+e3 8 tnme Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minitbt(nifat t t;t 5x u.h7/(e-zmum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atm( ;/tt5t.f bhitn(ex7-u tzatosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more q;c*lj /dz)+v nwi yt:puickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of onwp):i/+nz ;l*tdc vy je relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hum akqyw:,ame2/1edc* u h i;9xkid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat9ix1kmuaqd2;/ace w,*kye: h ure.

Is it possible to boc2g;4c os16) xxgv 3 ldv8vyh -iusuf+il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air 1v/0 dk 0vddrgn3va*stemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry aird grsavv0vk/301dd *n or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile+biib.zse3cix2 7xv i) pa m/* *xv m 3 /2 .biepz7iaibs)c+xiengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–*zdr k*j+.qw2oh3;n qpd43 1naxp5m) ftw fqm28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peqf ;c 0x;0b:em0fumi g8h/twrp4mo(s nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goldk9/3;ok mi7.v af*hgs2 w izwz ring compare to the number in a silver ring os aki9m hkow/2;izvzw7f . g3*f the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is tgo*t( a w7x;q 0kkab eopw*7:hhis on the Celsius scale?axbh*:7kegpw(oak q wt07 *;o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and+r l ezlx1d (il2b6esa6-ym5m lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cwf+i)q xu: 203gm (boksuyu;qm at 0.2 bfq(3ywms+guik;q) ou0 x:u0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built mbs ro1-s3lv+of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of + 8 gas2)sq zp5uk6ldcwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25lc8a+ ukq5 z spds62)g°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la5mkb; 3cn3 +-chs(yxjo 5 cdqnrger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel5mdb y+ c3;kcj hns3(ocq-n5x rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at mo 7fnym,m1x )4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha)xa uhr; kpda6udt :/7nge in volume if it is heated fromk6r)7 d tdxh /uaap;:u 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille csr ih gq+g87:znvysz1-m-v-d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water(gzqmrd** 0 :s;k yikbt.gn 4d nwzb67 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to e3a gu/w:z/qpbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vess0ow e..xqg-vb9cew 3p el so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that thew q.gpcv x3o9w0bee-. effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chand;h( 9p:kine 8 zsr0aige in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width -wbz5 ls:igxn8l0t 6 mirb6f,w has coefficient of linear expan5 lwblxrs : ,6m 0itzf6bni8g-sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sq*d4i-z t2ho;cih q )nolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps prydu.80lk key-v.l v7erfect time at 1y-80kv ry. vudl. elk77 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thh y/ueahw8l7 nvfkjaq f3c2:)y9( xwci2ji50 e bulcfiqa 9c 7u20x(vnwawyej8) 3jihh/l 5k:y2 fb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrics tgosm,: opfpg;8 i;:al wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearinpfs: oi8p gm:;ogt,;sgs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stresq jrp9 w9den;1s is required to keep it at this length if the temp9 19npdej qw;rerature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041phlg fn-b*s2u:hp a3l foo)93$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm aoqzf* a2ca6uy*9 1v swkjl (g4t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temd 6k5qc3ft*nyperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat4phq 8hf17rjhure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun an 2wt9,fkj *lx/djj4e 59n thore about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air aty:v4 vl e2r t8 le8yo*d;jzs5b e2sw;l atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about vl rs2; svyl8*d;ej z8yl2beow:et54 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit4(g,2njg ue :f miwev,y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen27sb qcvjk3t x89*b0pbq +jfx ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contasg a*(q4u m6g x.s: knupx0y nv5yks67ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gla vv/7nvc*;ga:z trky50 6s vas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at x,6c0aufo rlt-z/9 en385 K/x6-ft 0un,zl acre o9?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 )qz p) rvg3 t9ohki u9mw++tj,kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatin98tf itmr1 nhbhoo2*5g the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a 2*o b8 h1ort9h itmnf5balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with af3u ra/u0 -xgzus5rw bv61k s4ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ae 9nd76dvhj;d t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level a gfq umx nagr2.,yj/9:nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molevma lt o*f6q39g6,b;vof.qbc cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ciwgu164 1u rr wf 14:qlaoc0imany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofm )+qbje /auxz61 3xox (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5., 6i a-g1rql6p6g xfzo1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wefkk9/lvu4 vh-re also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere fv k/v4-h9lkuis about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molec lx h1h)+0ojr ;m1) (obq 3u+gzalgrtaule at STP?lgh ua; qmog jr+r)b1zah)tx+l0( 31o    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomgric2q,(x.2:k vzclz s near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofrk2 ,zc:zqi lvc2.x g( about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculebg,vj30y qi37 uk bxzt2wt 2ae9 c,+ufs increase if the temperature is increasjwfz9y2e3t, b3 ,27 qxkavu uig+0b cted from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol1+u1 r(oa;*nnab pznmlowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sporpm*azn( bannu;11+ eed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculewg. ka2q* su+m:zv3 kos in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held coqo sdbyrcs:-6u; (rd *nstant, by what factor does ssd- *: u;yb6cqd (rro$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is god-5y/ a817w ewsfxihiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of tha8:zc a4lydr; eir rms speeds is equal to ac;rya4 dz 8l:the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecf1tx tqc ov*4xu/.yd4ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule9)o iks qx -2coy+tr1 mhl8cm3 at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between niwsmo:z h/ b0o(trogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecggo; g)pfme j r0 -mn875m6xvkular mass is 89 u in a livio ) p8-gm ggjr5mkf0mv;7xe6nng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri--6yn+rh a,y3oxf5c d a 7zxritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uravkcnw8i. *o)ocak 0 lnh/-w 2xnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasep jga8mr .1ww 9.5wweks can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres;m n. b q-8onlom1:ki2l 3wfwssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90l2-q:s3.;mwnw f b8iom1 o kln $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point axzv0d)7szeq 672m ut (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2uaz )z2qxsm76d7etv 0 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wd5s)a: 6 ssslm*+iz ccda,i: 63n pvta fz.hm6here water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in tlbrc*y s4twka -,f j /gth)1d,he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boj*bykwd l1a-, ctg/rs4t) ,h fils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parti 0xikg*tt- 8lqtow8rn;m53b aal pressure of water is 530 Pa andl8tk tbm-r*08 oi qtxgw53n;a the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature nvf7;2 vhk5s2zr7 b,znikbr8is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a p-q mhv7-m-q 5 o;a j fw8rd80a2geainlressure cooker if the water is boiling ateh w;8oald-5famq0 n qmjra 2-g-8i7v a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumk xkt g1ifzxsrsxa+ .:6wjxm 0: n48z1e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5. :h, fvg+ybs y( fmhowa rcmy 3rq,4)ra5b)7a $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1u/ctu is.;mc swy( exy-ozf /bj-ijp(z1 m342 3–4) to diffuse a distance of 1yoz1(2iu4i tsmj/u pm (yzcjwbs-e -f/;c3x. 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from t;x+z re *a.stohe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachx ze+;ro s*at.ea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure haz w;(3xkj g.yh2ieon, s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2- (: yq b:jr(pj2dm09tpofyjs0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cah ic0 tv8cb3i,librated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water ccbh3ii8 tv,0and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftq.u lis,jtix)i*p 4e 0er many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the or* ,qsij)t xili.0p ue4iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecumk,1, lq0y 81miyrfwb les in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume tb m 8miywf1,kl1y,q0r he temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is (3feddi5-lap 8w.dzrabout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avr ,fnncbh-76sf(z r 5dailable vacuum techniques is aboutbf5drcnrs6,n 7h zf( - $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 it/9luhp 36s dm below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ro6 l9i th/pdsu3se to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere wuk .zo*4c- zs mhfs3q6c.8iumj8t,qat a speed of abou..ow 8zq c 8z,6hjsuf-cmm iqu s3*4ktt 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is q :yfhfv1e nr l bu/:mo)96zwiu7(: ehincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o*mwxryb(+wq rz 5 v9c(f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E yv.qil3 zksz6)fr89 w2z dv9sarth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.q3 v )8f srlv.wzyi9dks9zz2 6    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molectkv,oo+y- gc1ules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitvy bld6h+ j,u22ustfa0 )du,n:j hcv+af5ok2al has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (1 0u2y,sbfvuhdlc +: v6jjfotn+5d)a ukh 2a,23,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury ats92nr-7tc gt3xw sst,uz0hk6 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline akj.danxg42)m mklh a+.r+n:a t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to foh40u4i6rfoh kw:x2q pr4l: tit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a7*xl9ti; hq jh glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted vamwq,i4(7zobf-t +rin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a po9 /(iwgksoux tk7 g(pvr8+9aressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is +qn:v +oa(59 cgalvm p$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tbo 0 ypm)5layi2dv, p9ennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 2poid0m y,59)bvly ap12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bu6coflo8*5k kfbble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 Ko6*k oc5ffl8k , and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wateritoz 1dkp1e s*8, hxjd- w*mm1 vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ,k - mmj1shddi *wxe*1optz8 1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dei7 lwa56b;4sv5 nxeoa8/o z cpnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperni8v5zbxw;c e7 oaal6o54 p/sature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shocm+qat 1b,ad8 :dce*gw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient o8e: amatc bc+q 1dg*d,f volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevyi:ugdsk) fz9:t3dx 2ja, hl, ent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a houh,: yg:d)j szlf2, i x3udk9atse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg