Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminui6 w hnwr: axi ,lo4fxs:/n(f-l 6p.)cuzm)n om? See the periodic table or Appendix u . 6o/shl,pa4x:n 6i()- ro) zwinflwmxfn:cB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitebe v:q2 d0cd-w -zxjm;d to make a thermometejzv;-: x wdq0dembc 2-r.

Which is larger, 1 Cwexs. s1urnks6uai(w2,u(z o54 sn ckh.;;f r $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal en yvso3p /mq2sh+9gp;quilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whaoym3hg9p/;v 2n s+pq st can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a std92mtx jma4npf 0eb2k1m.p/ rrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin0p1arjm.tekm 4/ d2nf 2 pmb9xt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientryyf8+i // fis of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram /uqu. t4imfp- of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it cap i -/q.ufutm4n be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thyytm.cm z16b 7k)) fwhe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. 6hk7.t)f1ycmm bw )zyWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in.- : z2(npzjq4mxqbub mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed+r-z c;i jtqo) in a hot tub of water, the mercury ir qtz j+io)-;cnitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morh ewms2 pi4.:9aw fs 8pc*yi+ne rapidly than ams2i.p w4hf +wynes :8i9pca *djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its co 2sz7:pcy o0*eyz-mx2 png6xtefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than th z62nmy0xpsey-x gt:* 7ozc 2pat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accut(8 uqua48 r9wybi9tprate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and :(hlqqe ( fqq+t29 oortop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wq9oq:(or+ 2f(hq eqlthat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pusx9 uopn1vgrhmsf*0fh,:7 kla3v /ngni -:mj;hing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it*;9h3gvnn xok10 flaf-njp hg7mim:svr, /:u cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on ani gm1q,wih3*4 ag n5vm aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is v ai3img,gw*mh45qn 1 increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thj-4c2f + a8fizt+ uvsieory and the relation be-ji f +f+2vtus8 iza4ctween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how j) iq56 4izmkdGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t; 5h9ef0u i+ei+wwv bxn ++zoe8dzrc6he ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the p khta0+0o 0 jen2mt fq1tb)u0Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth tfnq0tm )2te0 kahuo b0pj1+0and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at b / q 5c39kpuhgkkbw/rm(3g i1pbr0u9room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ori9ghkr(b0 ukm ckpu bqg35/bw19p3 /f one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 8fh; itj7ov* m3nr5os same tempe5 378niv josfmh;t*orrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempebaz+j lp+z1 k 98rowmq 7yq0l.rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sxki:lh - -iqc,ame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry :cq-ii- xhlk, air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r e.m -uw02ze-pd3sivi adiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.mu--0iv.3wz spi e 2de

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter c l,,9bzruw(w3 y8iee(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there int3qt 3oo;cza pvq3;.q a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the num.kjjgp o-x*/2ui*v:e/mvpls ber in a silver ring ofm./*jvjsp- v/eiopx*u: lg 2 k the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is th 4y:krgz2 0ewyis on the Celsius scale?y42rk: ygwe 0z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded u- cg. 7 g3gs9ubo;,vlb).njac k5 omvare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass the vwi2xz k*.bc-rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.*bi-cv2k x. zw0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 7m3e,y dsms b+3f ej/f$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–293.tw q p*mmjant s h;)g1s6/yr) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatu gq 3hrn;61)jp*.matt mw/yssre of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ri1whfwokw( t ;2vet hole are often used and the rivet2t(1kwfho w;w is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 5p8c zl0k-kfx/d .nud 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamezpvh)z5 6b4 fzter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 z6z5zh fvpb)4$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b jp+h3.q7dr dy 2tmh-orim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 7vie/:r jk uti8.ch:r of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is t q.8k4 vj3o w5bavea,p+;x fnvo be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained t x9um-*3;lfs:ukx p pin a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear ex;:* -kfp9 utmls 3pxuxpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitye ;ou7:yait vq3 -/vry $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le6hr5 wmms.fg/oy7,yw ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expahogmm/fr.ywws,6 5y 7nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol-g5.u 1;okbjrif 7rtqid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 :4n;twm sz8 b(zqms1k7 wsn z m1mt48z( :kqb;s$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1a/ pxj(7tzk*m 40 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2mz(*p 7 j/takx55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about vk,:sr*v zwh1z hs /i.its axle on frictionless bearhrz,s/ik v: *ws.z vh1ings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requ-go 6.p)qd svj:uz6 3 z-jhm(3dpjpa qired to keep it at this length if the temperature incrsq3pj66pm:h-z g( jzp )3v-jda.o udqeases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041;t 6ha 7g,+sw3)dqz wv1qz+uc m9tbta $m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 6.e vfh+srj-p cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper keq-h 6yp(u4satures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu7b1l g 3.aai7qyh)g gore on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ar,xr gi0 lis9 xw9aq)x4e about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric preu iz5h2 a+5tfeq/hx +-ndn)kt ssure and a temperature of about 20+txf qz i+t)-da55nhk2n/u e h$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lak9h ,+akt (botw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nxpx 9: 1mw*rx3yo+cbnitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coneofpp /dnj5ar5 z(r(j;)0klctains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 6fb-gj9dq 9-lkvcweu7o5xb1 k q;e6j 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a g9 9cq sut.jz sw+)sa435.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38s)j 9q9g .wcs4a+tzsu 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0s yyq6rsdf u; )09qzp. kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatingzdmwwpi-cg9tb0),; vwm; .n u the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense v,wu0n;mwc9dwb. ;pz-m i )tg than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withr i4h ;i+gnthc *:* 8-luovdcq air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.2r-ux.91q a gq ww7sol0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch+gh2;j qj*xkc.t -pz hild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number *ffc1; avv3zhyl 1t us92o.cqof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moqa gk*irayyt 9h98u/ 1/ ja6izlecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of n 8;srht(orhz dla1gu+ ,muz -thv: /+(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.9 iye/qogs7(e1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0 5+p.3wc16soqel/ig pi oq1 -tp7emrg-L breath you inhale that were also in t 1groete-o6pc+wlps pq mi.5gq 7i1/3he last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic, rco,rteugqmr744j ,eu9 i4c energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? o cr74,q4c, 4g rumejr9u,eti    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of h(h3tjpdn tv fj8x8,7gsne8 hp 8frx86 elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60h 78f8spp6fe j8,nnj88h dt3gv(x xtr00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempei4gj d7 ylp h1t1emz2.rature is increasp .zjdh1 7me21t4li yged from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followkktvi rv 2.q q,d6.ad n-x58owing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, .katx k6dqdqvv-.o, rni582w8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecxaaah)i 3m3-dn wr4mk(o/rfg:4n2t c ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wpc(a6w 4kfddcu:hfh:b5 )1tvhile its volume is held constant, by what facto h):5vf6h 1wcab dtud(pc f:k4r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giu7; ) ymdt,:*wdgw fir85hlryven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t9(;;y;d o3 t q:j;gaehyre uhlhe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse l;(;a3; ohdry:gh tj u;9yqeeratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of ni)jvskjj 9:5xhtrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule ah d6sgmb ii(/(un:oea8nx wk ncw 5,+)t 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules atjzwmusq9yo:h5 l0r;x,c+b7f 8u /htq7 ,j lav STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas8jvs/ tv/t 65s,bl lgwm8c g/is is 89 u in a livc s vt/tjs5lgl8w6ib g8m,v//ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =aju0mkdt 16h1 $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of 9twog4irp5;9k/ya5yuos:3 he9urw y uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu 3b nv(nfeo4-kre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure n hk7bgfo/e10is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90bn/1 7fog0kh e $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hum+pzox-tq:2q lidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is l-x zq to:q+p225 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 s, hpak2a ovcy/8en kk5*;c+lvrgw; -$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part,bl2v9r 7tli9 yw9d zqicular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wat t7y,9 l9di9vwb2l rqzer boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the eer8j 1 yxd 4jr6pmh,v;y0h +opartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rr6, xmdp4e 0+yhyej1jo; vrh8 elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the q+mcgzroy,vo+h+ 7v0temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressuk / /c *q:axl :8d-wquclfbqj(re inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1ckxa*dql -jf :c8:w(l/qub /q 20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of n1wj:4 jgsi l9volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po2craer83ar 6t p:vg/jint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mole84pjqq u*+ws hs9+g kjcule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distajk4 pj 8*+s uq+hg9wqsnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to t5h1uq7sk isa4f)1ts zhe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea isuqkst4s1h5 i z71) asf about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hq -lvj wt b: 3w;il6sjp58;cfzas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate,7qaopb ke9 *gj/ k 2tfjyq/h/d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tzc/i jcem 1z4:emperature. How much error will be 4jc emz/1czi:made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas c9h ::e ewntzq3p +e( 2lmv5 h;fg4anhdylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rem;: h2dn9mg +hhn w5 zteevl(fp4a3q e:ains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room- yqi6f.*u )zpk6k pwh of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature iszpwy6pkh u -i .q)6fk* 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density og76e0a7t 143g5 z a fuaqcclpvf matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuu-mbch1 jie5qm96 bbvejo+ 1)jm techniques is abo1m 9e6beo5+jhqmb ij)c1v-j b ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ofq fxsj1-q 6o-)juu3l y:(hfem 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the x-olf3s -qme)j1fy 6uh(u :q jsurface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ent/vl .x4w tbaug /02 mgao8((y:wrrjmhers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperat(w8 x.lrm0vmuoa:b/w/ gj a4yt r2(h gure, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gai9md0.ofnxtqo7kujk/y. zzha1g - r9k5 q)0 ys is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of +r+uri.u9 spp 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at tb7ef* i3 wdn ,rzlbh.:(yr z+she surface of the Earth, estimate the total number (e:zz3 ,s .flbr*7+niy dhrb wof air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni r1*ji,+ vluql )fyvwd. mv8*jtrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used/b,34tm3c /v gut gsbd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13 vc su//34, mttgg3bbd,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ga r7w; 2 /ngjfm778/qwtohhain a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a p9jayg*yg. y5+ uykj5t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around th58hfivrp2j2i .gwi *ee Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gla izn(z)t vpy0;ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the x(n/cj osz90k;mtbo 618$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur q5o-vfn*2 zrre of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the e524p /7ym.pwgjb+dls ,gkt fEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid 6*jh;pofr/ :ty. m)6ja hojpsis suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboutjo hph*a6)omp; s/ry:f6jj .nd from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sph2wx7 iv *(vxemt :o/slerical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a per2 xe/ slmwv7xo:(*tvi fect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tw5 y e:8dh7rnqdo days: 7qd:5h e8drny
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in kx(kh+f q/,b hof4ff6 the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the ,+bfqo hh/fk 6k(f4fx Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consft sb( 2e0tss*tant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans*0st(f 2 betssion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.