Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irjmlc :qm3 -ks1ryjsdyw8 9,g1on or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix9sr,j: my-1j318 ycslkgmdqw B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thehdm9.,g0 f(ni w(ij*kp c:veqlb 10wyrmometer :( .(w0j ,qv1ei*i0hd9bp kfglcw myn.

Which is larger, 1 C f6uwzfyw w( g+e5r f:9$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not ir zdxlem9w 7-9g4 ynjp5g,j4c 0z:eb gn thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempera49el0wgzj7 y9 mp,c:b4 -xg z5 rnegdjtures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted toov7dhi1k4zw1 a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside14 d7okz wvh1i of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffi-yqmm* 52taqeb .mb8ux ;7 bttcient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control v+pfjj/ p 8y7/*cjsp ga furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury thatp7v8 jfp/p *cgj +ys/j conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section iav4 7,5f 8isl mn-rjba5a (rchn the shape of sc8-( n r,mj7farva5a 4hilb5a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in t7hcgot c7x 3nj y7-5wmercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is f-pvg t/4nlsj+pk/-s g002t niub l4mmirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bi4 0gs2mlkui s4- g/tpn-bp jln/vm+t0t and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one ly58fdr5iv-q ;,ij j;o c,c kupart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly tfiqu ,r, 58o j;-ickcyld5j;v han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyreel 5- )fuah ).n e:r2,h lvhrbe1glm6wx glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thvlu5ne h a:re, hmg6h )l1-.fbe)l2w rat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu q7q940o didjqrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge4kk;kryr9khu 7e, t 2y *t0hct so badly the can will no t hkh kc7k90ytre*,k4;yr 2tut stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a uci3 7d m)hbj 02 kqbk9;p/tlipiston), its temperature increases. Wh0 u qlp)cidi b;tk9 m3h2bk/7jen a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in waterq/:z* z *g2ukaxfibr 5m1w7 elqazv hb *0+ht1 increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20mr0 qbz a/b*qz1u5lz *kig+ *f12 a7t:ewxvhh $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C35nda: o4x lkmharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average35m nlxda4ok: kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-2z )qy+6d5z4qs 79mi40swp zz hmbxxp Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ear)b.2 wolytyk: th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to 6b+p da96*ydl+c1 siyxvmq1p leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the M66ia+ xvdpp9lq dyc11*b+my soon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more xcr*h/uw)t ) dquickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mol)wd) r/t*hx cuecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid rtv1( ;8qi.qoeum29y/m( hwph v(zcjday is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same 2r;/yoi1q((8pe z9 hmwcth(vqmjv.utemperature.

Is it possible to boil wand )aece3pr.w; ll-.y/g i7m;-kob)k op zow6ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but tpc w.h s839i fd/)i75cyjlwcehe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? ic59diyc/es3lp 8fcw h) .w7j Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated au.yrdvq(taku4;v-g g p6qi72 stomobile engineq k g74pgvyiarud q;v62-s t(..

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlej))xu gmz5.m )ce wwq( white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cody4rgw(qdjdy :7 t pawtq+31*pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comgc/+i: -:tap.xwyyu: 4ord djpare to the number in a silver ring of the same mag y4 ia.u+/jyct:rd d::pow-xss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is +(paax5p6l+u;ak g of aw)*b woften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?;p o5wlgp )(a6+axbaw a+uk* f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and 5qs4juu -3d() s dikkvgs sr(3lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column *29twt ar7 rj3t btb.ehas length 11.82 cm at 0.0 e7rtj3wt9r b*t2. bta$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway in1gqx8j/ wu4us built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13– q;q)kq1;ln f0alj: pm29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heigk:jq1ll q0mp)nqa; f; ht changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tzgu ak:wehsjf.+w u/ /,1u +rbhe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is ca+s rwuuuzf b/w :gkhj/,.+e1ooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterc7 j0ky1y8bs7 :dqcbf at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i, o*(e .h r//epqf o+8obhn l9doex,qzts change in volume if it is heated from 38oo+ q(pef nqe xhe,. dob9 oh/*r/zl,0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to th w5y3f57*4dq g*sz)syfctb pie brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 k7 p96l:1cp0 ficuhbs$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madd)i fe2 f)9ypae of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in es qs0d:kvu91e vlf g;f*sentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansio qgekudlvf* v; f1s09:n is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de4))hyw ewek r/zv1kd *h:trx +nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l *.je ils5lvz- and width w has coefficient of linear expans5eijvs-l l.* zion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi:0ye;4):megeqrskjk c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is l z.vrgqi4+d ycv1(6qkm1 ,ffv3yjrd/*upq. made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17mr lcv.fkq14 *6 3,iy qvj+rg(/ydu p1zfqv.d $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomi rf+1rpuvk9/ eter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.r/ufkr pi19v +255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cc:-qa*j3nfb- xmmo4oylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angj:nm xo4*cbm3f o-qa -ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°Crvgtesh.0d(((* ppo e. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempphd ((oeevp.(*t0gsr erature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-section2m ox ejwvyr,:jm3 3*oal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122d; h8+nbsng 2bkr: el5 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinv w;p.5l w2i 1qlvd9qp scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur (d3zhf)xle /rf 6bo-wt 2;sxv4ln m 6:msw1ope on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofcsuj- cs.9 mw2 the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperat)3 p w 5aqn jl2.r6j3jhax,dbbure op6b3 an) jbwxl235d, r.hqajjf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen aty uufgpg )1)fn8*pp(gq iie76 STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containnag nxp eotbwch);8t 9v38x87s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co( x-bc2zb0 nhoxfa16f ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gz, mzt8 5z9hr:gv 5kxhal,0lbas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 3vzro* s6wq5 ffy80 .al5.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 6z f5orwsf.l0a8*vq y 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k k(38xsul, *el2 .hjl m.onzzmg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatmnd286 fwwk *ting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the 8n2wfd6kwm*t volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withz48u *uxy 4dy rzup3qk*fu55r air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1m 2 lzff 2f3nmkva3(*m8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’l3 g3 o/1ricjjs hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / bmmslo /,-nv*15 n9gwl,fthb $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th4ps8zz.kboi5( f32x osimh;d ere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole/ug 5 f0tqp+g f94nna cm9i+sbs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume v8 7.fc*-q4xwptnxyk g gc4 3k xg6iw95.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brxl/c6.2qlgs 51+so8.k i2p ft j ftieceath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gal.tc kc8fj 2ilet s2/. p+soi5gf1x6q lileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an pyy,t ,uwqq9k5g4vbn bd/6 l9 oxygen molecule at STgq 5duk,6,w y9vltp qy94bb/n P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neardp,uxvw) hx0us,e k18 the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60018xp,wd, u ) xvuskhe00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa3n 2il64jhyva se if the temperature is increased from 0 2lanh4y j vi63$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,2kv 3rdu.3itu mbupk2 3k:pzl m)zs4( 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, (div2p3zm kkt)m u3.u: uk4pz2l3 rsb7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iepa0c2 o60prr 5832felopoa (hyv, fh n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wbh-hf ,vih i.a. m7,wqpp /jsgq8b3 h;hile its volume is held constant, by what factor .hj h.qah/ 8mf i sihw,qgpvpb;b,-73does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol. 7i nqi.exm nsja52k9ecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture a(ys1g ndbvak;j3us8w -;y 9bof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the invers ;9 k(a1g-dbvaunyby;s j38swe ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a(haf xk 3*em1en 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyg;qm ;a;tss9-y: znt yfen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ayk 1h3c6 bpk uxo18+xpt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ach( q402m4f d/hae;el) dm*dqmzq rr1 xid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3*ha/)e41q(mqdm42mdx ezrrq0d ;hfl 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writr vkxmd07;b+m fnwj: )ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranik b t/f8p-y7mktnte4l 3 l9qa9um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric przq0p )82r j wrivhz3/oessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0okg weph 0ic0* 6lyrks:,u(*j .01 atm and the temperature is (a) *i erlh 0cwkyo*u ks0,g:jp(690 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point ono/em8utnft;67-c.sdzt ryles ,23 (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 23ul-s ret/ ;68 ce,n7fo.mtyt odnsz$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b7 z-5epw+un5 i mg8u9 f)hwfbqoils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a po5 i a x83u-gtc*yjv5sarticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at 8 o3giy- 5 vaut*sjcx5which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of waterj6r77pxzh3xz . izsh1 cu p2b* is 530 Pa and the relar 1pcxxu*h6ij 7b2s zp 3.z7zhtive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressebf) pw;t7emgu20z6kud f17k ure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a c0i1r3o3 ecyopressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of yi3er1c03oc o120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in axs fj :g1so3t) room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pgeq;esuhol tz13*(g02 k ohm;oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neede+hoaj,6eiu7( ecgxw 6 d for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disto6ch xeaj+w6g7(u i ,eance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througy+bq5 ;zex)os2fop ,hh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea q;2yz+x e),s5 fohobp is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mu ,+qy q/jd(v+pxk+ imeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape /g 1v8twhyd;9mva q7rmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temp p3ptsclb z1f x3a1)p+erature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if t1) 33p+bz p1pact lsfxhe water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballaan26 9zqxq j8oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the2 ax 6zqqan8j9 original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,/ ytmk8i+3qq1/ iuygxh;;ab l width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assua/8bq yikx i 3qty+lh/mug;;1me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouto0 m :erp9w8 z92)zl)qqrlqrj one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure 6v u1a)esubt2ijd18fsp6dw - attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboudjss8baiu 2w-p df1et6v)6u1 t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity o*ry(amq8n*lg2o b* c +z/mie s 1p-urwf 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he *gbw8 eoa/m- y n*m2*lp1(uczirsrq+quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the fcj,*.6rbk f94y4l t i)nfrch Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) s r4kj)cit ,fhc 6 lrnb49*y.fftriking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased i.9s4 chi3bcuz jbv,5from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume(jc5+3moh jxd 23 rrap of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surpf1dc32v;l 4mn k +8 vz3ectazface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. v 1zt e ;ca3p48cdv2l+zn3mfk   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contailkb9 i+1, gyvdned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of osr6mn2d 7 : xg:h e.mke;jx(4jc7 mkmcxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constanc2:7kecdmm kr:;xegs m 6j( n jmxh4.7t at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats .ogr*;d8o3lp.wr u4+alfm)oytsn 8n in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoljsx-+k , +op8uom dvj;ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the: bo 4puc8qc 3(+t0f ipmoj*pv Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto xosc/-km)sh*a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa+ k-q n s:rnjuhvdzz :w9+f , qx5zcx2p99;zpard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charg vvzav+ j,+cwmb:b6 ks+lm u+5(z*wwyed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thjj; liok0:a ye gx9)l*e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against 22pnvm j/nfd7 gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assum n7v2jmnd2f/p ing they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bhs lmg2n-q+o; up m5ng c3p+,oygtit5k o+/, uubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 2+ucg+5ggn t 3m,h ,/5 mtipsuo+y 2-npoo klq;98 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in 7,ao8(ejxs f e:sde)i the air on the following two days: ef8dja,:e(7 io e)ssx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differen(x; shcnv8k ,fvfc2yn -x+dk:ce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the ( cx;-k fv n,nvkc+:hfyd28sxEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law jpz/70(hi 8qffxe*e+uq wkm)c76o mt to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expa j/fc8 oxzp0m+ime qhue7w6t7 f*q) k(nsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pre 0vly)iqu64 levent rot and mildew. If the ce4qiye)lv u0l 6llar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg