Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1cwwuq,aq + 5mqvk +8s/ kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.as/quq, m8w +kvw5+qc

Name several properties of materials that could pp;desv(4ckg o3c1:m be exploited to make a thermometerd;(e mcpc1go:k vp s34.

Which is larger, 1 Cvncqbe7sxwo(ag6- j 4 v4w2hqv)5k +s;/ jlsr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is +xs.mj eg0f r1not in thermal equilibrium with sye+s1 xjr0m f.gstem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists z xv:sfa qqxg8,h t+2v 1mzk;6of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which meta,va6q+ k;: q1zmt8xvxsz2hg fl will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp/ixvg mwn) s+ rtne (3gh(:xrg,07p qes4lcm7ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thth) apy1 qnd(,ermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The el1dh(qayp n)t ,ectric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are wkr 1u 4*y +sff7am/gqfixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?7fk/sug+mr 1qafy4w*

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float2a7 . ibthr,ptii7ww/s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,4*.n+ieosyk5jclit)a7 wlf9d)d cp2 the mercury initially descends a bit and then rp25y l7sc)f)n*dt okc+aw.ii4 dl9jeises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coop2e k+k(rj6gb(kiyy,led more rapidly than adja( jb,rkyy p2gek6+i k(cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineaara:kgx:9 cr9r expansion is much smaller:rra9:ga cxk9 than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a+ cw1k:z ed i9nzp2np.0drms-t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge sop4 n56xb eb7go badly the can will not stand up. What has ob b645n7epx ghappened?

When a gas is rapidl0 ce.xsk 6;nt qi1 k7vrnjf+5dy compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.50q js;1.nk+ ft7 6d evcxnkri

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in waterr (c9w unv5rwd9+j;f h increase or decrease if c95+9rwfwn u;dvh(j rthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory n)b1f*53onv *(fvh *tjj qijsand the relation between average kit3h*j jfvf *j 1s) (nvoi5qb*nnetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luss j o91:qk ;fh:rauz0gda;2hdso oe3/lac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s cjafo0tyy2t;f3/kk8d; r d0e atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an g 7jed r*5ovhr+t)*xai no*t0object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Ea*xo )otrrn*+evajti 7 5hd g0*rth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wy9lls57c * zrt1j xd.ahat can you infer about the molecular properc* z.7xtllj1d 5sra 9yties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid a6) sl xbl(k(yday is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturebl(6)x ls (aky.

Is it possible to boil water atp(e22fwk oo72p7 h , jjja+,q+golss z room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditmkt(*d. 0/cs cv t.pswy is diffe(0mdspvt*tskc/ w. c .rent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofq, p5ow0 em65k-qr avl an overheated automobile engi,e v-55 0qramw 6kolpqne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white 8fz(o 7fnkg+vcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe*nq.-v8 m jxmxnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in * :lo.*jlnlhe a sin.oj h**:el lllver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to e doaw as.ju7do2o -le:u((/cbe 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? eol7(d.u2co/jua-w oe:(s a d   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera lv14kj+nt(fvhh/ zjnkt 35u/tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass tr4go ij 9nvm)b0,f8wyhermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 o,nig) j8ywv0 m4rbf9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builquzlm)d8 dibuq9y * jp xw:evr,a.6 .;t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrouxu ba,r7l7d)ixt.fp06i5 n evght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of fx57 0r6b indxlpi .,t7uva e)25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than t,lsq u8l1 van* bm ,rat(k/l/khe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.8 ,tk1r a8 /ls /klvlubaqm,(*n69 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water w2cg(kiz5qau;b:kf *y1 je ;hat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if i 0k2q0 ho-6pocoiun b-t 062 qboico -hk0- upnois heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ui 6t l cn7b2bagv09v+of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at t0 e)fjar. ga3qz658ryf 9vdtee ,a.u20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At . yhqt w8gr;z2n,tq-v(tp. nr 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so o+z 6wkni2wtrnf 255tit can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of votwr5 5twz2n +6oifn2klume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t*rcswr ei6ukk,xvi*po(a2 g4w 32 l)m he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular (f-dutz/ /cnbplate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi/ /(utfbd zn-con $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so;joj+*h/abdsv cb l5 4lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ie ,3hy.l-9o bzd(nzh.hs x1j is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 (e.1osn,hy-zj. zb9lx ihh d3 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 8kgla.cdy4q1 3ug zl3mm. The bulb has 4yl8ckua gdq 13 .3glza volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.416v )*./ jkqvbjdb7wmlopjj 09 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wvbo jqj 9jk7w6ldmp)jv.0b/* ith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is 9btr3 .chlqq3 required to keep it at this length if the temperaturqt.hqr 93 b3cle increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stey 8 4g 5xy-9 :9sxakn5 rlgbiafu1hql.el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmxu nfu:xc/l9 zxh w+03 at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale nnwc2k69u2xq5x27r)ce z 5up f nnn.v:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sctozaa9u -r y hn-*pp ts/8-he7ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in t9 tsc/xw5hnt) he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and azmf;w n(dl9,* 5lpp+bn yv bf) temperature of about 20 mz l(f*yp9;)+fl bpdv n,5nbw$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasadmo 4conk*v989 axylj4 4s 4d law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta:ab) brjo*d m(ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrodq.t )6 suqu/y4d wwc7gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 14l1z5ucd y; /u3 wuwnj0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 k6, tz wy*iln3yg of argon gas at 33iznt, yy6 lw*85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o a-j0 r/zyx)mjf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating theq p/+-7yvs9c ycnt ,jl air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballv9ls+t7j/ npqyy,c - coon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 aa73vt3b-u1le pgo 4e$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at i,w ,razlbo+7 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seava6ioj5g 1: nc level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o,em8r, mzf 1h;fwx4xir(6xw m ig:t8 tf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule)8lcm6kntr .tbbcu9 0s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol. 7fpgrcq+l a4es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1l.f0.x nsyj 5vchm57)fr*zbh3e mjq*$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ear+ 98)29y3 7i onnj/0tzwhw/lnh lbg -si qywoch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galil2 /b8 t)l7j3ogowhny wsnw i- r 90/iynhz+9lqeo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecxw q-pdab ihc6+ p2d3+ule at STP? -p+xdp3c q 2w6 iba+dh   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of9yl+hc9 hgk1 c helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60009 9lc1g+hkyc h K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase z2w3 atnq3.on if the temperature is incr t 3n2zwqna3o.eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, n.zxv-:ngtfwjxj::h /+7 mcb 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the hb m +nxzcngx: :j.7-:/tfv jwrms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas75ajs4fuhs, h jb0 )sb at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumb;r6m5knm- )yge.vn se is held constant, by what factor does 6mvnmg.y b5-nsk)re; $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas gp.owunou c8/ ,9:jr40dsu7yp n2x15 yu f lrvis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio o-2;hiz3mv: cao; avv tf their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of vm;ai a;3o:tv vh2-zctheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol zl 1wfojuw3p*c 0c6nt7j1s8becules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe2q0ajt5e xat m82al, ped of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwexh76vwy.s z i5x*h, /i3mmc qken nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculaxx k77j7de2 8- chqqlor mass is 89 u in a livqdh- o77j el8k qxx7c2ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas a9b3/ra h/tx mcan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniudy vp1z34f4nabj;ka d+ 13dku/khm5 zm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what wt6 n, uokbaes r5*x.;phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t *e;.l,rmg0 fregi wp7he pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) l ;i7g,fm *regw0e. pr90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximate5 .d;jii3jsh ely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tesijh ;5i3d .jemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boil* i44 -cv36ae(yatse/uyo jbizy,ao,s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.720 p64tu dxo)x:me0etx atm, estimate the t0xo0tp4xe6m )eu :txd emperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o;f9t;qyz2v nq q9bc 3qf water is 530 Pa and the relativeb2vq9 y;;ctfqnq9q3 z humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature t tog)j9a4 sm:is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximab yi) :9eo7oho*m:y hzr *md5sgy :p7ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a h*9d7oh7:ri5o s e)yma ymbzyg*:o :p temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomdz2 :j;xo8 3qe4v jgz4-flh nq of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dwmp/y h:cx1*hqc o3uw1ijl8s j k8+v -ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (z;r354o6i,tw ds ;+crbotqm ksee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance5tsw 3;,doikm; zrro6tqc b4+ of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes cbpn-u18fs0 k s.5fhsrvns .o 3alled tracheae. An average trachea is abrkbs08sn.5s ff1. n3su- vhop out 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu;iu3)84u mrkl3iyss+ lee; la re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 pezva h5f)*n6mjg3v :0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cad:/b-bqfs*1 d9rjy,v (gs l walibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot,f9ds , /w b:yv bq(-jadsgrl1* at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helis5siq*t h 7f8tum gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of t5sfq*s7 i8ththe original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length g+9v b9j or60tm*dhwd6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 h+drot90wb v 9*jg d6mm. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den:yiz5g)7gd 0yb9126 8pbmnu pq 6lex bsjuxl, sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available)ch)wq4 zz9y f vacuum techniques is about zfh)9y)cqz w 4$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full-mb+vg: y w.gjhcm v ,tu-z)y6 capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume :m,j b-myyz+v.ug6wgh-c tv)would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mooohjrx;xv,pyd 1c8+/s jx;u) vn enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nit1,d p/ xjcr;jux );o vxyhs+v8rogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g7qrrk)r wb8-cas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume op v2n(ug tk5:hf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thex, p;)wg8bpb sc-+kcf Earth, estimate the total number of air mole+kwx;, sb-)p8gc fbcpcules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules :3n6hm qg mjiqs+mo)b),nc 2z- lag9lg :p9ekcontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hae :dkubdi4r9o-wg*/)a a ;ldm s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant oibk g:d;ld emwra u/*4da)-9at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury al r7jp (y1j)(wn +a4sds8wpg tt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolzs2ze vf)sv 5,ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aiqfw/lf7ak hs3 rv9 0.round the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at9fsx+a.li -cb 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptohs0c7m1g ,dabfno 9(ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, zbs8 da4*eu4jhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth :q5ks3- l e/k8qs ncwxis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennistuw01nbq,viu1l3 1 we balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mustq3nt 1eu,uw biw110v l rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of 2/n skpe .th.mair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the ai .k./pmshn et2r behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the aium.3eqc9c de,r on the following two days: c3e,e9 m udq.c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differefdn7t (j6q-xwzjk6cas0k 6-,ry3 yjc nce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wheryk xjccj0q (n tf -6j6s3yr kad-7,z6we the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,g jhm wd:pd6vgaz6g2;g t; o)( the coefficient of volume expansion is e;)g6jtggv(:ahzmdw 2 o ;6gpd qual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars t wil0qykj :h /*kd(ey(o prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20 (jky0 y/l(hk:d*qiew$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg