Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ir,utv s5qqx3)h 5b,j lzgc,k2hon or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixj5, h q s,52kx3)bv hclqz,tgu B.

Name several properties of mau p(6ptsy8ssx0z v6 d 09 hvbrd1(,fvuterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer1uhd6t0(x6 v pf vydb svuzrsp,s(809.

Which is larger, 1 C a08fh/cg uj,n: m(/ bh5imhuc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is notzc0tb s3p :dl1 in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say1d3bc tlpz0 s: about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip conspa) p. y r.yy*r*n0kz0nuys-eists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Spnz* kney0 *y.a) y 0yr.rpu-see Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ofb; gj 8sl/uk,yj -7 bdumj*;p:8xef3anv o*xi linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furna cnscb,boc0we3lru-e9 vl);38d 1d wcce (or other heating or cooling s33c-1sod l cebccw d98w; ) en0r,bluvystem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section ib.3wu-kzw nb8ia8p;l n the shape of 3un8-i;a wwbp zbk.l8a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merr+s9 smitbjxr12dn 6oalb (3+fr //h jcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass tsraf.v7k;j6 l iy.s7 .bbmctt fk:z-) hermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury j.c bsk)-lfi. zkrtv6y b tm7.fa;7:sinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brea;gy2 t;d0 wfwak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Edf2 ww0; aytg;xplain.

The principal virtue of 3 6g0vbv op6e*dm5ravsi9 z3dyoi99ePyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smalle6 y9oe3a 0pmie9 59i gdod6svr3vz*bvr than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratd wjuw 3 irui)q5 mki++uwh4 n0u3mep,r:/ d(ke at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cu9v5mv9 n y z)a7yhyr:an will not stand av9r 95y:7 yymzuvh )nup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te2r:pn6f 4dbjbzqcq0:.ad 15 sc 6qqkgmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain tdqzp dbaf cs:b: 1cn6gqqj 6r4q0 5k.2hese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water g ck*xq7 tu4 vak4ck5 to-oe49increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frok4aec4tuo5xgo79 k*4kvtc q-m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro; l. lj4,mpyhqm kinetic theory and the relation between average kinh qlpjyl, .;m4etic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thedjbgkkp6:( (cory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,adgd)a ;m4jiri37 4f df6 l.lqcs p48w the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an odk;t , jifurb7q sc9 8oqt:e/8bject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain whyc,8;qti ero9j: 8u d7tq fb/ks the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quih u0).ysr tgoao5 f7y(ckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relayso.)ru fa5 th7y0g(o tive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day uwjk8l(rr :7c at the same temperatu8(rkw r jluc7:re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureb 6,9vyh3jrby (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the sti pn(gt,ilg7 :9z/khumidity is different. Which igs(k t l: gzni7i9/p,ts more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ii-ed ormd* (;) hdo9foverheated automobile er;omed ) (*i d9iofhd-ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. +gt/k) tw 6;zzyzsx *t13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ipgj32ji 6+r65w cz6gbn 7au iqn a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-graf(a dzypz66:iq4p 4lx0zg e- sm gold ring compare to the number in a sil4 z4y0z x6d af :p-spz(qigel6ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often ta-p,y hfiw/6h lken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? /f iw-yh,lp6h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1368 8.51i lsgsidudmkj+ $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cdz6az)i d)vx -.);xop2lkf wde qw, r7m at 0.) zel7))d;xrkziv ad,-dpwo x2 f.wq 60 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonsq7 9h ecyyg1:g (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxifvgd*cr8f9rfp5.he :o / m-oumately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatureop-.vre h9d/uc5 mfr 8 f*gof: of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often u+7me 9lwola 8ssed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diametes+ol 8al 7em9wr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ata :92 qpf2 xs-1xe mpkq1uni(y 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chanzp u3 l34a*,j1kpqgvpge in volume if it is hea k,u3pavpg p3q4jzl 1*ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 4jxvz;n7qz49e6gn:al(zkrt 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL 7(sg (1us,qv vjuat0iof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of irond0ysx +c4f)d p m/ef;y. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in dbvu(8eg 616tym6 srnessentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear y8 mbuv6e1(6n6gds tr expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changep2du: )6axf6lndu a-2lx r:sh in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and w c0d4jggebciz1c q- t8hz-:u +nxc(b8idth w has coefficient of linear expansiobu+- :cgct8bzcdcz 84 xhgj en10(-qi n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrwdwln,)dvv+. opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clockk/)4gfcy 6u5jwql j d7 is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 15g6/4k yu wj 7fql)cdj7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d,1 f d2 ucjia;j)3v:hwq v5amsn(w q4niameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.,m 1 ;wcf: 5dqjn3j 2)4sh(aiavq wnuv255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about h(qyhp:d ar bd .;v7zi03ps 8sits axle on frictionless bearing(38bd:qid.; y0rhsa7vph sp z s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirey: );c3 p-ycnim 9rcygd to keep it at this length if)ycricp yy9 ;-gmnc:3 the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam(c.hwxctpdvi.u . wgk s5h5- b 1f678l9hwerf of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122kab .c+2ez9v f cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: kfby4m)4 ) z/1hdvgj4*lgyp oai8r 7c
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatureo9 rc (94aabgnrl)4qk on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a:na n6 jaw:jon*.w q.nrte/c*re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo -91kffz4 dks6vme1 xfspheric pressure and a temperature of abouffk-k 91zexd1f s4 6vmt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ide 1w67qek2dpbg r/,ydt cevm 12al gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k .yb7y )si6 h7t iqg-ytu;,qi9n boje-g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitt.japcc: :4w (hc kg bn)c828adf2b ozrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumuf0 xrv 7,4yx*to:ipa vjz2y4 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg 6e y x0rhe6-s qhl0jb,of argon gas at 0-6hlbyhejqe ,r x0s6 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 z4ug 8gxfhx5;jz8+eu kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achiev .hd egi;z8jh 0fgc/ p1rj:)nees its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less deejrc/;).hen:gpgj i1 8dhzf 0nse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai*vxkt ;x2fa0d9xz jjg,es;g 3 r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.dwq+wcf/jr t g) b0pd3;/; ljg0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape8u hx9r9 -u.nafu2g3hxx+swgs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule g;dwqdl) pu62vx,7qm jzcr;mv pe5*0 s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mg.uaydm sb,iry kl5(54y 71 ljolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (:8t7k+pvrhmslb0c:/m9ogy x a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 )gj.k4tq3fx3hl/m xh.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eachqoo /p4 dnmn.j/ y4vd*wu-n5t 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant vwddnp5tn/ qo/44 -. *ju ynmodensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran;y,7 5y/ nj4bqmj tmjr: wt9soslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP:w/ jn9mt bqos54m;y7ry tjj,?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atf/ h4j 6xqxi-ioms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about xh6i4q-xi f/j 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas ovyu;8e 1/h namolecules increase if the temperature is incnh/8uv;y1a eo reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, ;f6.; v ngolwh4, 6, 0, 4, 1,w; nf6v o;.hgl 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20bpktj 5lff 2 x 5)5rwtt0pjq10.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of an t;(yco: g:si gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor d sg oy(:cint;:oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is k4c lb)-nuz h0l4n:o qgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same ti :3hnv75 dro91r2ivt jxxos0emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular ohirr s: 5jt1307x x9vndvoi2masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cspg ,oo*lk11u jkpe,g-v:h a ,ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed 5flqmkwtr3 ,8 of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules vnt66 /xn owp//(b r zbqkx4,1idni e*at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular may (d97mwb q.7*vmmj9 m7rrxawss is 89 u in a living c 9mdmrw7 (7*rbyxam 79vjm q.well at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = sej8s 1 upukmk; a9l7*$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranx8ox-lieac0o k .x8g0 a6v9xmqz; 1pmium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuo -v+ i0x*le63yws82 c lbuh-oczhcotsp 9x: ;re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is .yt *f-kaz 1hc00dlvvj9 wh*i(a) 9 d1 . *i9 hwkvt-*y0clz0jhvaf0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when thefv71z 3r 4v;hogwi5ta temperaazvft 1 or4h53g iv;7wture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherrvxuyuiyo - jvv:*uv8jz 6ba) )f6 7v+e water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a px:d )neim*t *farticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watm *di*) :tfxener boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wh z8uox5abun 8h,cm/q7 en the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatiu ch8/qx7o, m8a5nu zbve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25vp3jb;63*7pcw ga tgw $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is box5mtwv95 jxr0r 16t lmiling at a temperature of 120 xxml05wrr5t 6mj1 9vt$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ozrc:g4d - hc,af volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pc 8qgeq vs1eh,7ua 90qir3 0mqoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) 9yaz/am 0sap:to diffuse a distay9/m:z ap0s aance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thej(+m ny/bsya7 interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hmnbjs+ /y7ya( as cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibewwxm)4miw(ryr-i..y5 m ud1rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bhd5 x w499joyfeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room :db)r aluq l8qx.52-l(d wkfztemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and tl-(r5xb2ualqw qzdf d.)8kl :he cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliuhy99 a kgylw05m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons ha0h9yg5 9 kylwave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules i/2kzn y wo)ko*xut8; en a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.2n8e* t k uo;ow/yxz)k5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matw0 yse;5cvi:9e pa4c yter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabler8e yprs;bt3 :5a9 sujrt5tj ;kzo5 )p using the best available vacuum techniques is abo:s jtr5b3o rtp); tu9ks5;je yzpra85ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below t f e*(p1ec 00gavytxv*sqc x05;zdcf6he surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advis vcd1*xcx; gcva6(et0p f*qz5 0fey0s able?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere/i/ z;z w7z/dh -gnufo at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of thenoh / d;/zzu g-wi/fz7 vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110k++yp6fd l 9rs$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofb.ugx;yj ao73(7 hgpw 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfai( b.zgr- n+acce of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules igcbi.n+a( r z-n the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ; v1zzltsmxu-*;nn u(ok/:ys contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usgd w5*/ay*ohck(ntc 5m3 ;n-v ig.tbjed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder 5g*iy c5t;jbov (ndt g-c.3n/mw h*kalast if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m);j)4 c k64nc5(fhzkqgfjwxeercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0nh/+syq urkt .ub .lra+1z 9l0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator 1 p pgx.flx3h:6v)hujat 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20ti49 pn4i7ajtg1 yx+o $^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan,ui: wh 5vw:u8 ot9oocdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a)lk4 -z 7u7axg:8h9dvzu0tg)phg hltt 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iqb; l(qcs e. w.u4k6ebe9tj4 ds $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended kl 8titsj+ 4;- q6bkrpagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass oikp 8lrsjbt k- +;t4q6f 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sz +b mju0 r+uo* 9jz(wq*fwbk3pherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume thbf kmbu(0+w9ur zw*o +j*zj 3qe temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following rj 7lwgxkl dc3)42w+bje s rcj0j5(.2mo6oxjtwo days: jco)jcdrl6wls 2e 5rgwmj4x 2j37.xj +0k (bo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whe)z7v js:0:wjy1t o,vo4kclh ag2jc6on it is a soliv c ho2w) azy lco:4ot1js v:6gk0jj,7d deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thi a( rmo*q )yn00rrrg3at, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tq0r a ri*(0groyrm)3no $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peo j :ag7 dvz(t.g5w.znd2d1v ea38auvcple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cel3vde ..(5agtj 8d:czan17a u2vvwzgdlar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg